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Akman HB, Oyken M, Tuncer T, Can T, Erson-Bensan AE. 3'UTR shortening and EGF signaling: implications for breast cancer. Hum Mol Genet 2015; 24:6910-20. [PMID: 26395459 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddv391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Alternative polyadenylation (APA) plays a role in gene expression regulation generally by shortening of 3'UTRs (untranslated regions) upon proliferative signals and relieving microRNA-mediated repression. Owing to high proliferative indices of triple negative breast cancers (TNBCs), we hypothesized APA to cause 3'UTR length changes in this aggressive subgroup of breast cancers. Our probe-based meta-analysis approach identified 3'UTR length alterations where the significant majority was shortening events (∼70%, 113 of 165) of mostly proliferation-related transcripts in 520 TNBC patients compared with controls. Representative shortening events were further investigated for their microRNA binding potentials by computational predictions and dual-luciferase assay. In silico-predicted 3'UTR shortening events were experimentally confirmed in patient and cell line samples. To begin addressing the underlying mechanisms, we found CSTF2 (cleavage stimulation factor 2), a major regulator of 3'UTR shortening to be up-regulated in response to epidermal growth factor (EGF). EGF treatment also resulted with further shortening of the 3'UTRs. To investigate the contribution of CSTF2 and 3'UTR length alterations to the proliferative phenotype, we showed pharmacological inhibition of the EGF pathway to lead to a reduction in CSTF2 levels. Accordingly, RNAi-induced silencing of CSTF2 decreased the proliferative rate of cancer cells. Therefore, our computational and experimental approach revealed a pattern of 3'UTR length changes in TNBC patients and a potential link between APA and EGF signaling. Overall, detection of 3'UTR length alterations of various genes may help the discovery of new cancer-related genes, which may have been overlooked in conventional microarray gene expression analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Tolga Can
- Department of Computer Engineering, M.E.T.U., Ankara 06800, Turkey
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202
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D'Arcy P, Linder S. Molecular pathways: translational potential of deubiquitinases as drug targets. Clin Cancer Res 2015; 20:3908-14. [PMID: 25085788 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-14-0568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) is the main system for controlled protein degradation and a key regulator of fundamental cellular processes. The dependency of cancer cells on a functioning UPS coupled with the clinical success of bortezomib for the treatment of multiple myeloma have made the UPS an obvious target for drug development. Deubiquitinases (DUB) are components of the UPS that encompass a diverse family of ubiquitin isopeptidases that catalyze the removal of ubiquitin moieties from target proteins or from polyubiquitin chains, resulting in altered signaling or changes in protein stability. Increasing evidence has implicated deregulation of DUB activity in the initiation and progression of cancer. The altered pattern of DUB expression observed in many tumors can potentially serve as a clinical marker for predicting disease outcome and therapy response. The finding of DUB overexpression in tumor cells suggests that they may serve as novel targets for the development of anticancer therapies. Several specific and broad-spectrum DUB inhibitors are shown to have antitumor activity in preclinical in vivo models with low levels of systemic toxicity. Future studies will hopefully establish the clinical potential for DUB inhibitors as a strategy to treat cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pádraig D'Arcy
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm and
| | - Stig Linder
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm and Department of Medical Sciences, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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203
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Zanconato F, Forcato M, Battilana G, Azzolin L, Quaranta E, Bodega B, Rosato A, Bicciato S, Cordenonsi M, Piccolo S. Genome-wide association between YAP/TAZ/TEAD and AP-1 at enhancers drives oncogenic growth. Nat Cell Biol 2015; 17:1218-27. [PMID: 26258633 PMCID: PMC6186417 DOI: 10.1038/ncb3216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 776] [Impact Index Per Article: 86.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
YAP/TAZ are nuclear effectors of the Hippo pathway regulating organ growth and tumorigenesis. Yet, their function as transcriptional regulators remains underinvestigated. By ChIP-seq analyses in breast cancer cells, we discovered that the YAP/TAZ transcriptional response is pervasively mediated by a dual element: TEAD factors, through which YAP/TAZ bind to DNA, co-occupying chromatin with activator protein-1 (AP-1, dimer of JUN and FOS proteins) at composite cis-regulatory elements harbouring both TEAD and AP-1 motifs. YAP/TAZ/TEAD and AP-1 form a complex that synergistically activates target genes directly involved in the control of S-phase entry and mitosis. This control occurs almost exclusively from distal enhancers that contact target promoters through chromatin looping. YAP/TAZ-induced oncogenic growth is strongly enhanced by gain of AP-1 and severely blunted by its loss. Conversely, AP-1-promoted skin tumorigenesis is prevented in YAP/TAZ conditional knockout mice. This work highlights a new layer of signalling integration, feeding on YAP/TAZ function at the chromatin level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Zanconato
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua School of Medicine, viale Colombo 3, 35126 Padua, Italy
| | - Mattia Forcato
- Center for Genome Research, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via G. Campi 287, 41100 Modena, Italy
| | - Giusy Battilana
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua School of Medicine, viale Colombo 3, 35126 Padua, Italy
| | - Luca Azzolin
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua School of Medicine, viale Colombo 3, 35126 Padua, Italy
| | - Erika Quaranta
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua School of Medicine, viale Colombo 3, 35126 Padua, Italy
| | - Beatrice Bodega
- Genome Biology Unit, Istituto Nazionale di Genetica Molecolare (INGM) 'Romeo and Enrica Invernizzi', via Francesco Sforza 35, Milan 20126, Italy
| | - Antonio Rosato
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padua School of Medicine, Via Gattamelata 64, 35126 Padua, Italy
- Istituto Oncologico Veneto IRCCS, Via Gattamelata 64, 35126 Padua, Italy
| | - Silvio Bicciato
- Center for Genome Research, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via G. Campi 287, 41100 Modena, Italy
| | - Michelangelo Cordenonsi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua School of Medicine, viale Colombo 3, 35126 Padua, Italy
| | - Stefano Piccolo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua School of Medicine, viale Colombo 3, 35126 Padua, Italy
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204
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Pommier RM, Gout J, Vincent DF, Alcaraz LB, Chuvin N, Arfi V, Martel S, Kaniewski B, Devailly G, Fourel G, Bernard P, Moyret-Lalle C, Ansieau S, Puisieux A, Valcourt U, Sentis S, Bartholin L. TIF1γ Suppresses Tumor Progression by Regulating Mitotic Checkpoints and Chromosomal Stability. Cancer Res 2015; 75:4335-50. [PMID: 26282171 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-14-3426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The transcription accessory factor TIF1γ/TRIM33/RFG7/PTC7/Ectodermin functions as a tumor suppressor that promotes development and cellular differentiation. However, its precise function in cancer has been elusive. In the present study, we report that TIF1γ inactivation causes cells to accumulate chromosomal defects, a hallmark of cancer, due to attenuations in the spindle assembly checkpoint and the post-mitotic checkpoint. TIF1γ deficiency also caused a loss of contact growth inhibition and increased anchorage-independent growth in vitro and in vivo. Clinically, reduced TIF1γ expression in human tumors correlated with an increased rate of genomic rearrangements. Overall, our work indicates that TIF1γ exerts its tumor-suppressive functions in part by promoting chromosomal stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roxane M Pommier
- Inserm U1052, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon, France. CNRS UMR5286, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon, France. Université de Lyon, Lyon, France. Université Lyon 1, Lyon, France. Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
| | - Johann Gout
- Inserm U1052, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon, France. CNRS UMR5286, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon, France. Université de Lyon, Lyon, France. Université Lyon 1, Lyon, France. Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
| | - David F Vincent
- Inserm U1052, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon, France. CNRS UMR5286, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon, France. Université de Lyon, Lyon, France. Université Lyon 1, Lyon, France. Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
| | - Lindsay B Alcaraz
- Inserm U1052, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon, France. CNRS UMR5286, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon, France. Université de Lyon, Lyon, France. Université Lyon 1, Lyon, France. Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
| | - Nicolas Chuvin
- Inserm U1052, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon, France. CNRS UMR5286, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon, France. Université de Lyon, Lyon, France. Université Lyon 1, Lyon, France. Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
| | - Vanessa Arfi
- Inserm U1052, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon, France. CNRS UMR5286, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon, France. Université de Lyon, Lyon, France. Université Lyon 1, Lyon, France. Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
| | - Sylvie Martel
- Inserm U1052, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon, France. CNRS UMR5286, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon, France. Université de Lyon, Lyon, France. Université Lyon 1, Lyon, France. Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
| | - Bastien Kaniewski
- Inserm U1052, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon, France. CNRS UMR5286, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon, France. Université de Lyon, Lyon, France. Université Lyon 1, Lyon, France. Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
| | - Guillaume Devailly
- Inserm U1052, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon, France. CNRS UMR5286, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon, France. Université de Lyon, Lyon, France. Université Lyon 1, Lyon, France. Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
| | - Geneviève Fourel
- Inserm U1052, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon, France. CNRS UMR5286, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon, France. Université de Lyon, Lyon, France. Université Lyon 1, Lyon, France. Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
| | - Pascal Bernard
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire de la Cellule, CNRS UMR 5239, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Caroline Moyret-Lalle
- Inserm U1052, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon, France. CNRS UMR5286, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon, France. Université de Lyon, Lyon, France. Université Lyon 1, Lyon, France. Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France. Université Lyon 1, ISPB, Faculté de Pharmacie de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Stéphane Ansieau
- Inserm U1052, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon, France. CNRS UMR5286, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon, France. Université de Lyon, Lyon, France. Université Lyon 1, Lyon, France. Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
| | - Alain Puisieux
- Inserm U1052, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon, France. CNRS UMR5286, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon, France. Université de Lyon, Lyon, France. Université Lyon 1, Lyon, France. Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France. Université Lyon 1, ISPB, Faculté de Pharmacie de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Ulrich Valcourt
- Inserm U1052, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon, France. CNRS UMR5286, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon, France. Université de Lyon, Lyon, France. Université Lyon 1, Lyon, France. Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
| | - Stéphanie Sentis
- Inserm U1052, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon, France. CNRS UMR5286, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon, France. Université de Lyon, Lyon, France. Université Lyon 1, Lyon, France. Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France. Université Lyon 1, ISPB, Faculté de Pharmacie de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Laurent Bartholin
- Inserm U1052, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon, France. CNRS UMR5286, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon, France. Université de Lyon, Lyon, France. Université Lyon 1, Lyon, France. Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France.
