201
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Toussaint L, Blandin Y. Behavioral evidence for motor imagery ability on position sense improvement following motor imagery practice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1051/sm/2013093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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202
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Takemi M, Masakado Y, Liu M, Ushiba J. Event-related desynchronization reflects downregulation of intracortical inhibition in human primary motor cortex. J Neurophysiol 2013; 110:1158-66. [DOI: 10.1152/jn.01092.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
There is increasing interest in electroencephalogram (EEG)-based brain-computer interface (BCI) as a tool for rehabilitation of upper limb motor functions in hemiplegic stroke patients. This type of BCI often exploits mu and beta oscillations in EEG recorded over the sensorimotor areas, and their event-related desynchronization (ERD) following motor imagery is believed to represent increased sensorimotor cortex excitability. However, it remains unclear whether the sensorimotor cortex excitability is actually correlated with ERD. Thus we assessed the association of ERD with primary motor cortex (M1) excitability during motor imagery of right wrist movement. M1 excitability was tested by motor evoked potentials (MEPs), short-interval intracortical inhibition (SICI), and intracortical facilitation (ICF) with transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). Twenty healthy participants were recruited. The participants performed 7 s of rest followed by 5 s of motor imagery and received online visual feedback of the ERD magnitude of the contralateral hand M1 while performing the motor imagery task. TMS was applied to the right hand M1 when ERD exceeded predetermined thresholds during motor imagery. MEP amplitudes, SICI, and ICF were recorded from the agonist muscle of the imagined hand movement. Results showed that the large ERD during wrist motor imagery was associated with significantly increased MEP amplitudes and reduced SICI but no significant changes in ICF. Thus ERD magnitude during wrist motor imagery represents M1 excitability. This study provides electrophysiological evidence that a motor imagery task involving ERD may induce changes in corticospinal excitability similar to changes accompanying actual movements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuaki Takemi
- School of Fundamental Science and Technology, Graduate School of Keio University, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Masakado
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Meigen Liu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; and
| | - Junichi Ushiba
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; and
- Department of Biosciences and Informatics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Kanagawa, Japan
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203
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Michel C, Gaveau J, Pozzo T, Papaxanthis C. Prism adaptation by mental practice. Cortex 2013; 49:2249-59. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2012.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2011] [Revised: 05/16/2012] [Accepted: 11/20/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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204
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Crognier L, Skoura X, Vinter A, Papaxanthis C. Mental representation of arm motion dynamics in children and adolescents. PLoS One 2013; 8:e73042. [PMID: 24009727 PMCID: PMC3757012 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0073042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2013] [Accepted: 07/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Motor imagery, i.e., a mental state during which an individual internally represents an action without any overt motor output, is a potential tool to investigate action representation during development. Here, we took advantage of the inertial anisotropy phenomenon to investigate whether children can generate accurate motor predictions for movements with varying dynamics. Children (9 and 11 years), adolescents (14 years) and young adults (21 years) carried-out actual and mental arm movements in two different directions in the horizontal plane: rightwards (low inertia) and leftwards (high inertia). We recorded and compared actual and mental movement times. We found that actual movement times were greater for leftward than rightward arm movements in all groups. For mental movements, differences between leftward versus rightward movements were observed in the adults and adolescents, but not among the children. Furthermore, significant differences between actual and mental times were found at 9 and 11 years of age in the leftward direction. The ratio R/L (rightward direction/leftward direction), which indicates temporal differences between low inertia and high inertia movements, was inferior to 1 at all ages, except for the mental movements at 9 years of age, indicating than actual and mental movements were shorter for the rightward than leftward direction. Interestingly, while the ratio R/L of actual movements was constant across ages, it gradually decreased with age for mental movements. The ratio A/M (actual movement/mental movement), which indicates temporal differences between actual and mental movements, was near to 1 in the adults' groups, denoting accurate mental timing. In children and adolescents, an underestimation of mental movement times appeared for the leftward movements only. However, this overestimation gradually decreased with age. Our results showed a refinement in the motor imagery ability during development. Action representation reached maturation at adolescence, during which mental actions were tightly related to their actual production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lionel Crognier
- Université de Bourgogne, Unité de Formation et de Recherche en Sciences et Techniques des Activités Physiques et Sportives, Dijon, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Unité 1093, Cognition, Action, et Plasticité Sensorimotrice, Dijon, France
| | - Xanthi Skoura
- Université de Bourgogne, Laboratoire d'Etude de l'Apprentissage et du Développement (LEAD), CNRS, UMR 5022, Dijon, France
| | - Annie Vinter
- Université de Bourgogne, Laboratoire d'Etude de l'Apprentissage et du Développement (LEAD), CNRS, UMR 5022, Dijon, France
| | - Charalambos Papaxanthis
- Université de Bourgogne, Unité de Formation et de Recherche en Sciences et Techniques des Activités Physiques et Sportives, Dijon, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Unité 1093, Cognition, Action, et Plasticité Sensorimotrice, Dijon, France
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205
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Tacchino A, Bove M, Pedullà L, Battaglia MA, Papaxanthis C, Brichetto G. Imagined actions in multiple sclerosis patients: evidence of decline in motor cognitive prediction. Exp Brain Res 2013; 229:561-70. [PMID: 23811731 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-013-3617-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2013] [Accepted: 06/10/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Motor imagery is a mental process during which subjects internally simulate a movement without any motor output. Mental and actual movement durations are similar in healthy adults (isochrony) while temporal discrepancies (anisochrony) could be an expression of neurological deficits on action representation. It is unclear whether patients with multiple sclerosis (PwMS) preserve the capacity to simulate their own movements. This study investigates the ability of PwMS to predict their own actions by comparing temporal features of dominant and non-dominant actual and mental actions. Fourteen PwMS and nineteen healthy subjects (HS) were asked to execute and to imagine pointing arm movements among four pairs of targets of different sizes. Task duration was calculated for both actual and mental movements by an optoelectronic device. Results showed temporal consistency and target-by-target size modulation in actual movements through the four cycles for both groups with significantly longer actual and mental movement durations in PwMS with respect to HS. An index of performance (IP) was used to examine actual/mental isochrony properties in the two groups. Statistical analysis on IP showed in PwMS significantly longer actual movement durations with respect to mental movement durations (anisochrony), more relevant for the non-dominant than dominant arm. Mental prediction of motor actions is not well preserved in MS where motor and cognitive functional changes are present. Differences in performing imagined task with dominant and non-dominant arm could be related to increased cognitive effort required for performing non-dominant movements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Tacchino
- Scientific Research Area, Italian Multiple Sclerosis Foundation (FISM), Via Operai 40, 16149 Genoa, Italy
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206
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Marzoli D, Menditto S, Lucafò C, Tommasi L. Imagining others' handedness: visual and motor processes in the attribution of the dominant hand to an imagined agent. Exp Brain Res 2013; 229:37-46. [PMID: 23743716 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-013-3587-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2012] [Accepted: 05/19/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
In a previous study, we found that when required to imagine another person performing an action, participants reported a higher correspondence between their own dominant hand and the hand used by the imagined person when the agent was visualized from the back compared to when the agent was visualized from the front. This suggests a greater involvement of motor representations in the back-view perspective, possibly indicating a greater proneness to put oneself in the agent's shoes in such a condition. In order to assess whether bringing to the foreground the right or left hand of an imagined agent can foster the activation of the corresponding motor representations, we required 384 participants to imagine a person-as seen from the right or left side-performing a single manual action and to indicate the hand used by the imagined person during movement execution. The proportion of right- versus left-handed reported actions was higher in the right-view condition than in the left-view condition, suggesting that a lateral vantage point may activate the corresponding hand motor representations, which is in line with previous research indicating a link between the hemispheric specialization of one's own body and the visual representation of others' bodies. Moreover, in agreement with research on hand laterality judgments, the effect of vantage point was stronger for left-handers (who reported a higher proportion of right- than left-handed actions in the right-view condition and a slightly higher proportion of left- than right-handed actions in the left-view condition) than for right-handers (who reported a higher proportion of right- than left-handed actions in both view conditions), indicating that during the mental simulation of others' actions, right-handers rely on sensorimotor processes more than left-handers, while left-handers rely on visual processes more than right-handers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Marzoli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Psicologiche, Umanistiche e del Territorio, University of Chieti, Via dei Vestini 29, 66013 Chieti, Italy.
