201
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Streatfield SJ, Toews S, Roberts CF. Functional analysis of the expression of the 3'-phosphoglycerate kinase pgk gene in Aspergillus nidulans. MOLECULAR & GENERAL GENETICS : MGG 1992; 233:231-40. [PMID: 1603065 DOI: 10.1007/bf00587584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A functional analysis of the Aspergillus nidulans 3-phosphoglycerate kinase pgk promoter was undertaken using gene fusions to the lacZ gene of Escherichia coli, and introducing these into a beta-galactosidase-deficient strain of A. nidulans. Expression of a particular gene fusion in transformed strains depends upon the site of integration of the vector into the genome, and when specifically targeted to the catabolic quinate dehydrogenase qutE (selective marker) locus is directly proportional to its copy number. The analysis of transformed strains with single copies of pgk promoter deletion--lacZ fusions at the qutE locus identified three constitutive, positively acting sequence elements in the pgk gene. Sequence located between -161 and -120 nucleotides relative to the transcript start site +1, and including an element with a seven-out-of-eight nucleotide match (AAGCAAAT; -131 to -124) to the consensus eukaryotic octamer sequence ATGCAAAT, is essential for expression, and deletion of the complete 41-nucleotide sequence abolishes transcription. Sequence encompassing codons 14 to 183 and including the two introns of pgk contributes approximately one-third of the total activity, and far upstream sequence 5' to position -638 contributes approximately a further one-third total activity. In addition, sequence located -638 to -488 nucleotides, which includes an apparent consensus feature of A. nidulans glycolytic genes, affects carbon source-dependent regulation of expression. This region is required for an approximately 50% increase in pgk expression when A. nidulans is grown on gluconeogenic compared with glycolytic carbon sources.
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202
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Kulmburg P, Sequeval D, Lenouvel F, Mathieu M, Felenbok B. Identification of the promoter region involved in the autoregulation of the transcriptional activator ALCR in Aspergillus nidulans. Mol Cell Biol 1992; 12:1932-9. [PMID: 1569930 PMCID: PMC364357 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.12.5.1932-1939.1992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The ALCR protein is the transcriptional activator of the ethanol utilization pathway in the filamentous fungus Aspergillus nidulans. This activator belongs to a family of fungal proteins having a conserved DNA-binding domain containing six cysteines (C6 class) with some striking features. At variance with other motifs of this class, the binding domain of ALCR is strongly asymmetrical in relation to the central cysteines and moreover was predicted to adopt a helix-turn-helix structure. This domain of ALCR was synthesized in Escherichia coli and purified as a glutathione-S-transferase fusion protein. Our results show that the transcriptional activator ALCR is a DNA-binding protein. The DNA-binding motif contains zinc that is necessary for the specific DNA binding. The ALCR peptide binds upstream of the coding region of alcR to two specific targets with different affinities that are characterized by a conserved 5-nucleotide core, 5'-CCGCA-3' (or its reverse). One site, the lower-affinity binding site, is a direct repeat, and the other, the higher-affinity binding site, is a palindromic sequence with dyad symmetry. Therefore, the ALCR binding protein is able to recognize one DNA sequence in two different configurations. An alcR mutant obtained by deletion of the two specific targets in the cis-acting region of the alcR gene is unable to grow on ethanol and does not express any alcohol dehydrogenase activity. These results demonstrate that the binding sites are in vivo functional targets (UASalc) for the ALCR protein in A. nidulans. They corroborate prior evidence that alcR is autoregulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Kulmburg
- Institut de Génétique et Microbiologie, Université Paris-Sud, Orsay, France
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203
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Goldman GH, Geremia RA, Caplan AB, Vila SB, Villarroel R, Van Montagu M, Herrera-Estrella A. Molecular characterization and regulation of the phosphoglycerate kinase gene from Trichoderma viride. Mol Microbiol 1992; 6:1231-42. [PMID: 1588821 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.1992.tb01562.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
We have isolated the phosphoglycerate kinase gene (pgk) of Trichoderma viride and characterized its expression. Comparison of genomic and cDNA clones allowed the correct deduction of the intron boundaries and the 3'-end cleavage site of this gene. Primer extension analysis showed that transcription initiated at three start points between -296 and -298 bp upstream of the translational start codon. The promoter sequence contained a number of cis-acting sequences commonly found in eukaryotic promoters. The pgk transcript analysis of T. viride grown on defined carbon sources showed that neither rate nor growth phase greatly affects pgk expression. By contrast, when Trichoderma spp. were grown in the presence of cell walls of a phytopathogenic fungus as carbon source, pgk messenger levels dropped markedly. This suggests that pgk mRNA accumulation is specifically repressed in the simulated mycoparasitic state.