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205
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Ge J, Apicella M, Mills JA, Garçon L, French DL, Weiss MJ, Bessler M, Mason PJ. Dysregulation of the Transforming Growth Factor β Pathway in Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Generated from Patients with Diamond Blackfan Anemia. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0134878. [PMID: 26258650 PMCID: PMC4530889 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0134878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Diamond Blackfan Anemia (DBA) is an inherited bone marrow failure syndrome with clinical features of red cell aplasia and variable developmental abnormalities. Most affected patients have heterozygous loss of function mutations in ribosomal protein genes but the pathogenic mechanism is still unknown. We generated induced pluripotent stem cells from DBA patients carrying RPS19 or RPL5 mutations. Transcriptome analysis revealed the striking dysregulation of the transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) signaling pathway in DBA lines. Expression of TGFβ target genes, such as TGFBI, BAMBI, COL3A1 and SERPINE1 was significantly increased in the DBA iPSCs. We quantified intermediates in canonical and non-canonical TGFβ pathways and observed a significant increase in the levels of the non-canonical pathway mediator p-JNK in the DBA iPSCs. Moreover, when the mutant cells were corrected by ectopic expression of WT RPS19 or RPL5, levels of p-JNK returned to normal. Surprisingly, nuclear levels of SMAD4, a mediator of canonical TGFβ signaling, were decreased in DBA cells due to increased proteolytic turnover. We also observed the up-regulation of TGFβ1R, TGFβ2, CDKN1A and SERPINE1 mRNA, and the significant decrease of GATA1 mRNA in the primitive multilineage progenitors. In summary our observations identify for the first time a dysregulation of the TGFβ pathway in the pathobiology of DBA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingping Ge
- Division of Hematology, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Marisa Apicella
- Division of Hematology, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Jason A. Mills
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Loïc Garçon
- UPMC University Paris 06, UMR_S938, and Assistance Publique- Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Deborah L. French
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Mitchell J. Weiss
- Department of Hematology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Monica Bessler
- Division of Hematology, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Philip J. Mason
- Division of Hematology, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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206
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Grou CP, Pinto MP, Mendes AV, Domingues P, Azevedo JE. The de novo synthesis of ubiquitin: identification of deubiquitinases acting on ubiquitin precursors. Sci Rep 2015; 5:12836. [PMID: 26235645 PMCID: PMC4522658 DOI: 10.1038/srep12836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2014] [Accepted: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein ubiquitination, a major post-translational modification in eukaryotes, requires an adequate pool of free ubiquitin. Cells maintain this pool by two pathways, both involving deubiquitinases (DUBs): recycling of ubiquitin from ubiquitin conjugates and processing of ubiquitin precursors synthesized de novo. Although many advances have been made in recent years regarding ubiquitin recycling, our knowledge on ubiquitin precursor processing is still limited, and questions such as when are these precursors processed and which DUBs are involved remain largely unanswered. Here we provide data suggesting that two of the four mammalian ubiquitin precursors, UBA52 and UBA80, are processed mostly post-translationally whereas the other two, UBB and UBC, probably undergo a combination of co- and post-translational processing. Using an unbiased biochemical approach we found that UCHL3, USP9X, USP7, USP5 and Otulin/Gumby/FAM105b are by far the most active DUBs acting on these precursors. The identification of these DUBs together with their properties suggests that each ubiquitin precursor can be processed in at least two different manners, explaining the robustness of the ubiquitin de novo synthesis pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cláudia P Grou
- 1] Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, Portugal [2] Organelle Biogenesis and Function Group, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre 823, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal
| | - Manuel P Pinto
- 1] Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, Portugal [2] Organelle Biogenesis and Function Group, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre 823, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal
| | - Andreia V Mendes
- 1] Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, Portugal [2] Organelle Biogenesis and Function Group, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre 823, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal
| | - Pedro Domingues
- Mass Spectrometry Centre, UI-QOPNA, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Jorge E Azevedo
- 1] Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, Portugal [2] Organelle Biogenesis and Function Group, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre 823, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal [3] Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
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207
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Petersen HO, Höger SK, Looso M, Lengfeld T, Kuhn A, Warnken U, Nishimiya-Fujisawa C, Schnölzer M, Krüger M, Özbek S, Simakov O, Holstein TW. A Comprehensive Transcriptomic and Proteomic Analysis of Hydra Head Regeneration. Mol Biol Evol 2015; 32:1928-47. [PMID: 25841488 PMCID: PMC4833066 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msv079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The cnidarian freshwater polyp Hydra sp. exhibits an unparalleled regeneration capacity in the animal kingdom. Using an integrative transcriptomic and stable isotope labeling by amino acids in cell culture proteomic/phosphoproteomic approach, we studied stem cell-based regeneration in Hydra polyps. As major contributors to head regeneration, we identified diverse signaling pathways adopted for the regeneration response as well as enriched novel genes. Our global analysis reveals two distinct molecular cascades: an early injury response and a subsequent, signaling driven patterning of the regenerating tissue. A key factor of the initial injury response is a general stabilization of proteins and a net upregulation of transcripts, which is followed by a subsequent activation cascade of signaling molecules including Wnts and transforming growth factor (TGF) beta-related factors. We observed moderate overlap between the factors contributing to proteomic and transcriptomic responses suggesting a decoupled regulation between the transcriptional and translational levels. Our data also indicate that interstitial stem cells and their derivatives (e.g., neurons) have no major role in Hydra head regeneration. Remarkably, we found an enrichment of evolutionarily more recent genes in the early regeneration response, whereas conserved genes are more enriched in the late phase. In addition, genes specific to the early injury response were enriched in transposon insertions. Genetic dynamicity and taxon-specific factors might therefore play a hitherto underestimated role in Hydra regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hendrik O Petersen
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stefanie K Höger
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mario Looso
- Max Planck Institute (MPI) for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Tobias Lengfeld
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anne Kuhn
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Uwe Warnken
- Functional Proteome Analysis Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Chiemi Nishimiya-Fujisawa
- Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience, National Institute for Basic Biology, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Martina Schnölzer
- Functional Proteome Analysis Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marcus Krüger
- Max Planck Institute (MPI) for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany CECAD, University of Cologne, Germany
| | - Suat Özbek
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Oleg Simakov
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany Molecular Genetics Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Thomas W Holstein
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
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208
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Pal A, Donato NJ. Ubiquitin-specific proteases as therapeutic targets for the treatment of breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res 2015; 16:461. [PMID: 25606592 PMCID: PMC4384352 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-014-0461-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Key mediators of signaling pathways in breast cancer involve post-translational protein modification, primarily mediated through phosphorylation and ubiquitination. While previous studies focused on phosphorylation events, more recent analysis suggests that ubiquitin plays a parallel and equally important role in several signaling and cell regulatory events in breast cancer. Availability of new tools capable of sensitive detection of gene mutations and aberrant expression of genes and proteins coupled with gene-specific knockdown and silencing protocols have provided insight into the previously unexplored ubiquitin regulatory process within these tumors. Ubiquitin-specific proteases are one class of enzymes with protein deubiquitinating activity, making up the majority of protein deubiquitinating diversity within mammalian cells. Ubiquitin-specific proteases are also emerging as potential therapeutic targets in many diseases, including cancer. In this report, we summarize the involvement of this class of enzymes in breast cancer signaling and cell regulation and illustrate the potential for additional studies to define novel targets and approaches in breast cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anupama Pal
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, 1500 E. Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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209
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The evolving spectrum of polymyositis and dermatomyositis--moving towards clinicoserological syndromes: a critical review. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2015; 47:264-73. [PMID: 24048686 DOI: 10.1007/s12016-013-8387-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The idiopathic inflammatory myopathies: polymyositis (PM) and dermatomyositis (DM) have been historically defined by broad clinical and pathological criteria. These conditions affect both adults and children with clinical features including muscle weakness, skin disease and internal organ involvement. Over the last few years, it has become increasingly apparent that using a clinico-serological approach, both DM and PM can be defined into more homogeneous subsets. A large number of antibodies are directed against cytoplasmic or nuclear components involved in key regulatory intra-cellular processes including protein synthesis, translocation and gene transcription within this disease spectrum. In addition, these autoantibodies are found in patients with clinical features other than myositis, in particular 'idiopathic' interstitial pneumonia emphasizing that these patients may in fact be a formes-frustes of autoimmune connective tissue disease. Other important findings are the identification of specific autoantibodies in both cancer-associated dermatomyositis, clinically amyopathic dermatomyositis and juvenile dermatomyositis, which previously were classically described as antibody-negative clinical subsets. Finally, work has highlighted how target autoantigens identified in the myositis-connective tissue disease overlap share common cellular mechanisms, which provides us with further insights into disease pathogenesis.
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210
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Lan X, Lu G, Yuan C, Mao S, Jiang W, Chen Y, Jin X, Xia Q. Valproic acid (VPA) inhibits the epithelial-mesenchymal transition in prostate carcinoma via the dual suppression of SMAD4. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2015. [PMID: 26206483 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-015-2020-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSES The epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) plays an important role in cancer metastasis. Previous studies have reported that valproic acid (VPA) suppresses prostate carcinoma (PCa) cell metastasis and down-regulates SMAD4 protein levels, which is the key molecule in TGF-β-induced EMT. However, the correlation between VPA and the EMT in PCa remains uncertain. METHODS Markers of the EMT in PCa cells and xenografts were molecularly assessed after VPA treatment. The expression and mono-ubiquitination of SMAD4 were also analyzed. After transfection with plasmids that express SMAD4 or short hairpin RNA for SMAD4 down-regulation, markers of EMT were examined to confirm whether VPA inhibits the EMT of PCa cells through the suppression of SMAD4. RESULTS VPA induced the increase in E-cadherin (p < 0.05), and the decrease in N-cadherin (p < 0.05) and Vimentin (p < 0.05), in PCa cells and xenografts. SMAD4 mRNA and protein levels were repressed by VPA (p < 0.05), whereas the level of mono-ubiquitinated SMAD4 was increased (p < 0.05). SMAD4 knockdown significantly increased E-cadherin expression in PC3 cells, but SMAD4 over-expression abolished the VPA-mediated EMT-inhibitory effect. CONCLUSIONS VPA inhibits the EMT in PCa cells via the inhibition of SMAD4 expression and the mono-ubiquitination of SMAD4. VPA could serve as a promising agent in PCa treatment, with new strategies based on its diverse effects on posttranscriptional regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaopeng Lan
- Minimally Invasive Urology Center, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, 9677 Jingshidong Road, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Guoliang Lu
- Minimally Invasive Urology Center, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, 9677 Jingshidong Road, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Chuanwei Yuan
- Minimally Invasive Urology Center, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, 9677 Jingshidong Road, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Shaowei Mao
- Minimally Invasive Urology Center, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, 9677 Jingshidong Road, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Wei Jiang
- Department of Urology, Dongying People's Hospital, Dongying, 257000, China
| | - Yougen Chen
- Minimally Invasive Urology Center, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, 9677 Jingshidong Road, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Xunbo Jin
- Minimally Invasive Urology Center, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, 9677 Jingshidong Road, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Qinghua Xia
- Minimally Invasive Urology Center, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, 9677 Jingshidong Road, Jinan, 250014, China.
