201
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Chen YW, Rahman SK. Fatal Attraction: The Case of Toxic Soluble Dimers of Truncated PQBP-1 Mutants in X-Linked Intellectual Disability. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22052240. [PMID: 33668121 PMCID: PMC7956452 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The frameshift mutants K192Sfs*7 and R153Sfs*41, of the polyglutamine tract-binding protein 1 (PQBP-1), are stable intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs). They are each associated with the severe cognitive disorder known as the Renpenning syndrome, a form of X-linked intellectual disability (XLID). Relative to the monomeric wild-type protein, these mutants are dimeric, contain more folded contents, and have higher thermal stabilities. Comparisons can be drawn to the toxic oligomerisation in the “conformational diseases”, which collectively describe medical conditions involving a substantial protein structural transition in the pathogenic mechanism. At the molecular level, the end state of these diseases is often cytotoxic protein aggregation. The conformational disease proteins contain varying extents of intrinsic disorder, and the consensus pathogenesis includes an early oligomer formation. We reviewed the experimental characterisation of the toxic oligomers in representative cases. PQBP-1 mutant dimerisation was then compared to the oligomerisation of the conformational disease proteins. The PQBP-1 mutants are unique in behaving as stable soluble dimers, which do not further develop into higher oligomers or aggregates. The toxicity of the PQBP-1 mutant dimers lies in the native functions (in transcription regulation and possibly, RNA splicing) being compromised, rather than proceeding to aggregation. Other examples of stable IDP dimers were discussed and we speculated on the roles of IDP dimerisation in protein evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wai Chen
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hunghom 999077, Hong Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hunghom 999077, Hong Kong
- Correspondence:
| | - Shah Kamranur Rahman
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK;
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202
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Wu M, Su H, Zhao M. The Role of α-Synuclein in Methamphetamine-Induced Neurotoxicity. Neurotox Res 2021; 39:1007-1021. [PMID: 33555547 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-021-00332-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Methamphetamine (METH), a highly addictive psychostimulant, is the second most widely used illicit drug. METH produces damage dopamine neurons and apoptosis via multiple inter-regulating mechanisms, including dopamine overload, hyperthermia, oxidative stress, mitochondria dysfunction, endoplasmic reticulum stress, protein degradation system dysfunction, and neuroinflammation. Increasing evidence suggests that chronic METH abuse is associated with neurodegenerative changes in the human brain and an increased risk of Parkinson's disease (PD). METH use and PD may share some common steps in causing neurotoxicity. Accumulation of α-synuclein, a presynaptic protein, is the pathological hallmark of PD. Intriguingly, α-synuclein upregulation and aggregation are also found in dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra in chronic METH users. This suggests α-synuclein may play a role in METH-induced neurotoxicity. The mechanism of α-synuclein cytotoxicity in PD has attracted considerable attention; however, how α-synuclein affects METH-induced neurotoxicity has not been reviewed. In this review, we summarize the relationship between METH use and PD, interdependent mechanisms that are involved in METH-induced neurotoxicity and the significance of α-synuclein upregulation in response to METH use. The identification of α-synuclein overexpression and aggregation as a contributor to METH-induced neurotoxicity may provide a novel therapeutic target for the treatment of the deleterious effect of this drug and drug addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manqing Wu
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hang Su
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Zhao
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai, China.
- Shanghai Clinical Research Center for Mental Health, Shanghai, China.
- CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology (CEBSIT), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
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203
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Interaction between Parkin and α-Synuclein in PARK2-Mediated Parkinson's Disease. Cells 2021; 10:cells10020283. [PMID: 33572534 PMCID: PMC7911026 DOI: 10.3390/cells10020283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkin and α-synuclein are two key proteins involved in the pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease (PD). Neurotoxic alterations of α-synuclein that lead to the formation of toxic oligomers and fibrils contribute to PD through synaptic dysfunction, mitochondrial impairment, defective endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi function, and nuclear dysfunction. In half of the cases, the recessively inherited early-onset PD is caused by loss of function mutations in the PARK2 gene that encodes the E3-ubiquitin ligase, parkin. Parkin is involved in the clearance of misfolded and aggregated proteins by the ubiquitin-proteasome system and regulates mitophagy and mitochondrial biogenesis. PARK2-related PD is generally thought not to be associated with Lewy body formation although it is a neuropathological hallmark of PD. In this review article, we provide an overview of post-mortem neuropathological examinations of PARK2 patients and present the current knowledge of a functional interaction between parkin and α-synuclein in the regulation of protein aggregates including Lewy bodies. Furthermore, we describe prevailing hypotheses about the formation of intracellular micro-aggregates (synuclein inclusions) that might be more likely than Lewy bodies to occur in PARK2-related PD. This information may inform future studies aiming to unveil primary signaling processes involved in PD and related neurodegenerative disorders.