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207
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Gueugneau N, Bove M, Avanzino L, Jacquin A, Pozzo T, Papaxanthis C. Interhemispheric inhibition during mental actions of different complexity. PLoS One 2013; 8:e56973. [PMID: 23451125 PMCID: PMC3581568 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0056973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2012] [Accepted: 01/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Several investigations suggest that actual and mental actions trigger similar neural substrates. Yet, neurophysiological evidences on the nature of interhemispheric interactions during mental movements are still meagre. Here, we asked whether the content of mental images, investigated by task complexity, is finely represented in the inhibitory interactions between the two primary motor cortices (M1s). Subjects' left M1 was stimulated by means of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) while they were performing actual or mental movements of increasing complexity with their right hand and exerting a maximum isometric force with their left thumb and index. Thus, we simultaneously assessed the corticospinal excitability in the right opponent pollicis muscle (OP) and the ipsilateral silent period (iSP) in the left OP during actual and mental movements. Corticospinal excitability in right OP increased during actual and mental movements, but task complexity-dependent changes were only observed during actual movements. Interhemispheric motor inhibition in the left OP was similarly modulated by task complexity in both mental and actual movements. Precisely, the duration and the area of the iSP increased with task complexity in both movement conditions. Our findings suggest that mental and actual movements share similar inhibitory neural circuits between the two homologous primary motor cortex areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Gueugneau
- Université de Bourgogne, Unité de Formation et de Recherche en Sciences et Techniques des Activités Physiques et Sportives, Dijon, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Unité 1093, Cognition, Action et Plasticité sensorimotrice, Dijon, France
| | - Marco Bove
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Human Physiology and Centro Polifunzionale di Scienze Motorie, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Laura Avanzino
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Human Physiology and Centro Polifunzionale di Scienze Motorie, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Agnès Jacquin
- Service de Neurologie, Faculté de Médecine de Dijon, Dijon, France
| | - Thierry Pozzo
- Université de Bourgogne, Unité de Formation et de Recherche en Sciences et Techniques des Activités Physiques et Sportives, Dijon, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Unité 1093, Cognition, Action et Plasticité sensorimotrice, Dijon, France
- Italian Institute of Technology, Genoa, Italy
- Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), Paris, France
| | - Charalambos Papaxanthis
- Université de Bourgogne, Unité de Formation et de Recherche en Sciences et Techniques des Activités Physiques et Sportives, Dijon, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Unité 1093, Cognition, Action et Plasticité sensorimotrice, Dijon, France
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208
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Mihara M, Hattori N, Hatakenaka M, Yagura H, Kawano T, Hino T, Miyai I. Near-infrared spectroscopy-mediated neurofeedback enhances efficacy of motor imagery-based training in poststroke victims: a pilot study. Stroke 2013; 44:1091-8. [PMID: 23404723 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.111.674507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Despite the findings that motor imagery and execution are supposed to share common neural networks, previous studies using imagery-based rehabilitation have revealed inconsistent results. In the present study, we investigated whether feedback of cortical activities (neurofeedback) using near-infrared spectroscopy could enhance the efficacy of imagery-based rehabilitation in stroke patients. METHODS Twenty hemiplegic patients with subcortical stroke received 6 sessions of mental practice with motor imagery of the distal upper limb in addition to standard rehabilitation. Subjects were randomly allocated to REAL and SHAM groups. In the REAL group, cortical hemoglobin signals detected by near-infrared spectroscopy were fed back during imagery. In the SHAM group, irrelevant randomized signals were fed back. Upper limb function was assessed using the finger and arm subscales of the Fugl-Meyer assessment and the Action Research Arm Test. RESULTS The hand/finger subscale of the Fugl-Meyer assessment showed greater functional gain in the REAL group, with a significant interaction between time and group (F(2,36)=15.5; P<0.001). A significant effect of neurofeedback was revealed even in severely impaired subjects. Imagery-related cortical activation in the premotor area was significantly greater in the REAL group than in the SHAM group (T(58)=2.4; P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that near-infrared spectroscopy-mediated neurofeedback may enhance the efficacy of mental practice with motor imagery and augment motor recovery in poststroke patients with severe hemiparesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahito Mihara
- Neurorehabilitation Research Institute, Morinomiya Hospital, Osaka, Japan.
