201
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Zhang Y, Hu YW, Zheng L, Wang Q. Characteristics and Roles of Exosomes in Cardiovascular Disease. DNA Cell Biol 2017; 36:202-211. [PMID: 28112546 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2016.3496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Zhang
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Clinical Laboratory, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan-Wei Hu
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lei Zheng
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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202
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Fatima F, Nawaz M. Vesiculated Long Non-Coding RNAs: Offshore Packages Deciphering Trans-Regulation between Cells, Cancer Progression and Resistance to Therapies. Noncoding RNA 2017; 3:ncrna3010010. [PMID: 29657282 PMCID: PMC5831998 DOI: 10.3390/ncrna3010010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Revised: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nanosized vesicles secreted from virtually all cell types and are thought to transport proteins, lipids and nucleic acids including non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) between cells. Since, ncRNAs are central to transcriptional regulation during developmental processes; eukaryotes might have evolved novel means of post-transcriptional regulation by trans-locating ncRNAs between cells. EV-mediated transportation of regulatory elements provides a novel source of trans-regulation between cells. In the last decade, studies were mainly focused on microRNAs; however, functions of long ncRNA (lncRNA) have been much less studied. Here, we review the regulatory roles of EV-linked ncRNAs, placing a particular focus on lncRNAs, how they can foster dictated patterns of trans-regulation in recipient cells. This refers to envisaging novel mechanisms of epigenetic regulation, cellular reprogramming and genomic instability elicited in recipient cells, ultimately permitting the generation of cancer initiating cell phenotypes, senescence and resistance to chemotherapies. Conversely, such trans-regulation may introduce RNA interference in recipient cancer cells causing the suppression of oncogenes and anti-apoptotic proteins; thus favoring tumor inhibition. Collectively, understanding these mechanisms could be of great value to EV-based RNA therapeutics achieved through gene manipulation within cancer cells, whereas the ncRNA content of EVs from cancer patients could serve as non-invasive source of diagnostic biomarkers and prognostic indicators in response to therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farah Fatima
- Department of Pathology and Forensic Medicine, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes 3900, Ribeirão Preto 14049-900, Brazil.
| | - Muhammad Nawaz
- Department of Pathology and Forensic Medicine, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes 3900, Ribeirão Preto 14049-900, Brazil.
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203
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Ma P, Pan Y, Li W, Sun C, Liu J, Xu T, Shu Y. Extracellular vesicles-mediated noncoding RNAs transfer in cancer. J Hematol Oncol 2017; 10:57. [PMID: 28231804 PMCID: PMC5324273 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-017-0426-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are small membranous vesicles secreted from numerous cell types and have been found involved in cell-to-cell communication by transferring noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) including microRNAs, long noncoding RNAs, and circular RNAs. Emerging evidence shows that EV-associated ncRNAs play important roles in a wide range of diseases, particularly in cancer where they function through regulating protein expression of the pivotal genes that make contributions to tumorigenesis. Given their stability and abundance in serum, EV-associated ncRNAs can act as new diagnostic biomarkers and new therapeutic targets for cancer. Herein, we review the properties of EV-associated ncRNAs, their functions, and potential significance in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Ma
- Department of Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, People's Republic of China
| | - Yutian Pan
- Department of Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, People's Republic of China
| | - Chongqi Sun
- Department of Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Liu
- Department of Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, People's Republic of China
| | - Tongpeng Xu
- Department of Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongqian Shu
- Department of Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, People's Republic of China. .,Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.