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204
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Zhou Q, Zhang MM, Liu M, Tan ZG, Qin QL, Jiang YG. LncRNA XIST sponges miR-199a-3p to modulate the Sp1/LRRK2 signal pathway to accelerate Parkinson's disease progression. Aging (Albany NY) 2021; 13:4115-4137. [PMID: 33494069 PMCID: PMC7906184 DOI: 10.18632/aging.202378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In vitro and in vivo models of Parkinson’s disease were established to investigate the effects of the lncRNA XIST/miR-199a-3p/Sp1/LRRK2 axis. The binding between XIST and miR-199a-3p as well as miR-199a-3p and Sp1 were examined by luciferase reporter assay and confirmed by RNA immunoprecipitation analysis. Following the Parkinson’s disease animal behavioural assessment by suspension and swim tests, the brain tissue injuries were evaluated by hematoxylin and eosin, TdT-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end labelling, and tyrosine hydroxylase stainings. The results indicated that miR-199a-3p expression was downregulated, whereas that of XIST, Sp1 and LRRK2 were upregulated in Parkinson’s disease. Moreover, miR-199a-3p overexpression or XIST knockdown inhibited the cell apoptosis induced by MPP+ treatment and promoted cell proliferation. The neurodegenerative defects were significantly recovered by treating the cells with shXIST or shSp1, whereas miR-199a-3p inhibition or Sp1 and LRRK2 overexpression abrogated these beneficial effects. Furthermore, the results of our in vivo experiments confirmed the neuroprotective effects of shXIST and miR-199a-3p against MPTP-induced brain injuries, and the Parkinson’s disease behavioural symptoms were effectively alleviated upon shXIST or miR-199a-3p treatment. In summary, the results of the present study showed that lncRNA XIST sponges miR-199a-3p to modulate Sp1 expression and further accelerates Parkinson’s disease progression by targeting LRRK2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan Province, P.R. China
| | - Ming-Ming Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan Province, P.R. China
| | - Min Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan Province, P.R. China
| | - Zhi-Gang Tan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan Province, P.R. China
| | - Qi-Lin Qin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan Province, P.R. China
| | - Yu-Gang Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan Province, P.R. China
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205
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Dominguez-Meijide A, Parrales V, Vasili E, González-Lizárraga F, König A, Lázaro DF, Lannuzel A, Haik S, Del Bel E, Chehín R, Raisman-Vozari R, Michel PP, Bizat N, Outeiro TF. Doxycycline inhibits α-synuclein-associated pathologies in vitro and in vivo. Neurobiol Dis 2021; 151:105256. [PMID: 33429042 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2021.105256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) are neurodegenerative disorders characterized by the misfolding and aggregation of alpha-synuclein (aSyn). Doxycycline, a tetracyclic antibiotic shows neuroprotective effects, initially proposed to be due to its anti-inflammatory properties. More recently, an additional mechanism by which doxycycline may exert its neuroprotective effects has been proposed as it has been shown that it inhibits amyloid aggregation. Here, we studied the effects of doxycycline on aSyn aggregation in vivo, in vitro and in a cell free system using real-time quaking induced conversion (RT-QuiC). Using H4, SH-SY5Y and HEK293 cells, we found that doxycycline decreases the number and size of aSyn aggregates in cells. In addition, doxycycline inhibits the aggregation and seeding of recombinant aSyn, and attenuates the production of mitochondrial-derived reactive oxygen species. Finally, we found that doxycycline induces a cellular redistribution of aggregates in a C.elegans animal model of PD, an effect that is associated with a recovery of dopaminergic function. In summary, we provide strong evidence that doxycycline treatment may be an effective strategy against synucleinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Dominguez-Meijide
- Department of Experimental Neurodegeneration, Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany; Laboratory of Neuroanatomy and Experimental Neurology, Dept. of Morphological Sciences, CIMUS, IDIS, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Valeria Parrales
- Paris Brain Institute, Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Université, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Eftychia Vasili
- Department of Experimental Neurodegeneration, Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | | | - Annekatrin König
- Department of Experimental Neurodegeneration, Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Diana F Lázaro
- Department of Experimental Neurodegeneration, Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Annie Lannuzel
- Paris Brain Institute, Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Université, F-75013 Paris, France; University Hospital of Pointe-à-Pitre, Neurology Department, route de Chauvel, 97139 Abymes, Guadeloupe
| | - Stéphane Haik
- Paris Brain Institute, Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Université, F-75013 Paris, France; AP-HP, Cellule Nationale de Référence des Maladies de Creutzfeldt-Jakob, University Hospital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris F-75013, France
| | - Elaine Del Bel
- Department of Basic and Oral Biology, Faculty of Odontology of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), Av do Café s/n, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rosana Chehín
- Instituto de Investigación en Medicina Molecular y Celular Aplicada (IMMCA) (CONICET-UNT-SIPROSA), Argentina
| | - Rita Raisman-Vozari
- Paris Brain Institute, Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Université, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Patrick P Michel
- Paris Brain Institute, Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Université, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Bizat
- Paris Brain Institute, Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Université, F-75013 Paris, France; Faculté de Pharmacie de Paris, Paris University, 4 avenue de l'Observatoire, Paris F-75006, France.
| | - Tiago Fleming Outeiro
- Department of Experimental Neurodegeneration, Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany; Max Planck Institute for Experimental Medicine, Goettingen, Germany; Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK.
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206
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Ulamec SM, Brockwell DJ, Radford SE. Looking Beyond the Core: The Role of Flanking Regions in the Aggregation of Amyloidogenic Peptides and Proteins. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:611285. [PMID: 33335475 PMCID: PMC7736610 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.611285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyloid proteins are involved in many neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease [Tau, Amyloid β (Aβ)], Parkinson’s disease [alpha-synuclein (αSyn)], and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (TDP-43). Driven by the early observation of the presence of ordered structure within amyloid fibrils and the potential to develop inhibitors of their formation, a major goal of the amyloid field has been to elucidate the structure of the amyloid fold at atomic resolution. This has now been achieved for a wide variety of sequences using solid-state NMR, microcrystallography, X-ray fiber diffraction and cryo-electron microscopy. These studies, together with in silico methods able to predict aggregation-prone regions (APRs) in protein sequences, have provided a wealth of information about the ordered fibril cores that comprise the amyloid fold. Structural and kinetic analyses have also shown that amyloidogenic proteins often contain less well-ordered sequences outside of the amyloid core (termed here as flanking regions) that modulate function, toxicity and/or aggregation rates. These flanking regions, which often form a dynamically disordered “fuzzy coat” around the fibril core, have been shown to play key parts in the physiological roles of functional amyloids, including the binding of RNA and in phase separation. They are also the mediators of chaperone binding and membrane binding/disruption in toxic amyloid assemblies. Here, we review the role of flanking regions in different proteins spanning both functional amyloid and amyloid in disease, in the context of their role in aggregation, toxicity and cellular (dys)function. Understanding the properties of these regions could provide new opportunities to target disease-related aggregation without disturbing critical biological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine M Ulamec
