201
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Gudiña EJ, Teixeira JA, Rodrigues LR. Isolation and functional characterization of a biosurfactant produced by Lactobacillus paracasei. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2009; 76:298-304. [PMID: 20004557 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2009.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2009] [Revised: 10/15/2009] [Accepted: 11/12/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the crude biosurfactant produced by a Lactobacillus paracasei strain isolated in a Portuguese dairy industry was characterized. The minimum surface tension (41.8mN/m) and the critical micelle concentration (2.5mg/ml) obtained were found to be similar to the values previously reported for biosurfactants isolated from other lactobacilli. The biosurfactant was found to be stable to pH changes over a range from 6 to 10, being more effective at pH 7, and showed no loss of surface activity after incubation at 60 degrees C for 120h. Although the biosurfactant chemical composition has not been determined yet, a fraction was isolated through acidic precipitation, which exhibited higher surface activity as compared with the crude biosurfactant. Furthermore, this isolated biosurfactant showed antimicrobial and anti-adhesive activities against several pathogenic microorganisms. In addition, L. paracasei exhibited a strong autoaggregating phenotype, which was maintained after washing and resuspending the cells in PBS, meaning that this attribute must be related to cell surface components and not to excreted factors. The autoaggregation ability exhibited by this strain, together with the antimicrobial and anti-adhesive properties observed for this biosurfactant opens the possibility for its use as an effective probiotic strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo J Gudiña
- IBB-Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, Portugal.
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202
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203
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Abstract
Lipopeptides are biosurfactants extensively used in cosmetics. The consumption of cosmetics containing lipopeptides is increasing as a result of the exceptional surface properties and diverse biological activities of lipopeptides which facilitate a vast number of applications not only in the pharmaceutics industry which includes cosmetics but also in the food industry. Cosmetics containing lipopeptides are available in various dosage forms according to their beneficial surface properties, which include anti-wrinkle and moisturizing activities and cleansing cosmetics. The microbial production of lipopeptides particularly those with biological and surface activities applicable to cosmetics are summarized based on appropriate studies and patents up to the year 2008 to manage the information and sufficiently review the data.
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204
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Brito EMS, Duran R, Guyoneaud R, Goñi-Urriza M, García de Oteyza T, Crapez MAC, Aleluia I, Wasserman JCA. A case study of in situ oil contamination in a mangrove swamp (Rio De Janeiro, Brazil). MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2009; 58:418-423. [PMID: 19185324 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2008.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2008] [Revised: 11/24/2008] [Accepted: 12/10/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Mangroves are sensitive ecosystems of prominent ecological value that lamentably have lost much of their areas across the world. The vulnerability of mangroves grown in proximity to cities requires the development of new technologies for the remediation of acute oil spills and chronic contaminations. Studies on oil remediation are usually performed with in vitro microcosms whereas in situ experiments are rare. The aim of this work was to evaluate oil degradation on mangrove ecosystems using in situ microcosms seeded with an indigenous hydrocarbonoclastic bacterial consortium (HBC). Although the potential degradation of oil through HBC has been reported, their seeding directly on the sediment did not stimulate oil degradation during the experimental period. This is probably due to the availability of carbon sources that are easier to degrade than petroleum hydrocarbons. Our results emphasize the fragility of mangrove ecosystems during accidental oil spills and also the need for more efficient technologies for their remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elcia M S Brito
- Departamento de Geoquímica Ambiental, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, Brazil.
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205
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Abstract
Cosmetic surfactant performs detergency, wetting, emulsifying, solubilizing, dispersing and foaming effects. Adverse reactions of chemical synthesis surfactant have an effect on environment and humans, particularly severe in long term. Biodegradability, low toxicity and ecological acceptability which are the benefits of naturally derived surfactant that promises cosmetic safety are, therefore, highly on demand. Biosurfactant producible from microorganisms exhibiting potential surface properties suitable for cosmetic applications especially incorporate with their biological activities. Sophorolipids, rhamnolipids and mannosylerythritol lipids are the most widely used glycolipids biosurfactant in cosmetics. Literatures and patents relevant to these three glycolipids reviewed were emphasizing on the cosmetic applications including personal care products presenting the cosmetic efficiency, efficacy and economy benefits of glycolipids biosurfactant.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Lourith
- School of Cosmetic Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiangrai, Thailand.
