201
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Zhang C, Yan H, Li F, Hu X, Zhou Q. Sorption of short- and long-chain perfluoroalkyl surfactants on sewage sludges. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2013; 260:689-699. [PMID: 23834900 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2013.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2013] [Revised: 06/03/2013] [Accepted: 06/10/2013] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Perfluoroalkyl surfactants (PASs) have attracted increasing concerns in recent years due to their global distribution, persistence, bioaccumulation and potential toxicity. Since sludge was a significant source of PASs to environment, the sorption of short (C2-C6) and long-chain (C7-C15) PASs on different sewage sludge was investigated in this study. The equilibrium data were well represented by the Freundlich isotherm and were generally nonlinear. In order to elucidate the sorption mechanism of PASs to sludge, effect of sludge property, solution chemistry and molecular structure were also investigated in details. The dominant sludge parameter influencing sorption of PASs was protein in extracellular polymeric substances. The sorption of PASs onto sludge increased as solution pH decreased. For all the PASs homologues, enhanced adsorption occurred with increasing calcium concentration in solution. For PASs with C5-C15, sorption on sludge increases with increasing alkyl chain length, while for PASs with C2-C5, the association of sludge decreases when the alkyl chain length increases. The perfluorinated sulfonic acid (PFSA) demonstrated substantially stronger sorption than perfluorinated carboxylic acid (PFCA) analog. Evidence for both hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions was found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaojie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China.
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202
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Chularueangaksorn P, Tanaka S, Fujii S, Kunacheva C. Batch and column adsorption of perfluorooctane sulfonate on anion exchange resins and granular activated carbon. J Appl Polym Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/app.39782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pattarawan Chularueangaksorn
- Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies; Kyoto University, Yoshida Campus; Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8501 Japan
| | - Shuhei Tanaka
- Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies; Kyoto University, Yoshida Campus; Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8501 Japan
| | - Shigeo Fujii
- Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies; Kyoto University, Yoshida Campus; Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8501 Japan
| | - Chinagarn Kunacheva
- Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies; Kyoto University, Yoshida Campus; Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8501 Japan
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203
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Flores C, Ventura F, Martin-Alonso J, Caixach J. Occurrence of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) in N.E. Spanish surface waters and their removal in a drinking water treatment plant that combines conventional and advanced treatments in parallel lines. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2013; 461-462:618-26. [PMID: 23764674 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2013] [Revised: 05/10/2013] [Accepted: 05/11/2013] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) are two emerging contaminants that have been detected in all environmental compartments. However, while most of the studies in the literature deal with their presence or removal in wastewater treatment, few of them are devoted to their detection in treated drinking water and fate during drinking water treatment. In this study, analyses of PFOS and PFOA have been carried out in river water samples and in the different stages of a drinking water treatment plant (DWTP) which has recently improved its conventional treatment process by adding ultrafiltration and reverse osmosis in a parallel treatment line. Conventional and advanced treatments have been studied in several pilot plants and in the DWTP, which offers the opportunity to compare both treatments operating simultaneously. From the results obtained, neither preoxidation, sand filtration, nor ozonation, removed both perfluorinated compounds. As advanced treatments, reverse osmosis has proved more effective than reverse electrodialysis to remove PFOA and PFOS in the different configurations of pilot plants assayed. Granular activated carbon with an average elimination efficiency of 64±11% and 45±19% for PFOS and PFOA, respectively and especially reverse osmosis, which was able to remove ≥99% of both compounds, were the sole effective treatment steps. Trace levels of PFOS (3.0-21 ng/L) and PFOA (<4.2-5.5 ng/L) detected in treated drinking water were significantly lowered in comparison to those measured in precedent years. These concentrations represent overall removal efficiencies of 89±22% for PFOA and 86±7% for PFOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cintia Flores
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory/Organic Pollutants, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
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204
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Vierke L, Ahrens L, Shoeib M, Palm WU, Webster EM, Ellis DA, Ebinghaus R, Harner T. In situ air-water and particle-water partitioning of perfluorocarboxylic acids, perfluorosulfonic acids and perfluorooctyl sulfonamide at a wastewater treatment plant. CHEMOSPHERE 2013; 92:941-948. [PMID: 23561570 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.02.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2012] [Revised: 02/26/2013] [Accepted: 02/27/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
In situ measurements of air and water phases at a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) were used to investigate the partitioning behavior of perfluorocarboxylic acids (PFCAs), perfluorosulfonic acids (PFSAs) and perfluorooctyl sulfonamide (HFOSA) and their conjugate bases (PFC(-)s, PFS(-)s, and FOSA(-), respectively). Particle-dissolved (Rd) and air-water (QAW) concentration ratios were determined at different tanks of a WWTP. Sum of concentrations of C4-12,14 PFC(A)s, C4,6,8,10 PFS(A)s and (H)FOSA were as high as 50 pg m(-3) (atmospheric gas phase), 2300 ng L(-1) (aqueous dissolved phase) and 2500 ng L(-1) (aqueous particle phase). Particle-dissolved concentration ratios of total species, log Rd, ranged from -2.9 to 1.3 for PFS(A)s, from -1.9 to 1.1 for PFC(A)s and was 0.71 for (H)FOSA. These field-based values agree well with equilibrium partitioning data reported in the literature, suggesting that any in situ generation from precursors, if they are present in this system, occurs at a slower rate than the rate of approach to equilibrium. Acid QAW were also estimated. Good agreement between the QAW and the air-water equilibrium partition coefficient for C8PFCA suggests that the air above the WWTP tanks is at or near equilibrium with the water. Uncertainties in these QAW values are attributed mainly to variability in pKa values reported in the literature. The WWTP provides a unique environment for investigating environmental fate processes of the PFCAs and PFSAs under 'real' conditions in order to better understand and predict their fate in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Vierke
- Federal Environment Agency (UBA), Section Chemicals, Wörlitzer Platz 1, Dessau-Rosslau, Germany.
