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Minamoto T, Azuma M, Yaoi K, Ashizuka A, Mima T, Osaka M, Fukuyama H, Osaka N. The anodal tDCS over the left posterior parietal cortex enhances attention toward a focus word in a sentence. Front Hum Neurosci 2014; 8:992. [PMID: 25538609 PMCID: PMC4260498 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2014.00992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 11/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The posterior parietal cortex (PPC) has two attentional functions: top-down attentional control and stimulus-driven attentional processing. Using the focused version of the reading span test (RST), in which the target word to be remembered is the critical word for comprehending a sentence (focused word) or a non-focused word, we examined the effect of tDCS on resolution of distractor interference by the focused word in the non-focus condition (top-down attentional control) and on augmented/shrunk attentional capture by the focused word in both the focus and non-focus conditions (stimulus-driven attentional processing). Participants were divided into two groups: anodal tDCS (atDCS) and cathodal tDCS (ctDCS). Online stimulation was given while participants performed the RST. A post-hoc recognition task was also administered in which three kinds of words were presented: target words in the RST, distractor words in the RST, and novel words. atDCS augmented the effect of the focused word by increasing differences in performance between the focus and non-focus conditions. Such an effect was not observed in the ctDCS group. As for the recognition task, atDCS again produced the augmented effect of the focused words in the distractor recognition. On the other hand, ctDCS brought less recognition of non-focused target words in comparison to sham. The results indicate that atDCS promotes stimulus-driven attentional processing, possibly by affecting neural firing in the inferior parietal regions. In contrast, ctDCS appears to prevent retrieval of less important information from episodic memory, which may require top-down attentional processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takehiro Minamoto
- Department of Advanced Human Sciences, Graduate School of Human Sciences, Osaka University Osaka, Japan
| | - Miyuki Azuma
- Department of Advanced Human Sciences, Graduate School of Human Sciences, Osaka University Osaka, Japan
| | - Ken Yaoi
- Department of Psychology, Graduate School of Letters, Kyoto University Kyoto, Japan
| | - Aoi Ashizuka
- Human Brain Research Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tastuya Mima
- Human Brain Research Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University Kyoto, Japan
| | - Mariko Osaka
- Department of Advanced Human Sciences, Graduate School of Human Sciences, Osaka University Osaka, Japan
| | - Hidenao Fukuyama
- Human Brain Research Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University Kyoto, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Osaka
- Department of Psychology, Graduate School of Letters, Kyoto University Kyoto, Japan
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202
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Treatments for Neurological Gait and Balance Disturbance: The Use of Noninvasive Electrical Brain Stimulation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1155/2014/573862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Neurological gait disorders are a common cause of falls, morbidity, and mortality, particularly amongst the elderly. Neurological gait and balance impairment has, however, proved notoriously difficult to treat. The following review discusses some of the first experiments to modulate gait and balance in healthy adults using anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) by stimulating both cerebral hemispheres simultaneously. We review and discuss published data using this novel tDCS approach, in combination with physical therapy, to treat locomotor and balance disorders in patients with small vessel disease (leukoaraiosis) and Parkinson’s disease. Finally, we review the use of bihemispheric anodal tDCS to treat gait impairment in patients with stroke in the subacute phase. The findings of these studies suggest that noninvasive electrical stimulation techniques may be a useful adjunct to physical therapy in patients with neurological gait disorders, but further mutlicentre randomized sham-controlled studies are needed to evaluate whether experimental tDCS use can translate into mainstream clinical practice for the treatment of neurological gait disorders.
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203
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de Xivry JJO, Shadmehr R. Electrifying the motor engram: effects of tDCS on motor learning and control. Exp Brain Res 2014; 232:3379-95. [PMID: 25200178 PMCID: PMC4199902 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-014-4087-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Learning to control our movements is accompanied by neuroplasticity of motor areas of the brain. The mechanisms of neuroplasticity are diverse and produce what is referred to as the motor engram, i.e., the neural trace of the motor memory. Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) alters the neural and behavioral correlates of motor learning, but its precise influence on the motor engram is unknown. In this review, we summarize the effects of tDCS on neural activity and suggest a few key principles: (1) Firing rates are increased by anodal polarization and decreased by cathodal polarization, (2) anodal polarization strengthens newly formed associations, and (3) polarization modulates the memory of new/preferred firing patterns. With these principles in mind, we review the effects of tDCS on motor control, motor learning, and clinical applications. The increased spontaneous and evoked firing rates may account for the modulation of dexterity in non-learning tasks by tDCS. The facilitation of new association may account for the effect of tDCS on learning in sequence tasks while the ability of tDCS to strengthen memories of new firing patterns may underlie the effect of tDCS on consolidation of skills. We then describe the mechanisms of neuroplasticity of motor cortical areas and how they might be influenced by tDCS. We end with current challenges for the fields of brain stimulation and motor learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Jacques Orban de Xivry
- Institute of Information and Communication Technologies, Electronics and Applied Mathematics (ICTEAM) and Institute of Neuroscience (IoNS), Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-La-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Reza Shadmehr
- Laboratory for Computational Motor Control, Department of Biomedical Engineering Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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204
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Multiscale coupling of transcranial direct current stimulation to neuron electrodynamics: modeling the influence of the transcranial electric field on neuronal depolarization. COMPUTATIONAL AND MATHEMATICAL METHODS IN MEDICINE 2014; 2014:360179. [PMID: 25404950 PMCID: PMC4227389 DOI: 10.1155/2014/360179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) continues to demonstrate success as a medical intervention for neurodegenerative diseases, psychological conditions, and traumatic brain injury recovery. One aspect of tDCS still not fully comprehended is the influence of the tDCS electric field on neural functionality. To address this issue, we present a mathematical, multiscale model that couples tDCS administration to neuron electrodynamics. We demonstrate the model's validity and medical applicability with computational simulations using an idealized two-dimensional domain and then an MRI-derived, three-dimensional human head geometry possessing inhomogeneous and anisotropic tissue conductivities. We exemplify the capabilities of these simulations with real-world tDCS electrode configurations and treatment parameters and compare the model's predictions to those attained from medical research studies. The model is implemented using efficient numerical strategies and solution techniques to allow the use of fine computational grids needed by the medical community.
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205
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Effects of tDCS on executive function in Parkinson's disease. Neurosci Lett 2014; 582:27-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2014.08.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Revised: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 08/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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206
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Resting-state networks link invasive and noninvasive brain stimulation across diverse psychiatric and neurological diseases. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:E4367-75. [PMID: 25267639 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1405003111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 392] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain stimulation, a therapy increasingly used for neurological and psychiatric disease, traditionally is divided into invasive approaches, such as deep brain stimulation (DBS), and noninvasive approaches, such as transcranial magnetic stimulation. The relationship between these approaches is unknown, therapeutic mechanisms remain unclear, and the ideal stimulation site for a given technique is often ambiguous, limiting optimization of the stimulation and its application in further disorders. In this article, we identify diseases treated with both types of stimulation, list the stimulation sites thought to be most effective in each disease, and test the hypothesis that these sites are different nodes within the same brain network as defined by resting-state functional-connectivity MRI. Sites where DBS was effective were functionally connected to sites where noninvasive brain stimulation was effective across diseases including depression, Parkinson's disease, obsessive-compulsive disorder, essential tremor, addiction, pain, minimally conscious states, and Alzheimer's disease. A lack of functional connectivity identified sites where stimulation was ineffective, and the sign of the correlation related to whether excitatory or inhibitory noninvasive stimulation was found clinically effective. These results suggest that resting-state functional connectivity may be useful for translating therapy between stimulation modalities, optimizing treatment, and identifying new stimulation targets. More broadly, this work supports a network perspective toward understanding and treating neuropsychiatric disease, highlighting the therapeutic potential of targeted brain network modulation.