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209
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Action Imagery Combined With Action Observation Activates More Corticomotor Regions Than Action Observation Alone. J Neurol Phys Ther 2012; 36:182-8. [DOI: 10.1097/npt.0b013e318272cad1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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210
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Papaxanthis C, Paizis C, White O, Pozzo T, Stucchi N. The relation between geometry and time in mental actions. PLoS One 2012; 7:e51191. [PMID: 23226487 PMCID: PMC3511381 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0051191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2012] [Accepted: 10/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mental imagery is a cognitive tool that helps humans take decisions by simulating past and future events. The hypothesis has been advanced that there is a functional equivalence between actual and mental movements. Yet, we do not know whether there are any limitations to its validity even in terms of some fundamental features of actual movements, such as the relationship between space and time. Although it is impossible to directly measure the spatiotemporal features of mental actions, an indirect investigation can be conducted by taking advantage of the constraints existing in planar drawing movements and described by the two-thirds power law (2/3PL). This kinematic law describes one of the most impressive regularities observed in biological movements: movement speed decreases when curvature increases. Here, we compared the duration of identical actual and mental arm movements by changing the constraints imposed by the 2/3PL. In the first two experiments, the length of the trajectory remained constant, while its curvature (Experiment 1) or its number of inflexions (Experiment 2) was manipulated. The results showed that curvature, but not the number of inflexions, proportionally and similarly affected actual and mental movement duration, as expected from the 2/3PL. Two other control experiments confirmed that the results of Experiment 1 were not attributable to eye movements (Experiment 3) or to the perceived length of the displayed trajectory (Experiment 4). Altogether, our findings suggest that mental movement simulation is tuned to the kinematic laws characterizing actions and that kinematics of actual and mental movements is completely specified by the representation of their geometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charalambos Papaxanthis
- Université de Bourgogne, Unité de Formation et de Recherche en Sciences et Techniques des Activités Physiques et Sportives, F-21078 Dijon, France.
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211
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Imbiriba LA, Russo MM, de Oliveira LAS, Fontana AP, Rodrigues EDC, Garcia MAC, Vargas CD. Perspective-taking in blindness: electrophysiological evidence of altered action representations. J Neurophysiol 2012; 109:405-14. [PMID: 23136345 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00332.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well established that the mental simulation of actions involves visual and/or somatomotor representations of those imagined actions. To investigate whether the total absence of vision affects the brain activity associated with the retrieval of motor representations, we recorded the readiness potential (RP), a marker of motor preparation preceding the execution, as well as the motor imagery of the right middle-finger extension in the first-person (1P; imagining oneself performing the movement) and in the third-person (3P; imagining the experimenter performing the movement) modes in 19 sighted and 10 congenitally blind subjects. Our main result was found for the single RP slope values at the Cz channel (likely corresponding to the supplementary motor area). No difference in RP slope was found between 1P and 3P in the sighted group, suggesting that similar motor preparation networks are recruited to simulate our own and other people's actions in spite of explicit instructions to perform the task in 1P or 3P. Conversely, reduced RP slopes in 3P compared with 1P found in the blind group indicated that they might have used an alternative, nonmotor strategy to perform the task in 3P. Moreover, movement imagery ability, assessed both by means of mental chronometry and a modified version of the Movement Imagery Questionnaire-Revised, indicated that blind and sighted individuals had similar motor imagery performance. Taken together, these results suggest that complete visual loss early in life modifies the brain networks that associate with others' action representations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luís Aureliano Imbiriba
- Núcleo de Estudos do Movimento Humano, Escola de Educação Física e Desportos, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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212
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Guillot A, Di Rienzo F, Macintyre T, Moran A, Collet C. Imagining is Not Doing but Involves Specific Motor Commands: A Review of Experimental Data Related to Motor Inhibition. Front Hum Neurosci 2012; 6:247. [PMID: 22973214 PMCID: PMC3433680 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2012.00247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2012] [Accepted: 08/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
There is now compelling evidence that motor imagery (MI) and actual movement share common neural substrate. However, the question of how MI inhibits the transmission of motor commands into the efferent pathways in order to prevent any movement is largely unresolved. Similarly, little is known about the nature of the electromyographic activity that is apparent during MI. In addressing these gaps in the literature, the present paper argues that MI includes motor execution commands for muscle contractions which are blocked at some level of the motor system by inhibitory mechanisms. We first assemble data from neuroimaging studies that demonstrate that the neural networks mediating MI and motor performance are not totally overlapping, thereby highlighting potential differences between MI and actual motor execution. We then review MI data indicating the presence of subliminal muscular activity reflecting the intrinsic characteristics of the motor command as well as increased corticomotor excitability. The third section not only considers the inhibitory mechanisms involved during MI but also examines how the brain resolves the problem of issuing the motor command for action while supervising motor inhibition when people engage in voluntary movement during MI. The last part of the paper draws on imagery research in clinical contexts to suggest that some patients move while imagining an action, although they are not aware of such movements. In particular, experimental data from amputees as well as from patients with Parkinson’s disease are discussed. We also review recent studies based on comparing brain activity in tetraplegic patients with that from healthy matched controls that provide insights into inhibitory processes during MI. We conclude by arguing that based on available evidence, a multifactorial explanation of motor inhibition during MI is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aymeric Guillot
- Centre de Recherche et d'Innovation sur le Sport (EA 647), équipe Performance Motrice, Mentale et du Matériel, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 Villeurbanne, France
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213
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Gabbard C, Cordova A. Effect of visual field presentation on action planning (estimating reach) in children. The Journal of Genetic Psychology 2012; 173:302-16. [PMID: 22919893 DOI: 10.1080/00221325.2011.610392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
In this article, the authors examined the effects of target information presented in different visual fields (lower, upper, central) on estimates of reach via use of motor imagery in children (5-11 years old) and young adults. Results indicated an advantage for estimating reach movements for targets placed in lower visual field (LoVF), with all groups having greater difficulty in the upper visual field (UpVF) condition, especially 5- and 7-year-olds. Complementing these results was an overall age-related increase in accuracy. Based in part on the equivalence hypothesis suggesting that motor imagery and motor planning and execution are similar, the findings support previous work of executed behaviors showing that there is a LoVF bias for motor skill actions of the hand. Given that previous research hints that the UpVF may be bias for visuospatial (perceptual) qualities, research in that area and its association with visuomotor processing (LoVF) should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl Gabbard
- Texas A &M University, Department of Health & Kinesiology, TAMU 4243, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
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214
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The role of the premotor cortex and the primary motor cortex in action verb comprehension: Evidence from Granger causality analysis. Brain Res Bull 2012; 88:460-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2012.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2011] [Revised: 04/05/2012] [Accepted: 04/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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215
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Neural activation and functional connectivity during motor imagery of bimanual everyday actions. PLoS One 2012; 7:e38506. [PMID: 22701655 PMCID: PMC3368848 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0038506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2011] [Accepted: 05/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Bimanual actions impose intermanual coordination demands not present during unimanual actions. We investigated the functional neuroanatomical correlates of these coordination demands in motor imagery (MI) of everyday actions using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). For this, 17 participants imagined unimanual actions with the left and right hand as well as bimanual actions while undergoing fMRI. A univariate fMRI analysis showed no reliable cortical activations specific to bimanual MI, indicating that intermanual coordination demands in MI are not associated with increased neural processing. A functional connectivity analysis based on psychophysiological interactions (PPI), however, revealed marked increases in connectivity between parietal and premotor areas within and between hemispheres. We conclude that in MI of everyday actions intermanual coordination demands are primarily met by changes in connectivity between areas and only moderately, if at all, by changes in the amount of neural activity. These results are the first characterization of the neuroanatomical correlates of bimanual coordination demands in MI. Our findings support the assumed equivalence of overt and imagined actions and highlight the differences between uni- and bimanual actions. The findings extent our understanding of the motor system and may aid the development of clinical neurorehabilitation approaches based on mental practice.