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - David J Brockwell
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Sheena E Radford
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
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207
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Lin TK, Lin KJ, Lin KL, Liou CW, Chen SD, Chuang YC, Wang PW, Chuang JH, Wang TJ. When Friendship Turns Sour: Effective Communication Between Mitochondria and Intracellular Organelles in Parkinson's Disease. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:607392. [PMID: 33330511 PMCID: PMC7733999 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.607392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a complex neurodegenerative disease with pathological hallmarks including progressive neuronal loss from the substantia nigra pars compacta and α-synuclein intraneuronal inclusions, known as Lewy bodies. Although the etiology of PD remains elusive, mitochondrial damage has been established to take center stage in the pathogenesis of PD. Mitochondria are critical to cellular energy production, metabolism, homeostasis, and stress responses; the association with PD emphasizes the importance of maintenance of mitochondrial network integrity. To accomplish the pleiotropic functions, mitochondria are dynamic not only within their own network but also in orchestrated coordination with other organelles in the cellular community. Through physical contact sites, signal transduction, and vesicle transport, mitochondria and intracellular organelles achieve the goals of calcium homeostasis, redox homeostasis, protein homeostasis, autophagy, and apoptosis. Herein, we review the finely tuned interactions between mitochondria and surrounding intracellular organelles, with focus on the nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, peroxisomes, and lysosomes. Participants that may contribute to the pathogenic mechanisms of PD will be highlighted in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsu-Kung Lin
- Center for Mitochondrial Research and Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Center of Parkinson's Disease, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Jung Lin
- Center for Mitochondrial Research and Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Lieh Lin
- Center for Mitochondrial Research and Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Anesthesiology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Wei Liou
- Center for Mitochondrial Research and Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Center of Parkinson's Disease, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Shang-Der Chen
- Center for Mitochondrial Research and Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Center of Parkinson's Disease, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yao-Chung Chuang
- Center for Mitochondrial Research and Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Center of Parkinson's Disease, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Wen Wang
- Center for Mitochondrial Research and Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Metabolism, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Jiin-Haur Chuang
- Center for Mitochondrial Research and Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Pediatric Surgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Jou Wang
- Center for Mitochondrial Research and Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Pediatric, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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208
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Carmo-Gonçalves P, Romão L, Follmer C. In Vitro Protective Action of Monomeric and Fibrillar α-Synuclein on Neuronal Cells Exposed to the Dopaminergic Toxins Salsolinol and DOPAL. ACS Chem Neurosci 2020; 11:3541-3548. [PMID: 33080132 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The aggregation of α-synuclein (aSyn) is believed to be mechanistically linked to the degeneration of dopamine (DA)-producing neurons in Parkinson's disease (PD). In this respect, one crucial question that yet remains unsolved is whether aSyn aggregation is associated with either a gain- or loss-of-function of the protein in neuronal cells. Herein, we investigated the effect of monomeric versus fibrillar aSyn on mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons in primary cultures challenged with the neurotoxic catechols: salsolinol (SALSO; 1-methyl-6,7-dihydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline) and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetaldehyde (DOPAL). aSyn monomer protected cells against either SALSO- or DOPAL-induced toxicity via inhibition of caspase-3-mediated apoptosis. While fibrillar aSyn failed in attenuating SALSO neurotoxicity, it increased the viability of DOPAL-treated cells, which was apparently not associated with the inhibition of caspase-3 cleavage. The fact that DOPAL-derived aSyn adducts exhibit lower toxicity compared with DOPAL itself raises the question of whether the generation of these adducts could be part of or a collateral effect of aSyn-mediated protection in neurons exposed to DOPAL. Overall, our work provides important evidence on the impact of the fibrillation of aSyn on its protective role in neuronal cells exposed to the toxic catechols SALSO and DOPAL.
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209
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Wang X, Ge P. Parthanatos in the pathogenesis of nervous system diseases. Neuroscience 2020; 449:241-250. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.09.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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210
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Ejma M, Madetko N, Brzecka A, Guranski K, Alster P, Misiuk-Hojło M, Somasundaram SG, Kirkland CE, Aliev G. The Links between Parkinson's Disease and Cancer. Biomedicines 2020; 8:biomedicines8100416. [PMID: 33066407 PMCID: PMC7602272 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8100416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiologic studies indicate a decreased incidence of most cancer types in Parkinson’s disease (PD) patients. However, some neoplasms are associated with a higher risk of occurrence in PD patients. Both pathologies share some common biological pathways. Although the etiologies of PD and cancer are multifactorial, some factors associated with PD, such as α-synuclein aggregation; mutations of PINK1, PARKIN, and DJ-1; mitochondrial dysfunction; and oxidative stress can also be involved in cancer proliferation or cancer suppression. The main protein associated with PD, i.e., α-synuclein, can be involved in some types of neoplastic formations. On the other hand, however, its downregulation has been found in the other cancers. PINK1 can act as oncogenic or a tumor suppressor. PARKIN dysfunction may lead to some cancers’ growth, and its expression may be associated with some tumors’ suppression. DJ-1 mutation is involved in PD pathogenesis, but its increased expression was found in some neoplasms, such as melanoma or breast, lung, colorectal, uterine, hepatocellular, and nasopharyngeal cancers. Both mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress are involved in PD and cancer development. The aim of this review is to summarize the possible associations between PD and carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Ejma
- Department of Neurology, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 213, 50-556 Wrocław, Poland; (M.E.); (N.M.); (K.G.)
| | - Natalia Madetko
- Department of Neurology, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 213, 50-556 Wrocław, Poland; (M.E.); (N.M.); (K.G.)
| | - Anna Brzecka
- Department of Pulmonology and Lung Oncology, Wroclaw Medical University, Grabiszyńska 105, 53-439 Wroclaw, Poland;
| | - Konstanty Guranski
- Department of Neurology, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 213, 50-556 Wrocław, Poland; (M.E.); (N.M.); (K.G.)
| | - Piotr Alster
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Warsaw, Kondratowicza 8, 03-242 Warszawa, Poland;
| | - Marta Misiuk-Hojło
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 213, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland;
| | - Siva G. Somasundaram
- Department of Biological Sciences, Salem University, Salem, WV 26426, USA; (S.G.S.); (C.E.K.)
| | - Cecil E. Kirkland
- Department of Biological Sciences, Salem University, Salem, WV 26426, USA; (S.G.S.); (C.E.K.)