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206
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Towards novel efficient monomeric surfactants based on serine, tyrosine and 4-hydroxyproline: synthesis and micellization properties. Tetrahedron 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2009.03.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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207
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Koza A, Hallett PD, Moon CD, Spiers AJ. Characterization of a novel air-liquid interface biofilm of Pseudomonas fluorescens SBW25. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2009; 155:1397-1406. [PMID: 19383709 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.025064-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Pseudomonads are able to form a variety of biofilms that colonize the air-liquid (A-L) interface of static liquid microcosms, and differ in matrix composition, strength, resilience and degrees of attachment to the microcosm walls. From Pseudomonas fluorescens SBW25, mutants have evolved during prolonged adaptation-evolution experiments which produce robust biofilms of the physically cohesive class at the A-L interface, and which have been well characterized. In this study we describe a novel A-L interface biofilm produced by SBW25 that is categorized as a viscous mass (VM)-class biofilm. Several metals were found to induce this biofilm in static King's B microcosms, including copper, iron, lead and manganese, and we have used iron to allow further examination of this structure. Iron was demonstrated to induce SBW25 to express cellulose, which provided the matrix of the biofilm, a weak structure that was readily destroyed by physical disturbance. This was confirmed in situ by a low (0.023-0.047 g) maximum deformation mass and relatively poor attachment as measured by crystal violet staining. Biofilm strength increased with increasing iron concentration, in contrast to attachment levels, which decreased with increasing iron. Furthermore, iron added to mature biofilms significantly increased strength, suggesting that iron also promotes interactions between cellulose fibres that increase matrix interconnectivity. Whilst weak attachment is important in maintaining the biofilm at the A-L interface, surface-interaction effects involving cellulose, which reduced surface tension by approximately 3.8 mN m(-1), may also contribute towards this localization. The fragility and viscoelastic nature of the biofilm were confirmed by controlled-stress amplitude sweep tests to characterize critical rheological parameters, which included a shear modulus of 0.75 Pa, a zero shear viscosity of 0.24 Pa s(-1) and a flow point of 0.028 Pa. Growth and morphological data thus far support a non-specific metal-associated physiological, rather than mutational, origin for production of the SBW25 VM biofilm, which is an example of the versatility of bacteria to inhabit optimal niches within their environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Koza
- SIMBIOS Centre, Level 5 Kydd Building, University of Abertay Dundee, Bell Street, Dundee DD1 1HG, UK
| | - Paul D Hallett
- Scottish Crop Research Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK
| | - Christina D Moon
- AgResearch Limited, Grasslands Research Centre, Private Bag 11008, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Andrew J Spiers
- SIMBIOS Centre, Level 5 Kydd Building, University of Abertay Dundee, Bell Street, Dundee DD1 1HG, UK
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208
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Marqués A, Pinazo A, Farfan M, Aranda F, Teruel J, Ortiz A, Manresa A, Espuny M. The physicochemical properties and chemical composition of trehalose lipids produced by Rhodococcus erythropolis 51T7. Chem Phys Lipids 2009; 158:110-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2009.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2008] [Revised: 12/23/2008] [Accepted: 01/06/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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209
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Antimicrobial activity of the iron-sulfur nitroso compound Roussin's black salt [Fe4S3(NO)7] on the hyperthermophilic archaeon Pyrococcus furiosus. Appl Environ Microbiol 2009; 75:1820-5. [PMID: 19201977 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02562-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The iron-sulfur nitroso compound [Fe(4)S(3)(NO)(7)](-) is a broad-spectrum antimicrobial agent that has been used for more than 100 years to combat pathogenic anaerobes. Known as Roussin's black salt (RBS), it contains seven moles of nitric oxide, the release of which was always assumed to mediate its cytotoxicity. Using the hyperthermophilic archaeon Pyrococcus furiosus, it is demonstrated through growth studies, membrane analyses, and scanning electron microscopy that nitric oxide does not play a role in RBS toxicity; rather, the mechanism involves membrane disruption leading to cell lysis. Moreover, insoluble elemental sulfur (S(0)), which is reduced by P. furiosus to hydrogen sulfide, prevents cell lysis by RBS. It is proposed that S(0) also directly interacts with the membranes of P. furiosus during its transfer into the cell, ultimately for reduction by a cytosolic NADPH sulfur reductase. RBS is proposed to be a new class of inorganic antimicrobial agent that also has potential use as an inert cell-lysing agent.