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205
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Karoyo AH, Wilson LD. Tunable macromolecular-based materials for the adsorption of perfluorooctanoic and octanoic acid anions. J Colloid Interface Sci 2013; 402:196-203. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2013.03.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2012] [Revised: 03/08/2013] [Accepted: 03/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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206
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Zareitalabad P, Siemens J, Hamer M, Amelung W. Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) in surface waters, sediments, soils and wastewater - A review on concentrations and distribution coefficients. CHEMOSPHERE 2013; 91:725-32. [PMID: 23498059 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 333] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2012] [Revised: 02/08/2013] [Accepted: 02/09/2013] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The sorption of perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) to soils and sediments determines their fate and distribution in the environment, but there is little consensus regarding distribution coefficients that should be used for assessing the environmental fate of these compounds. Here we reviewed sorption coefficients for PFCs derived from laboratory experiments and compared these values with the gross distribution between the concentrations of PFCs in surface waters and sediments or between wastewater and sewage sludge. Sorption experiments with perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) suggest that their sorption can be described reasonably well as a partitioning-like process with an average log K(oc) of approximately 2.8 for PFOA and 3.0 for PFOS. However, median concentrations in sediments (PFOA, 0.27 ng g(-1); PFOS, 0.54 ng g(-1)) or sewage sludge (PFOA, 37 ng g(-1); PFOS, 69 ng g(-1)) in relation to median concentrations in surface water (PFOA, 3ngl(-1); PFOS, 3ngl(-1)) or wastewater treatment effluent (PFOA, 24 ng l(-1); PFOS, 11 ng l(-1)), suggest that effective log K(oc) distribution coefficients for the field situation may be close to 3.7 for PFOA and 4.2 for PFOS. Applying lab-based log K(oc) distribution coefficients can therefore result in a serious overestimation of PFC concentrations in water and in turn to an underestimation of the residence time of PFOA and PFOS in contaminated soils. Irrespective of the dissipation kinetics, the majority of PFOA and PFOS from contaminated soils will be transported to groundwater and surface water bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Zareitalabad
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation-Soil Science and Soil Ecology, University of Bonn, Nussallee 13, Bonn, Germany
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207
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Chularueangaksorn P, Tanaka S, Fujii S, Kunacheva C. Regeneration and reusability of anion exchange resin used in perfluorooctane sulfonate removal by batch experiments. J Appl Polym Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/app.39169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Shuhei Tanaka
- Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies; Kyoto University; Yoshida Campus Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8501 Japan
| | - Shigeo Fujii
- Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies; Kyoto University; Yoshida Campus Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8501 Japan
| | - Chinagarn Kunacheva
- Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies; Kyoto University; Yoshida Campus Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8501 Japan
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208
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Deng S, Niu L, Bei Y, Wang B, Huang J, Yu G. Adsorption of perfluorinated compounds on aminated rice husk prepared by atom transfer radical polymerization. CHEMOSPHERE 2013; 91:124-30. [PMID: 23260245 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2012] [Revised: 10/22/2012] [Accepted: 11/04/2012] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Adsorption is considered as an effective method to remove perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) from aqueous solution. In this study, an aminated rice husk (RH) adsorbent was successfully prepared through surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) and subsequent amination reaction, and it was used to remove perfluorooctanoate (PFOA), perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) from aqueous solution. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis verified the presence of grafted polymer brushes and amine groups on the RH surface. The zero point of zeta potential of aminated RH was 8.5, which facilitated the sorption of anionic PFCs on the positively charged adsorbent at pH below 8.5. The sorption equilibria of PFOA, PFBA and PFOS were achieved within 5 h, 3 h and 9 h, respectively, faster than the reported porous adsorbents. Sorption isotherms showed that the adsorption capacities of PFOA, PFBA and PFOS on the aminated RH at pH 5.0 were 2.49, 1.70 and 2.65 mmol g(-1), respectively. Sorption behavior and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis confirmed that the electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions were involved in the sorption process, and the micelles and hemi-micelles of PFOA and PFOS may form on the adsorbent surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubo Deng
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, POPs Research Center, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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209
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Zhou Q, Pan G, Zhang J. Effective sorption of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) on hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide immobilized mesoporous SiO2 hollow sphere. CHEMOSPHERE 2013; 90:2461-6. [PMID: 23219049 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2012] [Revised: 10/27/2012] [Accepted: 11/04/2012] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (HDTMAB) immobilized hollow mesoporous silica spheres were prepared for the efficient removal of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) from aqueous solution. Besides the traditional sorption behavior including sorption kinetics as well as effect of solution pH and temperature, the effect of increasing volume which simulated the natural river where the rate of solute and solvent was relatively constant and solution volume was always changing was investigated. The result indicated that the residual PFOS concentrations in aqueous phase decreased with increasing solution pH and ionic strength, whereas they increased with increasing temperature. The HDTMAB immobilized material still maintained high efficiency after increasing volume, that is, the removal kept more than 99% after the treatment when the initial PFOS concentration was 1 mg L(-1). The uptake behavior and morphology of spheres which was characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed that the additional HDTMAB and mesoporous shell were responsible for the enhanced sorption of PFOS. It was concluded that electrostatic interaction and Ca-bridge role played an important role in the sorption of PFOS on the mesoporous SiO(2) hollow spheres, whereas, hydrophobic interaction contributed to the nice sorption performance of PFOS on the HDTMAB immobilized sorbent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