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216
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Lebon F, Lotze M, Stinear CM, Byblow WD. Task-dependent interaction between parietal and contralateral primary motor cortex during explicit versus implicit motor imagery. PLoS One 2012; 7:e37850. [PMID: 22693579 PMCID: PMC3365049 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0037850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2012] [Accepted: 04/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Both mental rotation (MR) and motor imagery (MI) involve an internalization of movement within motor and parietal cortex. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) techniques allow for a task-dependent investigation of the interhemispheric interaction between these areas. We used image-guided dual-coil TMS to investigate interactions between right inferior parietal lobe (rIPL) and left primary motor cortex (M1) in 11 healthy participants. They performed MI (right index-thumb pinching in time with a 1 Hz metronome) or hand MR tasks, while motor evoked potentials (MEPs) were recorded from right first dorsal interosseous. At rest, rIPL conditioning 6 ms prior to M1 stimulation facilitated MEPs in all participants, whereas this facilitation was abolished during MR. While rIPL conditioning 12 ms prior to M1 stimulation had no effect on MEPs at rest, it suppressed corticomotor excitability during MI. These results support the idea that rIPL forms part of a distinct inhibitory network that may prevent unwanted movement during imagery tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florent Lebon
- Neurology Research Group, Department of Medicine, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Martin Lotze
- Functional Imaging, Diagnostic Radiology and Neuroradiology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Cathy M. Stinear
- Neurology Research Group, Department of Medicine, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Winston D. Byblow
- Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Movement Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- * E-mail:
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217
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Szameitat AJ, Shen S, Conforto A, Sterr A. Cortical activation during executed, imagined, observed, and passive wrist movements in healthy volunteers and stroke patients. Neuroimage 2012; 62:266-80. [PMID: 22584231 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2011] [Revised: 04/27/2012] [Accepted: 05/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Motor imagery, passive movement, and movement observation have been suggested to activate the sensorimotor system without overt movement. The present study investigated these three covert movement modes together with overt movement in a within-subject design to allow for a fine-grained comparison of their abilities in activating the sensorimotor system, i.e. premotor, primary motor, and somatosensory cortices. For this, 21 healthy volunteers underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). In addition we explored the abilities of the different covert movement modes in activating the sensorimotor system in a pilot study of 5 stroke patients suffering from chronic severe hemiparesis. Results demonstrated that while all covert movement modes activated sensorimotor areas, there were profound differences between modes and between healthy volunteers and patients. In healthy volunteers, the pattern of neural activation in overt execution was best resembled by passive movement, followed by motor imagery, and lastly by movement observation. In patients, attempted overt execution was best resembled by motor imagery, followed by passive movement, and lastly by movement observation. Our results indicate that for severely hemiparetic stroke patients motor imagery may be the preferred way to activate the sensorimotor system without overt behavior. In addition, the clear differences between the covert movement modes point to the need for within-subject comparisons.
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Affiliation(s)
- André J Szameitat
- Department of Psychology, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany.
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218
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Holper L, Scholkmann F, Shalóm DE, Wolf M. Extension of mental preparation positively affects motor imagery as compared to motor execution: A functional near-infrared spectroscopy study. Cortex 2012; 48:593-603. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2011.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2010] [Revised: 11/05/2010] [Accepted: 01/31/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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219
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Raffin E, Mattout J, Reilly KT, Giraux P. Disentangling motor execution from motor imagery with the phantom limb. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 135:582-95. [PMID: 22345089 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awr337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Amputees can move their phantom limb at will. These 'movements without movements' have generally been considered as motor imagery rather than motor execution, but amputees can in fact perform both executed and imagined movements with their phantom and they report distinct perceptions during each task. Behavioural evidence for this dual ability comes from the fact that executed movements are associated with stump muscle contractions whereas imagined movements are not, and that phantom executed movements are slower than intact hand executed movements whereas the speed of imagined movements is identical for both hands. Since neither execution nor imagination produces any visible movement, we hypothesized that the perceptual difference between these two motor tasks relies on the activation of distinct cerebral networks. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging and changes in functional connectivity (dynamic causal modelling), we examined the activity associated with imagined and executed movements of the intact and phantom hands of 14 upper-limb amputees. Distinct but partially overlapping cerebral networks were active during both executed and imagined phantom limb movements (both performed at the same speed). A region of interest analysis revealed a 'switch' between execution and imagination; during execution there was more activity in the primary somatosensory cortex, the primary motor cortex and the anterior lobe of the cerebellum, while during imagination there was more activity in the parietal and occipital lobes, and the posterior lobe of the cerebellum. In overlapping areas, task-related differences were detected in the location of activation peaks. The dynamic causal modelling analysis further confirmed the presence of a clear neurophysiological distinction between imagination and execution, as motor imagery and motor execution had opposite effects on the supplementary motor area-primary motor cortex network. This is the first imaging evidence that the neurophysiological network activated during phantom limb movements is similar to that of executed movements of intact limbs and differs from the phantom limb imagination network. The dual ability of amputees to execute and imagine movements of their phantom limb and the fact that these two tasks activate distinct cortical networks are important factors to consider when designing rehabilitation programmes for the treatment of phantom limb pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estelle Raffin
- Service de Médecine Physique et de Réadaptation, Hôpital Bellevue, CHU de Saint-Etienne, F-42055 Saint-Etienne, France
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Oku K, Ishida H, Okada Y, Hiraoka K. Facilitation of corticospinal excitability during motor imagery of wrist movement with visual or quantitative inspection of EMG activity. Percept Mot Skills 2012; 113:982-94. [PMID: 22403940 DOI: 10.2466/05.23.25.pms.113.6.982-994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigated facilitation of corticospinal excitability during motor imagery of wrist movement with visual or quantitative inspection of background electromyographic (EMG) activity. Ten healthy participants imagined wrist extension from a first-person perspective in response to a start cue. Transcranial magnetic stimulation was delivered to the motor cortex 2 sec. after the start cue. EMG signals were recorded from the extensor carpi radialis muscle. Trials with background EMG activity were discarded based on visual inspection. Both motor-evoked potential (MEP) and background EMG amplitudes increased during motor imagery. The amount of increase in MEP amplitude was positively correlated with the amount of increase in background EMG amplitude during motor imagery. The statistically significant increase in MEP amplitude during motor imagery disappeared when the effect of muscle activity was statistically eliminated or after trials with background EMG activity were discarded based on strict quantitative criteria. Facilitation of corticospinal excitability during motor imagery of wrist movement depends partially on muscle activity. Discarding background EMG activity during motor imagery based on visual inspection is not sufficient to equalize background EMG amplitude between resting and motor imagery. Discarding trials with background EMG activity through strict quantitative criteria is useful to equalize background EMG amplitude between at rest and during motor imagery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Oku