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207
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Nonnekes J, Arrogi A, Munneke MAM, van Asseldonk EHF, Oude Nijhuis LB, Geurts AC, Weerdesteyn V. Subcortical structures in humans can be facilitated by transcranial direct current stimulation. PLoS One 2014; 9:e107731. [PMID: 25233458 PMCID: PMC4169471 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0107731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a noninvasive brain stimulation technique that alters cortical excitability. Interestingly, in recent animal studies facilitatory effects of tDCS have also been observed on subcortical structures. Here, we sought to provide evidence for the potential of tDCS to facilitate subcortical structures in humans as well. Subjects received anodal-tDCS and sham-tDCS on two separate testing days in a counterbalanced order. After stimulation, we assessed the effect of tDCS on two responses that arise from subcortical structures; (1) wrist and ankle responses to an imperative stimulus combined with a startling acoustic stimulus (SAS), and (2) automatic postural responses to external balance perturbations with and without a concurrent SAS. During all tasks, response onsets were significantly faster following anodal-tDCS compared to sham-tDCS, both in trials with and without a SAS. The effect of tDCS was similar for the dominant and non-dominant leg. The SAS accelerated the onsets of ankle and wrist movements and the responses to backward, but not forward perturbations. The faster onsets of SAS-induced wrist and ankle movements and automatic postural responses following stimulation provide strong evidence that, in humans, subcortical structures - in particular the reticular formation - can be facilitated by tDCS. This effect may be explained by two mechanisms that are not mutually exclusive. First, subcortical facilitation may have resulted from enhanced cortico-reticular drive. Second, the applied current may have directly stimulated the reticular formation. Strengthening reticulospinal output by tDCS may be of interest to neurorehabilitation, as there is evidence for reticulospinal compensation after corticospinal lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorik Nonnekes
- Radboud University Medical Centre, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Department of Rehabilitation, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | - Anass Arrogi
- Radboud University Medical Centre, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Department of Rehabilitation, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Moniek A. M. Munneke
- Radboud University Medical Centre, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Department of Neurology/Clinical Neurophysiology, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Lars B. Oude Nijhuis
- Radboud University Medical Centre, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Department of Neurology/Clinical Neurophysiology, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Alexander C. Geurts
- Radboud University Medical Centre, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Department of Rehabilitation, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Sint Maartenskliniek Research, Development & Education, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Vivian Weerdesteyn
- Radboud University Medical Centre, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Department of Rehabilitation, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Sint Maartenskliniek Research, Development & Education, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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208
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Hess RF, Thompson B, Baker DH. Binocular vision in amblyopia: structure, suppression and plasticity. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2014; 34:146-62. [PMID: 24588532 DOI: 10.1111/opo.12123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/17/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The amblyopic visual system was once considered to be structurally monocular. However, it now evident that the capacity for binocular vision is present in many observers with amblyopia. This has led to new techniques for quantifying suppression that have provided insights into the relationship between suppression and the monocular and binocular visual deficits experienced by amblyopes. Furthermore, new treatments are emerging that directly target suppressive interactions within the visual cortex and, on the basis of initial data, appear to improve both binocular and monocular visual function, even in adults with amblyopia. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of recent studies that have investigated the structure, measurement and treatment of binocular vision in observers with strabismic, anisometropic and mixed amblyopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert F Hess
- Department of Ophthalmology, McGill Vision Research, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
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209
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Manenti R, Brambilla M, Rosini S, Orizio I, Ferrari C, Borroni B, Cotelli M. Time up and go task performance improves after transcranial direct current stimulation in patient affected by Parkinson's disease. Neurosci Lett 2014; 580:74-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2014.07.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Revised: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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210
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Romero Lauro LJ, Rosanova M, Mattavelli G, Convento S, Pisoni A, Opitz A, Bolognini N, Vallar G. TDCS increases cortical excitability: Direct evidence from TMS–EEG. Cortex 2014; 58:99-111. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2014.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2013] [Revised: 01/13/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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211
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Leow LA, Hammond G, de Rugy A. Anodal motor cortex stimulation paired with movement repetition increases anterograde interference but not savings. Eur J Neurosci 2014; 40:3243-52. [DOI: 10.1111/ejn.12699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2013] [Revised: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Li-Ann Leow
- School of Psychology; The University of Western Australia; 35 Stirling Highway Crawley WA 6009 Australia
- The Brain and Mind Institute; University of Western Ontario; London ON Canada N6A 5B7
| | - Geoff Hammond
- School of Psychology; The University of Western Australia; 35 Stirling Highway Crawley WA 6009 Australia
| | - Aymar de Rugy
- Centre for Sensorimotor Neuroscience; School of Human Movement Studies; The University of Queensland; Brisbane Qld Australia
- Institut de Neurosciences Cognitives et Intégratives d'Aquitaine; CNRS UMR 5287; Université Bordeaux Segalen; Bordeaux France
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212
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Berryhill ME, Peterson DJ, Jones KT, Stephens JA. Hits and misses: leveraging tDCS to advance cognitive research. Front Psychol 2014; 5:800. [PMID: 25120513 PMCID: PMC4111100 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The popularity of non-invasive brain stimulation techniques in basic, commercial, and applied settings grew tremendously over the last decade. Here, we focus on one popular neurostimulation method: transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS). Many assumptions regarding the outcomes of tDCS are based on the results of stimulating motor cortex. For instance, the primary motor cortex is predictably suppressed by cathodal tDCS or made more excitable by anodal tDCS. However, wide-ranging studies testing cognition provide more complex and sometimes paradoxical results that challenge this heuristic. Here, we first summarize successful efforts in applying tDCS to cognitive questions, with a focus on working memory (WM). These recent findings indicate that tDCS can result in cognitive task improvement or impairment regardless of stimulation site or direction of current flow. We then report WM and response inhibition studies that failed to replicate and/or extend previously reported effects. From these opposing outcomes, we present a series of factors to consider that are intended to facilitate future use of tDCS when applied to cognitive questions. In short, common pitfalls include testing too few participants, using insufficiently challenging tasks, using heterogeneous participant populations, and including poorly motivated participants. Furthermore, the poorly understood underlying mechanism for long-lasting tDCS effects make it likely that other important factors predict responses. In conclusion, we argue that although tDCS can be used experimentally to understand brain function its greatest potential may be in applied or translational research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marian E Berryhill
- Program in Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Department of Psychology, University of Nevada Reno, NV, USA
| | - Dwight J Peterson
- Program in Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Department of Psychology, University of Nevada Reno, NV, USA
| | - Kevin T Jones
- Program in Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Department of Psychology, University of Nevada Reno, NV, USA
| | - Jaclyn A Stephens
- Program in Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Department of Psychology, University of Nevada Reno, NV, USA
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213
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Transcranial direct current stimulation of the frontal-parietal-temporal area attenuates smoking behavior. J Psychiatr Res 2014; 54:19-25. [PMID: 24731752 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2014.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2013] [Revised: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Many brain regions are involved in smoking addiction (e.g. insula, ventral tegmental area, prefrontal cortex and hippocampus), and the manipulation of the activity of these brain regions can show a modification of smoking behavior. Low current transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a noninvasive way to manipulate cortical excitability, and thus brain function and associated behaviors. In this study, we examined the effects of inhibiting the frontal-parietal-temporal association area (FPT) on attention bias to smoking-related cues and smoking behavior in tobacco users. This inhibition is induced by cathodal tDCS stimulation. We tested three stimulation conditions: 1) bilateral cathodal over both sides of FPT; 2) cathodal over right FPT; and 3) sham-tDCS. Visual attention bias to smoking-related cues was evaluated using an eye tracking system. The measurement for smoking behavior was the number of daily cigarettes consumed before and after tDCS treatment. We found that, after bilateral cathodal stimulation of the FPT area, while the attention to smoking-related cues showed a decreased trend, the effects were not significantly different from sham stimulation. The daily cigarette consumption was reduced to a significant level. These effects were not seen under single cathodal tDCS or sham-tDCS. Our results show that low current tDCS of FPT area attenuates smoking cue-related attention and smoking behavior. This non-invasive brain stimulation technique, targeted at FPT areas, might be a promising method for treating smoking behavior.