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Deubiquitinase USP47/UBP64E Regulates β-Catenin Ubiquitination and Degradation and Plays a Positive Role in Wnt Signaling. Mol Cell Biol 2015; 35:3301-11. [PMID: 26169834 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00373-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Wnt signaling plays important roles in development and tumorigenesis. A central question about the Wnt pathway is the regulation of β-catenin. Phosphorylation of β-catenin by CK1α and GSK3 promotes β-catenin binding to β-TrCP, leading to β-catenin degradation through the proteasome. The phosphorylation and ubiquitination of β-catenin have been well characterized; however, it is unknown whether and how a deubiquitinase is involved. In this study, by screening RNA interference (RNAi) libraries, we identified USP47 as a deubiquitinase that prevents β-catenin ubiquitination. Inactivation of USP47 by RNAi increased β-catenin ubiquitination, attenuated Wnt signaling, and repressed cancer cell growth. Furthermore, USP47 deubiquitinates itself, whereas β-TrCP promotes USP47 ubiquitination through interaction with an atypical motif in USP47. Finally, in vivo studies in the Drosophila wing suggest that UBP64E, the USP47 counterpart in Drosophila, is required for Armadillo stabilization and plays a positive role in regulating Wnt target gene expression.
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212
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Nakagawa T, Nakayama K. Protein monoubiquitylation: targets and diverse functions. Genes Cells 2015; 20:543-62. [PMID: 26085183 PMCID: PMC4744734 DOI: 10.1111/gtc.12250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Ubiquitin is a 76-amino acid protein whose conjugation to protein targets is a form of post-translational modification. Protein ubiquitylation is characterized by the covalent attachment of the COOH-terminal carboxyl group of ubiquitin to an amino group of the substrate protein. Given that the NH2 -terminal amino group is usually masked, internal lysine residues are most often targeted for ubiquitylation. Polyubiquitylation refers to the formation of a polyubiquitin chain on the substrate as a result of the ubiquitylation of conjugated ubiquitin. The structures of such polyubiquitin chains depend on the specific lysine residues of ubiquitin targeted for ubiquitylation. Most of the polyubiquitin chains other than those linked via lysine-63 and methionine-1 of ubiquitin are recognized by the proteasome and serve as a trigger for substrate degradation. In contrast, polyubiquitin chains linked via lysine-63 and methionine-1 serve as a binding platform for proteins that function in immune signal transduction or DNA repair. With the exception of a few targets such as histones, the functions of protein monoubiquitylation have remained less clear. However, recent proteomics analysis has shown that monoubiquitylation occurs more frequently than polyubiquitylation, and studies are beginning to provide insight into its biologically important functions. Here, we summarize recent findings on protein monoubiquitylation to provide an overview of the targets and molecular functions of this modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadashi Nakagawa
- Division of Cell Proliferation, ART, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8575, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Keiko Nakayama
- Division of Cell Proliferation, ART, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8575, Miyagi, Japan
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microRNA-34a inhibits epithelial mesenchymal transition in human cholangiocarcinoma by targeting Smad4 through transforming growth factor-beta/Smad pathway. BMC Cancer 2015; 15:469. [PMID: 26077733 PMCID: PMC4477414 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-015-1359-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma (EHCC) is one of the uncommon malignancies in the digestive system which is characterized by a poor prognosis. Aberrations of miRNAs have been shown involved in the progression of this disease. In this study, we evaluated the expression and effects of miR-34a on EHCC. METHODS miR-34a expression levels were detected in EHCC tissues, adjacent non-tumor tissues, normal bile duct (NBD) specimens of patients and cholangiocarcinoma (CC) cell lines by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Relationships between miR-34a with clinical characteristics of EHCC patients were further analyzed. Computational search, functional luciferase assay and western blot were further used to demonstrate the downstream target of miR-34a in CC cells. Immunohistochemistry was carried on to identify the downstream target gene of miR-34a in EHCC patients. Cell morphology, invasion and migration assays were further applied to confirm the anti-carcinogenic effects of miR-34a through the downstream target. RESULTS miR-34a expression was significantly decreased in human EHCC tissues and CC cell lines when compared with the adjacent non-tumor tissues and normal bile duct tissues. miR-34a was found correlated with the migration and invasion in EHCC patients. Smad4 was over-expressed in most of the EHCC patients and was further demonstrated as one of the downstream targets of miR-34a, which was involved in the progression of EHCC. Moreover, activation of miR-34a suppressed invasion and migration through TGF-beta/Smad4 signaling pathway by epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in vitro. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, our results suggest that miR-34a inhibits invasion and migration by targeting Smad4 to suppress EMT through TGF- beta/Smad signaling pathway in human EHCC.
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214
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A microRNA code for prostate cancer metastasis. Oncogene 2015; 35:1180-92. [PMID: 26073083 PMCID: PMC4803473 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2015.176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Revised: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Although the development of bone metastasis is a major detrimental event in prostate cancer, the molecular mechanisms responsible for bone homing and destruction remain largely unknown. Here we show that loss of miR-15 and miR-16 in cooperation with increased miR-21 expression promote prostate cancer spreading and bone lesions. This combination of microRNA endows bone-metastatic potential to prostate cancer cells. Concomitant loss of miR-15/miR-16 and gain of miR-21 aberrantly activate TGF-β and Hedgehog signaling, that mediate local invasion, distant bone marrow colonization and osteolysis by prostate cancer cells. These findings establish a new molecular circuitry for prostate cancer metastasis that was validated in patients' cohorts. Our data indicate a network of biomarkers and druggable pathways to improve patient treatment.
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215
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Wang Y, Liu Y, Yang B, Cao H, Yang CX, Ouyang W, Zhang SM, Yang GF, Zhou FX, Zhou YF, Xie CH. Elevated expression of USP9X correlates with poor prognosis in human non-small cell lung cancer. J Thorac Dis 2015; 7:672-9. [PMID: 25973233 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2072-1439.2015.04.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2014] [Accepted: 02/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to investigate the expression of ubiquitin-specific peptidase 9, X-linked (USP9X) in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients and to evaluate the relevance of USP9X expression to tumor prognosis. METHODS Ninety-five patients who underwent surgical resection for clinical stage I-IIIA NSCLC between July 2008 and July 2011 were included in this study. Immunohistochemical analysis of USP9X expression was performed on 95 NSCLC tissues and 32 adjacent normal lung parenchymal tissues from these patients. The Chi-squared test was used to compare the clinicopathological characteristics between different groups. Kaplan-Meier analysis and a Cox regression model were used to determine the independent prognostic factors. A P value <0.05 was considered to be significant. RESULTS The expression of USP9X was found to be significantly higher in NSCLC tissue (44.2%) than in adjacent normal lung parenchymal tissue (6.3%) (P<0.001). High USP9X expression was significantly associated with positive lymph node metastasis (P<0.001), clinical stage (P<0.001) and a reduced overall survival rate (P=0.001) in patients with NSCLC. Based on the multivariate analysis, the elevated expression of the USP9X protein was a significant predictor of poor prognosis for NSCLC patients (HR =2.244, P=0.028). CONCLUSIONS The current study demonstrated that the expression of USP9X in NSCLC tissue was significantly higher than that in normal lung tissue and that this elevated expression level of USP9X was associated with poor prognosis among NSCLC patients, suggesting that USP9X might serve as a prognostic biomarker for NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- You Wang
- 1 Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, 2 Department of Pathology, 3 Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Yu Liu
- 1 Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, 2 Department of Pathology, 3 Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Bo Yang
- 1 Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, 2 Department of Pathology, 3 Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Hong Cao
- 1 Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, 2 Department of Pathology, 3 Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Chun-Xu Yang
- 1 Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, 2 Department of Pathology, 3 Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Wen Ouyang
- 1 Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, 2 Department of Pathology, 3 Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Shi-Min Zhang
- 1 Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, 2 Department of Pathology, 3 Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Gui-Fang Yang
- 1 Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, 2 Department of Pathology, 3 Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Fu-Xiang Zhou
- 1 Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, 2 Department of Pathology, 3 Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Yun-Feng Zhou
- 1 Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, 2 Department of Pathology, 3 Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Cong-Hua Xie
- 1 Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, 2 Department of Pathology, 3 Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
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Wang E, Kawaoka S, Roe JS, Shi J, Hohmann AF, Xu Y, Bhagwat AS, Suzuki Y, Kinney JB, Vakoc CR. The transcriptional cofactor TRIM33 prevents apoptosis in B lymphoblastic leukemia by deactivating a single enhancer. eLife 2015; 4:e06377. [PMID: 25919951 PMCID: PMC4409649 DOI: 10.7554/elife.06377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Most mammalian transcription factors (TFs) and cofactors occupy thousands of genomic sites and modulate the expression of large gene networks to implement their biological functions. In this study, we describe an exception to this paradigm. TRIM33 is identified here as a lineage dependency in B cell neoplasms and is shown to perform this essential function by associating with a single cis element. ChIP-seq analysis of TRIM33 in murine B cell leukemia revealed a preferential association with two lineage-specific enhancers that harbor an exceptional density of motifs recognized by the PU.1 TF. TRIM33 is recruited to these elements by PU.1, yet acts to antagonize PU.1 function. One of the PU.1/TRIM33 co-occupied enhancers is upstream of the pro-apoptotic gene Bim, and deleting this enhancer renders TRIM33 dispensable for leukemia cell survival. These findings reveal an essential role for TRIM33 in preventing apoptosis in B lymphoblastic leukemia by interfering with enhancer-mediated Bim activation. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.06377.001 The DNA inside every cell in a human body is the same, and yet the activities that occur within different types of cells can vary greatly. White blood cells, for example, are different from skin cells or liver cells because different genes are active in each type of cell. Molecules called transcription factors and transcriptional cofactors associate with specific DNA sequences to control the activity of nearby genes. It is common for a single transcription factor or cofactor to bind to thousands of sites across the DNA of any cell. In humans, our immune systems protect us against infectious diseases and from malfunctioning cells that could become cancerous. White blood cells called B cells provide part of this immune defense. These cells help to identify invading bacteria and viruses, and can also develop into memory cells that help the immune system to rapidly recognize, respond to and eliminate a disease if it is re-encountered. Immature B cells—also known as B lymphoblasts—mature within bone marrow. If any problem occurs in a cell as it matures, that cell is usually programmed to self-destruct in a process called apoptosis. If these cells are not destroyed, they can accumulate in the bone marrow and prevent the production of other immune cells. This leads to a type of cancer called acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Wang et al. now reveal that TRIM33—a protein that B-lymphoid leukemia cells need to survive—is a transcriptional cofactor that prevents apoptosis. Furthermore, unlike other known transcription factors and cofactors in mammals, TRIM33 binds to an exceedingly small number of sites across the DNA of B cells. In fact, the cancer cell's dependency on the protein is due to TRIM33 associating with just a single binding site. The role of TRIM33 in B cell leukemia also has potential therapeutic implications. Although it is found in cells throughout the body, Wang et al. found that inhibiting TRIM33 in mice resulted in lower numbers of B cells being produced, but did not affect other tissues. Developing drugs that prevent TRIM33 from working could therefore provide new options for treating leukemia. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.06377.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Wang