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Rehabilitation, Osaka Prefecture University, Japan
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221
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Mihara M, Miyai I, Hattori N, Hatakenaka M, Yagura H, Kawano T, Okibayashi M, Danjo N, Ishikawa A, Inoue Y, Kubota K. Neurofeedback using real-time near-infrared spectroscopy enhances motor imagery related cortical activation. PLoS One 2012; 7:e32234. [PMID: 22396753 PMCID: PMC3292558 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0032234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2011] [Accepted: 01/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence indicates that motor imagery and motor execution share common neural networks. Accordingly, mental practices in the form of motor imagery have been implemented in rehabilitation regimes of stroke patients with favorable results. Because direct monitoring of motor imagery is difficult, feedback of cortical activities related to motor imagery (neurofeedback) could help to enhance efficacy of mental practice with motor imagery. To determine the feasibility and efficacy of a real-time neurofeedback system mediated by near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS), two separate experiments were performed. Experiment 1 was used in five subjects to evaluate whether real-time cortical oxygenated hemoglobin signal feedback during a motor execution task correlated with reference hemoglobin signals computed off-line. Results demonstrated that the NIRS-mediated neurofeedback system reliably detected oxygenated hemoglobin signal changes in real-time. In Experiment 2, 21 subjects performed motor imagery of finger movements with feedback from relevant cortical signals and irrelevant sham signals. Real neurofeedback induced significantly greater activation of the contralateral premotor cortex and greater self-assessment scores for kinesthetic motor imagery compared with sham feedback. These findings suggested the feasibility and potential effectiveness of a NIRS-mediated real-time neurofeedback system on performance of kinesthetic motor imagery. However, these results warrant further clinical trials to determine whether this system could enhance the effects of mental practice in stroke patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahito Mihara
- Neurorehabilitation Research Institute, Morinomiya Hospital, Osaka, Japan.
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222
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Williams J, Pearce AJ, Loporto M, Morris T, Holmes PS. The relationship between corticospinal excitability during motor imagery and motor imagery ability. Behav Brain Res 2012; 226:369-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2011.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2011] [Revised: 09/06/2011] [Accepted: 09/07/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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223
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Marinelli R, Bindi R, Marchi S, Castellani E, Carli G, Santarcangelo EL. Hypnotizability-related differences in written language. Int J Clin Exp Hypn 2012; 60:54-66. [PMID: 22098569 DOI: 10.1080/00207144.2011.622196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
The study analyzed the writing products of subjects with high (highs) and low (lows) hypnotizability. The participants were asked to write short texts in response to highly imaginative scenarios in standard conditions. The texts were processed through computerized and manual methods. The results showed that the highs' texts were more sophisticated due to a higher number of abstract nouns, more intense and imaginative due to a larger number of similes, metaphors, and onomatopoeias, and less detailed due to a higher nouns-to-adjectives ratio. The differences in the use of abstract nouns and highly imageable expressions are discussed in relation to the preeminent left-hemisphere activity of highs during wakefulness and to a possibly different involvement of the precuneus, which is involved in hypnotic phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Marinelli
- Institute of Computational Linguistics, National Council of Research, Pisa, Italy
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224
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Kang YJ, Ku J, Kim HJ, Park HK. Facilitation of corticospinal excitability according to motor imagery and mirror therapy in healthy subjects and stroke patients. Ann Rehabil Med 2011; 35:747-58. [PMID: 22506202 PMCID: PMC3309378 DOI: 10.5535/arm.2011.35.6.747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2011] [Accepted: 10/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To delineate the changes in corticospinal excitability when individuals are asked to exercise their hand using observation, motor imagery, voluntary exercise, and exercise with a mirror. Method The participants consisted of 30 healthy subjects and 30 stroke patients. In healthy subjects, the amplitudes and latencies of motor evoked potential (MEP) were obtained using seven conditions: (A) rest; (B) imagery; (C) observation and imagery of the hand activity of other individuals; (D) observation and imagery of own ipsilateral hand activity; (E) observation and imagery of the hand activity of another individual with a mirror; (F) observation and imagery of own symmetric ipsilateral hand activity (thumb abduction) with a mirror; and (G) observation and imagery of own asymmetric ipsilateral hand activity (little finger abduction) with a mirror. In stroke patients, MEPs were obtained in the A, C, D, E, F conditions. Results In both groups, increment of the percentage MEP amplitude (at rest) and latency decrement of MEPs were significantly higher during the observation of the activity of the hand of another individual with a mirror and during symmetric ipsilateral hand activity on their own hand with a mirror than they were without a mirror. In healthy subjects, the increment of percentage MEP amplitude and latency decrement were significantly higher during the observation of the symmetric ipsilateral hand activity with a mirror compared to the observation of the activity of the asymmetric ipsilateral hand with a mirror of their own hand. Conclusion In both groups, corticospinal excitability was facilitated by viewing the mirror image of the activity of the ipsilateral hand. These findings provide neurophysiological evidence supporting the application of various mirror imagery programs during stroke rehabilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youn Joo Kang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Eulji Hospital, Eulji University School of Medicine, Seoul 139-711, Korea
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225
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Cordova A, Gabbard C. Children’s use of allocentric cues in visually- and memory-guided reach space. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BEHAVIORAL DEVELOPMENT 2011. [DOI: 10.1177/0165025411426681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Theory suggests that the vision-for-perception and vision-for-action processing streams operate under very different temporal constraints ( Glover, 2004 ; Goodale, Jackobson, & Keillor, 1994 ; Graham, Bradshaw, & Davis, 1998 ; Hu, Eagleson, & Goodale, 1999 ). With the present study, children and young adults were asked to estimate how far a cued target was from a response target in immediate and response-delay conditions. Based on maximum reach of each participant, target locations in peripersonal and extrapersonal space were created. ANOVA results for accuracy indicated differences between Age within Condition and Space. Overall, adults were more accurate than children. Analysis revealed that with delays of superior or equal to 2 s, performance affected all groups, but most notably the 5- and 7-year-olds. In summary, these findings suggest that young children have greater difficulty processing allocentric cues in the context of reach in delay paradigms.