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214
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Hendy AM, Kidgell DJ. Anodal-tDCS applied during unilateral strength training increases strength and corticospinal excitability in the untrained homologous muscle. Exp Brain Res 2014; 232:3243-52. [DOI: 10.1007/s00221-014-4016-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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215
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Valentino F, Cosentino G, Brighina F, Pozzi NG, Sandrini G, Fierro B, Savettieri G, D'Amelio M, Pacchetti C. Transcranial direct current stimulation for treatment of freezing of gait: A cross-over study. Mov Disord 2014; 29:1064-9. [DOI: 10.1002/mds.25897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2013] [Revised: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Valentino
- Dipartimento di Biomedicina Sperimentale e Neuroscienze Cliniche (BioNeC); Università degli Studi di Palermo; Italy
| | - Giuseppe Cosentino
- Dipartimento di Biomedicina Sperimentale e Neuroscienze Cliniche (BioNeC); Università degli Studi di Palermo; Italy
| | - Filippo Brighina
- Dipartimento di Biomedicina Sperimentale e Neuroscienze Cliniche (BioNeC); Università degli Studi di Palermo; Italy
| | | | - Giorgio Sandrini
- Fondazione Istituto Neurologico Nazionale ‘‘C. Mondino''; IRCCS Pavia Italy
- Department of Brain and Behaviour, University of Pavia, Italy
| | - Brigida Fierro
- Dipartimento di Biomedicina Sperimentale e Neuroscienze Cliniche (BioNeC); Università degli Studi di Palermo; Italy
| | - Giovanni Savettieri
- Dipartimento di Biomedicina Sperimentale e Neuroscienze Cliniche (BioNeC); Università degli Studi di Palermo; Italy
| | - Marco D'Amelio
- Dipartimento di Biomedicina Sperimentale e Neuroscienze Cliniche (BioNeC); Università degli Studi di Palermo; Italy
| | - Claudio Pacchetti
- Fondazione Istituto Neurologico Nazionale ‘‘C. Mondino''; IRCCS Pavia Italy
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216
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Clemens B, Jung S, Mingoia G, Weyer D, Domahs F, Willmes K. Influence of anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) over the right angular gyrus on brain activity during rest. PLoS One 2014; 9:e95984. [PMID: 24760013 PMCID: PMC3997501 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0095984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Although numerous studies examined resting-state networks (RSN) in the human brain, so far little is known about how activity within RSN might be modulated by non-invasive brain stimulation applied over parietal cortex. Investigating changes in RSN in response to parietal cortex stimulation might tell us more about how non-invasive techniques such as transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) modulate intrinsic brain activity, and further elaborate our understanding of how the resting brain responds to external stimulation. Here we examined how activity within the canonical RSN changed in response to anodal tDCS applied over the right angular gyrus (AG). We hypothesized that changes in resting-state activity can be induced by a single tDCS session and detected with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Significant differences between two fMRI sessions (pre-tDCS and post-tDCS) were found in several RSN, including the cerebellar, medial visual, sensorimotor, right frontoparietal, and executive control RSN as well as the default mode and the task positive network. The present results revealed decreased and increased RSN activity following tDCS. Decreased RSN activity following tDCS was found in bilateral primary and secondary visual areas, and in the right putamen. Increased RSN activity following tDCS was widely distributed across the brain, covering thalamic, frontal, parietal and occipital regions. From these exploratory results we conclude that a single session of anodal tDCS over the right AG is sufficient to induce large-scale changes in resting-state activity. These changes were localized in sensory and cognitive areas, covering regions close to and distant from the stimulation site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Clemens
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Medical School, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
- Brain Imaging Facility, Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research, Medical School, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
- Neurological Clinic, Section Neuropsychology, Medical School, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Stefanie Jung
- Department of Psychology, Eberhard Karls University, Tübingen, Germany
- Knowledge Media Research Center, IWM-KMRC, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Gianluca Mingoia
- Brain Imaging Facility, Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research, Medical School, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - David Weyer
- Brain Imaging Facility, Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research, Medical School, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Frank Domahs
- Department of Germanic Linguistics, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Klaus Willmes
- Brain Imaging Facility, Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research, Medical School, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
- Neurological Clinic, Section Neuropsychology, Medical School, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
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217
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Sours C, Alon G, Roys S, Gullapalli RP. Modulation of resting state functional connectivity of the motor network by transcranial pulsed current stimulation. Brain Connect 2014; 4:157-65. [PMID: 24593667 DOI: 10.1089/brain.2013.0196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of transcranial pulsed current stimulation (tPCS) on resting state functional connectivity (rs-FC) within the motor network were investigated. Eleven healthy participants received one magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) session with three resting state functional MRI (rs-fMRI) scans, one before stimulation (PRE-STIM) to collect baseline measures, one during stimulation (STIM), and one after 13 min of stimulation (POST-STIM). Rs-FC measures during the STIM and POST-STIM conditions were compared to the PRE-STIM baseline. Regions of interest for the rs-FC analysis were extracted from the significantly activated clusters obtained during a finger tapping motor paradigm and included the right primary motor cortex (R M1), left primary motor cortex (L M1), supplemental motor area (SMA), and cerebellum (Cer). The main findings were reduced rs-FC between the left M1 and surrounding motor cortex, and increased rs-FC between the left M1 and left thalamus during stimulation, but increased rs-FC between the Cer and right insula after stimulations. Bivariate measures of connectivity demonstrate reduced strength of connectivity for the whole network average (p=0.044) and reduced diversity of connectivity for the network average during stimulation (p=0.024). During the POST-STIM condition, the trend of reduced diversity for the network average was statistically weaker (p=0.071). In conclusion, while many of the findings are comparable to previous reports using simultaneous transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) and fMRI acquisition, we also demonstrate additional changes in connectivity patterns that are induced by tPCS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandler Sours
- 1 Magnetic Resonance Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland
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218
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Rampersad SM, Janssen AM, Lucka F, Aydin Ü, Lanfer B, Lew S, Wolters CH, Stegeman DF, Oostendorp TF. Simulating transcranial direct current stimulation with a detailed anisotropic human head model. IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng 2014; 22:441-52. [PMID: 24760939 DOI: 10.1109/tnsre.2014.2308997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a noninvasive brain stimulation technique able to induce long-lasting changes in cortical excitability that can benefit cognitive functioning and clinical treatment. In order to both better understand the mechanisms behind tDCS and possibly improve the technique, finite element models are used to simulate tDCS of the human brain. With the detailed anisotropic head model presented in this study, we provide accurate predictions of tDCS in the human brain for six of the practically most-used setups in clinical and cognitive research, targeting the primary motor cortex, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, inferior frontal gyrus, occipital cortex, and cerebellum. We present the resulting electric field strengths in the complete brain and introduce new methods to evaluate the effectivity in the target area specifically, where we have analyzed both the strength and direction of the field. For all cerebral targets studied, the currently accepted configurations produced sub-optimal field strengths. The configuration for cerebellum stimulation produced relatively high field strengths in its target area, but it needs higher input currents than cerebral stimulation does. This study suggests that improvements in the effects of transcranial direct current stimulation are achievable.