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, New York, United States
| | | | - Jae-Seok Roe
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, New York, United States
| | - Junwei Shi
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, New York, United States
| | | | - Yali Xu
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, New York, United States
| | | | - Yutaka Suzuki
- Department of Medical Genome Sciences, University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Japan
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Ro H, Hur TL, Rhee M. Ubiquitin conjugation system for body axes specification in vertebrates. Anim Cells Syst (Seoul) 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/19768354.2015.1026399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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218
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Hwangbo C, Tae N, Lee S, Kim O, Park OK, Kim J, Kwon SH, Lee JH. Syntenin regulates TGF-β1-induced Smad activation and the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition by inhibiting caveolin-mediated TGF-β type I receptor internalization. Oncogene 2015; 35:389-401. [PMID: 25893292 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2015.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Revised: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Syntenin, a tandem PDZ domain containing scaffold protein, functions as a positive regulator of cancer cell progression in several human cancers. We report here that syntenin positively regulates transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1-mediated Smad activation and the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) by preventing caveolin-1-mediated internalization of TGF-β type I receptor (TβRI). Knockdown of syntenin suppressed TGF-β1-mediated cell migration, transcriptional responses and Smad2/3 activation in various types of cells; however, overexpression of syntenin facilitated TGF-β1-mediated responses. In particular, syntenin knockdown abolished both the basal and TGF-β1-mediated repression of E-cadherin expression, as well as induction of vimentin expression along with Snail and Slug upregulation; thus, blocking the TGF-β1-induced EMT in A549 cells. In contrast, overexpression of syntenin exhibited the opposite effect. Knockdown of syntenin-induced ubiquitination and degradation of TβRI, but not TGF-β type II receptor, leading to decreased TβRI expression at the plasma membrane. Syntenin associated with TβRI at its C-terminal domain and a syntenin mutant lacking C-terminal domain failed to increase TGF-β1-induced responses. Biochemical analyzes revealed that syntenin inhibited the interaction between caveolin-1 and TβRI and knockdown of syntenin induced a massive internalization of TβRI and caveolin-1 from lipid rafts, indicating that syntenin may increase TGF-β signaling by inhibiting caveolin-1-dependent internalization of TβRI. Moreover, a positive correlation between syntenin expression and phospho-Smad2 levels is observed in human lung tumors. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that syntenin may act as an important positive regulator of TGF-β signaling by regulating caveolin-1-mediated internalization of TβRI; thus, providing a novel function for syntenin that is linked to cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Hwangbo
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-Do, Republic of Korea
| | - N Tae
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-Do, Republic of Korea
| | - S Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-Do, Republic of Korea
| | - O Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-Do, Republic of Korea
| | - O K Park
- Division of Bio-imaging, Chuncheon Center, Korea Basic Science Institute, Chuncheon, Gangwon-Do, Republic of Korea
| | - J Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-Do, Republic of Korea
| | - S-H Kwon
- Division of Bio-imaging, Chuncheon Center, Korea Basic Science Institute, Chuncheon, Gangwon-Do, Republic of Korea
| | - J-H Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-Do, Republic of Korea
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Abstract
The post-translational modification of proteins with ubiquitin represents a complex signalling system that co-ordinates essential cellular functions, including proteolysis, DNA repair, receptor signalling and cell communication. DUBs (deubiquitinases), the enzymes that disassemble ubiquitin chains and remove ubiquitin from proteins, are central to this system. Reflecting the complexity and versatility of ubiquitin signalling, DUB activity is controlled in multiple ways. Although several lines of evidence indicate that aberrant DUB function may promote human disease, the underlying molecular mechanisms are often unclear. Notwithstanding, considerable interest in DUBs as potential drug targets has emerged over the past years. The future success of DUB-based therapy development will require connecting the basic science of DUB function and enzymology with drug discovery. In the present review, we discuss new insights into DUB activity regulation and their links to disease, focusing on the role of DUBs as regulators of cell identity and differentiation, and discuss their potential as emerging drug targets.
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220
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Enzo E, Santinon G, Pocaterra A, Aragona M, Bresolin S, Forcato M, Grifoni D, Pession A, Zanconato F, Guzzo G, Bicciato S, Dupont S. Aerobic glycolysis tunes YAP/TAZ transcriptional activity. EMBO J 2015; 34:1349-70. [PMID: 25796446 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201490379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 296] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased glucose metabolism and reprogramming toward aerobic glycolysis are a hallmark of cancer cells, meeting their metabolic needs for sustained cell proliferation. Metabolic reprogramming is usually considered as a downstream consequence of tumor development and oncogene activation; growing evidence indicates, however, that metabolism on its turn can support oncogenic signaling to foster tumor malignancy. Here, we explored how glucose metabolism regulates gene transcription and found an unexpected link with YAP/TAZ, key transcription factors regulating organ growth, tumor cell proliferation and aggressiveness. When cells actively incorporate glucose and route it through glycolysis, YAP/TAZ are fully active; when glucose metabolism is blocked, or glycolysis is reduced, YAP/TAZ transcriptional activity is decreased. Accordingly, glycolysis is required to sustain YAP/TAZ pro-tumorigenic functions, and YAP/TAZ are required for the full deployment of glucose growth-promoting activity. Mechanistically we found that phosphofructokinase (PFK1), the enzyme regulating the first committed step of glycolysis, binds the YAP/TAZ transcriptional cofactors TEADs and promotes their functional and biochemical cooperation with YAP/TAZ. Strikingly, this regulation is conserved in Drosophila, where phosphofructokinase is required for tissue overgrowth promoted by Yki, the fly homologue of YAP. Moreover, gene expression regulated by glucose metabolism in breast cancer cells is strongly associated in a large dataset of primary human mammary tumors with YAP/TAZ activation and with the progression toward more advanced and malignant stages. These findings suggest that aerobic glycolysis endows cancer cells with particular metabolic properties and at the same time sustains transcription factors with potent pro-tumorigenic activities such as YAP/TAZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Enzo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Giulia Santinon
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Arianna Pocaterra
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | | | - Silvia Bresolin
- Department of Woman and Child Health, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Mattia Forcato
- Department of Life Sciences, Center for Genome Research University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Daniela Grifoni
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnologies, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Annalisa Pession
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnologies, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Giulia Guzzo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Silvio Bicciato
- Department of Life Sciences, Center for Genome Research University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Sirio Dupont
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
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221
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Hu J, Yang D, Zhang H, Liu W, Zhao Y, Lu H, Meng Q, Pang H, Chen X, Liu Y, Cai L. USP22 promotes tumor progression and induces epithelial-mesenchymal transition in lung adenocarcinoma. Lung Cancer 2015; 88:239-45. [PMID: 25907317 DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2015.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Revised: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Our previous study showed that USP22 as an oncogene may mediate cancer development and progression in NSCLC, but the underlying molecular mechanism remains uncharacterized. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) has been reported to play an important role in migration and invasion of the tumor cells. Thus, this study aims to determine the clinical significance and the possible roles of USP22 in EMT and progression of lung adenocarcinoma. METHODS Immunohistochemistry was used to determine the expression of USP22 in clinical samples. The clinical correlations and prognostic significance of the aberrantly expressed proteins were evaluated by statistical analysis. Moreover, we evaluated whether USP22 could induce EMT in cultured lung cancer cells. RESULTS The USP22 expression was positive in 76.03% of specimens and was correlated with advanced clinicopathologic classifications (differentiation, T and AJCC stages) and TGF-β1 expression (p=0.008). Multivariate Cox regression analysis revealed that USP22 expression level was an independent prognostic factor for both overall survival and disease-free survival (HR, 2.060; p=0.013 and HR, 1.993; p=0.016). In vitro study revealed that USP22 can regulate proliferation and invasive properties, and induce EMT of lung adenocarcinoma cells. Moreover, USP22 may up-regulate TGF-β1 expression. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicated that USP22 may promote lung adenocarcinoma cell invasion by the induction of EMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Hu
- The 4th Department of Internal Medical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China.
| | - Dongdong Yang
- Department of Oncological Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Huijuan Zhang
- The 4th Department of Internal Medical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Wei Liu
- The 4th Department of Internal Medical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yanbin Zhao
- The 4th Department of Internal Medical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Hailing Lu
- The 4th Department of Internal Medical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Qingwei Meng
- The 4th Department of Internal Medical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Hui Pang
- The 4th Department of Internal Medical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Xuesong Chen
- The 4th Department of Internal Medical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yanlong Liu
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China.
| | - Li Cai
- The 4th Department of Internal Medical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China.