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210
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Toutain-Kidd CM, Kadivar SC, Bramante CT, Bobin SA, Zegans ME. Polysorbate 80 inhibition of Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm formation and its cleavage by the secreted lipase LipA. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2009; 53:136-45. [PMID: 18955535 PMCID: PMC2612155 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00500-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2008] [Revised: 06/25/2008] [Accepted: 10/16/2008] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Surface-associated bacterial communities known as biofilms are an important source of nosocomial infections. Microorganisms such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa can colonize the abiotic surfaces of medical implants, leading to chronic infections that are difficult to eradicate. Our study demonstrates that polysorbate 80 (PS80), a surfactant commonly added to food and medicines, is able to inhibit biofilm formation by P. aeruginosa on a variety of surfaces, including contact lenses. Many clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa, as well as gram-negative and gram-positive clinical isolates, were also inhibited in their ability to form biofilms in the presence of PS80. A P. aeruginosa mutant able to form biofilms in the presence of this surfactant was identified and characterized, and it was revealed that this mutant overexpresses a lipase, LipA. Surfactants such as PS80 can be cleaved by lipases, and we demonstrate that PS80 is cleaved by LipA at its ester bond. Finally, polyethoxylated(20) oleyl alcohol, a chemical with a structure that is similar to that of PS80 but that lacks the ester bond of PS80, can inhibit the biofilm formation of P. aeruginosa strains, including the mutant overexpressing LipA. Our results demonstrate that surfactants such as PS80 can inhibit bacterial biofilm formation on medically relevant materials at concentrations demonstrated to be safe in humans and suggest that the understanding of the mechanisms of bacterial resistance to such surfactants will be important in developing clinically effective derivatives.
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211
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Olivera NL, Nievas ML, Lozada M, del Prado G, Dionisi HM, Siñeriz F. Isolation and characterization of biosurfactant-producing Alcanivorax strains: hydrocarbon accession strategies and alkane hydroxylase gene analysis. Res Microbiol 2009; 160:19-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.resmic.2008.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2008] [Revised: 09/04/2008] [Accepted: 09/29/2008] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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212
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Kaar W, Hartmann B, Fan Y, Zeng B, Lua L, Dexter A, Falconer R, Middelberg A. Microbial bio-production of a recombinant stimuli-responsive biosurfactant. Biotechnol Bioeng 2009; 102:176-87. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.22037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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213
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214
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Studies of the Cell Surface Properties of Candida Species and Relation to the Production of Biosurfactants for Environmental Applications. Curr Microbiol 2008; 58:245-51. [DOI: 10.1007/s00284-008-9315-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2008] [Revised: 09/22/2008] [Accepted: 10/13/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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215
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Liu XY, Yang SZ, Mu BZ. Isolation and characterization of a C12-lipopeptide produced by Bacillus subtilis HSO 121. J Pept Sci 2008; 14:864-75. [PMID: 18265435 DOI: 10.1002/psc.1017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A new lipopeptide with C12 fatty acid has been isolated from the cell broth of Bacillus subtilis HSO121 by chromatographic methods, which is believed to be the homologue of lipopeptides. The fatty acid portion was methylated and analyzed by GC/MS, ESI Q-TOF MS and 1H-NMR. The peptide portion, of which the amino acid composition was obtained by HPLC combined with a phenyl isothiocyanate (PITC) derivatization methods, was analyzed by ESI Q-TOF MS. Comparing the obtained results with surfactin C13 showed that the new lipopeptide has a peptide moiety similar to that of surfactin and the difference exists in the fatty acid portion, which is an iso-C12 beta-hydroxy fatty acid. The critical micelle concentration (CMC) of this new homologue is estimated to be 6.27 x 10(-5) mol/l in 10 mmol/l phosphate buffer solution (PBS, pH 8.0) at 30 degrees C, and the surface tension at CMC (gamma CMC) achieved is as little as 27.71 mN/m. The hemolytic activities of the C12-lipopeptide on 2% human erythrocytes showed a HC50 of 26.5 micromol/l.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Yang Liu
- Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Applied Chemistry, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
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216
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Sobrinho HB, Rufino RD, Luna JM, Salgueiro AA, Campos-Takaki GM, Leite LF, Sarubbo LA. Utilization of two agroindustrial by-products for the production of a surfactant by Candida sphaerica UCP0995. Process Biochem 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2008.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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217