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von Papen M, Fisse M, Sarfeld AS, Fink GR, Nowak DA. The effects of 1 Hz rTMS preconditioned by tDCS on gait kinematics in Parkinson’s disease. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2014; 121:743-54. [DOI: 10.1007/s00702-014-1178-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 02/07/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Lefaucheur JP. Treatment of Parkinson’s disease by cortical stimulation. Expert Rev Neurother 2014; 9:1755-71. [DOI: 10.1586/ern.09.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Leite J, Gonçalves OF, Carvalho S. Facilitative effects of bi-hemispheric tDCS in cognitive deficits of Parkinson disease patients. Med Hypotheses 2013; 82:138-40. [PMID: 24332532 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2013.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2013] [Revised: 11/21/2013] [Accepted: 11/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder, primarily characterized by motor symptoms such as tremor, rigidity, bradykinesia, stiffness, slowness and impaired equilibrium. Although the motor symptoms have been the focus in PD, slight cognitive deficits are commonly found in non-demented and non-depressed PD patients, even in early stages of the disease, which have been linked to the subsequent development of pathological dementia. Thus, strongly reducing the quality of life (QoL). Both levodopa therapy and deep brain stimulation (DBS) have yield controversial results concerning the cognitive symptoms amelioration in PD patients. That does not seems to be the case with transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), although better stimulation parameters are needed. Therefore we hypothesize that simultaneously delivering cathodal tDCS (or ctDCS), over the right prefrontal cortex delivered with anodal tDCS (or atDCS) to left prefrontal cortex could be potentially beneficial for PD patients, either by mechanisms of homeostatic plasticity and by increases in the extracellular dopamine levels over the striatum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Leite
- Neuropsychophysiology Laboratory, CIPsi, School of Psychology (EPsi), University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.
| | - Oscar F Gonçalves
- Department of Counseling and Applied Educational Psychology, Bouvé College of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, USA; Neuropsychophysiology Laboratory, CIPsi, School of Psychology (EPsi), University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Sandra Carvalho
- Neuropsychophysiology Laboratory, CIPsi, School of Psychology (EPsi), University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
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Anodal tDCS increases corticospinal output and projection strength in multiple sclerosis. Neurosci Lett 2013; 554:151-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2013.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Revised: 08/28/2013] [Accepted: 09/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Krause B, Márquez-Ruiz J, Cohen Kadosh R. The effect of transcranial direct current stimulation: a role for cortical excitation/inhibition balance? Front Hum Neurosci 2013; 7:602. [PMID: 24068995 PMCID: PMC3781319 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2013.00602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2013] [Accepted: 09/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a promising tool for cognitive enhancement and neurorehabilitation in clinical disorders in both cognitive and clinical domains (e.g., chronic pain, tinnitus). Here we suggest the potential role of tDCS in modulating cortical excitation/inhibition (E/I) balance and thereby inducing improvements. We suggest that part of the mechanism of action of tDCS can be explained by non-invasive modulations of the E/I balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrix Krause
- 1Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford Oxford, Oxfordshire, UK
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McClelland J, Bozhilova N, Campbell I, Schmidt U. A systematic review of the effects of neuromodulation on eating and body weight: evidence from human and animal studies. EUROPEAN EATING DISORDERS REVIEW 2013; 21:436-55. [PMID: 24155246 DOI: 10.1002/erv.2256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2013] [Revised: 08/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Eating disorders (ED) are chronic and sometimes deadly illnesses. Existing treatments have limited proven efficacy, especially in the case of adults with anorexia nervosa (AN). Emerging neural models of ED provide a rationale for more targeted, brain-directed interventions. AIMS This systematic review has examined the effects of neuromodulation techniques on eating behaviours and body weight and assessed their potential for therapeutic use in ED. METHOD All articles in PubMed, PsychInfo and Web of Knowledge were considered and screened against a priori inclusion/exclusion criteria. The effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), transcranial direct current stimulation, vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) and deep brain stimulation (DBS) were examined across studies in ED samples, other psychiatric and neurological disorders, and animal models. RESULTS Sixty studies were identified. There is evidence for ED symptom reduction following rTMS and DBS in both AN and bulimia nervosa. Findings from studies of other psychiatric and neurological disorders and from animal studies demonstrate that increases in food intake and body weight can be achieved following DBS and that VNS has potential value as a means of controlling eating and inducing weight loss. CONCLUSIONS Neuromodulation tools have potential for reducing ED symptomatology and related behaviours, and for altering food intake and body weight. In response to such findings, and emerging neural models of ED, treatment approaches are highly unlikely to remain 'brainless'. More research is required to evaluate the potential of neuromodulation procedures for improving long-term outcomes in ED.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica McClelland
- Section of Eating Disorders, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK
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225
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Hess CW. Modulation of cortical-subcortical networks in Parkinson's disease by applied field effects. Front Hum Neurosci 2013; 7:565. [PMID: 24062667 PMCID: PMC3772338 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2013.00565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2013] [Accepted: 08/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies suggest that endogenous field effects may play a role in neuronal oscillations and communication. Non-invasive transcranial electrical stimulation with low-intensity currents can also have direct effects on the underlying cortex as well as distant network effects. While Parkinson’s disease (PD) is amenable to invasive neuromodulation in the basal ganglia by deep brain stimulation (DBS), techniques of non-invasive neuromodulation like transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) and transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) are being investigated as possible therapies. tDCS and tACS have the potential to influence the abnormal cortical-subcortical network activity that occurs in PD through sub-threshold changes in cortical excitability or through entrainment or disruption of ongoing rhythmic cortical activity. This may allow for the targeting of specific features of the disease involving abnormal oscillatory activity, as well as the enhancement of potential cortical compensation for basal ganglia dysfunction and modulation of cortical plasticity in neurorehabilitation. However, little is currently known about how cortical stimulation will affect subcortical structures, the size of any effect, and the factors of stimulation that will influence these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher W Hess
- 1Center for Parkinson's Disease and Other Movement Disorders, Columbia University Medical Center NY, USA ; 2University of Florida Center for Movement Disorders and Neurorestoration, Gainesville FL, USA ; 3Malcom Randall VA Medical Center, Gainesville FL, USA