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222
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Deubiquitinase inhibition as a cancer therapeutic strategy. Pharmacol Ther 2015; 147:32-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2014.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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223
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Zhou M, Wang T, Lai H, Zhao X, Yu Q, Zhou J, Yang Y. Targeting of the deubiquitinase USP9X attenuates B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia cell survival and overcomes glucocorticoid resistance. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 459:333-339. [PMID: 25735983 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.02.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Although previous studies attributed a pro-survival role to USP9X in human cancer, how USP9X affects B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) remains unclear. Here, we found that USP9X is overexpressed in B-ALL cell lines and human patients. We investigated the role of USP9X in B-ALL and found that USP9X knockdown significantly reduced leukemic cell growth and increased spontaneous apoptosis, thereby improving survival in immunodeficient mice. These effects are partially mediated by the intrinsic apoptotic pathway, as we found that USP9X-knockdown leukemic cells displayed MCL1 down-regulation, with decreased BCL-2/BCL-XL levels and increased BAX levels. In addition, we demonstrated that USP9X inhibition negatively regulates mTORC1 activity toward its substrate S6K1. Clinically, USP9X inhibition sensitized glucocorticoid-resistant ALL cells to prednisolone; this observation reveals a potential avenue for improving the treatment of drug-resistant relapses. Collectively, our findings suggest that the combination of USP9X targeting and glucocorticoids treatment has attractive utility in B-ALL. This approach represents a potential strategy for promising combination therapies for lymphoid malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Zhou
- Cancer Biology Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China; Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Ting Wang
- Cancer Biology Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Huiling Lai
- Cancer Biology Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xuejiao Zhao
- Cancer Biology Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Qin Yu
- Cancer Biology Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jianfeng Zhou
- Cancer Biology Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China; Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Cancer Biology Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China; Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
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Murtaza M, Jolly LA, Gecz J, Wood SA. La FAM fatale: USP9X in development and disease. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:2075-89. [PMID: 25672900 PMCID: PMC4427618 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-1851-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Revised: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Deubiquitylating enzymes (DUBs), act downstream of ubiquitylation. As such, these post-post-translational modifiers function as the final arbitrators of a protein substrate’s ubiquitylation status, thus regulating its fate. In most instances, DUBs moderate the absolute level of a substrate, its locality or activity, rather than being an “all-or-none” phenomenon. Yet, disruption of this quantitative regulation can produce dramatic qualitative differences. The ubiquitin-specific protease 9X (USP9X/FAM) is a substrate-specific DUB, which displays an extraordinarily high level of sequence conservation from Drosophila to mammals. It is primarily the recent revelations of USP9X’s pivotal role in human cancers, both as oncogene or tumour suppressor, in developmental disorders including intellectual disability, epilepsy, autism and developmental delay that has led to a subsequent re-examination of its molecular and cellular functions. Results from experimental animal models have implicated USP9X in neurodegeneration, including Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s disease, as well as autoimmune diseases. In this review, we describe the current and accumulated knowledge on the molecular, cellular and developmental aspects of USP9X function within the context of the biological consequences during normal development and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariyam Murtaza
- The Eskitis Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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Xue J, Chen Y, Wu Y, Wang Z, Zhou A, Zhang S, Lin K, Aldape K, Majumder S, Lu Z, Huang S. Tumour suppressor TRIM33 targets nuclear β-catenin degradation. Nat Commun 2015; 6:6156. [PMID: 25639486 PMCID: PMC4315364 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms7156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Aberrant activation of β-catenin in the nucleus has been implicated in a variety of human cancers but the fate of nuclear β-catenin is unknown. Here we demonstrate that tripartite motif-containing protein 33 (TRIM33), acting as an E3 ubiquitin ligase, reduces the abundance of nuclear β-catenin protein. TRIM33-mediated β-catenin is destabilized and is GSK-3β or β-TrCP independent. TRIM33 interacts with and ubiquitylates nuclear β-catenin. Moreover, protein kinase Cδ, which directly phosphorylates β-catenin at Ser715, is required for the TRIM33–β-catenin interaction. The function of TRIM33 in suppressing tumour cell proliferation and brain tumour development depends on TRIM33-promoted β-catenin degradation. In human glioblastoma specimens, endogenous TRIM33 levels are inversely correlated with β-catenin. In summary, our findings identify TRIM33 as a tumour suppressor that can abolish tumour cell proliferation and tumorigenesis by degrading nuclear β-catenin. This work suggests a new therapeutic strategy against human cancers caused by aberrant activation of β-catenin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianfei Xue
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Yaohui Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Yamei Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Zhongyong Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Aidong Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Sicong Zhang
- 1] Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA [2] Program in Cancer Biology, The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Kangyu Lin
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Kenneth Aldape
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Sadhan Majumder
- 1] Program in Cancer Biology, The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, Houston, Texas 77030, USA [2] Department of Genetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Zhimin Lu
- 1] Program in Cancer Biology, The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, Houston, Texas 77030, USA [2] Department of Neuro-Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Suyun Huang
- 1] Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA [2] Program in Cancer Biology, The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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2-DE Mapping of the Blue Mussel Gill Proteome: The Usual Suspects Revisited. Proteomes 2015; 3:3-41. [PMID: 28248261 PMCID: PMC5302490 DOI: 10.3390/proteomes3010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The Blue Mussel (Mytilus edulis, L. 1758) is an ecologically important and commercially relevant bivalve. Because of its ability to bioconcentrate xenobiotics, it is also a widespread sentinel species for environmental pollution, which has been used in ecotoxicological studies for biomarker assessment. Consequently, numerous proteomics studies have been carried out in various research contexts using mussels of the genus Mytilus, which intended to improve our understanding of complex physiological processes related to reproduction, adaptation to physical stressors or shell formation and for biomarker discovery. Differential-display 2-DE proteomics relies on an extensive knowledge of the proteome with as many proteoforms identified as possible. To this end, extensive characterization of proteins was performed in order to increase our knowledge of the Mytilus gill proteome. On average, 700 spots were detected on 2-DE gels by colloidal blue staining, of which 122 different, non-redundant proteins comprising 203 proteoforms could be identified by tandem mass spectrometry. These proteins could be attributed to four major categories: (i) “metabolism”, including antioxidant defence and degradation of xenobiotics; (ii) “genetic information processing”, comprising transcription and translation as well as folding, sorting, repair and degradation; (iii) “cellular processes”, such as cell motility, transport and catabolism; (iv) “environmental information processing”, including signal transduction and signalling molecules and interaction. The role of cytoskeleton proteins, energetic metabolism, chaperones/stress proteins, protein trafficking and the proteasome are discussed in the light of the exigencies of the intertidal environment, leading to an enhanced stress response, as well as the structural and physiological particularities of the bivalve gill tissue.
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Nyati S, Schinske-Sebolt K, Pitchiaya S, Chekhovskiy K, Chator A, Chaudhry N, Dosch J, Van Dort ME, Varambally S, Kumar-Sinha C, Nyati MK, Ray D, Walter NG, Yu H, Ross BD, Rehemtulla A. The kinase activity of the Ser/Thr kinase BUB1 promotes TGF-β signaling. Sci Signal 2015; 8:ra1. [PMID: 25564677 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.2005379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling regulates cell proliferation and differentiation, which contributes to development and disease. Upon binding TGF-β, the type I receptor (TGFBRI) binds TGFBRII, leading to the activation of the transcription factors SMAD2 and SMAD3. Using an RNA interference screen of the human kinome and a live-cell reporter for TGFBR activity, we identified the kinase BUB1 (budding uninhibited by benzimidazoles-1) as a key mediator of TGF-β signaling. BUB1 interacted with TGFBRI in the presence of TGF-β and promoted the heterodimerization of TGFBRI and TGFBRII. Additionally, BUB1 interacted with TGFBRII, suggesting the formation of a ternary complex. Knocking down BUB1 prevented the recruitment of SMAD3 to the receptor complex, the phosphorylation of SMAD2 and SMAD3 and their interaction with SMAD4, SMAD-dependent transcription, and TGF-β-mediated changes in cellular phenotype including epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), migration, and invasion. Knockdown of BUB1 also impaired noncanonical TGF-β signaling mediated by the kinases AKT and p38 MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase). The ability of BUB1 to promote TGF-β signaling depended on the kinase activity of BUB1. A small-molecule inhibitor of the kinase activity of BUB1 (2OH-BNPP1) and a kinase-deficient mutant of BUB1 suppressed TGF-β signaling and formation of the ternary complex in various normal and cancer cell lines. 2OH-BNPP1 administration to mice bearing lung carcinoma xenografts reduced the amount of phosphorylated SMAD2 in tumor tissue. These findings indicated that BUB1 functions as a kinase in the TGF-β pathway in a role beyond its established function in cell cycle regulation and chromosome cohesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shyam Nyati
- Center for Molecular Imaging, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA. Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | | | - Sethuramasundaram Pitchiaya
- Single Molecule Analysis in Real-Time (SMART) Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA. Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Katerina Chekhovskiy
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Areeb Chator
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Nauman Chaudhry
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Joseph Dosch
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Marcian E Van Dort
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | | | - Chandan Kumar-Sinha
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA. Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Mukesh Kumar Nyati
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Dipankar Ray
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Nils G Walter
- Single Molecule Analysis in Real-Time (SMART) Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA. Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Hongtao Yu
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA. Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Brian Dale Ross
- Center for Molecular Imaging, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA. Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Alnawaz Rehemtulla
- Center for Molecular Imaging, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA. Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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Lane J, Yumoto K, Azhar M, Ninomiya-Tsuji J, Inagaki M, Hu Y, Deng CX, Kim J, Mishina Y, Kaartinen V. Tak1, Smad4 and Trim33 redundantly mediate TGF-β3 signaling during palate development. Dev Biol 2014; 398:231-41. [PMID: 25523394 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2014.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2014] [Revised: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-beta3 (TGF-β3) plays a critical role in palatal epithelial cells by inducing palatal epithelial fusion, failure of which results in cleft palate, one of the most common birth defects in humans. Recent studies have shown that Smad-dependent and Smad-independent pathways work redundantly to transduce TGF-β3 signaling in palatal epithelial cells. However, detailed mechanisms by which this signaling is mediated still remain to be elucidated. Here we show that TGF-β activated kinase-1 (Tak1) and Smad4 interact genetically in palatal epithelial fusion. While simultaneous abrogation of both Tak1 and Smad4 in palatal epithelial cells resulted in characteristic defects in the anterior and posterior secondary palate, these phenotypes were less severe than those seen in the corresponding Tgfb3 mutants. Moreover, our results demonstrate that Trim33, a novel chromatin reader and regulator of TGF-β signaling, cooperates with Smad4 during palatogenesis. Unlike the epithelium-specific Smad4 mutants, epithelium-specific Tak1:Smad4- and Trim33:Smad4-double mutants display reduced expression of Mmp13 in palatal medial edge epithelial cells, suggesting that both of these redundant mechanisms are required for appropriate TGF-β signal transduction. Moreover, we show that inactivation of Tak1 in Trim33:Smad4 double conditional knockouts leads to the palatal phenotypes which are identical to those seen in epithelium-specific Tgfb3 mutants. To conclude, our data reveal added complexity in TGF-β signaling during palatogenesis and demonstrate that functionally redundant pathways involving Smad4, Tak1 and Trim33 regulate palatal epithelial fusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie Lane
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI 48019, USA
| | - Kenji Yumoto
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI 48019, USA
| | - Mohamad Azhar
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Jun Ninomiya-Tsuji
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Maiko Inagaki
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Yingling Hu
- Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Chu-Xia Deng
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR, China
| | - Jieun Kim
- The Saban Research Institute of Children׳s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Yuji Mishina
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI 48019, USA
| | - Vesa Kaartinen
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI 48019, USA.