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Mannosylerythritol lipids: a review. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2008; 35:1559-70. [PMID: 18716809 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-008-0460-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2008] [Accepted: 08/04/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Mannosylerythritol lipids (MELs) are surface active compounds that belong to the glycolipid class of biosurfactants (BSs). MELs are produced by Pseudozyma sp. as a major component while Ustilago sp. produces them as a minor component. Although MELs have been known for over five decades, they recently regained attention due to their environmental compatibility, mild production conditions, structural diversity, self-assembling properties and versatile biochemical functions. In this review, the MEL producing microorganisms, the production conditions, their applications, their diverse structures and self-assembling properties are discussed. The biosynthetic pathways and the regulatory mechanisms involved in the production of MEL are also explained here.
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218
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Ghojavand H, Vahabzadeh F, Roayaei E, Shahraki AK. Production and properties of a biosurfactant obtained from a member of the Bacillus subtilis group (PTCC 1696). J Colloid Interface Sci 2008; 324:172-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2008.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2008] [Revised: 04/30/2008] [Accepted: 05/01/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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219
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Trindade JR, Freire MG, Amaral PF, Coelho MAZ, Coutinho JA, Marrucho IM. Aging mechanisms of oil-in-water emulsions based on a bioemulsifier produced by Yarrowia lipolytica. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2008.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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220
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Isolation of surfactant-resistant bacteria from natural, surfactant-rich marine habitats. Appl Environ Microbiol 2008; 74:5093-9. [PMID: 18586977 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02734-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental remediation efforts often utilize either biodegradative microbes or surfactants, but not in combination. Coupling both strategies holds the potential to dramatically increase the rate and extent of remediation because surfactants can enhance the bioavailability of contaminants to microbes. However, many surfactants permeabilize bacterial cell membranes and are effective disinfectants. An important goal then is to find or genetically modify microorganisms that possess both desirable degradative capabilities and the ability to thrive in the presence of surfactants. The guts of some marine invertebrates, particularly deposit feeders, have previously been shown to contain high levels of biosurfactants. Our primary aim was to mine these natural, surfactant-rich habitats for surfactant-resistant bacteria. Relative to sediment porewaters, the gut contents of two polychaete deposit feeders, Nereis succinea and Amphitrite ornata, exhibited a significantly higher ratio of bacteria resistant to both cationic and anionic surfactants. In contrast, bacteria in the gut fluids of a holothuroid, Leptosynapta tenuis, showed surfactant susceptibility similar to that of bacteria from sediments. Analyses of 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that the majority of surfactant-resistant isolates were previously undescribed species of the genus Vibrio or were of a group most closely related to Spongiobacter spp. We also tested a subset of resistant bacteria for the production of biosurfactants. The majority did produce biosurfactants, as demonstrated via the oil-spreading method, but in all cases, production was relatively weak under the culture conditions employed. Novel surfactant-resistant, biosurfactant-producing bacteria, and the habitats from which they were isolated, provide a new source pool for potential microorganisms to be exploited in the in situ bioremediation of marine sediments.
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221
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Characterization of biosurfactant-producing strains of fluorescent pseudomonads in a soilless cultivation system. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 2008; 94:329-34. [PMID: 18478353 DOI: 10.1007/s10482-008-9250-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2008] [Accepted: 04/30/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The use of biosurfactants is a promising alternative in biological control of zoospore-producing plant pathogens. In the present study, biosurfactant production by the indigenous population of fluorescent pseudomonads in a soilless plant cultivation system was studied during the growing season. A total of 600 strains was screened and of these 18.5% were observed to produce biosurfactants. Production of both antibiotics and biosurfactant was uncommon among the isolated strains. A selective effect of the cultivation system filter was observed on the biosurfactant-producing strains and these strains were only occasionally observed after the filter, despite having a significantly higher motility than the nonbiosurfactant-producing strains. The majority of biosurfactant-producing strains were isolated from the filter skin, which suggests that this is a suitable surface for inoculation with biocontrol strains.