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Udupa K, Chen R. Motor cortical plasticity in Parkinson's disease. Front Neurol 2013; 4:128. [PMID: 24027555 PMCID: PMC3761292 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2013.00128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 08/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In Parkinson's disease (PD), there are alterations of the basal ganglia (BG) thalamocortical networks, primarily due to degeneration of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons. These changes in subcortical networks lead to plastic changes in primary motor cortex (M1), which mediates cortical motor output and is a potential target for treatment of PD. Studies investigating the motor cortical plasticity using non-invasive transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) have found altered plasticity in PD, but there are inconsistencies among these studies. This is likely because plasticity depends on many factors such as the extent of dopaminergic loss and disease severity, response to dopaminergic replacement therapies, development of l-DOPA-induced dyskinesias (LID), the plasticity protocol used, medication, and stimulation status in patients treated with deep brain stimulation (DBS). The influences of LID and DBS on BG and M1 plasticity have been explored in animal models and in PD patients. In addition, many other factors such age, genetic factors (e.g., brain derived neurotropic factor and other neurotransmitters or receptors polymorphism), emotional state, time of the day, physical fitness have been documented to play role in the extent of plasticity induced by TMS in human studies. In this review, we summarize the studies that investigated M1 plasticity in PD and demonstrate how these afore-mentioned factors affect motor cortical plasticity in PD. We conclude that it is important to consider the clinical, demographic, and technical factors that influence various plasticity protocols while developing these protocols as diagnostic or prognostic tools in PD. We also discuss how the modulation of cortical excitability and the plasticity with these non-invasive brain stimulation techniques facilitate the understanding of the pathophysiology of PD and help design potential therapeutic possibilities in this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaviraja Udupa
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto , Toronto, ON , Canada ; Division of Brain, Imaging and Behavior - Systems Neuroscience, Toronto Western Research Institute , Toronto, ON , Canada
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Verheyden G, Purdey J, Burnett M, Cole J, Ashburn A. Immediate effect of transcranial direct current stimulation on postural stability and functional mobility in Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 2013; 28:2040-1. [DOI: 10.1002/mds.25640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Revised: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 06/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Geert Verheyden
- Neuromotor Research Group, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences; KU Leuven; Heverlee Belgium
- Faculty of Health Sciences; University of Southampton; Southampton United Kingdom
| | - Joanne Purdey
- Faculty of Health Sciences; University of Southampton; Southampton United Kingdom
| | - Malcolm Burnett
- Faculty of Health Sciences; University of Southampton; Southampton United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan Cole
- Faculty of Health Sciences; University of Southampton; Southampton United Kingdom
- Poole National Health Service (NHS) Hospital and University of Bournemouth; Dorset United Kingdom
| | - Ann Ashburn
- Faculty of Health Sciences; University of Southampton; Southampton United Kingdom
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228
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Hendy AM, Kidgell DJ. Anodal tDCS Applied during Strength Training Enhances Motor Cortical Plasticity. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2013; 45:1721-9. [DOI: 10.1249/mss.0b013e31828d2923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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229
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Kaski D, Dominguez RO, Allum JH, Bronstein AM. Improving gait and balance in patients with leukoaraiosis using transcranial direct current stimulation and physical training: an exploratory study. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 2013; 27:864-71. [PMID: 23897903 DOI: 10.1177/1545968313496328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leukoaraiosis describes ischemic white matter lesions, a leading cause of gait disturbance in the elderly. OBJECTIVE Our aim was to improve gait and balance in patients with leukoaraiosis by combining a single session of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) and physical training (PT). METHODS We delivered anodal tDCS over midline motor and premotor areas in 9 patients with leukoaraiosis. Patients underwent gait and balance training during tDCS stimulation (real/sham). This was repeated 1 week later with the stimulation crossed-over (sham/real) in a double-blind design. Assessments included gait velocity, stride length, stride length variability (primary gait outcomes), and a quantitative retropulsion test (primary balance outcome). RESULTS . Combining tDCS and PT improved gait velocity, stride length, stride length variability, and balance (all at P ≤ .05). Overall, training without tDCS showed no significant effects. CONCLUSIONS Combined anodal tDCS and PT improves gait and balance in this patient group, suggesting that tDCS could be an effective adjunct to PT in patients with leukoaraiosis, for whom no treatment is currently available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Kaski
- 1Imperial College London, Charing Cross Hospital, London, UK
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Metwally MK, Cho YS, Park HJ, Kim TS. Investigation of the electric field components of tDCS via anisotropically conductive gyri-specific finite element head models. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2013; 2012:5514-7. [PMID: 23367178 DOI: 10.1109/embc.2012.6347243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) is considered as one of the promising techniques for noninvasive brain stimulation and brain disease therapy. In this study, we have investigated the effect of skull and white matter (WM) anisotropy on the induced electric field (EF) by tDCS in two different montages; one using a pair of clinically used rectangular pad electrodes and the other 4(cathodes)+1(anode) ring electrodes. Using a gyri-specific finite element (FE) head model, we simulated tDCS and investigated the radial and tangential components of the induced EF in terms of their distribution over the cortical surface besides the distribution of the transverse and longitudinal components within WM. The results show that the tangential component of the EF on the cortical surface seems to be the main cause of the cortical stimulation of tDCS. Also WM anisotropy seems to increase the dispersion of the transverse component of the EF that affects the dispersion of the EF magnitude within the WM region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed K Metwally
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea
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231
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Site-dependent effects of tDCS uncover dissociations in the communication network underlying the processing of visual search. Brain Stimul 2013; 6:959-65. [PMID: 23849715 DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2013.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2012] [Revised: 02/01/2013] [Accepted: 06/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The right posterior parietal cortex (rPPC) and the right frontal eye field (rFEF) form part of a network of brain areas involved in orienting spatial attention. Previous studies using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) have demonstrated that both areas are critically involved in the processing of conjunction visual search tasks, since stimulation of these sites disrupts performance. OBJECTIVE This study investigated the effects of long term neuronal modulation to rPPC and rFEF using transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) with the aim of uncovering sharing of these resources in the processing of conjunction visual search tasks. METHODS Participants completed four blocks of conjunction search trials over the course of 45 min. Following the first block they received 15 min of either cathodal or anodal stimulation to rPPC or rFEF, or sham stimulation. RESULTS A significant interaction between block and stimulation condition was found, indicating that tDCS caused different effects according to the site (rPPC or rFEF) and type of stimulation (cathodal, anodal, or sham). Practice resulted in a significant reduction in reaction time across the four blocks in all conditions except when cathodal tDCS was applied to rPPC. CONCLUSIONS The effects of cathodal tDCS over rPPC are subtler than those seen with TMS, and no effect of tDCS was evident at rFEF. This suggests that rFEF has a more transient role than rPPC in the processing of conjunction visual search and is robust to longer-term methods of neuro-disruption. Our results may be explained within the framework of functional connectivity between these, and other, areas.