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230
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Xuan Y, Yang H, Zhao L, Lau WB, Lau B, Ren N, Hu Y, Yi T, Zhao X, Zhou S, Wei Y. MicroRNAs in colorectal cancer: small molecules with big functions. Cancer Lett 2014; 360:89-105. [PMID: 25524553 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2014.11.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Revised: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most lethal malignancy, with pathogenesis intricately dependent upon microRNAs (miRNAs). miRNAs are short, non-protein coding RNAs, targeting the 3'-untranslated regions (3'-UTR) of certain mRNAs. They usually serve as tumor suppressors or oncogenes, and participate in tumor phenotype maintenance. Therefore, miRNAs consequently regulate CRC carcinogenesis and other biological functions, including apoptosis, development, angiogenesis, migration, and proliferation. Due to its differential expression and distinct stability, miRNAs are regarded as molecular biomarkers (for diagnosis/prognosis) and therapeutic targets for CRC. Recently, a remarkable number of miRNAs have been discovered with implications via incompletely understood mechanisms in CRC. As further study of relevant miRNAs continues, it is hopeful that novel miRNA-based therapeutic strategies may be available for CRC patients in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Xuan
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Key Laboratory of Obstetrics & Gynecologic and Pediatric Diseases and Birth Defects of Ministry of Education, West China Second Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; The State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Huiliang Yang
- The State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Linjie Zhao
- The State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Wayne Bond Lau
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, USA
| | - Bonnie Lau
- Department of Surgery, Emergency Medicine, Kaiser Santa Clara Medial Center, Affiliate of Stanford University, USA
| | - Ning Ren
- College of Biological Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yuehong Hu
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Key Laboratory of Obstetrics & Gynecologic and Pediatric Diseases and Birth Defects of Ministry of Education, West China Second Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Tao Yi
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Key Laboratory of Obstetrics & Gynecologic and Pediatric Diseases and Birth Defects of Ministry of Education, West China Second Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xia Zhao
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Key Laboratory of Obstetrics & Gynecologic and Pediatric Diseases and Birth Defects of Ministry of Education, West China Second Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Shengtao Zhou
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Key Laboratory of Obstetrics & Gynecologic and Pediatric Diseases and Birth Defects of Ministry of Education, West China Second Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Yuquan Wei
- The State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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Liu J, Du X, Zhou J, Pan Z, Liu H, Li Q. MicroRNA-26b functions as a proapoptotic factor in porcine follicular Granulosa cells by targeting Sma-and Mad-related protein 4. Biol Reprod 2014; 91:146. [PMID: 25395673 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.114.122788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Sma- and Mad-related protein 4 (SMAD4) is the central mediator of the transforming growth factor beta signaling pathway and is closely related to mammalian reproductive ability and the development of ovarian follicles. However, little is currently known about the role of SMAD4 in mammalian follicular granulosa cell (GC) apoptosis or its regulation by miRNAs. Here, we found that the porcine SMAD4 protein was expressed at high levels in GCs and oocytes from primary, preantral, and antral follicles, and only slightly expressed in theca cells; its expression level was down-regulated in apoptotic ovarian GCs, suggesting that SMAD4 may be involved in ovary development and selection. Overexpression and knockdown of SMAD4 increased the proliferation and apoptosis of cultured porcine GCs, respectively. In addition, the use of miRNA mimics and luciferase reporter assays revealed that miRNA-26b (miR-26b) functions as a proapoptotic factor in porcine follicular GCs by targeting the 3'-untranslated region of the SMAD4 gene. Overexpression of miR-26b in follicular GCs suppressed SMAD4 mRNA and protein levels, resulting in down-regulation of the antiapoptotic BCL-2 gene and the promotion of GC apoptosis. Furthermore, transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-beta1) down-regulates miR-26b expression in porcine GCs. Taken together, these data suggest that SMAD4 plays a critical role in porcine follicular GC apoptosis and follicular atresia and that miR-26b may have a proapoptotic role in GCs by regulating the expression of SMAD4 in the transforming growth factor beta signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiying Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Xing Du
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Jilong Zhou
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Zengxiang Pan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Honglin Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Qifa Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, P.R. China
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Jingushi K, Ueda Y, Kitae K, Hase H, Egawa H, Ohshio I, Kawakami R, Kashiwagi Y, Tsukada Y, Kobayashi T, Nakata W, Fujita K, Uemura M, Nonomura N, Tsujikawa K. miR-629 Targets TRIM33 to Promote TGFβ/Smad Signaling and Metastatic Phenotypes in ccRCC. Mol Cancer Res 2014; 13:565-74. [PMID: 25381221 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-14-0300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is the most common neoplasm of the adult kidney, and clear cell RCC (ccRCC) represents its most common histological subtype. To identify a therapeutic target for ccRCC, miRNA expression signatures from ccRCC clinical specimens were analyzed. miRNA microarray and real-time PCR analyses revealed that miR-629 expression was significantly upregulated in human ccRCC compared with adjacent noncancerous renal tissue. Functional inhibition of miR-629 by a hairpin miRNA inhibitor suppressed ccRCC cell motility and invasion. Mechanistically, miR-629 directly targeted tripartite motif-containing 33 (TRIM33), which inhibits the TGFβ/Smad signaling pathway. In clinical ccRCC specimens, downregulation of TRIM33 was observed with the association of both pathologic stages and grades. The miR-629 inhibitor significantly suppressed TGFβ-induced Smad activation by upregulating TRIM33 expression and subsequently inhibited the association of Smad2/3 and Smad4. Moreover, a miR-629 mimic enhanced the effect of TGFβ on the expression of epithelial-mesenchymal transition-related factors as well as on the motility and invasion in ccRCC cells. These findings identify miR-629 as a potent regulator of the TGFβ/Smad signaling pathway via TRIM33 in ccRCC. IMPLICATIONS This study suggests that miR-629 has biomarker potential through its ability to regulate TGFβ/Smad signaling and accelerate ccRCC cell motility and invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Jingushi
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.
| | - Yuko Ueda
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kaori Kitae
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Hase
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Egawa
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ikumi Ohshio
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ryoji Kawakami
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yuri Kashiwagi
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yohei Tsukada
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takumi Kobayashi
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Wataru Nakata
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kazutoshi Fujita
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Motohide Uemura
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Norio Nonomura
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kazutake Tsujikawa
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
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Ding ZY, Jin GN, Wang W, Chen WX, Wu YH, Ai X, Chen L, Zhang WG, Liang HF, Laurence A, Zhang MZ, Datta PK, Zhang B, Chen XP. Reduced expression of transcriptional intermediary factor 1 gamma promotes metastasis and indicates poor prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology 2014; 60:1620-36. [PMID: 24954480 DOI: 10.1002/hep.27273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Transcriptional intermediary factor 1 gamma (TIF1γ) may play either a potential tumor-suppressor or -promoter role in cancer. Here we report on a critical role of TIF1γ in the progression of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Reduced expression of TIF1γ was detected in HCC, especially in advanced HCC tissues, compared to adjacent noncancerous tissues. HCC patients with low TIF1γ expression had shorter overall survival times and higher recurrence rates than those with high TIF1γ expression. Reduced TIF1γ expression was an independent and significant risk factor for recurrence and survival after curative resection. In HCC cells, TIF1γ played a dual role: It promoted tumor growth in early-stage HCC, but not in advanced-stage HCC, whereas it inhibited invasion and metastasis in both early- and advanced-stage HCC. Mechanistically, we confirmed that TIF1γ inhibited transforming growth factor-β/ Drosophila mothers against decapentaplegic protein (TGF-β/Smad) signaling through monoubiquitination of Smad4 and suppressed the formation of Smad2/3/4 complex in HCC cells. TGF-β-inducing cytostasis and metastasis were both inhibited by TIF1γ in HCC. We further proved that TIF1γ suppressed cyotstasis-related TGF-β/Smad downstream c-myc down-regulation, as well as p21/cip1 and p15/ink4b up-regulation in early-stage HCC. Meanwhile, TGF-β inducible epithelial-mesenchymal transition and TGF-β/Smad downstream metastatic cascades, including phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome ten down-regulation, chemokine (CXC motif) receptor 4 and matrix metalloproteinase 1 induction, and epidermal growth factor receptor- and protein kinase B-signaling transactivation, were inhibited by TIF1γ. In addition, we found that the down-regulation of TIF1γ in HCC was caused by hypermethylation of CpG islands in the TIF1γ promoter, and demonstrated that the combination of TIF1γ and phosphorylated Smad2 was a more powerful predictor of poor prognosis. CONCLUSION TIF1γ regulates tumor growth and metastasis through inhibition of TGF-β/Smad signaling and may serve as a novel prognostic biomarker in HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze-yang Ding
- Hepatic Surgery Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Demagny H, Araki T, De Robertis EM. The tumor suppressor Smad4/DPC4 is regulated by phosphorylations that integrate FGF, Wnt, and TGF-β signaling. Cell Rep 2014; 9:688-700. [PMID: 25373906 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2014.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Revised: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Smad4 is a major tumor suppressor currently thought to function constitutively in the transforming growth factor β (TGF-β)-signaling pathway. Here, we report that Smad4 activity is directly regulated by the Wnt and fibroblast growth factor (FGF) pathways through GSK3 and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) phosphorylation sites. FGF activates MAPK, which primes three sequential GSK3 phosphorylations that generate a Wnt-regulated phosphodegron bound by the ubiquitin E3 ligase β-TrCP. In the presence of FGF, Wnt potentiates TGF-β signaling by preventing Smad4 GSK3 phosphorylations that inhibit a transcriptional activation domain located in the linker region. When MAPK is not activated, the Wnt and TGF-β signaling pathways remain insulated from each other. In Xenopus embryos, these Smad4 phosphorylations regulate germ-layer specification and Spemann organizer formation. The results show that three major signaling pathways critical in development and cancer are integrated at the level of Smad4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadrien Demagny
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1662, USA
| | - Tatsuya Araki
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1662, USA
| | - Edward M De Robertis
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1662, USA.
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235
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Xie F, Zhang Z, van Dam H, Zhang L, Zhou F. Regulation of TGF-β Superfamily Signaling by SMAD Mono-Ubiquitination. Cells 2014; 3:981-93. [PMID: 25317929 PMCID: PMC4276910 DOI: 10.3390/cells3040981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Revised: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
TGF-β(transforming growth factor-β) superfamily signaling mediators are important regulators of diverse physiological and pathological events. TGF-β signals are transduced by transmembrane type I and type II serine/threonine kinase receptors and their downstream effectors, the SMAD(drosophila mothers against decapentaplegic protein) proteins. Numerous studies have already demonstrated crucial regulatory roles for modification of TGF-β pathway components by poly-ubiquitination. Recently, several studies also uncovered mono-ubiquitination of SMADs as a mechanism for SMAD activation or inactivation. Mono-ubiquitination and subsequent deubiquitination of SMAD proteins accordingly play important roles in the control of TGF-β superfamily signaling. This review highlights the major pathways regulated by SMAD mono-ubiquitination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Xie
- Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Zhengkui Zhang
- Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Hans van Dam
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Cancer Genomics Centre Netherlands and Centre for Biomedical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Postbus 9600 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Long Zhang
- Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China.
| | - Fangfang Zhou
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Cancer Genomics Centre Netherlands and Centre for Biomedical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Postbus 9600 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands.
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236
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Mutational landscape of gingivo-buccal oral squamous cell carcinoma reveals new recurrently-mutated genes and molecular subgroups. Nat Commun 2014; 4:2873. [PMID: 24292195 PMCID: PMC3863896 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms3873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 259] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2013] [Accepted: 11/05/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Gingivo-buccal oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC-GB), an anatomical and clinical subtype of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), is prevalent in regions where tobacco-chewing is common. Exome sequencing (n=50) and recurrence testing (n=60) reveals that some significantly and frequently altered genes are specific to OSCC-GB (USP9X, MLL4, ARID2, UNC13C and TRPM3), while some others are shared with HNSCC (for example, TP53, FAT1, CASP8, HRAS and NOTCH1). We also find new genes with recurrent amplifications (for example, DROSHA, YAP1) or homozygous deletions (for example, DDX3X) in OSCC-GB. We find a high proportion of C>G transversions among tobacco users with high numbers of mutations. Many pathways that are enriched for genomic alterations are specific to OSCC-GB. Our work reveals molecular subtypes with distinctive mutational profiles such as patients predominantly harbouring mutations in CASP8 with or without mutations in FAT1. Mean duration of disease-free survival is significantly elevated in some molecular subgroups. These findings open new avenues for biological characterization and exploration of therapies. Gingivo-buccal oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC-GB) is the leading cancer among males in India. Here, the authors carry out exome sequencing and recurrence testing in patients with OSCC-GB and highlight genes and biological pathways associated with the disease.