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Affiliation(s)
- G H Goldman
- Laboratorium voor Genetica, Universiteit Gent, Belgium
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204
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Ridder R, Osiewacz HD. Sequence analysis of the gene coding for glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (gpd) of Podospora anserina: use of homologous regulatory sequences to improve transformation efficiency. Curr Genet 1992; 21:207-13. [PMID: 1563046 DOI: 10.1007/bf00336843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (gpd) gene of Podospora anserina has been isolated from a genomic library by heterologous hybridization with the corresponding gene of Curvularia lunata. The coding region consists of 1014 nucleotides and is interrupted by a single intron. The amino-acid sequence encoded by the gpd gene shows a high degree of sequence identity with the corresponding gene products of various fungi. Multiple alignments of all fungal GPD sequences so far available resulted in the construction of a phylogenetic tree. The evolutionary relationships of the various fungi belonging to different taxa will be discussed on the basis of these data. Sequence analysis of 1.9 kbp of the 5' non-coding region revealed the presence of typical fungal promoter elements. Utilizing different parts of the 5' regulatory sequence of the Podospora gpd gene, expression vectors containing a dominant selectable marker gene (hygromycin B phosphotransferase) have been constructed for the transformation of P. anserina protoplasts. The use of these homologous gpd regulatory sequences resulted in a significant increase in transformation efficiencies compared to those obtained with vectors in which the selectable marker gene is under the control of the corresponding heterologous promoter of Aspergillus nidulans.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Ridder
- Abteilung: Molekularbiologie der Alterungsprozesse, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Heidelberg, Federal Republic of Germany
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205
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Unkles SE, Campbell EI, Punt PJ, Hawker KL, Contreras R, Hawkins AR, Van den Hondel CA, Kinghorn JR. The Aspergillus niger niaD gene encoding nitrate reductase: upstream nucleotide and amino acid sequence comparisons. Gene 1992; 111:149-55. [PMID: 1541396 DOI: 10.1016/0378-1119(92)90682-f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The Aspergillus niger niaD gene has been sequenced and the inferred nitrate reductase (NR) protein found to consist of 867 amino acid residues (97 kDa). The gene is interrupted by six small introns, as deduced by comparison with the niaD gene of Aspergillus nidulans. The positions of these putative introns are conserved between the two fungi, although the sequences are dissimilar. The niiA gene, encoding nitrite reductase, the second reductive step in the nitrate assimilation pathway, is tightly linked to niaD and divergently transcribed in A. niger, similar to the general organisation in the related fungi, Aspergillus oryzae and A. nidulans. The nucleotide (nt) sequences of the intergenic region between niiA and niaD (excluding the ATG translation start codon) of A. niger (1668 nt) and A. oryzae (1575 nt) were determined and compared with the previously determined A. nidulans (1262 nt) sequence. No striking extended nt regions of homology are observed in spite of the fact that transgenic strains with fungal niaD or the two control genes required for induction and repression show virtually normal regulation. Fungal NR shows considerable aa homology with higher plant NR, particularly within the co-factor domains for flavin adenoside dinucleotide, heme and molybdopterin cofactor.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Unkles
- Plant Molecular Genetics Unit, University of St. Andrews, Fife, U.K
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206
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Shi YG, Tyler BM. Coordinate expression of ribosomal protein genes in Neurospora crassa and identification of conserved upstream sequences. Nucleic Acids Res 1991; 19:6511-7. [PMID: 1836561 PMCID: PMC329209 DOI: 10.1093/nar/19.23.6511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The relative levels of rRNAs and ribosomal proteins are coordinately regulated by growth rate and carbon nutrition in Neurospora crassa. However, little is known about the mechanisms involved. To investigate the transcriptional regulation of ribosomal protein genes in N. crassa, we cloned and sequenced a ribosomal protein gene (crp-3). The inferred crp-3 protein sequence shares 89% and 83% homology at its N-terminus with the yeast rp51 and the human S17 ribosomal proteins respectively. The crp-3 gene contains two introns, neither of which are conserved in position with the RP51 or the S17 genes. The crp-3 gene is present in a single copy and was mapped by RFLP analysis to the right arm of linkage group IV, near the cot-1 locus. Sequence comparisons of the upstream regions of the three sequenced crp genes revealed several common features. These include a 'Taq box' (consensus: ARTTYGACTT) at -39, a CG repeat (consensus: CCCRCCRRR) at -65, and a major transcription initiation site embedded in a purine rich region flanked by an upstream pyrimidine rich sequence. Using four N.crassa ribosomal protein genes as probes, we demonstrated that the levels of the four ribosomal protein mRNAs were closely coordinated during a nutritional downshift from sucrose to quinic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y G Shi