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232
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Cuypers K, Leenus DJF, van den Berg FE, Nitsche MA, Thijs H, Wenderoth N, Meesen RLJ. Is motor learning mediated by tDCS intensity? PLoS One 2013; 8:e67344. [PMID: 23826272 PMCID: PMC3691194 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0067344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2013] [Accepted: 05/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Although tDCS has been shown to improve motor learning, previous studies reported rather small effects. Since physiological effects of tDCS depend on intensity, the present study evaluated this parameter in order to enhance the effect of tDCS on skill acquisition. The effect of different stimulation intensities of anodal tDCS (atDCS) was investigated in a double blind, sham controlled crossover design. In each condition, thirteen healthy subjects were instructed to perform a unimanual motor (sequence) learning task. Our results showed (1) a significant increase in the slope of the learning curve and (2) a significant improvement in motor performance at retention for 1.5 mA atDCS as compared to sham tDCS. No significant differences were reported between 1 mA atDCS and sham tDCS; and between 1.5 mA atDCS and 1 mA atDCS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koen Cuypers
- BIOMED - Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
- REVAL - Research Institute, PHL University College, Diepenbeek, Belgium
- Motor Control Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Kinesiology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Daphnie J. F. Leenus
- BIOMED - Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
- REVAL - Research Institute, PHL University College, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Femke E. van den Berg
- Motor Control Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Kinesiology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Michael A. Nitsche
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Herbert Thijs
- REVAL - Research Institute, PHL University College, Diepenbeek, Belgium
- I-BioStat - Interuniversity Institute for Biostatistics and statistical Bioinfirmatics, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
- Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nicole Wenderoth
- Motor Control Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Kinesiology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium
- Neural Control of Movement Lab, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Raf L. J. Meesen
- BIOMED - Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
- REVAL - Research Institute, PHL University College, Diepenbeek, Belgium
- Motor Control Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Kinesiology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium
- * E-mail:
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Clemens B, Jung S, Zvyagintsev M, Domahs F, Willmes K. Modulating arithmetic fact retrieval: A single-blind, sham-controlled tDCS study with repeated fMRI measurements. Neuropsychologia 2013; 51:1279-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2013.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2012] [Revised: 02/25/2013] [Accepted: 03/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Flöel A. tDCS-enhanced motor and cognitive function in neurological diseases. Neuroimage 2013; 85 Pt 3:934-47. [PMID: 23727025 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.05.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 263] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2013] [Revised: 04/15/2013] [Accepted: 05/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a non-invasive brain stimulation tool that is now being widely used in neuroscientific and clinical research in humans. While initial studies focused on modulation of cortical excitability, the technique quickly progressed to studies on motor and cognitive functions in healthy humans and in patients with neurological diseases. In the present review we will first provide the reader with a brief background on the basic principles of tDCS. In the main part, we will outline recent studies with tDCS that aimed at enhancing behavioral outcome or disease-specific symptoms in patients suffering from mild cognitive impairment, Alzheimer's disease, movement disorders, and epilepsy, or persistent deficits after stroke. The review will close with a summary statement on the present use of tDCS in the treatment of neurological disorders, and an outlook to further developments in this realm. tDCS may be an ideal tool to be administered in parallel to intensive cognitive or motor training in neurological disease, but efficacy for the areas of activities and participation still needs to be established in controlled randomized trials. Its use in reducing disease-specific symptoms like dystonia or epileptic seizures is still unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnes Flöel
- Department of Neurology, Center for Stroke Research, and NeuroCure Cluster of Excellence, Charité University Medicine, Germany.
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235
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Tanaka T, Takano Y, Tanaka S, Hironaka N, Kobayashi K, Hanakawa T, Watanabe K, Honda M. Transcranial direct-current stimulation increases extracellular dopamine levels in the rat striatum. Front Syst Neurosci 2013; 7:6. [PMID: 23596399 PMCID: PMC3622879 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2013.00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2012] [Accepted: 03/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transcranial direct-current stimulation (tDCS) is a non-invasive procedure that achieves polarity-dependent modulation of neuronal membrane potentials. It has recently been used as a functional intervention technique for the treatment of psychiatric and neurological diseases; however, its neuronal mechanisms have not been fully investigated in vivo. OBJECTIVE/HYPOTHESIS To investigate whether the application of cathodal or anodal tDCS affects extracellular dopamine and serotonin levels in the rat striatum. METHODS Stimulation and in vivo microdialysis were carried out under urethane anesthesia, and microdialysis probes were slowly inserted into the striatum. After the collection of baseline fractions in the rat striatum, cathodal or anodal tDCS was applied continuously for 10 min with a current intensity of 800 μA from an electrode placed on the skin of the scalp. Dialysis samples were collected every 10 min until at least 400 min after the onset of stimulation. RESULTS Following the application of cathodal, but not anodal, tDCS for 10 min, extracellular dopamine levels increased for more than 400 min in the striatum. There were no significant changes in extracellular serotonin levels. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that tDCS has a direct and/or indirect effect on the dopaminergic system in the rat basal ganglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Tanaka
- Department of Functional Brain Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry Tokyo, Japan
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236
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David CN, Rapoport JL, Gogtay N. Treatments in context: transcranial direct current brain stimulation as a potential treatment in pediatric psychosis. Expert Rev Neurother 2013; 13:447-58. [PMID: 23545058 PMCID: PMC4063712 DOI: 10.1586/ern.13.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Childhood-onset schizophrenia is a chronic, severe form of schizophrenia, and is typically treatment resistant. Even after optimized pharmacotherapy, a majority (over 70%) of these pediatric patients present lasting psychotic symptoms and impaired cognition, necessitating the need for novel treatment modalities. Recent work in transcranial magnetic stimulation suggests moderate efficacy in symptom reduction in adult patients with schizophrenia; however, the transcranial magnetic stimulation treatment is cumbersome for this severely ill population. Transcranial direct current stimulation may provide a safe and effective adjuvant treatment for continued residual symptoms of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher N David
- Child Psychiatry Branch, National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Building 10, Room 3N202, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20890, USA
| | - Judith L Rapoport
- Child Psychiatry Branch, National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Building 10, Room 3N202, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20890, USA
| | - Nitin Gogtay
- Child Psychiatry Branch, National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Building 10, Room 3N202, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20890, USA
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237
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Transcranial direct current stimulation in stroke rehabilitation: a review of recent advancements. Stroke Res Treat 2013; 2013:170256. [PMID: 23533955 PMCID: PMC3600193 DOI: 10.1155/2013/170256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2012] [Revised: 12/17/2012] [Accepted: 01/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a promising technique to treat a wide range of neurological conditions including stroke. The pathological processes following stroke may provide an exemplary system to investigate how tDCS promotes neuronal plasticity and functional recovery. Changes in synaptic function after stroke, such as reduced excitability, formation of aberrant connections, and deregulated plastic modifications, have been postulated to impede recovery from stroke. However, if tDCS could counteract these negative changes by influencing the system's neurophysiology, it would contribute to the formation of functionally meaningful connections and the maintenance of existing pathways. This paper is aimed at providing a review of underlying mechanisms of tDCS and its application to stroke. In addition, to maximize the effectiveness of tDCS in stroke rehabilitation, future research needs to determine the optimal stimulation protocols and parameters. We discuss how stimulation parameters could be optimized based on electrophysiological activity. In particular, we propose that cortical synchrony may represent a biomarker of tDCS efficacy to indicate communication between affected areas. Understanding the mechanisms by which tDCS affects the neural substrate after stroke and finding ways to optimize tDCS for each patient are key to effective rehabilitation approaches.