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237
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Herhaus L, Sapkota GP. The emerging roles of deubiquitylating enzymes (DUBs) in the TGFβ and BMP pathways. Cell Signal 2014; 26:2186-92. [PMID: 25007997 PMCID: PMC4443431 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2014.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2014] [Accepted: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The members of the transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) family of cytokines, including bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP), play fundamental roles in development and tissue homeostasis. Hence, aberrant TGFβ/BMP signalling is associated with several human diseases such as fibrosis, bone and immune disorders, cancer progression and metastasis. Consequently, targeting TGFβ signalling for intervention potentially offers therapeutic opportunities against these diseases. Many investigations have focussed on understanding the molecular mechanisms underpinning the regulation of TGFβ signalling. One of the key areas has been to investigate the regulation of the protein components of the TGFβ/BMP signal transduction pathways by ubiquitylation and deubiquitylation. In the last 15years, extensive research has led to the discovery and characterisation of several E3 ubiquitin ligases that influence the TGFβ pathway. However, the research on DUBs regulating the TGFβ pathway has received prominence only recently and is still an emerging field. This review will provide a concise summary of our current understanding of how DUBs regulate TGFβ signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Herhaus
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee, DD1 5EH Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Gopal P Sapkota
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee, DD1 5EH Scotland, United Kingdom.
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238
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Oosterkamp HM, Hijmans EM, Brummelkamp TR, Canisius S, Wessels LFA, Zwart W, Bernards R. USP9X downregulation renders breast cancer cells resistant to tamoxifen. Cancer Res 2014; 74:3810-20. [PMID: 25028367 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-13-1960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Tamoxifen is one of the most widely used endocrine agents for the treatment of estrogen receptor α (ERα)-positive breast cancer. Although effective in most patients, resistance to tamoxifen is a clinically significant problem and the mechanisms responsible remain elusive. To address this problem, we performed a large scale loss-of-function genetic screen in ZR-75-1 luminal breast cancer cells to identify candidate resistance genes. In this manner, we found that loss of function in the deubiquitinase USP9X prevented proliferation arrest by tamoxifen, but not by the ER downregulator fulvestrant. RNAi-mediated attenuation of USP9X was sufficient to stabilize ERα on chromatin in the presence of tamoxifen, causing a global tamoxifen-driven activation of ERα-responsive genes. Using a gene signature defined by their differential expression after USP9X attenuation in the presence of tamoxifen, we were able to define patients with ERα-positive breast cancer experiencing a poor outcome after adjuvant treatment with tamoxifen. The signature was specific in its lack of correlation with survival in patients with breast cancer who did not receive endocrine therapy. Overall, our findings identify a gene signature as a candidate biomarker of response to tamoxifen in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hendrika M Oosterkamp
- Authors' Affiliations: Division of Molecular Carcinogenesis and Cancer Genomics Center Netherlands; and
| | - E Marielle Hijmans
- Authors' Affiliations: Division of Molecular Carcinogenesis and Cancer Genomics Center Netherlands; and
| | - Thijn R Brummelkamp
- Authors' Affiliations: Division of Molecular Carcinogenesis and Cancer Genomics Center Netherlands; and
| | - Sander Canisius
- Authors' Affiliations: Division of Molecular Carcinogenesis and Cancer Genomics Center Netherlands; and
| | - Lodewyk F A Wessels
- Authors' Affiliations: Division of Molecular Carcinogenesis and Cancer Genomics Center Netherlands; and
| | - Wilbert Zwart
- Division of Molecular Pathology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - René Bernards
- Authors' Affiliations: Division of Molecular Carcinogenesis and Cancer Genomics Center Netherlands; and
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239
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Naik E, Webster JD, DeVoss J, Liu J, Suriben R, Dixit VM. Regulation of proximal T cell receptor signaling and tolerance induction by deubiquitinase Usp9X. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 211:1947-55. [PMID: 25200027 PMCID: PMC4172213 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20140860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
The T cell hyperproliferation and autoimmune phenotypes that manifest in mice lacking E3 ubiquitin ligases such as Cbl, ITCH, or GRAIL highlight the importance of ubiquitination for the maintenance of peripheral T cell tolerance. Less is known, however, about the deubiquitinating enzymes that regulate T cell proliferation and effector function. Here, we define a cell intrinsic role for the deubiquitinase Usp9X during proximal TCR signaling. Usp9X-deficient T cells were hypoproliferative, yet mice with T cell-specific Usp9x deletion had elevated numbers of antigen-experienced T cells and expanded PD-1 and OX40-expressing populations consistent with immune hyperactivity. Aged Usp9x KO mice developed lupus-like autoimmunity and lymphoproliferative disease, indicating that ubiquitin ligases and deubiquitinases maintain the delicate balance between effective immunity and self-tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwina Naik
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Department of Pathology, Department of Immunology, Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080
| | - Joshua D Webster
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Department of Pathology, Department of Immunology, Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080
| | - Jason DeVoss
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Department of Pathology, Department of Immunology, Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080
| | - Jinfeng Liu
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Department of Pathology, Department of Immunology, Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080
| | - Rowena Suriben
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Department of Pathology, Department of Immunology, Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080
| | - Vishva M Dixit
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Department of Pathology, Department of Immunology, Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080
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240
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Zheng X, Zhai B, Koivunen P, Shin SJ, Lu G, Liu J, Geisen C, Chakraborty AA, Moslehi JJ, Smalley DM, Wei X, Chen X, Chen Z, Beres JM, Zhang J, Tsao JL, Brenner MC, Zhang Y, Fan C, DePinho RA, Paik J, Gygi SP, Kaelin WG, Zhang Q. Prolyl hydroxylation by EglN2 destabilizes FOXO3a by blocking its interaction with the USP9x deubiquitinase. Genes Dev 2014; 28:1429-44. [PMID: 24990963 PMCID: PMC4083087 DOI: 10.1101/gad.242131.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The three EglN prolyl hydroxylases (EglN1, EglN2, and EglN3) regulate the stability of the HIF transcription factor. We recently showed that loss of EglN2, however, also leads to down-regulation of Cyclin D1 and decreased cell proliferation in a HIF-independent manner. Here we report that EglN2 can hydroxylate FOXO3a on two specific prolyl residues in vitro and in vivo. Hydroxylation of these sites prevents the binding of USP9x deubiquitinase, thereby promoting the proteasomal degradation of FOXO3a. FOXO transcription factors can repress Cyclin D1 transcription. Failure to hydroxylate FOXO3a promotes its accumulation in cells, which in turn suppresses Cyclin D1 expression. These findings provide new insights into post-transcriptional control of FOXO3a and provide a new avenue for pharmacologically altering Cyclin D1 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingnan Zheng
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Bo Zhai
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Peppi Koivunen
- Biocenter Oulu, Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Oulu Center for Cell-Matrix Research, University of Oulu, FIN-90014 Oulu, Finland
| | - Sandra J Shin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Gang Lu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - Jiayun Liu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - Christoph Geisen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - Abhishek A Chakraborty
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - Javid J Moslehi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - David M Smalley
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Xin Wei
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Xian Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Zhengming Chen
- Department of Public Health, Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Justine M Beres
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Jing Zhang
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Jen Lan Tsao
- Fibrogen, Incorporated, San Francisco, California 94158, USA
| | | | - Yuqing Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Cheng Fan
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Ronald A DePinho
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Jihye Paik
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Steven P Gygi
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - William G Kaelin
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland 20815, USA
| | - Qing Zhang
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
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241
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Pal A, Young MA, Donato NJ. Emerging potential of therapeutic targeting of ubiquitin-specific proteases in the treatment of cancer. Cancer Res 2014; 74:4955-66. [PMID: 25172841 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-14-1211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) has emerged as a therapeutic focus and target for the treatment of cancer. The most clinically successful UPS-active agents (bortezomib and lenalidomide) are limited in application to hematologic malignancies, with only marginal efficacy in solid tumors. Inhibition of specific ubiquitin E3 ligases has also emerged as a valid therapeutic strategy, and many targets are currently being investigated. Another emerging and promising approach in regulation of the UPS involves targeting deubiquitinases (DUB). The DUBs comprise a relatively small group of proteins, most with cysteine protease activity that target several key proteins involved in regulation of tumorigenesis, apoptosis, senescence, and autophagy. Through their multiple contacts with ubiquitinated protein substrates involved in these pathways, DUBs provide an untapped means of modulating many important regulatory proteins that support oncogenic transformation and progression. Ubiquitin-specific proteases (USP) are one class of DUBs that have drawn special attention as cancer targets, as many are differentially expressed or activated in tumors or their microenvironment, making them ideal candidates for drug development. This review attempts to summarize the USPs implicated in different cancers, the current status of USP inhibitor-mediated pharmacologic intervention, and future prospects for USP inhibitors to treat diverse cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anupama Pal
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Matthew A Young
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Nicholas J Donato
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan School of Medicine and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
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242
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Gaarenstroom T, Hill CS. TGF-β signaling to chromatin: how Smads regulate transcription during self-renewal and differentiation. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2014; 32:107-18. [PMID: 24503509 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2014.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2013] [Accepted: 01/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Ligands of the TGF-β superfamily (including the TGF-βs, Nodal and BMPs) play instructive roles during embryonic development. This is achieved by regulation of genes important for both maintaining pluripotency and germ layer specification and differentiation. Here we review how the TGF-β superfamily ligands signal to the chromatin to regulate transcription during development. The effectors of the pathway, the Smad transcription factors, are regulated in a combinatorial and spatiotemporal manner. This occurs via post-translational modifications affecting stability, localization and activity, as well as through interactions with other transcription factors and chromatin modifying enzymes, which occur on DNA. Expression profiling and Chromatin Immunoprecipitation have defined Smad target genes and binding sites on a genome-wide scale, which vary between cell types and differentiation stages. This has led to the insight that Smad-mediated transcriptional responses are influenced by the presence of master transcription factors, such as OCT4, SOX2 and NANOG in embryonic stem cells, interaction with other signal-induced factors, as well as by the general chromatin remodeling machinery. Interplay with transcriptional repressors and the polycomb group proteins also regulates the balance between expression of self-renewal and mesendoderm-specific genes in embryonic stem cells and during early development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tessa Gaarenstroom
- Laboratory of Developmental Signalling, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3LY, United Kingdom
| | - Caroline S Hill
- Laboratory of Developmental Signalling, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3LY, United Kingdom.