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226
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Lebon F, Byblow WD, Collet C, Guillot A, Stinear CM. The modulation of motor cortex excitability during motor imagery depends on imagery quality. Eur J Neurosci 2011; 35:323-31. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2011.07938.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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227
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Examining age-related movement representations for sequential (fine-motor) finger movements. Brain Cogn 2011; 77:459-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2011.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2011] [Revised: 08/04/2011] [Accepted: 08/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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228
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Increased Muscle Activation Following Motor Imagery During the Rehabilitation of the Anterior Cruciate Ligament. Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback 2011; 37:45-51. [DOI: 10.1007/s10484-011-9175-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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229
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Loporto M, McAllister C, Williams J, Hardwick R, Holmes P. Investigating Central Mechanisms Underlying the Effects of Action Observation and Imagery Through Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation. J Mot Behav 2011; 43:361-73. [DOI: 10.1080/00222895.2011.604655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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230
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Holper L, Wolf M. Single-trial classification of motor imagery differing in task complexity: a functional near-infrared spectroscopy study. J Neuroeng Rehabil 2011; 8:34. [PMID: 21682906 PMCID: PMC3133548 DOI: 10.1186/1743-0003-8-34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2010] [Accepted: 06/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND For brain computer interfaces (BCIs), which may be valuable in neurorehabilitation, brain signals derived from mental activation can be monitored by non-invasive methods, such as functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). Single-trial classification is important for this purpose and this was the aim of the presented study. In particular, we aimed to investigate a combined approach: 1) offline single-trial classification of brain signals derived from a novel wireless fNIRS instrument; 2) to use motor imagery (MI) as mental task thereby discriminating between MI signals in response to different tasks complexities, i.e. simple and complex MI tasks. METHODS 12 subjects were asked to imagine either a simple finger-tapping task using their right thumb or a complex sequential finger-tapping task using all fingers of their right hand. fNIRS was recorded over secondary motor areas of the contralateral hemisphere. Using Fisher's linear discriminant analysis (FLDA) and cross validation, we selected for each subject a best-performing feature combination consisting of 1) one out of three channel, 2) an analysis time interval ranging from 5-15 s after stimulation onset and 3) up to four Δ[O2Hb] signal features (Δ[O2Hb] mean signal amplitudes, variance, skewness and kurtosis). RESULTS The results of our single-trial classification showed that using the simple combination set of channels, time intervals and up to four Δ[O2Hb] signal features comprising Δ[O2Hb] mean signal amplitudes, variance, skewness and kurtosis, it was possible to discriminate single-trials of MI tasks differing in complexity, i.e. simple versus complex tasks (inter-task paired t-test p ≤ 0.001), over secondary motor areas with an average classification accuracy of 81%. CONCLUSIONS Although the classification accuracies look promising they are nevertheless subject of considerable subject-to-subject variability. In the discussion we address each of these aspects, their limitations for future approaches in single-trial classification and their relevance for neurorehabilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Holper
- Biomedical Optics Research Laboratory (BORL), Division of Neonatology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital Zurich, Frauenklinikstrasse 10, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
- Institute of Neuroinformatics (INI), University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Martin Wolf
- Biomedical Optics Research Laboratory (BORL), Division of Neonatology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital Zurich, Frauenklinikstrasse 10, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
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231
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The Research and Progress in The Mechanism of Motor Imagery and Its Application in Motor Rehabilitation*. PROG BIOCHEM BIOPHYS 2011. [DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1206.2010.00409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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232
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Cesari P, Pizzolato F, Fiorio M. Grip-dependent cortico-spinal excitability during grasping imagination and execution. Neuropsychologia 2011; 49:2121-30. [PMID: 21539850 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2011.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2011] [Revised: 03/31/2011] [Accepted: 04/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Studies converge in indicating a substantial similarity of the rules and mechanisms underlying execution, observation and imagery of actions, along with a large overlapping of their neural substrates. Recent transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) studies have demonstrated a muscle-specific facilitation of the observer's motor system for force requirement and type of grip during grasping observation. However, whether similar fine-tuned muscle-specificity occurs even during imagination, when subjects are free to select the most convenient grip configuration, is still unknown. Here we applied TMS over the primary motor cortex and measured the corticospinal excitability (MEP) in three muscles (FDI, ADM and FDS) while subjects imagined grasping spheres of different dimensions and materials. This range of object weights and sizes (diameters) allowed subjects to freely imagine the most suitable grip configuration among several possibilities. Activation measured during grasping imagination has been also compared to that obtained during real execution (EMG recorded from the same muscles). We found that during imagination of grasping small objects, the FDI muscle was more active than the ADM and the FDS, whereas the opposite pattern was found for big objects. Imagination of medium size objects, instead, required an equal involvement of the three muscles. The same pattern was observed when subjects were asked to perform the action. This suggests that during imagination, the cortico-spinal system is modulated in a muscle-specific/grip-specific way, as if the action would be really performed. However, when force was required (i.e., for the aluminum objects), the motor activation obtained during action execution was more fine-tuned to object dimensions than the facilitation recorded during imagination, suggesting a separate control of force production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Cesari
- Department of Neurological, Neuropsychological, Morphological and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Italy.