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204
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Shen L, Zhang SQ, Liu L, Sun Y, Wu YX, Xie LP, Liu JC. Jolkinolide A and Jolkinolide B Inhibit Proliferation of A549 Cells and Activity of Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells. Med Sci Monit 2017; 23:223-237. [PMID: 28087861 PMCID: PMC5256368 DOI: 10.12659/msm.902704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Jolkinolide A (JA) and Jolkinolide B (JB) are diterpenoids extracted from the roots of Euphorbia fischeriana Steud and have been shown to have anti-tumor activity. However, their effects on the ability of tumor cells to invade blood vessels and metastasize remain largely unknown. Investigations into the effects of JA and JB on the angiogenesis of tumor tissues may facilitate the identification of new natural drugs with anti-tumor growth and metastasis activities. Material/Methods We used different concentrations of JA and JB (20 μg/ml, 40 μg/ml, 60 μg/ml, 80 μg/ml, and 100 μg/ml) to stimulate A549 cells and then studied the effects on the growth and metastasis of lung cancers. In addition, we used conditional media from A549 cells (A549-CM) stimulated by either JA or JB in different concentrations to culture human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Results We found that both JA and JB significantly inhibited the Akt-STAT3-mTOR signaling pathway and reduced the expression of VEGF in A549 cells, but JB exhibited more significant inhibitory effects than JA. The JB-stimulated A549 cell conditional media had a greater inhibitory effect on the proliferation and migration of HUVECs than did the conditional media of JA-stimulated A549 cells. This effect gradually increased with increasing concentrations of either type of Jolkinolide. Conclusions Our results suggest that JA and JB inhibited VEGF expression in A549 cells through the inhibition of the Akt-STAT3-mTOR signaling pathway, and directly inhibited the proliferation and migration of HUVECs. These findings are of great significance for the development of new plant-derived chemotherapy agents for the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Shen
- Qigihar Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, Heilongjiang, China (mainland).,Department of Anatomy, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, Heilongjiang, China (mainland)
| | - Shan-Qiang Zhang
- Department of Anatomy, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, Heilongjiang, China (mainland)
| | - Lei Liu
- Qigihar Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, Heilongjiang, China (mainland)
| | - Yu Sun
- Qigihar Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, Heilongjiang, China (mainland)
| | - Yu-Xuan Wu
- Department of Anatomy, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, Heilongjiang, China (mainland)
| | - Li-Ping Xie
- Department of Anatomy, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, Heilongjiang, China (mainland)
| | - Ji-Cheng Liu
- Qigihar Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, Heilongjiang, China (mainland)
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205
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Héliot A, Landkocz Y, Roy Saint-Georges F, Gosset P, Billet S, Shirali P, Courcot D, Martin PJ. Smoker extracellular vesicles influence status of human bronchial epithelial cells. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2016; 220:445-454. [PMID: 28063900 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2016.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cigarette smoking is a habit that has spread all over the world and is a significant risk factor for many diseases including cardiovascular disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma and lung cancer. Evaluation and understanding of tobacco health effects are of major interest worldwide and answer to important societal concerns. Identification of new biomarkers of exposure to tobacco smoke potentially implicated in COPD or lung carcinogenesis would allow a better observation of tobacco exposed population, thanks to screening establishment at reversible stages of pathological processes. In this study, we questioned whether cigarette smoking alters miRNA profiles of Extracellular Vesicles (EVs) present in human Broncho Alveolar Lavages (BALs), which could affect surrounding normal bronchial epithelial cells status. To this aim, BALs were carried out on 10 Smokers and 10 Non-Smokers, and EVs were isolated from the supernatants and characterized. We then compared the amount of 10 microRNAs (miRNAs) present in Smokers versus Non-Smokers BAL EVs and performed statistical analysis to discuss the biological significance by the smoking status and to evaluate BAL EV miRNAs as potential biomarkers of tobacco exposure. Finally, we tested the effects of smokers versus non-smokers EVs on human bronchial epithelial cells (BEAS-2B) to compare their influence on the cells status. Our study shows for the first time in human samples that smoking can alter lung EV profile that can influence surrounding bronchial epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amélie Héliot
- Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant (UCEIV), EA4492, Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale (ULCO), Dunkerque, France.
| | - Yann Landkocz
- Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant (UCEIV), EA4492, Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale (ULCO), Dunkerque, France.
| | | | - Pierre Gosset
- Anatomo-pathology service, Groupement des Hôpitaux de l'Institut Catholique de Lille, Lille, France.
| | - Sylvain Billet
- Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant (UCEIV), EA4492, Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale (ULCO), Dunkerque, France.
| | - Pirouz Shirali
- Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant (UCEIV), EA4492, Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale (ULCO), Dunkerque, France.
| | - Dominique Courcot
- Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant (UCEIV), EA4492, Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale (ULCO), Dunkerque, France.
| | - Perrine J Martin
- Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant (UCEIV), EA4492, Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale (ULCO), Dunkerque, France.