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210
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Kaleta J, Elektorowicz M. The removal of anionic surfactants from water in coagulation process. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2013; 34:999-1005. [PMID: 23837351 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2012.733415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents the results of a laboratory study on the effectiveness of the coagulation process in removing surfactants from water. The application of traditional coagulants (aluminium sulfate and iron chlorides) has not brought satisfactory results, the reduction in anionic surfactant (AS) content reached 7.6% and 10%, respectively. Adding cationic polyelectrolyte (Zetag-50) increased the removal efficiency to 24%. Coagulation using a polyelectrolyte alone proved to be more efficient, the reduction in surfactant content fluctuated at a level of about 50%. Complete surfactant removal was obtained when powdered activated carbon was added 5 minutes before the basic coagulant to the coagulation process. The efficiency of surfactant coagulation also increased after the application of powdered clinoptilolite, but to a smaller degree. Then the removal of AS was found to be improved by dosing powdered clinoptilolite simultaneously or with short delay after the addition of the basic coagulant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jadwiga Kaleta
- Department of Water Purification and Protection, Rzeszów University of Technology, Rzeszów, Poland
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211
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Enhanced sorption of perfluorooctane sulfonate and Cr(VI) on organo montmorillonite: influence of solution pH and uptake mechanism. ADSORPTION 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10450-013-9496-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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212
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Sun W, Gamez VM, Otero-Gonzalez L, Cho Y, Ober CK, Sierra-Alvarez R. Biodegradability, cytotoxicity, and physicochemical treatability of two novel perfluorooctane sulfonate-free photoacid generators. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2013; 64:187-197. [PMID: 23104522 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-012-9822-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2012] [Accepted: 10/01/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
There is a need for effective, environmentally compatible photoacid generators (PAGs) for application in photolithography for microelectronic device fabrication. Perfluoroalkyl sulfonates (PFAS) used in conventional PAG formulations, such as perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), are under increasing scrutiny due to their widespread environmental distribution and toxicity. Recently, two new PFAS-free, PAG anions with semifluorinated sulfonate anions containing biomolecules (γ-butyrolactone or D-glucose groups) were successfully applied as PAGs. In this study, the biodegradation potential, cytotoxicity, and physicochemical treatability of the new PAG anions was evaluated. PFOS and perfluorobutane sulfonate (PFBS) were used as reference materials in all of the assays. The new PAGs were susceptible to partial degradation by microorganisms in aerobic activated sludge, and these were also readily removed by chemical oxidative treatment with Fenton's reagent [H(2)O(2)/Fe(II)]. In contrast, the compounds were resistant to microbial and chemical attack under reductive conditions as indicated by the low removal efficiencies observed with anaerobic biodegradation assays and chemical assays with zero-valent iron, respectively. The enhanced biodegradation potential and treatability make of the new PAGs attractive materials to resolve current issues related to the lithographic performance and environmental concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjie Sun
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.
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213
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Punyapalakul P, Suksomboon K, Prarat P, Khaodhiar S. Effects of Surface Functional Groups and Porous Structures on Adsorption and Recovery of Perfluorinated Compounds by Inorganic Porous Silicas. SEP SCI TECHNOL 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/01496395.2012.710888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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214
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Arvaniti OS, Ventouri EI, Stasinakis AS, Thomaidis NS. Occurrence of different classes of perfluorinated compounds in Greek wastewater treatment plants and determination of their solid-water distribution coefficients. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2012; 239-240:24-31. [PMID: 22370204 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2012.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2011] [Revised: 02/05/2012] [Accepted: 02/06/2012] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The concentrations of eighteen perfluorinated compounds (PFCs: C5-C14 carboxylates, C4, C6-C8 and C10 sulfonates and 3 sulfonamides) were determined in wastewater and sludge samples originating from two different wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). The analytes were extracted by solid phase extraction (dissolved phase) or sonication followed by solid phase extraction (solid phase). Qualitative and quantitative analyses were performed by LC-MS/MS. According to the results, perfluoropentanoic acid (PFPeA), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) were dominant in wastewater and sludge samples from both plants. The average concentrations in the raw and treated wastewater ranged up to 75.7 ng L(-1) (perfluorotridecanoic acid, PFTrDA) and 76.0 ng L(-1) (PFPeA), respectively. Concentrations of most PFCs were higher in effluents than in influents, indicating their formation during wastewater treatment processes. In sewage sludge, the average concentrations ranged up to 6.7 ng g(-1) dry weight (PFOS). No significant seasonal variations in PFCs concentrations were observed, while higher concentrations of PFOA, PFOS and perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA) were determined in the WWTP receiving municipal and industrial wastewater. Significantly different distribution coefficient (Kd) values were determined for different PFCs and different type of sludge, ranging between 169 L kg(-1) (PFHxS) to 12,922 L kg(-1) (PFDA).