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California-Davis 95616
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207
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Vanhanen S, Saloheimo A, Ilmén M, Knowles JK, Penttilä M. Promoter structure and expression of the 3-phosphoglycerate kinase-encoding gene (pgk1) of Trichoderma reesei. Gene X 1991; 106:129-33. [PMID: 1937034 DOI: 10.1016/0378-1119(91)90577-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcription of the 3-phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK)-encoding gene (pgk1) of Trichoderma reesei results in two transcripts due to two main transcription start points (tsp) which are differentially regulated during the growth cycle. The nucleotide sequence of the promoter reveals a number of putative regulatory elements present also in the PGK promoter of Saccharomyces cerevisiae: a 20-nt long sequence similar to the CTTCC-repeat region of the upstream activating sequence UAS, the eukaryotic heat-shock consensus sequence, HSE, and a putative eukaryotic cAMP regulatory sequence. The functionality of the putative HSE sequence was examined, but no clear effect could be seen on the total amount of pgk1 mRNA at elevated temperatures nor on transcription initiation from the upstream tsp, preceded by the HSE sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Vanhanen
- VTT Biotechnical Laboratory, Espoo, Finland
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208
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Bussink HJ, Brouwer KB, de Graaff LH, Kester HC, Visser J. Identification and characterization of a second polygalacturonase gene of Aspergillus niger. Curr Genet 1991; 20:301-7. [PMID: 1934135 DOI: 10.1007/bf00318519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The filamentous fungus Aspergillus niger produces several endopolygalacturonases that are involved in the degradation of pectin. PGI, the enzyme representing the second most abundant activity in a commercial enzyme preparation, was further characterized and the corresponding gene was isolated. The nucleotide sequence of the pgaI gene was determined and the protein coding region was found to be interrupted by two short introns, one of which has a unusual donor splice site. The deduced 368 amino acids long protein with a putative prepropeptide of 31 amino acids shows 60% sequence identity to PGII in the mature protein. PGI overproducing A. niger strains were obtained by cotransformation with the cloned gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- H J Bussink
- Department of Genetics, Agricultural University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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209
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Punt PJ, Greaves PA, Kuyvenhoven A, van Deutekom JC, Kinghorn JR, Pouwels PH, van den Hondel CA. A twin-reporter vector for simultaneous analysis of expression signals of divergently transcribed, contiguous genes in filamentous fungi. Gene 1991; 104:119-22. [PMID: 1916271 DOI: 10.1016/0378-1119(91)90476-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
To analyze the promoter region(s) of divergently transcribed fungal genes, a twin-reporter vector was constructed. This vector contains two divergently oriented reported genes, encoding Escherichia coli beta-glucuronidase (uidA) and E. coli beta-galactosidase (lacZ). Terminator regions of the Aspergillus nidulans nitrate and nitrite reductase-encoding genes, niaD and niiA, respectively, have been cloned 3' to the reporter genes to ensure proficient transcription termination of the reporter genes. The reporter genes have been separated by a unique NotI restriction site, which can be used for the insertion of expression signals. A mutant argB selection marker has been introduced in order to obtain A. nidulans transformants with a single copy of the vector integrated at the argB locus. The use of the vector was demonstrated by insertion of the A. nidulans niaD-niiA intergenic region and analysis of A. nidulans transformants obtained with this construct. Control of expression of both reporter genes was found to be in accordance with previously published data on control of nitrate assimilation [Cove, Biol. Rev. 54 (1979) 291-327].