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206
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Soares do Amaral N, Cruz E Melo N, de Melo Maia B, Malagoli Rocha R. Noncoding RNA Profiles in Tobacco- and Alcohol-Associated Diseases. Genes (Basel) 2016; 8:genes8010006. [PMID: 28025544 PMCID: PMC5295001 DOI: 10.3390/genes8010006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Revised: 11/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tobacco and alcohol are the leading environmental risk factors in the development of human diseases, such as cancer, cardiovascular disease, and liver injury. Despite the copious amount of research on this topic, by 2030, 8.3 million deaths are projected to occur worldwide due to tobacco use. The expression of noncoding RNAs, primarily microRNAs (miRNAs) and long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), is modulated by tobacco and alcohol consumption. Drinking alcohol and smoking cigarettes can modulate the expression of miRNAs and lncRNAs through various signaling pathways, such as apoptosis, angiogenesis, and inflammatory pathways—primarily interleukin 6 (IL-6)/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), which seems to play a major role in the development of diseases associated with these risk factors. Since they may be predictive and prognostic biomarkers, they can be used both as predictors of the response to therapy and as a targeted therapy. Further, circulating miRNAs might be valuable noninvasive tools that can be used to examine diseases that are related to the use of tobacco and alcohol. This review discusses the function of noncoding RNAs in cancer and other human tobacco- and alcohol-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Natalia Cruz E Melo
- Molecular Gynecology Laboratory, Gynecologic Department, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Beatriz de Melo Maia
- Molecular Morphology Laboratory, AC Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo 01508-010, Brazil.
| | - Rafael Malagoli Rocha
- Molecular Gynecology Laboratory, Gynecologic Department, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
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207
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Tong Y, Zhou YL, Wang YX, Zhao PQ, Wang ZY. Retinal pigment epithelium cell-derived exosomes: Possible relevance to CNV in wet-age related macular degeneration. Med Hypotheses 2016; 97:98-101. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2016.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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208
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邹 洪, 邬 红, 许 川. [Research Progress of Exosomes in Lung Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment]. ZHONGGUO FEI AI ZA ZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF LUNG CANCER 2016; 19:778-783. [PMID: 27866522 PMCID: PMC5999640 DOI: 10.3779/j.issn.1009-3419.2016.11.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Revised: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 08/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
As the leading cause of morbidity and cancer related-death worldwide, lung cancer has a serious threat to human health. Exosomes are nanoscale lipid membrane vesicles derived from multivesicles, which containing active biomolecules including proteins, lipids, nucleic acids and etc. Exosomes play important roles in lung cancer initiation and progression by promoting the formation of tumor microenvironment, enhancing tumor invasive and metastasis capability, leading to immunosuppression and resistance to chemoradiotherapy, and also have the application value in early diagnosis and treatment. This review summarizes the research progress of exosomes in tumor initiation and progression, and its roles in diagnosis and treatment of lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- 洪波 邹
- 646000 泸州,西南医科大学附属医院The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
- 610083 成都,成都军区总医院肿瘤诊治中心Department of Oncology, Chengdu Military General Hospital, Chengdu 610083, China
| | - 红 邬
- 646000 泸州,西南医科大学附属医院The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
- 530021 南宁,广西医科大学Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
| | - 川 许
- 646000 泸州,西南医科大学附属医院The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
- 610083 成都,成都军区总医院肿瘤诊治中心Department of Oncology, Chengdu Military General Hospital, Chengdu 610083, China
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209
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Bell E, Taylor MA. Functional Roles for Exosomal MicroRNAs in the Tumour Microenvironment. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2016; 15:8-13. [PMID: 27872688 PMCID: PMC5109280 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2016.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular microRNAs are released from cells both passively and actively. The presence of these microRNAs in the tumour microenvironment (TME) can significantly impact on the plasticity of cancer cells leading to the promotion of metastatic and angiogenic processes. These extracellular microRNAs can act not only on other cancer cells, but also cells present in the TME, such as immune cells, endothelial cells, fibroblasts, and others acting to subvert the host immune system and drive tumour progression. In this review we highlight the current understanding of both the mechanisms by which microRNAs are released from tumour cells and the downstream functional effects that extracellular microRNAs have on recipient cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Bell