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga S Arvaniti
- Water and Air Quality Laboratory, Department of Environment, University of the Aegean, University Hill, 81100 Mytilene, Greece
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215
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Zhang Y, Meng W, Guo C, Xu J, Yu T, Fan W, Li L. Determination and partitioning behavior of perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids and perfluorooctanesulfonate in water and sediment from Dianchi Lake, China. CHEMOSPHERE 2012; 88:1292-1299. [PMID: 22579454 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.03.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2011] [Revised: 03/16/2012] [Accepted: 03/31/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) have received much attention on their distribution in various matrices including water bodies, precipitations, sediment and biota in different areas globally, however, little attention has been paid to their occurrence and distribution in urban lakes. In this study, water and sediment samples collected from 26 sites in Dianchi Lake, a plateau urban lake in the southwestern part of China were analyzed via high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) for ten analytes involving nine perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFOAs) and perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS). Total levels of PFCs were 30.98 ± 32.19 ng L(-1) in water and 0.95 ± 0.63 ng g(-1) in sediment. In water samples PFOA was the dominant PFC contaminant, with concentrations ranging from 3.41 to 35.44 ng L(-1), while in sediments PFOS was the main PFC contaminant at levels from 0.07-0.83 ng g(-1) dry weight. Field-based sediment water distribution coefficients (K(D)) were calculated and corrected for organic carbon content (K(oc)), which reduced variability among samples. The log K(oc) ranged from 2.54 to 3.57 for C8-C12 perfluorinated carboxylic acids, increasing by 0.1-0.4 log units with each additional CF2 moiety. The log K(oc) of PFOS was 3.35 ± 0.32. Magnitudes and trends in log K(D) or log K(oc) appeared to agree well with previously published laboratory data. Results showed that different PFC composition profiles were observed for samples from the lake water and sediments, indicating the presence of dissimilar characteristics of the PFCs compounds, which is important for PFC fate modeling and risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
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216
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Yu J, Lv L, Lan P, Zhang S, Pan B, Zhang W. Effect of effluent organic matter on the adsorption of perfluorinated compounds onto activated carbon. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2012; 225-226:99-106. [PMID: 22609392 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2012.04.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2012] [Revised: 04/26/2012] [Accepted: 04/28/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Effect of effluent organic matter (EfOM) on the adsorption of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) onto powdered activated carbon (PAC) was quantitatively investigated at environmentally relevant concentration levels. The adsorption of both perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) onto PAC followed pseudo-second order kinetics and fitted the Freundlich model well under the given conditions. Intraparticle diffusion was found to be the rate-controlling step in the PFC adsorption process onto PAC in the absence and presence of EfOM. The presence of EfOM, either in PFC-EfOM simultaneous adsorption onto fresh PAC or in PFC adsorption onto EfOM-preloaded PAC, significantly reduced the adsorption capacities and sorption rates of PFCs. The pH of zero point of charge was found to be 7.5 for fresh PAC and 4.2 for EfOM-preloaded PAC, suggesting that the adsorbed EfOM imparted a negative charge on PAC surface. The effect of molecular weight distribution of EfOM on the adsorption of PFCs was investigated with two EfOM fractions obtained by ultrafiltration. The low-molecular-weight compounds (<1kDa) were found to be the major contributors to the significant reduction in PFC adsorption capacity, while large-molecular-weight compounds (>30kDa) had much less effect on PFC adsorption capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210046, PR China
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217
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Eschauzier C, Beerendonk E, Scholte-Veenendaal P, De Voogt P. Impact of treatment processes on the removal of perfluoroalkyl acids from the drinking water production chain. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2012; 46:1708-15. [PMID: 22201258 DOI: 10.1021/es201662b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The behavior of polyfluoralkyl acids (PFAAs) from intake (raw source water) to finished drinking water was assessed by taking samples from influent and effluent of the several treatment steps used in a drinking water production chain. These consisted of intake, coagulation, rapid sand filtration, dune passage, aeration, rapid sand filtration, ozonation, pellet softening, granular activated carbon (GAC) filtration, slow sand filtration, and finished drinking water. In the intake water taken from the Lek canal (a tributary of the river Rhine), the most abundant PFAA were PFBA (perfluorobutanoic acid), PFBS (perfluorobutane sulfonate), PFOS (perfluorooctane sulfonate), and PFOA (perfluorooctanoic acid). During treatment, longer chain PFAA such as PFNA (perfluorononanoic acid) and PFOS were readily removed by the GAC treatment step and their GAC effluent concentrations were reduced to levels below the limits of quantitation (LOQ) (0.23 and 0.24 ng/L for PFOS and PFNA, respectively). However, more hydrophilic shorter chain PFAA (especially PFBA and PFBS) were not removed by GAC and their concentrations remained constant through treatment. A decreasing removal capacity of the GAC was observed with increasing carbon loading and with decreasing carbon chain length of the PFAAs. This study shows that none of the treatment steps, including softening processes, are effective for PFAA removal, except for GAC filtration. GAC can effectively remove certain PFAA from the drinking water cycle.The enrichment of branched PFOS and PFOA isomers relative to non branched isomers during GAC filtration was observed during treatment. The finished water contained 26 and 19 ng/L of PFBA and PFBS. Other PFAAs were present in concentrations below 4.2 ng/L The concentrations of PFAA observed in finished waters are no reason for concern for human health as margins to existing guidelines are sufficiently large.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Eschauzier
