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Simats A, García-Berrocoso T, Montaner J. Neuroinflammatory biomarkers: From stroke diagnosis and prognosis to therapy. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2015; 1862:411-24. [PMID: 26524637 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2015.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Revised: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Stroke is the third leading cause of death in industrialized countries and one of the largest causes of permanent disability worldwide. Therapeutic options to fight stroke are still limited and the only approved drug is tissue-plasminogen activator (tPA) and/or mechanical thrombectomy. Post-stroke inflammation is well known to contribute to the expansion of the ischemic lesion, whereas its resolution stimulates tissue repair and neuroregeneration processes. As inflammation highly influences susceptibility of stroke patients to overcome the disease, there is an increasing need to develop new diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic strategies for post-stroke inflammation. This review provides a brief overview of the contribution of the inflammatory mechanisms to the pathophysiology of stroke. It specially focuses on the role of inflammatory biomarkers to help predicting stroke patients' outcome since some of those biomarkers might turn out to be targets to be therapeutically altered overcoming the urgent need for the identification of potent drugs to modulate stroke-associated inflammation. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Neuro Inflammation edited by Helga E. de Vries and Markus Schwaninger.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Simats
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Research, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Teresa García-Berrocoso
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Research, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Joan Montaner
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Research, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Neurology Department, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain.
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202
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Herz J, Sabellek P, Lane TE, Gunzer M, Hermann DM, Doeppner TR. Role of Neutrophils in Exacerbation of Brain Injury After Focal Cerebral Ischemia in Hyperlipidemic Mice. Stroke 2015; 46:2916-25. [PMID: 26337969 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.115.010620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2015] [Accepted: 07/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Inflammation-related comorbidities contribute to stroke-induced immune responses and brain damage. We previously showed that hyperlipidemia exacerbates ischemic brain injury, which is associated with elevated peripheral and cerebral granulocyte numbers. Herein, we evaluate the contribution of neutrophils to the exacerbation of ischemic brain injury. METHODS Wild-type mice fed with a normal chow and ApoE knockout mice fed with a high cholesterol diet were exposed to middle cerebral artery occlusion. CXCR2 was blocked using the selective antagonist SB225002 (2 mg/kg) or neutralizing CXCR2 antiserum. Neutrophils were depleted using an anti-Ly6G antibody. At 72 hours post ischemia, immunohistochemistry, flow cytometry, and real-time polymerase chain reaction were performed to determine cerebral tissue injury and immunologic changes in the blood, bone marrow, and brain. Functional outcome was assessed by accelerated rota rod and tight rope tests at 4, 7, and 14 days post ischemia. RESULTS CXCR2 antagonization reduced neurological deficits and infarct volumes that were exacerbated in hyperlipidemic ApoE-/- mice. This effect was mimicked by neutrophil depletion. Cerebral neutrophil infiltration and peripheral neutrophilia, which were increased on ischemia in hyperlipidemia, were attenuated by CXCR2 antagonization. This downscaling of neutrophil responses was associated with increased neutrophil apoptosis and reduced levels of CXCR2, inducible nitric oxide synthase, and NADPH oxidase 2 expression on bone marrow neutrophils. CONCLUSIONS Our data demonstrate a role of neutrophils in the exacerbation of ischemic brain injury induced by hyperlipidemia. Accordingly, CXCR2 blockade, which prevents neutrophil recruitment into the brain, might be an effective option for stroke treatment in patients with hyperlipidemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josephine Herz
- From the Department of Neurology (J.H., P.S., D.M.H., T.R.D.), Department of Pediatrics I (J.H.), and Institute of Experimental Immunology and Imaging, University Duisburg-Essen (M.G.), University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany; and Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (T.E.L.).
| | - Pascal Sabellek
- From the Department of Neurology (J.H., P.S., D.M.H., T.R.D.), Department of Pediatrics I (J.H.), and Institute of Experimental Immunology and Imaging, University Duisburg-Essen (M.G.), University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany; and Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (T.E.L.)