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243
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Ikeuchi Y, Dadakhujaev S, Chandhoke AS, Huynh MA, Oldenborg A, Ikeuchi M, Deng L, Bennett EJ, Harper JW, Bonni A, Bonni S. TIF1γ protein regulates epithelial-mesenchymal transition by operating as a small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) E3 ligase for the transcriptional regulator SnoN1. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:25067-78. [PMID: 25059663 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.575878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a fundamental cellular process that contributes to epithelial tissue morphogenesis during normal development and in tumor invasiveness and metastasis. The transcriptional regulator SnoN robustly influences EMT in response to the cytokine TGFβ, but the mechanisms that regulate the fundamental role of SnoN in TGFβ-induced EMT are not completely understood. Here we employ interaction proteomics to uncover the signaling protein TIF1γ as a specific interactor of SnoN1 but not the closely related isoform SnoN2. A 16-amino acid peptide within a unique region of SnoN1 mediates the interaction of SnoN1 with TIF1γ. Strikingly, although TIF1γ is thought to act as a ubiquitin E3 ligase, we find that TIF1γ operates as a small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) E3 ligase that promotes the sumoylation of SnoN1 at distinct lysine residues. Importantly, TIF1γ-induced sumoylation is required for the ability of SnoN1 to suppress TGFβ-induced EMT, as assayed by the disruption of the morphogenesis of acini in a physiologically relevant three-dimensional model of normal murine mammary gland (NMuMG) epithelial cells. Collectively, our findings define a novel TIF1γ-SnoN1 sumoylation pathway that plays a critical role in EMT and has important implications for our understanding of TGFβ signaling and diverse biological processes in normal development and cancer biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiho Ikeuchi
- From the Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, the Departments of Neurobiology and
| | - Shorafidinkhuja Dadakhujaev
- the Southern Alberta Cancer Research Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Amrita S Chandhoke
- the Southern Alberta Cancer Research Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | | | - Anna Oldenborg
- From the Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
| | | | - Lili Deng
- the Southern Alberta Cancer Research Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Eric J Bennett
- Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, and
| | - J Wade Harper
- Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, and
| | - Azad Bonni
- From the Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, the Departments of Neurobiology and
| | - Shirin Bonni
- the Southern Alberta Cancer Research Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
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244
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Tif1γ regulates the TGF-β1 receptor and promotes physiological aging of hematopoietic stem cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:10592-7. [PMID: 25002492 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1405546111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The hematopoietic system declines with age. Myeloid-biased differentiation and increased incidence of myeloid malignancies feature aging of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), but the mechanisms involved remain uncertain. Here, we report that 4-mo-old mice deleted for transcription intermediary factor 1γ (Tif1γ) in HSCs developed an accelerated aging phenotype. To reinforce this result, we also show that Tif1γ is down-regulated in HSCs during aging in 20-mo-old wild-type mice. We established that Tif1γ controls TGF-β1 receptor (Tgfbr1) turnover. Compared with young HSCs, Tif1γ(-/-) and old HSCs are more sensitive to TGF-β signaling. Importantly, we identified two populations of HSCs specifically discriminated by Tgfbr1 expression level and provided evidence of the capture of myeloid-biased (Tgfbr1(hi)) and myeloid-lymphoid-balanced (Tgfbr1(lo)) HSCs. In conclusion, our data provide a new paradigm for Tif1γ in regulating the balance between lymphoid- and myeloid-derived HSCs through TGF-β signaling, leading to HSC aging.
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245
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Azzolin L, Panciera T, Soligo S, Enzo E, Bicciato S, Dupont S, Bresolin S, Frasson C, Basso G, Guzzardo V, Fassina A, Cordenonsi M, Piccolo S. YAP/TAZ Incorporation in the β-Catenin Destruction Complex Orchestrates the Wnt Response. Cell 2014; 158:157-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2014.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 725] [Impact Index Per Article: 72.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Revised: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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246
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Mattiroli F, Sixma TK. Lysine-targeting specificity in ubiquitin and ubiquitin-like modification pathways. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2014; 21:308-16. [PMID: 24699079 DOI: 10.1038/nsmb.2792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Ubiquitin and ubiquitin-like modifications are central to virtually all cellular signaling pathways. They occur primarily on lysine residues of target proteins and stimulate a large number of downstream signals. The diversity of these signals depends on the type, location and dynamics of the modification, but the role of the exact site of modification and the selectivity for specific lysines are poorly understood. Here we review the current literature on lysine specificity in these modifications, and we highlight the known signaling mechanisms and the open questions that pose future challenges to ubiquitin research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Mattiroli
- 1] Division of Biochemistry, Cancer Genomics Center, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. [2]
| | - Titia K Sixma
- Division of Biochemistry, Cancer Genomics Center, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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247
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Shen G, Lin Y, Yang X, Zhang J, Xu Z, Jia H. MicroRNA-26b inhibits epithelial-mesenchymal transition in hepatocellular carcinoma by targeting USP9X. BMC Cancer 2014; 14:393. [PMID: 24890815 PMCID: PMC4062892 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-14-393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2013] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metastasis is responsible for the rapid recurrence and poor survival of malignancies. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) has a critical role in metastasis. Increasing evidence indicates that EMT can be regulated by microRNAs (miRNAs). The aim of this study was to investigate the role of miR-26b in modulating epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), as well as to identify its underlying mechanism of action. METHODS The expression level of miR-26b was assessed in multiple HCC cell lines (HepG2, MHCC97H, Hep3B, MHCC97L, HCCC9810, BEL-7402, Huh7 and QGY-7703), as well as in liver tissue from patients with HCC. Follow-up studies examined the effects of a miR-26b mimic (increased expression) and a miR-26b inhibitor (decreased expression) on markers of EMT, wound healing and cell migration. The molecular target of miR-26b was also identified using a computer algorithm and confirmed experimentally. RESULTS MiR-26b expression was decreased in HCC cell lines and was inversely correlated with the grade of HCC. Increased expression of miR-26b inhibited the migration and invasiveness of HCC cell lines, which was accompanied by decreased expression of the epithelial marker E-cadherin and increased expression of the mesenchymal marker vimentin, at both the mRNA and protein expression levels. A binding site for miR-26b was theoretically identified in the 3'UTR of USP9X. Further studies revealed that overexpression of miR-26b repressed the endogenous level of USP9X protein expression. Overexpression of miR-26b also repressed Smad4 expression, whereas its inhibition elevated Smad4 expression. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, our results indicate that miR-26b were inhibited in HCC. In HCC cell lines, miR-26b targeted the 3'UTR of USP9X, which in turn affects EMT through Smad4 and the TGF-β signaling pathway. Our analysis of clinical HCC samples verifies that miR-26b also targets USP9X expression to inhibit the EMT of hepatocytes. Thus, miR-26b may have some effects on the EMT of HCC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Hongyun Jia
- Department of clinical examination, the second affiliated hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
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248
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Wisotzkey RG, Quijano JC, Stinchfield MJ, Newfeld SJ. New gene evolution in the bonus-TIF1-γ/TRIM33 family impacted the architecture of the vertebrate dorsal-ventral patterning network. Mol Biol Evol 2014; 31:2309-21. [PMID: 24881051 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msu175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Uncovering how a new gene acquires its function and understanding how the function of a new gene influences existing genetic networks are important topics in evolutionary biology. Here, we demonstrate nonconservation for the embryonic functions of Drosophila Bonus and its newest vertebrate relative TIF1-γ/TRIM33. We showed previously that TIF1-γ/TRIM33 functions as an ubiquitin ligase for the Smad4 signal transducer and antagonizes the Bone Morphogenetic Protein (BMP) signaling network underlying vertebrate dorsal-ventral axis formation. Here, we show that Bonus functions as an agonist of the Decapentaplegic (Dpp) signaling network underlying dorsal-ventral axis formation in flies. The absence of conservation for the roles of Bonus and TIF1-γ/TRIM33 reveals a shift in the dorsal-ventral patterning networks of flies and mice, systems that were previously considered wholly conserved. The shift occurred when the new gene TIF1-γ/TRIM33 replaced the function of the ubiquitin ligase Nedd4L in the lineage leading to vertebrates. Evidence of this replacement is our demonstration that Nedd4 performs the function of TIF1-γ/TRIM33 in flies during dorsal-ventral axis formation. The replacement allowed vertebrate Nedd4L to acquire novel functions as a ubiquitin ligase of vertebrate-specific Smad proteins. Overall our data reveal that the architecture of the Dpp/BMP dorsal-ventral patterning network continued to evolve in the vertebrate lineage, after separation from flies, via the incorporation of new genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert G Wisotzkey
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University, East Bay
| | - Janine C Quijano
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University, East BaySchool of Life Sciences, Arizona State University
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249
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Zhang J, Zhang X, Xie F, Zhang Z, van Dam H, Zhang L, Zhou F. The regulation of TGF-β/SMAD signaling by protein deubiquitination. Protein Cell 2014; 5:503-17. [PMID: 24756567 PMCID: PMC4085288 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-014-0058-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) members are key cytokines that control embryogenesis and tissue homeostasis via transmembrane TGF-β type II (TβR II) and type I (TβRI) and serine/threonine kinases receptors. Aberrant activation of TGF-β signaling leads to diseases, including cancer. In advanced cancer, the TGF-β/SMAD pathway can act as an oncogenic factor driving tumor cell invasion and metastasis, and thus is considered to be a therapeutic target. The activity of TGF-β/SMAD pathway is known to be regulated by ubiquitination at multiple levels. As ubiquitination is reversible, emerging studies have uncovered key roles for ubiquitin-removals on TGF-β signaling components by deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs). In this paper, we summarize the latest findings on the DUBs that control the activity of the TGF-β signaling pathway. The regulatory roles of these DUBs as a driving force for cancer progression as well as their underlying working mechanisms are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Zhang
- Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 China
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Cancer Genomics Centre Netherlands and Centre of Biomedical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Postbus 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Xiaofei Zhang
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Cancer Genomics Centre Netherlands and Centre of Biomedical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Postbus 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Feng Xie
- Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 China
| | - Zhengkui Zhang
- Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 China
| | - Hans van Dam
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Cancer Genomics Centre Netherlands and Centre of Biomedical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Postbus 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Long Zhang
- Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 China
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Cancer Genomics Centre Netherlands and Centre of Biomedical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Postbus 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Fangfang Zhou
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Cancer Genomics Centre Netherlands and Centre of Biomedical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Postbus 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
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250
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Caputo V, Bocchinfuso G, Castori M, Traversa A, Pizzuti A, Stella L, Grammatico P, Tartaglia M. Novel SMAD4 mutation causing Myhre syndrome. Am J Med Genet A 2014; 164A:1835-40. [PMID: 24715504 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.36544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2013] [Accepted: 02/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Myhre syndrome (MYHRS, OMIM 139210) is an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by developmental and growth delay, athletic muscular built, variable cognitive deficits, skeletal anomalies, stiffness of joints, distinctive facial gestalt and deafness. Recently, SMAD4 (OMIM 600993) was identified by exome sequencing as the disease gene mutated in MYHRS. Previously only three missense mutations affecting Ile500 (p.Ile500Thr, p.Ile500Val, and p.Ile500Met) have been described in 22 unrelated subjects with MYHRS or a clinically related phenotype. Here we report on a 15-year-old boy with typical MYHRS and a novel heterozygous SMAD4 missense mutation affecting residue Arg496. This finding provides further information about the distinctive SMAD4 mutation spectrum in MYHRS. In silico structural analyses exploring the impact of the Arg-to-Cys change at codon 496 suggested that conformational changes promoted by replacement of Arg496 impact the stability of the SMAD heterotrimer and/or proper SMAD4 ubiquitination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviana Caputo
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
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