| | - Gjumrakch Aliev
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), St. Trubetskaya, 8, bld. 2, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Research Institute of Human Morphology, Russian Academy of Medical Science, Street Tsyurupa 3, 117418 Moscow, Russia
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, 142432 Moscow Region, Russia
- GALLY International Research Institute, 7733 Louis Pasteur Drive, #330, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +1-210-442-8625 or +1-440-263-7461
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211
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Farotti L, Paolini Paoletti F, Simoni S, Parnetti L. Unraveling Pathophysiological Mechanisms of Parkinson's Disease: Contribution of CSF Biomarkers. Biomark Insights 2020; 15:1177271920964077. [PMID: 33110345 PMCID: PMC7555566 DOI: 10.1177/1177271920964077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Diagnosis of Parkinson's disease (PD) relies on clinical history and physical examination, but misdiagnosis is common in early stages. Identification of biomarkers for PD may allow for early and more precise diagnosis and provide information about prognosis. Developments in analytical chemistry allow for the detection of a large number of molecules in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), which are known to be associated with the pathogenesis of PD. Given the pathophysiology of PD, CSF α-synuclein species have the strongest rationale for use, also providing encouraging preliminary results in terms of early diagnosis. In the field of classical Alzheimer's disease (AD) biomarkers, low CSF Aβ42 levels have shown a robust prognostic value in terms of development of cognitive impairment. Other CSF biomarkers including lysosomal enzymes, neurofilament light chain, markers of neuroinflammation and oxidative stress, although promising, have not proved to be reliable for diagnostic and prognostic purposes yet. Overall, the implementation of CSF biomarkers may give a substantial contribution to the optimal use of disease-modifying drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Farotti
- Section of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | | | - Simone Simoni
- Section of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Lucilla Parnetti
- Section of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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212
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Aryal S, Skinner T, Bridges B, Weber JT. The Pathology of Parkinson's Disease and Potential Benefit of Dietary Polyphenols. Molecules 2020; 25:E4382. [PMID: 32987656 PMCID: PMC7582699 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25194382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that is characterized by a loss of dopaminergic neurons, leading to bradykinesia, rigidity, tremor at rest, and postural instability, as well as non-motor symptoms such as olfactory impairment, pain, autonomic dysfunction, impaired sleep, fatigue, and behavioral changes. The pathogenesis of PD is believed to involve oxidative stress, disruption to mitochondria, alterations to the protein α-synuclein, and neuroinflammatory processes. There is currently no cure for the disease. Polyphenols are secondary metabolites of plants, which have shown benefit in several experimental models of PD. Intake of polyphenols through diet is also associated with lower PD risk in humans. In this review, we provide an overview of the pathology of PD and the data supporting the potential neuroprotective capacity of increased polyphenols in the diet. Evidence suggests that the intake of dietary polyphenols may inhibit neurodegeneration and the progression of PD. Polyphenols appear to have a positive effect on the gut microbiome, which may decrease inflammation that contributes to the disease. Therefore, a diet rich in polyphenols may decrease the symptoms and increase quality of life in PD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - John T. Weber
- School of Pharmacy, Memorial University, St. John’s, NL A1B 3V6, Canada; (S.A.); (T.S.); (B.B.)
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213
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CHIP as a therapeutic target for neurological diseases. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:727. [PMID: 32908122 PMCID: PMC7481199 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-02953-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Revised: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Carboxy-terminus of Hsc70-interacting protein (CHIP) functions both as a molecular co-chaperone and ubiquitin E3 ligase playing a critical role in modulating the degradation of numerous chaperone-bound proteins. To date, it has been implicated in the regulation of numerous biological functions, including misfolded-protein refolding, autophagy, immunity, and necroptosis. Moreover, the ubiquitous expression of CHIP in the central nervous system suggests that it may be implicated in a wide range of functions in neurological diseases. Several recent studies of our laboratory and other groups have highlighted the beneficial role of CHIP in the pathogenesis of several neurological diseases. The objective of this review is to discuss the possible molecular mechanisms that contribute to the pathogenesis of neurological diseases in which CHIP has a pivotal role, such as stroke, intracerebral hemorrhage, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and polyglutamine diseases; furthermore, CHIP mutations could also cause neurodegenerative diseases. Based on the available literature, CHIP overexpression could serve as a promising therapeutic target for several neurological diseases.
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214
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Feng Z, Zhu Z, Chen W, Bai Y, Hu D, Cheng J. Chloride intracellular channel 4 participate in the protective effect of Ginkgolide B in MPP+ injured MN9D cells: insight from proteomic analysis. Clin Proteomics 2020; 17:32. [PMID: 32944011 PMCID: PMC7487930 DOI: 10.1186/s12014-020-09295-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ginkgolide B (GB), the extract of G. biloba leaves, has been shown to be protective against many neurological disorders, including Parkinson’s disease (PD). Efforts have been made to synthesized ginkgolides analogs and derivatives with more targeted and smaller molecular weight. In the present study, four GB derivatives (GBHC-1-GBHC-4) were synthesized, and their protective roles in N-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP +) injured MN9D dopaminergic neuronal cell line were evaluated. Also, cell response mechanisms upon these GB derivatives treatment were analyzed by iTRAQ proteomics. Methods MN9D cells were treated with MPP + to induce in vitro cell models of PD. Four GB derivatives (GBHC-1-GBHC-4) were synthesized, and their protective roles on cell viability and apoptosis in in vitro PD model cells were evaluated by CCK8 assay, fluorescence-activated cell sorting and DAPI staining, respectively. The proteomic profiles of MPP+ injured MN9D cells pretreated with or without GB and GB derivatives were detected using the isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ) labeling technique. Results Pretreatment with GBHC-1-GBHC-4 noticeably increased cell viability and attenuated cell apoptosis in MPP+ -injured MN9D cells. Using proteomic analysis, we identified differentially expressed proteins upon GB and GB derivatives treatment. Chloride intracellular channel 4 (CLIC4) and “protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum” pathways participated in the protective roles of GB and GBHC-4. GB and GBHC-4 pretreatment could significantly reverse MPP+ -induced CLIC4 expression and translocation from cytoplasm to nucleus of MN9D cells. Conclusions Quantitative comparative proteomic analysis identified differentially expressed proteins associated with GB and GB derivatives. We further verified the expression of CLIC4 by western blotting and immunocytochemistry assay. This bio-information on the identified pathways and differentially expressed proteins such as CLIC4 provide more targeted directions for the synthesis of more effective and targeted GB derivatives for the treatment of neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zili Feng
- School of Bioscience and Engeering, Shaanxi University of Technology, No. 1 Donghuan 1st Road, Hanzhong, 732001 Shaanxi People's Republic of China
| | - Zhibin Zhu
- School of Bioscience and Engeering, Shaanxi University of Technology, No. 1 Donghuan 1st Road, Hanzhong, 732001 Shaanxi People's Republic of China