- KWR Watercycle Research Institute, P.O.Box 1072, 3430 BB Nieuwegein, Netherlands
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218
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Lutze H, Panglisch S, Bergmann A, Schmidt TC. Treatment Options for the Removal and Degradation of Polyfluorinated Chemicals. THE HANDBOOK OF ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-21872-9_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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219
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Investigation of radionuclide 63Ni(II) sequestration mechanisms on mordenite by batch and EXAFS spectroscopy study. Sci China Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-011-4482-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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220
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Xiao H, Lv B, Zhao G, Wang Y, Li M, Li D. Hydrothermally Enhanced Electrochemical Oxidation of High Concentration Refractory Perfluorooctanoic Acid. J Phys Chem A 2011; 115:13836-41. [DOI: 10.1021/jp207519j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hanshuang Xiao
- Department of Chemistry, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, 200092 Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Baoying Lv
- Department of Chemistry, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, 200092 Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Guohua Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, 200092 Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yujing Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, 200092 Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingfang Li
- Department of Chemistry, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, 200092 Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongming Li
- Department of Chemistry, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, 200092 Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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221
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Chen YC, Lo SL, Kuo J. Effects of titanate nanotubes synthesized by a microwave hydrothermal method on photocatalytic decomposition of perfluorooctanoic acid. WATER RESEARCH 2011; 45:4131-4140. [PMID: 21703658 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2011.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2010] [Revised: 05/07/2011] [Accepted: 05/21/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Titanate nanotubes (TNTs) were used to remove perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) from aqueous solutions in this study. Direct photolysis of PFOA by a 254-nm UV light (400 W) was found effective to decompose PFOA without presence of photocatalysts. Shorter-chain perfluorocarboxylic acids (PFCAs) and fluoride ions were formed during photodecomposition. Addition of TNTs as photocatalysts did not greatly enhance photocatalytic decomposition of PFOA. TNTs mainly act as adsorbents to adsorb PFOA and form TNT-PFOA complexes. It suggested that sodium ions and oxygen atoms on the surfaces of TNTs play important roles in PFOA adsorption. X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) analyses indicated that ion-exchange, electrostatic interaction, and hydrophobic interaction all participated in the photocatalytic reaction of PFOA by TNTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Chu Chen
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, 71 Chou-Shan Road, Taipei 106, Taiwan, ROC
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222
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Lacina O, Hradkova P, Pulkrabova J, Hajslova J. Simple, high throughput ultra-high performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry trace analysis of perfluorinated alkylated substances in food of animal origin: Milk and fish. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:4312-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.04.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2011] [Revised: 04/11/2011] [Accepted: 04/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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223
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Takagi S, Adachi F, Miyano K, Koizumi Y, Tanaka H, Watanabe I, Tanabe S, Kannan K. Fate of perfluorooctanesulfonate and perfluorooctanoate in drinking water treatment processes. WATER RESEARCH 2011; 45:3925-3932. [PMID: 21628066 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2011.04.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2010] [Revised: 04/20/2011] [Accepted: 04/29/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) have been recognized as global environmental pollutants. Although PFOS and PFOA have been detected in tap water from Japan and several other countries, very few studies have examined the fate, especially removal, of perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) in drinking water treatment processes. In this study, we analyzed PFOS and PFOA at every stages of drinking water treatment processes in several water purification plants that employ advanced water treatment technologies. PFOS and PFOA concentrations did not vary considerably in raw water, sand filtered water, settled water, and ozonated water. Sand filtration and ozonation did not have an effect on the removal of PFOS and PFOA in drinking water. PFOS and PFOA were removed effectively by activated carbon that had been used for less than one year. However, activated carbon that had been used for a longer period of time (>1 year) was not effective in removing PFOS and PFOA from water. Variations in the removal ratios of PFOS and PFOA by activated carbon were found between summer and winter months.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sokichi Takagi
- Osaka Prefectural Institute of Public Health, 1-3-69 Nakamichi, Higashinari-ku, Osaka 537-0025, Japan.