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222
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Whole cell microbial transformation in cloud point system. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2008; 35:645-56. [DOI: 10.1007/s10295-008-0345-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2007] [Revised: 02/15/2008] [Accepted: 03/20/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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223
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Development and trends of biosurfactant analysis and purification using rhamnolipids as an example. Anal Bioanal Chem 2008; 391:1579-90. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-007-1828-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2007] [Revised: 12/14/2007] [Accepted: 12/20/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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224
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Klein B, Grossi V, Bouriat P, Goulas P, Grimaud R. Cytoplasmic wax ester accumulation during biofilm-driven substrate assimilation at the alkane–water interface by Marinobacter hydrocarbonoclasticus SP17. Res Microbiol 2008; 159:137-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.resmic.2007.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2007] [Revised: 11/12/2007] [Accepted: 11/13/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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225
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Biosurfactants, an help in the biodegradation of hexadecane? The case of Rhodococcus and Pseudomonas strains. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-008-9691-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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226
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Chiu AG, Palmer JN, Woodworth BA, Doghramji L, Cohen MB, Prince A, Cohen NA. Baby Shampoo Nasal Irrigations for the Symptomatic Post-functional Endoscopic Sinus Surgery Patient. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 22:34-7. [DOI: 10.2500/ajr.2008.22.3122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Background Symptoms of postnasal drainage and thickened mucus are commonly seen in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) recalcitrant to sinus surgery and conventional medical therapies. Chemical surfactants can act as a mucolytic by reducing water surface tension and have the potential to serve as an antimicrobial agent. Baby shampoo is an inexpensive, commercially available solution containing multiple chemical surfactants. This is an in vitro study of its antimicrobial effects on Pseudomonas biofilms with translation to a clinical study for use as an adjuvant nasal wash in patients with CRS who remain symptomatic despite adequate sinus surgery and conventional medical therapies. Methods In vitro testing was performed to determine the optimal concentration of baby shampoo that disrupted preformed bacterial biofilms and inhibited biofilm formation. This concentration was then used in a prospective study of symptomatic post–functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS) patients who irrigated twice a day for 4 weeks. Validated outcome forms and objective smell testing was performed before and after therapy. Results One percent baby shampoo in normal saline was the optimal concentration for inhibition of Pseudomonas biofilm formation. Baby shampoo had no effect on the eradication of preformed Pseudomonas biofilms. Eighteen patients with CRS with an average of 2.8 surgeries were studied after irrigating with 1% baby shampoo solution. Two patients discontinued use because of minor nasal and skin irritations; 46.6% of patients experienced an overall improvement in their subjective symptoms, and 60% of patients noted improvement in specific symptoms of thickened mucus and postnasal drainage. Conclusion Baby shampoo nasal irrigation has promise as an inexpensive, tolerable adjuvant to conventional medical therapies for symptomatic patients after FESS. Its greatest benefit may be in improving symptoms of thickened nasal discharge and postnasal drainage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander G. Chiu
- Division of Rhinology, Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - James N. Palmer
- Division of Rhinology, Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Bradford A. Woodworth
- Division of Rhinology, Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Laurel Doghramji
- Division of Rhinology, Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Michael B. Cohen
- Division of Rhinology, Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Anthony Prince
- Division of Rhinology, Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Noam A. Cohen
- Division of Rhinology, Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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227
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Suresh Kumar A, Mody K, Jha B. Evaluation of biosurfactant/bioemulsifier production by a marine bacterium. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2007; 79:617-621. [PMID: 17924042 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-007-9283-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2007] [Accepted: 09/05/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Planococcus maitriensis Anita I (NCBI GenBank Accession number EF467308) was tested for its biosurfactant/bioemulsifying efficacy. The crude extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) produced by this bacterium contained carbohydrate (12.06%), protein (24.44%), uronic acid (11%) and sulfate (3.03%). The oil spreading potential of this EPS was comparable to Triton X100 and Tween 80. This exopolymer emulsified xylene more efficiently as compared to few standard gums. It also formed stable emulsions (E (1,080)=100) with jatropha, paraffin and silicone oils. The cell free supernatant of this bacterium successfully reduced the surface tension (from 72 to 46.07 mN m(-1)). It also decreased interfacial tension of hexane and xylene. Based on the emulsifying and tensiometric properties, this bacterium or its exopolymer could be used for bioremediation, enhanced oil recovery and in cosmetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Suresh Kumar