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233
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Voisin JI, Mercier C, Jackson PL, Richards CL, Malouin F. Is somatosensory excitability more affected by the perspective or modality content of motor imagery? Neurosci Lett 2011; 493:33-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2011.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2010] [Revised: 01/18/2011] [Accepted: 02/07/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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234
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Welfringer A, Leifert-Fiebach G, Babinsky R, Brandt T. Visuomotor imagery as a new tool in the rehabilitation of neglect: a randomised controlled study of feasibility and efficacy. Disabil Rehabil 2011; 33:2033-43. [DOI: 10.3109/09638288.2011.556208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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235
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The effect of motor imagery on gain modulation of the spinal reflex. Brain Res 2011; 1372:41-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2010.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2010] [Revised: 10/09/2010] [Accepted: 11/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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236
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237
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Hohlefeld FU, Nikulin VV, Curio G. Visual stimuli evoke rapid activation (120ms) of sensorimotor cortex for overt but not for covert movements. Brain Res 2011; 1368:185-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2010.10.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2009] [Revised: 10/08/2010] [Accepted: 10/12/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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238
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Gabbard C, Bobbio T. The Inability To Mentally Represent Action May Be Associated With Performance Deficits in Children With Developmental Coordination Disorder. Int J Neurosci 2010; 121:113-20. [DOI: 10.3109/00207454.2010.535936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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239
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Pelgrims B, Michaux N, Olivier E, Andres M. Contribution of the primary motor cortex to motor imagery: a subthreshold TMS study. Hum Brain Mapp 2010; 32:1471-82. [PMID: 21077146 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.21121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2010] [Accepted: 06/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Motor imagery (MI) mostly activates the same brain regions as movement execution (ME) including the primary motor cortex (Brodmann area 4, BA4). However, whether BA4 is functionally relevant for MI remains controversial. The finding that MI tasks are impaired by BA4 virtual lesions induced by transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) supports this view, though previous studies do not permit to exclude that BA4 is also involved in other processes such as hand recognition. Additionally, previous works largely underestimated the possible negative consequences of TMS-induced muscle twitches on MI task performance. Here we investigated the role of BA4 in MI by interfering with the function of the left or right BA4 in healthy subjects performing a MI task in which they had to make laterality judgements on rotated hand drawings. We used a subthreshold repetitive TMS protocol and monitored electromyographic activity to exclude undesirable effects of hand muscle twitches. We found that BA4 virtual lesions selectively increased reaction times in laterality judgments on hand drawings, leaving unaffected a task of equal difficulty, involving judgments on letters. Interestingly, the effects of virtual lesions of left and right BA4 on MI task performance were the same irrespective of the laterality (left/right) of hand drawings. A second experiment allowed us to rule out the possibility that BA4 lesions affect visual or semantic processing of hand drawings. Altogether, these results indicate that BA4 contribution to MI tasks is specifically related to the mental simulation process and further emphasize the functional coupling between ME and MI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Pelgrims
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Université Catholique de Louvain, Institute of Neuroscience, Brussels, Belgium
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240
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The handedness of imagined bodies in action and the role of perspective taking. Brain Cogn 2010; 75:51-9. [PMID: 21035936 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2010.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2010] [Revised: 09/26/2010] [Accepted: 10/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Past research at the nexus of motor control and perception investigated the role of perspective taking in many behavioral and neuroimaging studies. Some investigators addressed the issue of one's own vs. others' action imagination, but the possible effects of a front or a back view in imagining others' actions have so far been neglected. We report two 'single trial' experiments in which a total of 640 participants were asked to imagine a person performing a manual action - either in a front or in a back view - and then to indicate the hand used by the imagined person during movement execution. In such a task, we assume the existence of two distinct biases: a perceptual-mnemonic bias due to subjects' visual experience of others' actions, encouraging them to imagine right-handed movements, and a motor bias due to subjects' experience of self-made actions, encouraging them to imagine movements performed with the same hand as their dominant hand. We hypothesized that a greater involvement of motor representations in the back view compared to the front view could result in an increased correspondence between one's own manual preference and the hand used by the imagined agent in the former condition. The results of both experiments were consistent with this hypothesis, suggesting that while imagining others' actions we employ motor simulations in different degrees according to the perspective adopted.
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241
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Kim JS, Oh DW, Kim SY, Choi JD. Visual and kinesthetic locomotor imagery training integrated with auditory step rhythm for walking performance of patients with chronic stroke. Clin Rehabil 2010; 25:134-45. [PMID: 20943715 DOI: 10.1177/0269215510380822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the effect of visual and kinesthetic locomotor imagery training on walking performance and to determine the clinical feasibility of incorporating auditory step rhythm into the training. DESIGN Randomized crossover trial. SETTING Laboratory of a Department of Physical Therapy. SUBJECTS Fifteen subjects with post-stroke hemiparesis. INTERVENTION Four locomotor imagery trainings on walking performance: visual locomotor imagery training, kinesthetic locomotor imagery training, visual locomotor imagery training with auditory step rhythm and kinesthetic locomotor imagery training with auditory step rhythm. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The timed up-and-go test and electromyographic and kinematic analyses of the affected lower limb during one gait cycle. RESULTS After the interventions, significant differences were found in the timed up-and-go test results between the visual locomotor imagery training (25.69 ± 16.16 to 23.97 ± 14.30) and the kinesthetic locomotor imagery training with auditory step rhythm (22.68 ± 12.35 to 15.77 ± 8.58) (P < 0.05). During the swing and stance phases, the kinesthetic locomotor imagery training exhibited significantly increased activation in a greater number of muscles and increased angular displacement of the knee and ankle joints compared with the visual locomotor imagery training, and these effects were more prominent when auditory step rhythm was integrated into each form of locomotor imagery training. The activation of the hamstring during the swing phase and the gastrocnemius during the stance phase, as well as kinematic data of the knee joint, were significantly different for posttest values between the visual locomotor imagery training and the kinesthetic locomotor imagery training with auditory step rhythm (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The therapeutic effect may be further enhanced in the kinesthetic locomotor imagery training than in the visual locomotor imagery training. The auditory step rhythm together with the locomotor imagery training produces a greater positive effect in improving the walking performance of patients with post-stroke hemiparesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Seop Kim
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Rehabilitation Science, Daegu Universit, Jillyang, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea
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Santarcangelo EL, Scattina E, Carli G, Ghelarducci B, Orsini P, Manzoni D. Can imagery become reality? Exp Brain Res 2010; 206:329-35. [PMID: 20848275 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-010-2412-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2010] [Accepted: 09/02/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies showed that highly hypnotizable persons imagining a specific sensory context behave according to the corresponding real stimulation and perceive their behaviour as involuntary. The aim of the study was to confirm the hypothesis of a translation of sensory imagery into real perception and, thus, of a true involuntary response. We studied the imagery-induced modulation of the vestibulospinal (VS) reflex earlier component in highly (Highs) and low hypnotizable subjects (Lows), as it is not affected by voluntary control, its amplitude depends on the stimulus intensity, and the plane of body sway depends on the position of the head with respect to the trunk. Results showed that the effects of the "obstructive" imagery of anaesthesia are different from those elicited by the "constructive" imagery of head rotation. Indeed, both Highs and Lows having their face forward and reporting high vividness of imagery experienced anaesthesia and reduced their VS reflex amplitude in the frontal plane, while only Highs changed the plane of body sway according to the imagined head rotation that is from the frontal to the sagittal one. These effects cannot be voluntary and should be attributed to translation of sensory imagery into the corresponding real perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- E L Santarcangelo
- Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Pisa, Via San Zeno 31, Pisa, Italy.