| | - Thomas E Lane
- From the Department of Neurology (J.H., P.S., D.M.H., T.R.D.), Department of Pediatrics I (J.H.), and Institute of Experimental Immunology and Imaging, University Duisburg-Essen (M.G.), University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany; and Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (T.E.L.)
| | - Matthias Gunzer
- From the Department of Neurology (J.H., P.S., D.M.H., T.R.D.), Department of Pediatrics I (J.H.), and Institute of Experimental Immunology and Imaging, University Duisburg-Essen (M.G.), University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany; and Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (T.E.L.)
| | - Dirk M Hermann
- From the Department of Neurology (J.H., P.S., D.M.H., T.R.D.), Department of Pediatrics I (J.H.), and Institute of Experimental Immunology and Imaging, University Duisburg-Essen (M.G.), University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany; and Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (T.E.L.)
| | - Thorsten R Doeppner
- From the Department of Neurology (J.H., P.S., D.M.H., T.R.D.), Department of Pediatrics I (J.H.), and Institute of Experimental Immunology and Imaging, University Duisburg-Essen (M.G.), University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany; and Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (T.E.L.)
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203
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Cuartero MI, Ballesteros I, Lizasoain I, Moro MA. Complexity of the cell-cell interactions in the innate immune response after cerebral ischemia. Brain Res 2015; 1623:53-62. [PMID: 25956207 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.04.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Revised: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In response to brain ischemia a cascade of signals leads to the activation of the brain innate immune system and to the recruitment of blood borne derived cells to the ischemic tissue. These processes have been increasingly shown to play a role on stroke pathogenesis. Here, we discuss the key features of resident microglia and different leukocyte subsets implicated in cerebral ischemia with special emphasis of neutrophils, monocytes and microglia. We focus on how leukocytes are recruited to injured brain through a complex interplay between endothelial cells, platelets and leukocytes and describe different strategies used to inhibit their recruitment. Finally, we discuss the possible existence of different leukocyte subsets in the ischemic tissue and the repercussion of different myeloid phenotypes on stroke outcome. The knowledge of the nature of these heterogeneous cell-cell interactions may open new lines of investigation on new therapies to promote protective immune responses and tissue repair after cerebral ischemia or to block harmful responses. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled SI: Cell Interactions In Stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- María I Cuartero
- Unidad de Investigación Neurovascular, Depto. Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense and Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Iván Ballesteros
- Unidad de Investigación Neurovascular, Depto. Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense and Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ignacio Lizasoain
- Unidad de Investigación Neurovascular, Depto. Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense and Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Madrid, Spain
| | - María A Moro
- Unidad de Investigación Neurovascular, Depto. Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense and Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Madrid, Spain.
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205
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Lourbopoulos A, Ertürk A, Hellal F. Microglia in action: how aging and injury can change the brain's guardians. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:54. [PMID: 25755635 PMCID: PMC4337366 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation, the inflammatory response in the central nervous system (CNS), is a major determinant of neuronal function and survival during aging and disease progression. Microglia, as the resident tissue-macrophages of the brain, provide constant support to surrounding neurons in healthy brain. Upon any stress signal (such as trauma, ischemia, inflammation) they are one of the first cells to react. Local and/or peripheral signals determine microglia stress response, which can vary within a continuum of states from beneficial to detrimental for neuronal survival, and can be shaped by aging and previous insults. In this review, we discuss the roles of microglia upon an ischemic or traumatic injury, and give our perspective how aging may contribute to microglia behavior in the injured brain. We speculate that a deeper understanding of specific microglia identities will pave the way to develop more potent therapeutics to treat the diseases of aging brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athanasios Lourbopoulos
- Laboratory of Experimental Stroke Research, Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), University of Munich Medical School Munich, Germany
| | - Ali Ertürk
- Laboratory of Acute Brain Injury, Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), University of Munich Medical School Munich, Germany
| | - Farida Hellal
- Laboratory of Experimental Stroke Research, Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), University of Munich Medical School Munich, Germany
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