- Discipline of Marine Biotechnology and Ecology, Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Bhavnagar 364002, Gujarat, India
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228
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Yan A, Von Dem Bussche A, Kane AB, Hurt RH. Tocopheryl Polyethylene Glycol Succinate as a Safe, Antioxidant Surfactant for Processing Carbon Nanotubes and Fullerenes. CARBON 2007; 45:2463-2470. [PMID: 19081834 PMCID: PMC2598771 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbon.2007.08.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
This work investigates the physical interactions between carbon nanomaterials and tocopheryl polyethylene glycol succinate (TPGS). TPGS is a synthetic amphiphile that undergoes enzymatic cleavage to deliver the lipophilic antioxidant, alpha-tocopherol (vitamin E) to cell membranes, and is FDA approved as a water-soluble vitamin E nutritional supplement and drug delivery vehicle. Here we show that TPGS 1000 is capable of dispersing multi-wall and single-wall carbon nanotubes in aqueous media, and for multiwall tubes is more effective than the commonly used non-ionic surfactant Triton X-100. TPGS is also capable of solubilizing C(60) in aqueous phases by dissolving fullerene in the core of its spherical micelles. Drying of these solutions leads to fullerene/TPGS phase separation and the self-assembly of highly ordered asymmetric nanoparticles, with fullerene nanocrystals attached to the hydrophobic end of crystalline TPGS nanobrushes. The article discusses surface charge, colloidal stability, and the potential applications of TPGS as a safe surfactant for "green" processing of carbon nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aihui Yan
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912
| | - Annette Von Dem Bussche
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912
| | - Agnes B. Kane
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912
| | - Robert H. Hurt
- Division of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912
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229
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Dalby AP, Kormas KA, Christaki U, Karayanni H. Cosmopolitan heterotrophic microeukaryotes are active bacterial grazers in experimental oil-polluted systems. Environ Microbiol 2007; 10:47-56. [PMID: 17903218 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-2920.2007.01428.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the population dynamics and prevailing 18S rDNA phylotypes of microeukaryotes (<or= 10 microm) in microcosms containing seawater from either an unpolluted oligotrophic site or a chronically oil-polluted mesotrophic site of the Aegean Sea, amended with crude oil (100 p.p.m. final concentration) and crude oil plus emulsifier (10 p.p.m. final concentration). The addition of oil alone did not result in an important increase of bacteria or their predators, while the addition of oil and emulsifiers caused an important increase in bacteria followed by nanoflagellate predator response. We observed an important shift in the microeukaryotic community structure, which was characterized by the dominance of the same heterotrophic nanoflagellates in all oil-polluted treatments. Thus, the resulting 18S rDNA phylotypes were dominated (48.1-82.4%) by Paraphysomonas foraminifera in all treatments containing crude oil and crude oil plus emulsifier. The origin of the seawater, i.e. unpolluted versus chronically oil-polluted, had no effect on the dominant eukaryote, suggesting that the ubiquitous P. foraminifera is an effective opportunist in oil-polluted aquatic systems. The next dominant phylotypes were Monosiga brevicollis (<or= 27.0%) and Pseudobodo tremulans (<or= 23.1%). However, the addition of the emulsifier increased the dominance of P. foraminifera but decreased that of M. brevicollis and P. tremulans. Our study revealed that these dominant oil-tolerant eukaryotes, which are commonly found in the marine environments, are important grazers of bacteria and as such their dynamics should be taken into account in bioremediation practices in situ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew P Dalby
- Institute of Oceanography, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, PO Box 712, 190 13 Anavissos, Greece
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230
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Wentzel A, Ellingsen TE, Kotlar HK, Zotchev SB, Throne-Holst M. Bacterial metabolism of long-chain n-alkanes. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2007; 76:1209-21. [PMID: 17673997 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-007-1119-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2007] [Revised: 07/10/2007] [Accepted: 07/11/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Degradation of alkanes is a widespread phenomenon in nature, and numerous microorganisms, both prokaryotic and eukaryotic, capable of utilizing these substrates as a carbon and energy source have been isolated and characterized. In this review, we summarize recent advances in the understanding of bacterial metabolism of long-chain n-alkanes. Bacterial strategies for accessing these highly hydrophobic substrates are presented, along with systems for their enzymatic degradation and conversion into products of potential industrial value. We further summarize the current knowledge on the regulation of bacterial long-chain n-alkane metabolism and survey progress in understanding bacterial pathways for utilization of n-alkanes under anaerobic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Wentzel
- Department of Biotechnology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Sem Saelandsvei 6/8, 7491 Trondheim, Norway.