- AstraZeneca, Personalised Healthcare and Biomarkers, iMed, Cambridge Science Park, Cambridge CB4 0FZ, United Kingdom
| | - Molly A. Taylor
- AstraZeneca, Oncology iMed Bioscience, Cambridge CB2 0RE, United Kingdom
- Corresponding author at: AstraZeneca, Oncology iMed Bioscience, Lab 140, CRUK Cambridge Institute, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, United Kingdom.AstraZenecaOncology iMed BioscienceCRUK Cambridge InstituteLab 140Robinson WayCambridgeCB2 0REUnited Kingdom
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210
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Wang Z, Chen JQ, Liu JL, Tian L. Exosomes in tumor microenvironment: novel transporters and biomarkers. J Transl Med 2016; 14:297. [PMID: 27756426 PMCID: PMC5070309 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-016-1056-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor microenvironment (TME) plays an integral part in the biology of cancer, participating in tumor initiation, progression, and response to therapy. Exosome is an important part of TME. Exosomes are small vesicles formed in vesicular bodies with a diameter of 30–100 nm and a classic “cup” or “dish” morphology. They can contain microRNAs, mRNAs, DNA fragments and proteins, which are shuttled from a donor cell to recipient cells. Exosomes secreted from tumor cells are called tumor-derived (TD) exosomes. There is emerging evidence that TD exosomes can construct a fertile environment to support tumor proliferation, angiogenesis, invasion and premetastatic niche preparation. TD exosomes also may facilitate tumor growth and metastasis by inhibiting immune surveillance and by increasing chemoresistance via removal of chemotherapeutic drugs. Therefore, TD-exosomes might be potential targets for therapeutic interventions via their modification or removal. For example, exosomes can serve as specific delivery vehicles to tumors of drugs, small molecules, or agents of prevention and gene therapy. Furthermore, the biomarkers detected in exosomes of biological fluids imply a potential for exosomes in the early detection and diagnosis, prediction of therapeutic efficacy, and determining prognosis of cancer. Although exosomes may serve as cancer biomarkers and aid in the treatment of cancer, we have a long way to go before we can further enhance the anti-tumor therapy of exosomes and develop exosome-based cancer diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Wang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, 6 Shuangyong Road, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China.
| | - Jun-Qiang Chen
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, 6 Shuangyong Road, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China.
| | - Jin-Lu Liu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, 6 Shuangyong Road, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Lei Tian
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, 6 Shuangyong Road, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
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211
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Roesler R, Isolan GR. Letter to the Editor: MicroRNA levels and anti-VEGF therapy in glioblastoma. J Neurosurg 2016; 125:1050-1051. [PMID: 27285543 DOI: 10.3171/2016.3.jns16523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Roesler
- Institute for Basic Health Sciences, Cancer and Neurobiology Laboratory, Experimental Research Center, Clinical Hospital (CPE-HCPA), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; and.,Clinical Hospital (CPE-HCPA), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Advanced Center of Neurology and Neurosurgery (CEANNE)-Brazil, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Gustavo R Isolan
- Institute for Basic Health Sciences, Cancer and Neurobiology Laboratory, Experimental Research Center, Clinical Hospital (CPE-HCPA), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; and.,Clinical Hospital (CPE-HCPA), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Advanced Center of Neurology and Neurosurgery (CEANNE)-Brazil, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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212
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Lopatina T, Gai C, Deregibus MC, Kholia S, Camussi G. Cross Talk between Cancer and Mesenchymal Stem Cells through Extracellular Vesicles Carrying Nucleic Acids. Front Oncol 2016; 6:125. [PMID: 27242964 PMCID: PMC4876347 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2016.00125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are considered to be a novel complex mechanism of cell communication within the tumor microenvironment. EVs may act as vehicles for transcription factors and nucleic acids inducing epigenetic changes in recipient cells. Since tumor EVs may be present in patient biological fluids, it is important to investigate their function and molecular mechanisms of action. It has been shown that tumor cells release EVs, which are capable of regulating cell apoptosis, proliferation, invasion, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition, as