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224
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Wick A, Marincas O, Moldovan Z, Ternes TA. Sorption of biocides, triazine and phenylurea herbicides, and UV-filters onto secondary sludge. WATER RESEARCH 2011; 45:3638-3652. [PMID: 21570102 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2011.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2010] [Revised: 03/29/2011] [Accepted: 04/07/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The sludge-water distribution of a total of 41 organic micropollutants (9 phenylurea herbicides, 11 triazines, 16 biocides and 5 UV-filters) was investigated in laboratory batch experiments with fresh secondary sludge taken from a municipal WWTP. Sorption kinetics as well as sorption isotherms were examined by analyzing the compound concentration in the aqueous and solid phase for mass balance control and quality assurance. The sorption kinetic experiments revealed a sorption equilibrium time of <2 h and adverse effects of sodium azide on the sludge-water distribution of several compounds. Sorption isotherms were constructed for 6 different spiking levels spanning 3 orders of magnitude (100 ng L(-1)-30,000 ng L(-1)) and were well described by the Freundlich model. For some compounds non-linear sorption with Freundlich exponents n < 1 revealed a decreased sorption affinity to the sludge flocs with increasing aqueous phase concentration. Therefore, sludge-water distribution coefficients (K(d,sec)) were calculated from the isotherm data for a constant concentration level of 1 μg L(-1). Based on the sludge dry weight (dw), the K(d,sec) values of phenylurea herbicides ranged from 9 L kg(dw sludge)(-1) (isoproturon) to 320 L kg(dw sludge)(-1) (neburon), those of triazines from 5 L kg(dw sludge)(-1) (atrazine) to 190 L kg(dw sludge)(-1) (terbutryn), those of biocides from 10 L kg(dw sludge)(-1) (N,N-dimethyl-N'-p-tolylsulfamide) to 40,000 L kg(dw sludge)(-1) (triclocarban) and those of UV-filters from 9 L kg(dw sludge)(-1) (phenylbenzimidazole sulfonic acid) to 720 L kg(dw sludge)(-1) (benzophenone-3). For most compounds K(d,sec) values were below 500 L kg(dw sludge)(-1) and thus removal in WWTPs by the withdrawal of excess sludge is expected to be negligible (<10%) except for the biocides triclocarban (80-95%), triclosan (55-85%), chlorophene (30-60%), imazalil (25-55%) and fenpropimorph (15-40%) as well as the UV-filter benzophenone-3 (5-20%). A simple linear free-energy relationship (LFER) approach using the logarithmized octanol-water partition coefficient log K(OW) as single descriptor is discussed for a rough classification of nonionic compounds regarding their potential removal in WWTPs by sorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arne Wick
- Federal Institute of Hydrology (BfG), D-56068 Koblenz, Am Mainzer Tor 1, 56068 Koblenz, Germany
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225
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Gao X, Chorover J. Amphiphile disruption of pathogen attachment at the hematite (α-Fe2O3)-water interface. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2011; 27:5936-5943. [PMID: 21488611 DOI: 10.1021/la104907j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Prior studies have indicated that the subsurface transport of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts is diminished in sediments containing iron oxides and that inner-sphere complexation of oocyst surficial carboxylate plays a role in the retardation. However, the impacts of natural organic matter (NOM) remain poorly understood. In this study, we used a model anionic surfactant, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), as a surrogate for amphiphilic NOM components to examine the impacts of amphiphilic components on oocyst adhesion mechanisms. We employed in situ attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy to determine the effects of SDS on the molecular bonds that mediate interactions between oocyst surficial biomolecules and hematite (α-Fe(2)O(3)) surface functional groups over a wide range of solution pH. The results show that the presence of SDS significantly diminishes Fe-carboxylate complexation, as indicated by progressive decreases in intensity of asymmetric and symmetric stretching vibrations of carboxylate [ν(as)(COO(-)) and ν(s)(COO(-))] with reaction time. In addition, one of the ν(s)(COO(-)) bands shifted from 1370 to 1418 cm(-1) upon SDS introduction, suggesting that SDS also changed the complexation mode. The data indicate that competition from the sulfonate groups (OSO(3)(-)) of SDS at α-Fe(2)O(3) surface sites is a primary mechanism resulting in decreased Fe-carboxylate complexation. Sorptive competition from amphiphilic NOM components may therefore increase the mobility of C. parvum oocysts in the environment through disruption of interfacial pathogen-mineral surface bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Gao
- Department of Soil, Water and Environmental Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
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226
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Chen X, Xia X, Wang X, Qiao J, Chen H. A comparative study on sorption of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) by chars, ash and carbon nanotubes. CHEMOSPHERE 2011; 83:1313-9. [PMID: 21531440 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2010] [Revised: 03/30/2011] [Accepted: 04/01/2011] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), as one of emerging contaminants, has been attracting increasing concerns in recent years. Sorption of PFOS by maize straw- and willow-derived chars (M400 and W400), maize straw-origin ash (MA) as well as three carbon nanotubes (CNTs) was studied in this work. The sorption kinetics of PFOS by the six adsorbents was well fitted by the pseudo-second-order model. CNTs reached equilibrium in 2h, much faster than those by chars (384 h) and ash (48 h). According to the sorption isotherms, both single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) and MA had high sorption capacities (over 700 mg g(-1)), while the two chars had low sorption capacities (below 170 mg g(-1)) caused by their small BET surface area. In the case of MA, due to its positively charged surface, both hydrophobic interaction and electrostatic attraction involved in the sorption, and the formation of hemi-micelles further favored the sorption. This study suggested that SWCNT and MA were effective adsorbents for PFOS removal from water. Compared to SWCNT, MA is low cost and easy to obtain, so it could be a preferred adsorbent for PFOS removal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Chen
- School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, Beijing 100875, China
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227
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Zhao D, Cheng J, Vecitis CD, Hoffmann MR. Sorption of Perfluorochemicals to Granular Activated Carbon in the Presence of Ultrasound. J Phys Chem A 2011; 115:2250-7. [DOI: 10.1021/jp111784k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Deming Zhao
- W. M. Keck Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
- College of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, 310032 Hangzhou, China
| | - Jie Cheng
- W. M. Keck Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Chad D. Vecitis
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Michael R. Hoffmann
- W. M. Keck Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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228