| | - Wang Chen
- School of Bioscience and Engeering, Shaanxi University of Technology, No. 1 Donghuan 1st Road, Hanzhong, 732001 Shaanxi People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Bai
- School of Bioscience and Engeering, Shaanxi University of Technology, No. 1 Donghuan 1st Road, Hanzhong, 732001 Shaanxi People's Republic of China
| | - Daihua Hu
- School of Bioscience and Engeering, Shaanxi University of Technology, No. 1 Donghuan 1st Road, Hanzhong, 732001 Shaanxi People's Republic of China
| | - Jia Cheng
- School of Bioscience and Engeering, Shaanxi University of Technology, No. 1 Donghuan 1st Road, Hanzhong, 732001 Shaanxi People's Republic of China
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215
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Mitochondrial abnormalities in neurodegenerative models and possible interventions: Focus on Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease. Mitochondrion 2020; 55:14-47. [PMID: 32828969 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2020.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial abnormalities in the brain are considered early pathological changes in neurogenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD) and Huntington's disease (HD). The mitochondrial dysfunction in the brain can be induced by toxic proteins, including amyloid-beta (Aβ), phosphorylated tau, alpha-synuclein (α-syn) and mutant huntingtin (mtHTT). These proteins cause mitochondrial genome damage, increased oxidative stress, decreased mitochondrial membrane permeability, and diminished ATP production. Consequently, synaptic dysfunction, synaptic loss, neuronal apoptosis, and ultimately cognitive impairment are exhibited. Therefore, the restoration of mitochondrial abnormalities in the brain is an alternative intervention to delay the progression of neurodegenerative diseases in addition to reducing the level of toxic proteins, especially Aβ, and restored synaptic dysfunction by interventions. Here we comprehensively review mitochondrial alterations in the brain of neurodegenerative models, specifically AD, PD and HD, from both in vitro and in vivo studies. Additionally, the correlation between mitochondrial changes, cognitive function, and disease progression from in vivo studies is described. This review also summarizes interventions that possibly attenuate mitochondrial abnormalities in AD, PD and HD models from both in vitro and in vivo studies. This may lead to the introduction of novel therapies that target on brain mitochondria to delay the progression of AD, PD and HD.
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216
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Zhou J, Jin Y, Lei Y, Liu T, Wan Z, Meng H, Wang H. Ferroptosis Is Regulated by Mitochondria in Neurodegenerative Diseases. NEURODEGENER DIS 2020; 20:20-34. [PMID: 32814328 DOI: 10.1159/000510083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neurodegenerative diseases are characterized by a gradual decline in motor and/or cognitive function caused by the selective degeneration and loss of neurons in the central nervous system, but their pathological mechanism is still unclear. Previous research has revealed that many forms of cell death, such as apoptosis and necrosis, occur in neurodegenerative diseases. Research in recent years has noticed that there is a new type of cell death in neurodegenerative diseases: ferroptosis. An increasing body of literature provides evidence for an involvement of ferroptosis in neurodegenerative diseases. SUMMARY In this article, we review a new form of cell death in neurodegenerative diseases: ferroptosis. Ferroptosis is defined as an iron-dependent form of regulated cell death, which occurs through the lethal accumulation of lipid-based reactive oxygen species when glutathione-dependent lipid peroxide repair systems are compromised. Several salient and established features of neurodegenerative diseases (including lipid peroxidation and iron dyshomeostasis) are consistent with ferroptosis, which means that ferroptosis may be involved in the progression of neurodegenerative diseases. In addition, as the center of energy metabolism in cells, mitochondria are also closely related to the regulation of iron homeostasis in the nervous system. At the same time, neurodegenerative diseases are often accompanied by degeneration of mitochondrial activity. Mitochondrial damage has been found to be involved in lipid peroxidation and iron dyshomeostasis in neurodegenerative diseases. Key Messages: Based on the summary of the related mechanisms of ferroptosis, we conclude that mitochondrial damage may affect neurodegenerative diseases by regulating many aspects of ferroptosis, including cell metabolism, iron dyshomeostasis, and lipid peroxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juepu Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yao Jin
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yuhong Lei
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Tianyi Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zheng Wan
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hao Meng
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China,
| | - Honglei Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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217
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Ray S, Singh N, Kumar R, Patel K, Pandey S, Datta D, Mahato J, Panigrahi R, Navalkar A, Mehra S, Gadhe L, Chatterjee D, Sawner AS, Maiti S, Bhatia S, Gerez JA, Chowdhury A, Kumar A, Padinhateeri R, Riek R, Krishnamoorthy G, Maji SK. α-Synuclein aggregation nucleates through liquid-liquid phase separation. Nat Chem 2020; 12:705-716. [PMID: 32514159 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-020-0465-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 358] [Impact Index Per Article: 89.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
α-Synuclein (α-Syn) aggregation and amyloid formation is directly linked with Parkinson's disease pathogenesis. However, the early events involved in this process remain unclear. Here, using the in vitro reconstitution and cellular model, we show that liquid-liquid phase separation of α-Syn precedes its aggregation. In particular, in vitro generated α-Syn liquid-like droplets eventually undergo a liquid-to-solid transition and form an amyloid hydrogel that contains oligomers and fibrillar species. Factors known to aggravate α-Syn aggregation, such as low pH, phosphomimetic substitution and familial Parkinson's disease mutations, also promote α-Syn liquid-liquid phase separation and its subsequent maturation. We further demonstrate α-Syn liquid-droplet formation in cells. These cellular α-Syn droplets eventually transform into perinuclear aggresomes, the process regulated by microtubules. This work provides detailed insights into the phase-separation behaviour of natively unstructured α-Syn and its conversion to a disease-associated aggregated state, which is highly relevant in Parkinson's disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumik Ray
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, IIT Bombay, Mumbai, India
| | - Nitu Singh
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, IIT Bombay, Mumbai, India
| | - Rakesh Kumar
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, IIT Bombay, Mumbai, India
| | - Komal Patel
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, IIT Bombay, Mumbai, India
| | | | - Debalina Datta
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, IIT Bombay, Mumbai, India
| | | | | | - Ambuja Navalkar
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, IIT Bombay, Mumbai, India
| | - Surabhi Mehra
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, IIT Bombay, Mumbai, India
| | - Laxmikant Gadhe
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, IIT Bombay, Mumbai, India
| | | | - Ajay Singh Sawner
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, IIT Bombay, Mumbai, India
| | - Siddhartha Maiti
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, IIT Bombay, Mumbai, India
| | - Sandhya Bhatia
- National Center for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bengaluru, India
| | - Juan Atilio Gerez
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | - Ashutosh Kumar
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, IIT Bombay, Mumbai, India
| | | | - Roland Riek
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | - Samir K Maji
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, IIT Bombay, Mumbai, India.