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243
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Hovington CL, Brouwer B. Guided Motor Imagery in Healthy Adults and Stroke: Does Strategy Matter? Neurorehabil Neural Repair 2010; 24:851-7. [DOI: 10.1177/1545968310374190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Background. Motor imagery (MI) enhances physical performance and skill acquisition in healthy and neurorehabilitation populations, yet little is known about the use of strategies to guide MI. Objectives. To examine the relative effectiveness of visual, auditory, and combined (visual + auditory) cueing of an imagined finger abduction task on corticomotor excitability. Methods. A total of 15 young (20-35 years) and 15 older people (over 55 years) and 10 people with chronic stroke, who could make voluntary movements of selected muscles, participated. Motor evoked potentials (MEPs, primary outcome) were measured following transcranial magnetic stimulation applied while participants imagined abducting their index finger under guidance of cueing strategies. Amplitudes of the MEPs from the first dorsal interosseous (FDI), abductor pollicis brevis (APB), and abductor digiti minimi (ADM) muscles were compared with rest, contrasted with MEPs elicited during active task performance, and expressed relative to rest to reflect facilitation. Results. Cued MI enhanced MEPs in all groups, preferentially to the target FDI muscle. In stroke, APB was also facilitated. ADM was least affected by cueing. Analyses of simple effects of condition on FDI MEPs in each group revealed that visual cueing was most effective in young people, whereas auditory cueing was most effective in healthy older people and when directed at the nonparetic side in stroke ( P < .04). On the paretic side, strategies were equally effective. In all cases, MEPs were largest during physical performance. Conclusions. Cued MI augments corticomotor excitability associated with healthy and paretic muscles related to the imagined task. Age should be considered when selecting a cueing strategy for maximum effectiveness.
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244
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Bufalari I, Sforza A, Cesari P, Aglioti SM, Fourkas AD. Motor imagery beyond the joint limits: a transcranial magnetic stimulation study. Biol Psychol 2010; 85:283-90. [PMID: 20688131 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2010.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2010] [Revised: 07/22/2010] [Accepted: 07/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The processes and neural bases used for motor imagery are also used for the actual execution of correspondent movements. Humans, however, can imagine movements they cannot perform. Here we explored whether plausibility of movements is mapped on the corticospinal motor system and whether the process is influenced by visuomotor vs. kinesthetic-motor first person imagery strategy. Healthy subjects imagined performing possible or biomechanically impossible right index finger movements during single pulse TMS of the left motor cortex. We found an increase of corticospinal excitability during motor imagery which was higher for impossible than possible movements and specific for the muscle involved in the actual execution of the imagined movement. We expand our previous action observation studies, suggesting that the plausibility of a movement is computed in regions upstream the primary motor cortex, and that motor imagery is a higher-order process not fully constrained by the rules that govern motor execution.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Bufalari
- Department of Psychology, University of Rome La Sapienza, Via dei Marsi 78, 00185 Rome, Italy.
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245
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Rodrigues E, Lemos T, Gouvea B, Volchan E, Imbiriba L, Vargas C. Kinesthetic motor imagery modulates body sway. Neuroscience 2010; 169:743-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2010.04.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2010] [Revised: 04/08/2010] [Accepted: 04/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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246
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Welfringer A, Leifert-Fiebach G, Babinsky R, Brandt T. Visuomotorische Imaginationstherapie in der Neglektrehabilitation – Grundlagen, Vorgehen und Falldarstellungen. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR NEUROPSYCHOLOGIE 2010. [DOI: 10.1024/1016-264x/a000009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Mentales Training findet vermehrt in der neurologischen Rehabilitation Einsatz. Neglekpatienten mit repräsentationalen Störungen, u. a. des eigenen Körpers, könnten von einer visuomotorischen Imaginationstherapie profitieren. Das therapeutische Vorgehen für die praktische Anwendung in der Neglektrehabilitation wird vorgestellt bezüglich (1) Patientenauswahl, (2) Testdiagnostik, (3) Messung der Imaginationsfähigkeit, (4) Psychoedukation, (5) Setting, (6) Therapiemanual, (7) Frequenz und Komplexitätsgrade, (8) Therapieprotokoll, (9) Elektromyographie sowie (10) Eigentraining. Zwei Fallbeispiele verdeutlichen wie eine visuomotorische Imaginationstherapie selbst im chronischen Krankheitsstadium zu Funktionsverbesserungen führen und bei subakutem personalem Neglekt die Körperwahrnehmung beeinflusst werden kann.
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247
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Roosink M, Zijdewind I. Corticospinal excitability during observation and imagery of simple and complex hand tasks: implications for motor rehabilitation. Behav Brain Res 2010; 213:35-41. [PMID: 20433871 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2010.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2009] [Revised: 04/12/2010] [Accepted: 04/19/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Movement observation and imagery are increasingly propagandized for motor rehabilitation. Both observation and imagery are thought to improve motor function through repeated activation of mental motor representations. However, it is unknown what stimulation parameters or imagery conditions are optimal for rehabilitation purposes. A better understanding of the mechanisms underlying movement observation and imagery is essential for the optimization of functional outcome using these training conditions. This study systematically assessed the corticospinal excitability during rest, observation, imagery and execution of a simple and a complex finger-tapping sequence in healthy controls using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). Observation was conducted passively (without prior instructions) as well as actively (in order to imitate). Imagery was performed visually and kinesthetically. A larger increase in corticospinal excitability was found during active observation in comparison with passive observation and visual or kinesthetic imagery. No significant difference between kinesthetic and visual imagery was found. Overall, the complex task led to a higher corticospinal excitability in comparison with the simple task. In conclusion, the corticospinal excitability was modulated during both movement observation and imagery. Specifically, active observation of a complex motor task resulted in increased corticospinal excitability. Active observation may be more effective than imagery for motor rehabilitation purposes. In addition, the activation of mental motor representations may be optimized by varying task-complexity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meyke Roosink
- Department of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, The Netherlands.
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248
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Abstract
Over the past 2 decades, much work has been carried out on the use of mental practice through motor imagery for optimizing the retraining of motor function in people with physical disabilities. Although much of the clinical work with mental practice has focused on the retraining of upper-extremity tasks, this article reviews the evidence supporting the potential of motor imagery for retraining gait and tasks involving coordinated lower-limb and body movements. First, motor imagery and mental practice are defined, and evidence from physiological and behavioral studies in healthy individuals supporting the capacity to imagine walking activities through motor imagery is examined. Then the effects of stroke, spinal cord injury, lower-limb amputation, and immobilization on motor imagery ability are discussed. Evidence of brain reorganization in healthy individuals following motor imagery training of dancing and of a foot movement sequence is reviewed, and the effects of mental practice on gait and other tasks involving coordinated lower-limb and body movements in people with stroke and in people with Parkinson disease are examined. Lastly, questions pertaining to clinical assessment of motor imagery ability and training strategies are discussed.
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249
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Studying action representation in children via motor imagery. Brain Cogn 2009; 71:234-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2009.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2009] [Revised: 08/17/2009] [Accepted: 08/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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250
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Motor Imagery Facilitates the Spinal Motor Neurons Without Hemispheric Asymmetry. J Clin Neurophysiol 2009; 26:358-65. [DOI: 10.1097/wnp.0b013e3181baaaa1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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