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231
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Chen SY, Wei YH, Chang JS. Repeated pH-stat fed-batch fermentation for rhamnolipid production with indigenous Pseudomonas aeruginosa S2. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2007; 76:67-74. [PMID: 17457541 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-007-0980-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2007] [Revised: 04/01/2007] [Accepted: 04/02/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Rhamnolipid is one of the most commonly used biosurfactants with the ability to reduce the surface tension of water from 72 to 30 mN/m. An indigenous isolate Pseudomonas aeruginosa S2 possessing excellent ability to produce rhamnolipid was used as a model strain to explore fermentation technology for rhamnolipid production. Using optimal medium and operating conditions (37 degrees C, pH 6.8, and 250 rpm agitation) obtained from batch fermentation, P. aeruginosa S2 was able to produce up to 5.31 g/l of rhamnolipid from glucose-based medium. To further improve the rhamnolipid yield, a pH-stat fed-batch culture was performed by maintaining a constant pH of 6.8 through manipulating glucose feeding. The effect of influent glucose concentration on rhamnolipid yield and productivity was investigated. Using the pH-stat culture, a maximum rhamnolipid concentration (6.06 g/l) and production rate (172.5 ml/h/l) was obtained with 6% glucose in the feed. Moreover, combining pH-stat culture with fill-and-draw operation allowed a stable repeated fed-batch operation for approximately 500 h. A marked increase in rhamnolipid production was achieved, leading to the best rhamnolipid yield of approximately 9.4 g/l during the second repeated run.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan-Yu Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 710, Taiwan, Republic of China
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232
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Singh A, Van Hamme JD, Ward OP. Surfactants in microbiology and biotechnology: Part 2. Application aspects. Biotechnol Adv 2006; 25:99-121. [PMID: 17156965 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2006.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 336] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2005] [Revised: 10/25/2006] [Accepted: 10/25/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Surfactants are amphiphilic compounds which can reduce surface and interfacial tensions by accumulating at the interface of immiscible fluids and increase the solubility, mobility, bioavailability and subsequent biodegradation of hydrophobic or insoluble organic compounds. Chemically synthesized surfactants are commonly used in the petroleum, food and pharmaceutical industries as emulsifiers and wetting agents. Biosurfactants produced by some microorganisms are becoming important biotechnology products for industrial and medical applications due to their specific modes of action, low toxicity, relative ease of preparation and widespread applicability. They can be used as emulsifiers, de-emulsifiers, wetting and foaming agents, functional food ingredients and as detergents in petroleum, petrochemicals, environmental management, agrochemicals, foods and beverages, cosmetics and pharmaceuticals, and in the mining and metallurgical industries. Addition of a surfactant of chemical or biological origin accelerates or sometimes inhibits the bioremediation of pollutants. Surfactants also play an important role in enhanced oil recovery by increasing the apparent solubility of petroleum components and effectively reducing the interfacial tensions of oil and water in situ. However, the effects of surfactants on bioremediation cannot be predicted in the absence of empirical evidence because surfactants sometimes stimulate bioremediation and sometimes inhibit it. For medical applications, biosurfactants are useful as antimicrobial agents and immunomodulatory molecules. Beneficial applications of chemical surfactants and biosurfactants in various industries are discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajay Singh
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1
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