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218
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Molecular Regulation in Dopaminergic Neuron Development. Cues to Unveil Molecular Pathogenesis and Pharmacological Targets of Neurodegeneration. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21113995. [PMID: 32503161 PMCID: PMC7312927 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21113995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The relatively few dopaminergic neurons in the mammalian brain are mostly located in the midbrain and regulate many important neural functions, including motor integration, cognition, emotive behaviors and reward. Therefore, alteration of their function or degeneration leads to severe neurological and neuropsychiatric diseases. Unraveling the mechanisms of midbrain dopaminergic (mDA) phenotype induction and maturation and elucidating the role of the gene network involved in the development and maintenance of these neurons is of pivotal importance to rescue or substitute these cells in order to restore dopaminergic functions. Recently, in addition to morphogens and transcription factors, microRNAs have been identified as critical players to confer mDA identity. The elucidation of the gene network involved in mDA neuron development and function will be crucial to identify early changes of mDA neurons that occur in pre-symptomatic pathological conditions, such as Parkinson’s disease. In addition, it can help to identify targets for new therapies and for cell reprogramming into mDA neurons. In this essay, we review the cascade of transcriptional and posttranscriptional regulation that confers mDA identity and regulates their functions. Additionally, we highlight certain mechanisms that offer important clues to unveil molecular pathogenesis of mDA neuron dysfunction and potential pharmacological targets for the treatment of mDA neuron dysfunction.
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219
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Gómez-Benito M, Granado N, García-Sanz P, Michel A, Dumoulin M, Moratalla R. Modeling Parkinson's Disease With the Alpha-Synuclein Protein. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:356. [PMID: 32390826 PMCID: PMC7191035 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Alpha-synuclein (α-Syn) is a key protein involved in Parkinson's disease (PD) pathology. PD is characterized by the loss of dopaminergic neuronal cells in the substantia nigra pars compacta and the abnormal accumulation and aggregation of α-Syn in the form of Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites. More precisely, the aggregation of α-Syn is associated with the dysfunctionality and degeneration of neurons in PD. Moreover, mutations in the SNCA gene, which encodes α-Syn, cause familial forms of PD and are the basis of sporadic PD risk. Given the role of the α-Syn protein in the pathology of PD, animal models that reflect the dopaminergic neuronal loss and the widespread and progressive formation of α-Syn aggregates in different areas of the brain constitute a valuable tool. Indeed, animal models of PD are important for understanding the molecular mechanisms of the disease and might contribute to the development and validation of new therapies. In the absence of animal models that faithfully reproduce human PD, in recent years, numerous animal models of PD based on α-Syn have been generated. In this review, we summarize the main features of the α-Syn pre-formed fibrils (PFFs) model and recombinant adeno-associated virus vector (rAAV) mediated α-Syn overexpression models, providing a detailed comparative analysis of both models. Here, we discuss how each model has contributed to our understanding of PD pathology and the advantages and weakness of each of them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica Gómez-Benito
- Cajal Institute, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain.,CIBERNED, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Noelia Granado
- Cajal Institute, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain.,CIBERNED, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Patricia García-Sanz
- Cajal Institute, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain.,CIBERNED, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Anne Michel
- UCB Biopharma, Neuroscience TA, Braine L'Alleud, Belgium
| | - Mireille Dumoulin
- Centre of Protein Engineering, InBios, University of Liege, Liège, Belgium
| | - Rosario Moratalla
- Cajal Institute, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain.,CIBERNED, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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220
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Luo S, Du L, Cui Y. Potential Therapeutic Applications and Developments of Exosomes in Parkinson’s Disease. Mol Pharm 2020; 17:1447-1457. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.0c00195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Siqi Luo
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Libo Du
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Center for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Yan Cui
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
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221
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Gruden’ MA, Solov’eva OA, Kudrin VS, Narkevich VB, Sherstnev VV. Neurochemical and Behavioral Features of Action of Pre-Fibrillar Oligomeric Structures of α-Sinuclein in Adult Mice. NEUROCHEM J+ 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s1819712420010092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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222
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Han D, Zheng W, Wang X, Chen Z. Proteostasis of α-Synuclein and Its Role in the Pathogenesis of Parkinson's Disease. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:45. [PMID: 32210767 PMCID: PMC7075857 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.00045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Aggregation of α-Synuclein, possibly caused by disturbance of proteostasis, has been identified as a common pathological feature of Parkinson’s disease (PD). However, the initiating events of aggregation have not been fully illustrated, and this knowledge may be critical to understanding the disease mechanisms of PD. Proteostasis is essential in maintaining normal cellular metabolic functions, which regulate the synthesis, folding, trafficking, and degradation of proteins. The toxicity of the aggregating proteins is dramatically influenced by its physical and physiological status. Genetic mutations may also affect the metastable phase transition of proteins. In addition, neuroinflammation, as well as lipid metabolism and its interaction with α-Synuclein, are likely to contribute to the pathogenesis of PD. In this review article, we will highlight recent progress regarding α-Synuclein proteostasis in the context of PD. We will also discuss how the phase transition status of α-Synuclein could correlate with different functional consequences in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deqiang Han
- Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Ministry of Education, Cell Therapy Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Center of Neural Injury and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China.,Center of Parkinson's Disease, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Ministry of Education, Cell Therapy Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Center of Neural Injury and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China.,Center of Parkinson's Disease, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China
| | - Xueyao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Ministry of Education, Cell Therapy Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Center of Neural Injury and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China.,Center of Parkinson's Disease, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiguo Chen
- Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Ministry of Education, Cell Therapy Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Center of Neural Injury and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China.,Center of Parkinson's Disease, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China
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223
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Doherty CPA, Ulamec SM, Maya-Martinez R, Good SC, Makepeace J, Khan GN, van Oosten-Hawle P, Radford SE, Brockwell DJ. A short motif in the N-terminal region of α-synuclein is critical for both aggregation and function. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2020; 27:249-259. [PMID: 32157247 PMCID: PMC7100612 DOI: 10.1038/s41594-020-0384-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Aggregation of human α-synuclein (αSyn) is linked to Parkinson’s disease (PD) pathology. The central region of the αSyn sequence contains the non-amyloid β-component (NAC) crucial for aggregation. However, how NAC flanking regions modulate αSyn aggregation remains unclear. Using bioinformatics, mutation, and NMR we identify a 7-residue sequence, named P1 (residues 36-42), that controls αSyn aggregation. Deletion or substitution of this ‘master-controller’ prevents aggregation at pH 7.5 in vitro. At lower pH, P1 synergises with a sequence containing the PreNAC region (P2, residues 45-57) to prevent aggregation. Deleting P1 (ΔP1) or both P1 and P2 (ΔΔ) also prevents age-dependent αSyn aggregation and toxicity in C. elegans models and prevents αSyn-mediated vesicle fusion by altering the conformational properties of the protein when lipid-bound. The results highlight the importance of a master-controller sequence motif that controls both αSyn aggregation and function- a region that could be targeted to prevent aggregation in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciaran P A Doherty
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Sabine M Ulamec
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Roberto Maya-Martinez
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah C Good
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Jemma Makepeace
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - G Nasir Khan
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Patricija van Oosten-Hawle
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Sheena E Radford
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, United Kingdom.
| | - David J Brockwell
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, United Kingdom.
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224
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Wu Q, Tan R, Mi X, Tu Y. Electrochemiluminescent aptamer-sensor for alpha synuclein oligomer based on a metal-organic framework. Analyst 2020; 145:2159-2167. [PMID: 32129373 DOI: 10.1039/d0an00169d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The alpha synuclein (α-syn) oligomer is one of the biomarkers used for the early diagnosis of Parkinson's disease. In this paper, two electrochemiluminescent (ECL) biosensors with an aptamer as the recognition element for α-syn oligomer detection were prepared. A functionalized indium tin oxide (ITO) glass with metal-organic framework (MOF) materials provides an adequate sensing platform. Here the gold nanoparticles/metal organic frameworks (MOFs) composite (AuNPs@MOFs) using 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane as a binding agent, or to connect the MOFs onto the ITO directly via glutaraldehyde, both give a strong ECL emission for luminol, even under weak alkaline conditions. Thereafter, the thiolated or carboxylated aptamer was coalesced onto the MOF material functionalized electrode using an Au-S bond or amide bond via the classic 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide/N-hydroxysuccinimide (EDC-NHS) coupling, respectively. Thus, the ECL emission of the sensors significantly reduced after the specific binding of the α-syn oligomer to the aptamer. The good linear relationship of the ECL sensing signals upon the logarithm of the α-syn oligomer concentration were established, from 2.43 fM to 0.486 pM or 1.39 fM to 0.243 pM, and the limit of detection reached as low as 0.42 or 0.38 fM, for these two sensors. Both of the obtained sensors have the advantages of a high sensitivity, selectivity, and reproducibility and are capable of detecting the target in human serum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Wu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Material Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China.
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225
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Calogero AM, Mazzetti S, Pezzoli G, Cappelletti G. Neuronal microtubules and proteins linked to Parkinson's disease: a relevant interaction? Biol Chem 2020; 400:1099-1112. [PMID: 31256059 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2019-0142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Neuronal microtubules are key determinants of cell morphology, differentiation, migration and polarity, and contribute to intracellular trafficking along axons and dendrites. Microtubules are strictly regulated and alterations in their dynamics can lead to catastrophic effects in the neuron. Indeed, the importance of the microtubule cytoskeleton in many human diseases is emerging. Remarkably, a growing body of evidence indicates that microtubule defects could be linked to Parkinson's disease pathogenesis. Only a few of the causes of the progressive neuronal loss underlying this disorder have been identified. They include gene mutations and toxin exposure, but the trigger leading to neurodegeneration is still unknown. In this scenario, the evidence showing that mutated proteins in Parkinson's disease are involved in the regulation of the microtubule cytoskeleton is intriguing. Here, we focus on α-Synuclein, Parkin and Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2), the three main proteins linked to the familial forms of the disease. The aim is to dissect their interaction with tubulin and microtubules in both physiological and pathological conditions, in which these proteins are overexpressed, mutated or absent. We highlight the relevance of such an interaction and suggest that these proteins could trigger neurodegeneration via defective regulation of the microtubule cytoskeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra M Calogero
- Department of Biosciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 26, I-20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Samanta Mazzetti
- Department of Biosciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 26, I-20133 Milan, Italy.,Fondazione Grigioni per il Morbo di Parkinson, via Zuretti 35, I-20135 Milan, Italy
| | - Gianni Pezzoli
- Fondazione Grigioni per il Morbo di Parkinson, via Zuretti 35, I-20135 Milan, Italy.,Parkinson Institute, ASST "G.Pini-CTO", via Bignami 1, I-20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Graziella Cappelletti
- Department of Biosciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 26, I-20133 Milan, Italy.,Center of Excellence on Neurodegenerative Diseases, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Balzaretti, I-20133 Milan, Italy
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226
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Afitska K, Priss A, Yushchenko DA, Shvadchak VV. Structural Optimization of Inhibitors of α-Synuclein Fibril Growth: Affinity to the Fibril End as a Crucial Factor. J Mol Biol 2020; 432:967-977. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2019.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 11/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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227