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Punt
- TNO Medical Biological Laboratory, Rijswijk, The Netherlands
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210
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Osiewacz HD, Ridder R. Genome analysis of imperfect fungi: electrophoretic karyotyping and characterization of the nuclear gene coding for glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (gpd) of Curvularia lunata. Curr Genet 1991; 20:151-5. [PMID: 1934112 DOI: 10.1007/bf00312778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The gene coding for glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (gpd) has been isolated from a genomic library of the filamentous fungus Curvularia lunata. The coding region of this gene consists of 1014 nucleotides and is interrupted by four introns. The gpd gene product shows a high degree of sequence identity with the corresponding proteins of various species belonging to both taxonomically related (e.g., Aspergillus nidulans), as well as more divergent, taxa. Using contour-clamped homogeneous electric field (CHEF) gel electrophoresis eight distinct chromosomal bands have been resolved, with two bands migrating as doublets and one as a triplet. Thus, the total number of chromosomes of C. lunata appears to be 12. The size of the chromosomes ranges from about 1.4 Mb to 4.0 Mb allowing an estimation of the genome to be approximately 29.7 Mb. By hybridization of fractionated chromosomes the gpd gene and the rDNA locus have been localized on individual chromosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- H D Osiewacz
- Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Projektgruppe: Molekularbiologie der Alterungsprozesse, Heidelberg, Federal Republic of Germany
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211
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Shen Q, van Beusechem VW, Einerhand MP, Hendrikx PJ, Valerio D. Construction and expression of an adenosine deaminase::lacZ fusion gene. Gene 1991; 98:283-7. [PMID: 1901822 DOI: 10.1016/0378-1119(91)90187-g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A eukaryotic expression vector was constructed in which the coding nucleotide sequences (ADA) of human adenosine deaminase (ADA) were fused in frame with the coding sequences of the bacterial gene lacZ encoding beta-galactosidase (beta Gal). This ADA::lacZ fusion gene was anticipated to encode a hybrid protein that has retained the biological functions of both proteins. Transfection of mammalian cells with the fusion gene resulted in the synthesis of both ADA and beta Gal. Cells expressing the gene could therefore be detected with the histochemical staining procedure that relies on the conversion of the indicator, XGal, by beta Gal. In addition, the transfected cells could be sorted on a fluorescence-activated cell sorter with the use of a vital staining procedure described for the selection of beta Gal-producing cells. Cell lines that harbored the fusion gene were tested for ADA overexpression by exposing them to the cytotoxic adenosine analog 9-beta-D-xylofuranosyl adenine (Xyl-A), in the presence of the ADA inhibitor deoxycoformycin (dCF). Resistance to Xyl-A/dCF was observed in the lines carrying ADA::lacZ and moreover, the fraction of cells that survived a stringent selection for ADA overexpression also exhibited significantly increased levels of beta Gal, which confirmed the direct linkage between ADA and lacZ expression. The use of this and other fusion genes might be useful in the development of gene-therapy protocols where they could help to meet the demand for versatile methods to detect and select cells with newly introduced genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q Shen
- Institute of Applied Radiobiology and Immunology-TNO, Rijswijk, The Netherlands
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