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Thibaut A, Chatelle C, Gosseries O, Laureys S, Bruno MA. La stimulation transcrânienne à courant continu : un nouvel outil de neurostimulation. Rev Neurol (Paris) 2013; 169:108-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurol.2012.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2011] [Revised: 04/15/2012] [Accepted: 05/10/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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239
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Abstract
In advanced Parkinson's disease (PD), the emergence of symptoms refractory to conventional therapy poses therapeutic challenges. The success of deep brain stimulation (DBS) and advances in the understanding of the pathophysiology of PD have raised interest in noninvasive brain stimulation as an alternative therapeutic tool. The rationale for its use draws from the concept that reversing abnormalities in brain activity and physiology thought to cause the clinical deficits may restore normal functioning. Currently the best evidence in support of this concept comes from DBS, which improves motor deficits, and modulates brain activity and motor cortex physiology, although whether a causal interaction exists remains largely undetermined. Most trials of noninvasive brain stimulation in PD have applied repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), targeting the motor cortex. Current studies suggest a possible therapeutic potential for rTMS and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), but clinical effects so far have been small and negligible with regard to functional independence and quality of life. Approaches to potentiate the efficacy of rTMS include increasing stimulation intensity and novel stimulation parameters that derive their rationale from studies on brain physiology. These novel parameters are intended to simulate normal firing patterns or to act on the hypothesized role of oscillatory activity in the motor cortex and basal ganglia with regard to motor control and its contribution to the pathogenesis of motor disorders. Noninvasive brain stimulation studies will enhance our understanding of PD pathophysiology and might provide further evidence for potential therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- David H Benninger
- Neurology Service, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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240
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Abstract
The proposed area of onset for absence epilepsy characteristic of spontaneously occurring spike and slow-wave discharges (SWDs) in the genetic absence rat model is the subgranular layer of the somatosensory cortex. Modulation of the hyperexcitable cortical foci by bilateral transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) might change the expression of SWDs. The effects of cathodal and anodal tDCS as well as cumulative effects of different intensities of repeated cathodal stimulation on EEG and behavior were examined. Cathodal tDCS reduced the number of SWDs during stimulation and affected the mean duration after stimulation both in an intensity-dependent manner. Behavior was changed after the highest stimulation intensity. Spectral analyses of the EEG during stimulation revealed an increase in sub-delta and delta frequency ranges, suggesting that cortical cells were hyperpolarized. Cathodal tDCS might be an effective non-invasive tool to decrease cortical excitability, presumably in focal zone in this genetic model.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Zobeiri
- Department of Biological Psychology, Donders Centre for Cognition, Radboud University Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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241
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Pereira JB, Junqué C, Bartrés-Faz D, Martí MJ, Sala-Llonch R, Compta Y, Falcón C, Vendrell P, Pascual-Leone Á, Valls-Solé J, Tolosa E. Modulation of verbal fluency networks by transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) in Parkinson’s disease. Brain Stimul 2013; 6:16-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2012.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2011] [Revised: 12/26/2011] [Accepted: 01/17/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
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242
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To review novel techniques of noninvasive brain stimulation (NBS), which may have value in assessment and treatment of traumatic brain injury (TBI). METHODS Review of the following techniques: transcranial magnetic stimulation, transcranial direct current stimulation, low-level laser therapy, and transcranial Doppler sonography. Furthermore, we provide a brief overview of TMS studies to date. MAIN FINDINGS We describe the rationale for the use of these techniques in TBI, discuss their possible mechanisms of action, and raise a number of considerations relevant to translation of these methods to clinical use. Depending on the stimulation parameters, NBS may enable suppression of the acute glutamatergic hyperexcitability following TBI and/or counter the excessive GABAergic effects in the subacute stage. In the chronic stage, brain stimulation coupled to rehabilitation may enhance behavioral recovery, learning of new skills, and cortical plasticity. Correlative animal models and comprehensive safety trials seem critical to establish the use of these modalities in TBI. CONCLUSIONS Different forms of NBS techniques harbor the promise of diagnostic and therapeutic utility, particularly to guide processes of cortical reorganization and enable functional restoration in TBI. Future lines of safety research and well-designed clinical trials in TBI are warranted to determine the capability of NBS to promote recovery and minimize disability.