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Li X, Zhao H, Quan X, Chen S, Zhang Y, Yu H. Adsorption of ionizable organic contaminants on multi-walled carbon nanotubes with different oxygen contents. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2011; 186:407-415. [PMID: 21115219 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2010] [Revised: 10/31/2010] [Accepted: 11/04/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs), which are considered to be promising candidates for the adsorption of toxic organics, are released into aqueous environment with their increasing production and application. In this study, the adsorption behaviors of five structurally related ionizable organic contaminants namely perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorooctanesulfonamide (PFOSA), 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 4-n-nonylphenol (4-NP) onto MWNTs with different oxygen contents (3.84-22.85%) were investigated. The adsorption kinetics was investigated and simulated with pseudo-second-order model. The adsorption isotherms were found to be fitted with Freundlich model and influenced by both the properties of organic chemicals and the oxygen contents of MWNTs. As adsorption capacity decreases dramatically with the increasing of oxygen contents, the MWNTs with the lowest oxygen contents possess the highest adsorption capacity among four MWNTs. For the MWNTs with the oxygen contents of 3.84%, the adsorption affinity related with hydrophobic interaction and π-electron polarizability decreased in the order of 4-NP>PFOSA>PFOS>2,4-D>PFOA. Furthermore, the adsorption characters of five contaminants were affected by solution pH and solute pK(a) considering electrostatic repulse force and hydrogen bonding, which showed the adsorption of MWNTs with lower oxygen content is much sensitive to solution chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaona Li
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Liaoning Province, Dalian, PR China
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229
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Deng S, Zhou Q, Yu G, Huang J, Fan Q. Removal of perfluorooctanoate from surface water by polyaluminium chloride coagulation. WATER RESEARCH 2011; 45:1774-1780. [PMID: 21163511 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2010.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2010] [Revised: 11/18/2010] [Accepted: 11/22/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) has been detected in surface water all over the world, and little is known of its removal by coagulation in water treatment plants. In this study, polyaluminium chloride (PACl) was used to remove PFOA from surface water, and the effects of coagulant dose, solution pH, temperature, and initial turbidity on the removal of both PFOA and suspended solids (SS) from water were investigated. Since the SS had high sorption affinity for PFOA, most PFOA was adsorbed on the particles and removed via the SS removal in the coagulation process. PFOA concentrations in aqueous phase decreased with increasing initial turbidity and PACl dose, while they increased with increasing solution pH and temperature. Other perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) with different C-F chain lengths and functional groups were also compared with PFOA. It was proved that hydrophobic interaction played an important role in the adsorption of PFOA on the SS. The addition of powdered activated carbon (PAC) before the coagulation process significantly enhanced the removal efficiency of PFOA in water, and the residual PFOA concentrations in water were less than 1 μg/L after the addition of 1-16 mg/L PAC and subsequent coagulation when the initial PFOA concentrations were in the range of 0.5-3 mg/L.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubo Deng
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, POPs Research Center, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China.
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230
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Zhang Q, Deng S, Yu G, Huang J. Removal of perfluorooctane sulfonate from aqueous solution by crosslinked chitosan beads: sorption kinetics and uptake mechanism. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2011; 102:2265-2271. [PMID: 21044835 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2010.10.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2010] [Revised: 10/08/2010] [Accepted: 10/11/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The crosslinked chitosan beads were used as an efficient biosorbent to remove perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) from aqueous solution. The chitosan biosorbent had a sorption capacity up to 5.5 mmol/g for PFOS at the equilibrium concentration of 0.33 mmol/L, much higher than some conventional adsorbents. The sorption kinetics indicated that the sorption equilibrium was reached quickly at high pH and low PFOS concentrations, and the adsorbent size also affected the sorption rate to some extent. The double-exponential model described the kinetic data well, and the sorption of PFOS on the chitosan beads was a diffusion-controlled process. Based on the sorption kinetics and adsorbent characterization, the uptake mechanisms including electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions were identified to be responsible for PFOS sorption, and the hemi-micelles and micelles may form in the porous structure due to high PFOS concentrations within the adsorbent, which had the main contribution to the high sorption capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoying Zhang
- POPs Research Center, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, PR China
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231
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Park H, Vecitis CD, Cheng J, Dalleska NF, Mader BT, Hoffmann MR. Reductive degradation of perfluoroalkyl compounds with aquated electrons generated from iodide photolysis at 254 nm. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2011; 10:1945-53. [DOI: 10.1039/c1pp05270e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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232
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Thompson J, Eaglesham G, Reungoat J, Poussade Y, Bartkow M, Lawrence M, Mueller JF. Removal of PFOS, PFOA and other perfluoroalkyl acids at water reclamation plants in South East Queensland Australia. CHEMOSPHERE 2011; 82:9-17. [PMID: 21051071 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.10.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2010] [Revised: 09/22/2010] [Accepted: 10/09/2010] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
This paper examines the fate of perfluorinated sulfonates (PFSAs) and carboxylic acids (PFCAs) in two water reclamation plants in Australia. Both facilities take treated water directly from WWTPs and treat it further to produce high quality recycled water. The first plant utilizes adsorption and filtration methods alongside ozonation, whilst the second uses membrane processes and advanced oxidation to produce purified recycled water. At both facilities perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS), perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) were the most frequently detected PFCs. Concentrations of PFOS and PFOA in influent (WWTP effluent) ranged up to 3.7 and 16 ng L⁻¹ respectively, and were reduced to 0.7 and 12 ng L⁻¹ in the finished water of the ozonation plant. Throughout this facility, concentrations of most of the detected perfluoroalkyl compounds (PFCs) remained relatively unchanged with each successive treatment step. PFOS was an exception to this, with some removal following coagulation and dissolved air flotation/sand filtration (DAFF). At the second plant, influent concentrations of PFOS and PFOA ranged up to 39 and 29 ng L⁻¹. All PFCs present were removed from the finished water by reverse osmosis (RO) to concentrations below detection and reporting limits (0.4-1.5 ng L⁻¹). At both plants the observed concentrations were in the low parts per trillion range, well below provisional health based drinking water guidelines suggested for PFOS and PFOA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack Thompson
- The University of Queensland, National Research Center for Environmental Toxicology, Coopers Plains, QLD, Australia.