well as to suppress activity of immune cells, to enhance angiogenesis, and to prepare a favorable microenvironment for metastasis. On the other hand, EVs derived from stromal cells, such as mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), may influence the phenotype of tumor cells through reciprocal cross talk greatly influenced by the transcription factors and nucleic acids they carry. In particular, non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), including microRNAs and long ncRNAs, have recently been identified as the main candidates for the phenotypic changes induced in the recipient cells by EVs. ncRNAs, which are important regulators of mRNA and protein expression, can function either as tumor suppressors or as oncogenes, depending on their targets. Herein, we have attempted to revise actual evidence reported in the literature on the role of EVs in tumor biology with particular regard to the cross talk of ncRNAs between cancer cells and MSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Lopatina
- Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino , Torino , Italy
| | - Chiara Gai
- Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino , Torino , Italy
| | - Maria Chiara Deregibus
- Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino , Torino , Italy
| | - Sharad Kholia
- Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino , Torino , Italy
| | - Giovanni Camussi
- Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino , Torino , Italy
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213
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Liu X, Luo F, Ling M, Lu L, Shi L, Lu X, Xu H, Chen C, Yang Q, Xue J, Li J, Zhang A, Liu Q. MicroRNA-21 activation of ERK signaling via PTEN is involved in arsenite-induced autophagy in human hepatic L-02 cells. Toxicol Lett 2016; 252:1-10. [PMID: 27107786 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2016.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Revised: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy, an evolutionarily conserved cellular process, has diverse physiological and pathological roles in biological functions. Whether autophagy is induced by arsenite, a well-established human carcinogen, and the molecular mechanisms involved, remain to be established. Further, microRNAs (miRNAs) act as regulators in various cancers, but how miRNAs regulate autophagy remains largely unexplored. We have found that, in human hepatic epithelial (L-02) cells, arsenite increases levels of autophagy-related proteins in a concentration- and time-dependent manner and elevates the number of autophagic vacuoles (AVs). Arsenite also activates the ERK pathway in a dose- and time-dependent manner. In L-02 cells exposed to arsenite, microRNA-21 (miRNA-21) is over-expressed, and its target proteins, PTEN, PDCD4, and Spry1, are decreased. Moreover, inhibition of miR-21 increases levels of PTEN, and reduces levels of Beclin 1 and LC3 II/I, indicating that miR-21 is involved in arsenite-induced autophagy. In addition, ectopic expression of PTEN blocks the effect of miR-21 on the arsenite-induced autophagy and decreases p-ERK levels. Also, ERK promotes the autophagy induced by arsenite. In sum, upon exposure of cells to arsenite, over-expression of miR-21 activates ERK through PTEN, factors that participate in arsenite-induced autophagy. This link, mediated through miRNAs, establishes a mechanism for the development of autophagy that is associated with arsenic toxicity. Such information contributes to an understanding of the liver toxicity caused by arsenite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinlu Liu
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu, PR China; The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Fei Luo
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu, PR China; The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Min Ling
- Jiangsu Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Lu Lu
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu, PR China; The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Le Shi
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu, PR China; The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Xiaolin Lu
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu, PR China; The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Hui Xu
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu, PR China; The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Chao Chen
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu, PR China; The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Qianlei Yang
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu, PR China; The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Junchao Xue
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu, PR China; The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Jun Li
- The Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Guiyang Medical University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, PR China
| | - Aihua Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Guiyang Medical University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, PR China
| | - Qizhan Liu
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu, PR China; The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu, PR China.