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243
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Liu A, Fregni F, Hummel F, Pascual-Leone A. Therapeutic Applications of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation/Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation in Neurology. TRANSCRANIAL BRAIN STIMULATION 2012. [DOI: 10.1201/b14174-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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244
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Suh HS, Lee WH, Kim TS. Influence of anisotropic conductivity in the skull and white matter on transcranial direct current stimulation via an anatomically realistic finite element head model. Phys Med Biol 2012; 57:6961-80. [PMID: 23044667 DOI: 10.1088/0031-9155/57/21/6961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
To establish safe and efficient transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), it is of particular importance to understand the electrical effects of tDCS in the brain. Since the current density (CD) and electric field (EF) in the brain generated by tDCS depend on various factors including complex head geometries and electrical tissue properties, in this work, we investigated the influence of anisotropic conductivity in the skull and white matter (WM) on tDCS via a 3D anatomically realistic finite element head model. We systematically incorporated various anisotropic conductivity ratios into the skull and WM. The effects of anisotropic tissue conductivity on the CD and EF were subsequently assessed through comparisons to the conventional isotropic solutions. Our results show that the anisotropic skull conductivity significantly affects the CD and EF distribution: there is a significant reduction in the ratio of the target versus non-target total CD and EF on the order of 12-14%. In contrast, the WM anisotropy does not significantly influence the CD and EF on the targeted cortical surface, only on the order of 1-3%. However, the WM anisotropy highly alters the spatial distribution of both the CD and EF inside the brain. This study shows that it is critical to incorporate anisotropic conductivities in planning of tDCS for improved efficacy and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Sang Suh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea
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245
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Ukueberuwa D, Wassermann EM. Direct current brain polarization: a simple, noninvasive technique for human neuromodulation. Neuromodulation 2012; 13:168-73. [PMID: 21992828 DOI: 10.1111/j.1525-1403.2010.00283.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES It has been known for decades that neurons in vitro and in vivo respond in a polarity-specific manner to changes in their electrical environment. Likewise, investigators have passed direct current (DC) across the human head for decades in attempts to alter brain function and behavior. Recent human data, however, have put this technique on a more solid empirical footing and it has re-emerged from obscurity as a "new," noninvasive means of neuromodulation, called transcranial direct current stimulation (TDCS). MATERIALS AND METHODS Here, we offer a selective literature review together with our own research on the basic mechanisms and human applications of TDCS in neurophysiologic, cognitive, and behavioral research. We discuss a possible role for TDCS in enhancing normal brain function and treating neurologic and behavioral disorders. RESULTS While there are uncertainties about how TDCS produces behavioral effects and how the current is distributed in the human brain, TDCS has safely produced a variety effects on human brain function in small studies. CONCLUSIONS The field is very young and many findings will require replication. Nevertheless, TDCS appears to have the potential to be a simple and safe means of neuromodulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dede Ukueberuwa
- Brain Stimulation Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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246
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Plazier M, Joos K, Vanneste S, Ost J, De Ridder D. Bifrontal and bioccipital transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) does not induce mood changes in healthy volunteers: A placebo controlled study. Brain Stimul 2012; 5:454-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2011.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2011] [Revised: 07/12/2011] [Accepted: 07/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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247
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Kim CR, Kim DY, Kim LS, Chun MH, Kim SJ, Park CH. Modulation of cortical activity after anodal transcranial direct current stimulation of the lower limb motor cortex: A functional MRI study. Brain Stimul 2012; 5:462-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2011.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2011] [Revised: 08/01/2011] [Accepted: 08/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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248
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Pilato F, Profice P, Ranieri F, Capone F, Di Iorio R, Florio L, Di Lazzaro V. Synaptic plasticity in neurodegenerative diseases evaluated and modulated by in vivo neurophysiological techniques. Mol Neurobiol 2012; 46:563-71. [PMID: 22821187 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-012-8302-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2012] [Accepted: 07/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Several studies demonstrated in experimental models and in humans synaptic plasticity impairment in some neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric diseases such as Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease, and schizophrenia. Recently new neurophysiological tools, such as repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation and transcranial direct current stimulation, have been introduced in experimental and clinical settings for studying physiology of the brain and modulating cortical activity. These techniques use noninvasive transcranial electrical or magnetic stimulation to modulate neurons activity in the human brain. Cortical stimulation might enhance or inhibit the activity of cortico-subcortical networks, depending on stimulus frequency and intensity, current polarity, and other stimulation parameters such as the configuration of the induced electric field and stimulation protocols. On this basis, in the last two decades, these techniques have rapidly become valuable tools to investigate physiology of the human brain and have been applied to treat drug-resistant neurological and psychiatric diseases. Here we describe these techniques and discuss the mechanisms that may explain these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Pilato
- Department of Neurosciences, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo A. Gemelli 8, 00168 Rome, Italy.
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249
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Wing VC, Barr MS, Wass CE, Lipsman N, Lozano AM, Daskalakis ZJ, George TP. Brain stimulation methods to treat tobacco addiction. Brain Stimul 2012; 6:221-30. [PMID: 22809824 DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2012.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2012] [Revised: 06/08/2012] [Accepted: 06/30/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tobacco smoking is the leading cause of preventable deaths worldwide, but many smokers are simply unable to quit. Psychosocial and pharmaceutical treatments have shown modest results on smoking cessation rates, but there is an urgent need to develop treatments with greater efficacy. Brain stimulation methods are gaining increasing interest as possible addiction therapeutics. OBJECTIVES The purpose of this paper is to review the studies that have evaluated brain stimulation techniques on tobacco addiction, and discuss future directions for research in this novel area of addiction interventions. METHODS Electronic and manual literature searches identified fifteen studies that administered repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), cranial electrostimulation (CES), transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) or deep brain stimulation (DBS). RESULTS rTMS was found to be the most well studied method with respect to tobacco addiction. Results indicate that rTMS and tDCS targeted to the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) were the most efficacious in reducing tobacco cravings, an effect that may be mediated through the brain reward system involved in tobacco addiction. While rTMS was shown to reduce consumption of cigarettes, as yet no brain stimulation technique has been shown to significantly increase abstinence rates. It is possible that the therapeutic effects of rTMS and tDCS may be improved by optimization of stimulation parameters and increasing the duration of treatment. CONCLUSION Although further studies are needed to confirm the ability of brain stimulation methods to treat tobacco addiction, this review indicates that rTMS and tDCS both represent potentially novel treatment modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria C Wing
- Biobehavioural Addictions and Concurrent Disorders Research Laboratory, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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250
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Heimrath K, Sandmann P, Becke A, Müller NG, Zaehle T. Behavioral and electrophysiological effects of transcranial direct current stimulation of the parietal cortex in a visuo-spatial working memory task. Front Psychiatry 2012; 3:56. [PMID: 22723784 PMCID: PMC3378949 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2012.00056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2012] [Accepted: 05/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Impairments of working memory (WM) performance are frequent concomitant symptoms in several psychiatric and neurologic diseases. Despite the great advance in treating the reduced WM abilities in patients suffering from, e.g., Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease by means of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), the exact neurophysiological underpinning subserving these therapeutic tDCS-effects are still unknown. In the present study we investigated the impact of tDCS on performance in a visuo-spatial WM task and its underlying neural activity. In three experimental sessions, participants performed a delayed matching-to-sample WM task after sham, anodal, and cathodal tDCS over the right parietal cortex. The results showed that tDCS modulated WM performance and its underlying electrophysiological brain activity in a polarity-specific way. Parietal tDCS altered event-related potentials and oscillatory power in the alpha band at posterior electrode sites. The present study demonstrates that posterior tDCS can alter visuo-spatial WM performance by modulating the underlying neural activity. This result can be considered an important step toward a better understanding of the mechanisms involved in tDCS-induced modulations of cognitive processing. This is of particular importance for the application of electrical brain stimulation as a therapeutic treatment of neuropsychiatric deficits in clinical populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Heimrath
- Section of Neuropsychology, Department of Neurology, Otto-von-Guericke University MagdeburgMagdeburg, Germany
| | - P. Sandmann
- Neuropsychology Lab, Department of Psychology, Carl von Ossietzky University of OldenburgOldenburg, Germany
| | - A. Becke
- German Centre for Neurodegenerative DiseasesMagdeburg, Germany
| | - N. G. Müller
- German Centre for Neurodegenerative DiseasesMagdeburg, Germany
| | - T. Zaehle
- Section of Neuropsychology, Department of Neurology, Otto-von-Guericke University MagdeburgMagdeburg, Germany
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