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Kraemer WJ, Ratamess NA, Hymer WC, Nindl BC, Fragala MS. Growth Hormone(s), Testosterone, Insulin-Like Growth Factors, and Cortisol: Roles and Integration for Cellular Development and Growth With Exercise. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:33. [PMID: 32158429 PMCID: PMC7052063 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hormones are largely responsible for the integrated communication of several physiological systems responsible for modulating cellular growth and development. Although the specific hormonal influence must be considered within the context of the entire endocrine system and its relationship with other physiological systems, three key hormones are considered the "anabolic giants" in cellular growth and repair: testosterone, the growth hormone superfamily, and the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) superfamily. In addition to these anabolic hormones, glucocorticoids, mainly cortisol must also be considered because of their profound opposing influence on human skeletal muscle anabolism in many instances. This review presents emerging research on: (1) Testosterone signaling pathways, responses, and adaptations to resistance training; (2) Growth hormone: presents new complexity with exercise stress; (3) Current perspectives on IGF-I and physiological adaptations and complexity these hormones as related to training; and (4) Glucocorticoid roles in integrated communication for anabolic/catabolic signaling. Specifically, the review describes (1) Testosterone as the primary anabolic hormone, with an anabolic influence largely dictated primarily by genomic and possible non-genomic signaling, satellite cell activation, interaction with other anabolic signaling pathways, upregulation or downregulation of the androgen receptor, and potential roles in co-activators and transcriptional activity; (2) Differential influences of growth hormones depending on the "type" of the hormone being assayed and the magnitude of the physiological stress; (3) The exquisite regulation of IGF-1 by a family of binding proteins (IGFBPs 1-6), which can either stimulate or inhibit biological action depending on binding; and (4) Circadian patterning and newly discovered variants of glucocorticoid isoforms largely dictating glucocorticoid sensitivity and catabolic, muscle sparing, or pathological influence. The downstream integrated anabolic and catabolic mechanisms of these hormones not only affect the ability of skeletal muscle to generate force; they also have implications for pharmaceutical treatments, aging, and prevalent chronic conditions such as metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance, and hypertension. Thus, advances in our understanding of hormones that impact anabolic: catabolic processes have relevance for athletes and the general population, alike.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J. Kraemer
- Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
- *Correspondence: William J. Kraemer
| | - Nicholas A. Ratamess
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, The College of New Jersey, Ewing, NJ, United States
| | - Wesley C. Hymer
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Bradley C. Nindl
- Department of Sports Medicine, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
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228
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Dandurand J, Ostuni A, Francesca Armentano M, Antonietta Crudele M, Dolce V, Marra F, Samouillan V, Bisaccia F. Calorimetry and FTIR reveal the ability of URG7 protein to modify the aggregation state of both cell lysate and amylogenic α-synuclein. AIMS BIOPHYSICS 2020. [DOI: 10.3934/biophy.2020015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
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229
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Hipkiss AR. Aging, Alzheimer's Disease and Dysfunctional Glycolysis; Similar Effects of Too Much and Too Little. Aging Dis 2019; 10:1328-1331. [PMID: 31788344 PMCID: PMC6844594 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2019.0611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging and much related dysfunction can be delayed by decreased glycolysis, however dysfunctional glycolysis appears to play a causative role in Alzheimer's disease (AD). It is proposed here that this apparent contradiction can be reconciled by suggesting that both over-use and inhibition of the glycolytic enzyme triosephosphate isomerase can limit NADH generation and increase protein glycation. It is also suggested that excessive glycolysis in erythrocytes may provide a source of systemic methylglyoxal and glycated alpha-synuclein, both of which accelerate aging onset and neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan R Hipkiss
- Aston Research Centre for Healthy Ageing (ARCHA), School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, U.K
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230
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Shams R, Banik NL, Haque A. Calpain in the cleavage of alpha-synuclein and the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2019; 167:107-124. [PMID: 31601400 PMCID: PMC8434815 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2019.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) devastates 6.3 million people, ranking it as one of the most prevalent neurodegenerative motor disorders worldwide. PD patients may manifest symptoms of postural instability, bradykinesia, and resting tremors as a result of increasing α-synuclein aggregation and neuron death with disease progression. Therapy options are limited, and those available to patients may worsen their condition. Thus, investigations to understand disease progression may help develop therapeutic strategies for improvement of quality of life for patients suffering from PD. This review provides an overview of α-synuclein, a presynaptic neuronal protein whose function in the healthy brain and PD pathology remains a mystery. This review also focuses on calcium-induced activation of calpain, a neutral protease, and the subsequent cascade of cellular processing of α-synuclein and emerging defense responses observed in experimental models of PD: microglial activation, dysregulation of T cells, and inflammatory responses in the brain. In addition, this review discusses the events of cross presentation of synuclein peptides by professional antigen presenting cells and microglia, induction of inflammatory responses in the periphery and brain, and emerging calpain-targeted therapeutic strategies to attenuate neuronal death in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramsha Shams
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Naren L Banik
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States; Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States; Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Administration Medical Center, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Azizul Haque
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States.
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231
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Golgi Fragmentation in Neurodegenerative Diseases: Is There a Common Cause? Cells 2019; 8:cells8070748. [PMID: 31331075 PMCID: PMC6679019 DOI: 10.3390/cells8070748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In most mammalian cells, the Golgi complex forms a continuous ribbon. In neurodegenerative diseases, the Golgi ribbon of a specific group of neurons is typically broken into isolated elements, a very early event which happens before clinical and other pathological symptoms become evident. It is not known whether this phenomenon is caused by mechanisms associated with cell death or if, conversely, it triggers apoptosis. When the phenomenon was studied in diseases such as Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, it was attributed to a variety of causes, including the presence of cytoplasmatic protein aggregates, malfunctioning of intracellular traffic and/or alterations in the cytoskeleton. In the present review, we summarize the current findings related to these and other neurodegenerative diseases and try to search for clues on putative common causes.
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