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214
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Escudero CA, Herlitz K, Troncoso F, Acurio J, Aguayo C, Roberts JM, Truong G, Duncombe G, Rice G, Salomon C. Role of Extracellular Vesicles and microRNAs on Dysfunctional Angiogenesis during Preeclamptic Pregnancies. Front Physiol 2016; 7:98. [PMID: 27047385 PMCID: PMC4796029 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Preeclampsia is a syndrome characterized by hypertension during pregnancy, which is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in both mother and newborn in developing countries. Some advances have increased the understanding of pathophysiology of this disease. For example, reduced utero-placental blood flow associated with impaired trophoblast invasion may lead to a hypoxic placenta that releases harmful materials into the maternal and feto-placental circulation and impairs endothelial function. Identification of these harmful materials is one of the hot topics in the literature, since these provide potential biomarkers. Certainty, such knowledge will help us to understand the miscommunication between mother and fetus. In this review we highlight how placental extracellular vesicles and their cargo, such as small RNAs (i.e., microRNAs), might be involved in endothelial dysfunction, and then in the angiogenesis process, during preeclampsia. Currently only a few reports have addressed the potential role of endothelial regulatory miRNA in the impaired angiogenesis in preeclampsia. One of the main limitations in this area is the variability of the analyses performed in the current literature. This includes variability in the size of the particles analyzed, and broad variation in the exosomes considered. The quantity of microRNA targets genes suggest that practically all endothelial cell metabolic functions might be impaired. More studies are required to investigate mechanisms underlying miRNA released from placenta upon endothelial function involved in the angiogenenic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A Escudero
- Group of Investigation in Tumor Angiogenesis, Vascular Physiology Laboratory, Universidad del Bío-BíoChillán, Chile; Group of Research and Innovation in Vascular Health, Department of Basic Sciences, Universidad del Bío-BíoChillán, Chile
| | - Kurt Herlitz
- Group of Investigation in Tumor Angiogenesis, Vascular Physiology Laboratory, Universidad del Bío-Bío Chillán, Chile
| | - Felipe Troncoso
- Group of Investigation in Tumor Angiogenesis, Vascular Physiology Laboratory, Universidad del Bío-Bío Chillán, Chile
| | - Jesenia Acurio
- Group of Investigation in Tumor Angiogenesis, Vascular Physiology Laboratory, Universidad del Bío-Bío Chillán, Chile
| | - Claudio Aguayo
- Group of Research and Innovation in Vascular Health, Department of Basic Sciences, Universidad del Bío-BíoChillán, Chile; Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of ConcepciónConcepción, Chile
| | - James M Roberts
- Departments of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Epidemiology, and the Clinical and Translational Science Institute, Magee-Womens Research Institute, University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Grace Truong
- Exosome Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Centre for Clinical Diagnostics, UQ Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Gregory Duncombe
- Exosome Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Centre for Clinical Diagnostics, UQ Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Gregory Rice
- Exosome Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Centre for Clinical Diagnostics, UQ Centre for Clinical Research, The University of QueenslandBrisbane, QLD, Australia; Ochsner Clinic Foundation, Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyNew Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Carlos Salomon
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of ConcepciónConcepción, Chile; Exosome Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Centre for Clinical Diagnostics, UQ Centre for Clinical Research, The University of QueenslandBrisbane, QLD, Australia; Ochsner Clinic Foundation, Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyNew Orleans, LA, USA
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215
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Santulli G. MicroRNAs and Endothelial (Dys) Function. J Cell Physiol 2015; 231:1638-44. [PMID: 26627535 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence indicates that microRNAs (miRs)-non-coding RNAs that can regulate gene expression via translational repression and/or post-transcriptional degradation-are becoming one of the most fascinating areas of physiology, given their fundamental roles in countless pathophysiological processes. The relative roles of different miRs in vascular biology as direct or indirect post-transcriptional regulators of fundamental genes implied in vascular remodeling designate miRs as potential biomarkers and/or promising drug targets. The mechanistic importance of miRs in modulating endothelial cell (EC) function in physiology and in disease is addressed here. Drawbacks of currently available therapeutic options are also discussed, pointing at the challenges and clinical opportunities provided by miR-based treatments. J. Cell. Physiol. 231: 1638-1644, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaetano Santulli
- Columbia University Medical Center, New York Presbyterian Hospital-Manhattan, New York, New York
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