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233
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Ren R, Liu D, Li K, Sun J, Zhang C. Adsorption of Quaternary Ammonium Compounds onto Activated Sludge. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.4236/jwarp.2011.32012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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234
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Liang X, Gondal MA, Chang X, Yamani ZH, Li N, Lu H, Ji G. Facile preparation of magnetic separable powdered-activated-carbon/Ni adsorbent and its application in removal of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) from aqueous solution. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2011; 46:1482-1490. [PMID: 21961696 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2011.609066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The main aim of this study was to synthesize magnetic separable Nickel/powdered activated carbon (Ni/PAC) and its application as an adsorbent for removal of PFOS from aqueous solution. In this work, the synthesized adsorbent using simple method was characterized by using X-ray diffractionometer (XRD), surface area and pore size analyzer, vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM), and high resolution transmission electron microscope (HRTEM). The surface area, pore volume and pore size of synthesized PAC was 1521.8 m(2)g(-1), 0.96 cm(3)g(-1), 2.54 nm, respectively. Different kinetic models: the pseudo-first-order model, the pseudo-second-order model, and three adsorption isotherms--Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin--were applied to study the sorption kinetics and isothermal behavior of PFOS onto the surface of an as-prepared adsorbent. The rate constant using the pseudo-second-order model for removal of 150 ppm PFOS was estimated as 8.82×10(-5) and 1.64×10(-4) for PAC and 40% Ni/PAC, respectively. Our results demonstrated that the composite adsorbents exhibited a clear magnetic hysteretic behavior, indicating the potential practical application in magnetic separation of adsorbents from aqueous solution phase as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuanqi Liang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Materials Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China
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235
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Purification of firefighting water containing a fluorinated surfactant by reverse osmosis coupled to electrocoagulation–filtration. Sep Purif Technol 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2010.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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236
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Zhou Q, Deng S, Zhang Q, Fan Q, Huang J, Yu G. Sorption of perfluorooctane sulfonate and perfluorooctanoate on activated sludge. CHEMOSPHERE 2010; 81:453-458. [PMID: 20797760 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2010] [Revised: 07/31/2010] [Accepted: 08/04/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) as one class of emerging pollutants have caused great attention in recent years. In this study, activated sludge was used to adsorb perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) in aqueous solution in order to investigate their sorption behavior and possible uptake mechanism in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Batch experiments including sorption kinetics, isotherm, and effect of solution pH and temperature were carried out. The sorption kinetics indicated that the equilibrium was reached within about 11h. The effect of pH and the zeta potential measurement implied that electrostatic repulsion prevented their sorption, but the protein composition on the heterogeneous surface of activated sludge was favorable for the sorption of PFOS and PFOA. The sorption isotherms of PFOS and PFOA as well as the comparative sorption of other PFCs with different CF chain length and different functional groups suggested that hydrophobic interaction also participated in the sorption process. Additionally, the active sorption on the living microorganism was also observed. The calculated distribution coefficient indicated that PFOS had a higher sorption tendency to activated sludge than PFOA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Zhou
- POPs Research Center, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
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237
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Enevoldsen R, Juhler RK. Perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) in groundwater and aqueous soil extracts: using inline SPE-LC-MS/MS for screening and sorption characterisation of perfluorooctane sulphonate and related compounds. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 398:1161-72. [PMID: 20740279 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-4066-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2010] [Revised: 07/14/2010] [Accepted: 07/26/2010] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) have been recognised as emerging pollutants of global relevance. A fully automated method with inline solid-phase extraction coupled to electrospray ionisation liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (SPE-LC-MS/MS) is presented and used for characterisation of soil adsorption and desorption for six PFCs: perfluoroheptanoic acid (PFHpA), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA), perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA), perfluorobutane sulphonate (PFBS), and perfluorooctane sulphonate (PFOS). The method reduces sample turnaround time and solvent consumption and is suitable for low volume sampling. The only sample preparation necessary for water samples was sedimentation by centrifugation. The method has a total runtime of 21 min including inline sample cleanup (2 min for injection and SPE, 14 min for the chromatographic separation, 5 min for reconditioning). Negative AP-ESI with selective reaction monitoring (SRM) was used and the method was documented for quantification of the six environmentally important PFCs in subsoil matrix and related aqueous matrixes (groundwater and drainage water). Linearity was demonstrated in the range 5 to 2,500 ng/l and the LOD was between 2 and 8 ng/l in groundwater. Adsorption was characterised by linear Freundlich isotherms for all six compounds in two agricultural top soils (A horizon, sandy and clayey soil).Variability in sorption characteristics for soil types as well as compound properties were found, and correlation between the organic carbon normalised sorption coefficient (K (OC)) and PFC molecular weight was demonstrated. The K (d) values were in the range 0.1 to 33 (l/kg), and 0.3 to 65 (l/kg) for sorption and desorption respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasmus Enevoldsen
- Department of Geochemistry, Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS), Øster Voldgade 10, 1350K, Copenhagen, Denmark
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238
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Determination of fluoride as fluorosilane derivative using reversed-phase HPLC with UV detection for determination of total organic fluorine. J Sep Sci 2010; 33:2636-44. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201000179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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239
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Senevirathna STMLD, Tanaka S, Fujii S, Kunacheva C, Harada H, Shivakoti BR, Okamoto R. A comparative study of adsorption of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) onto granular activated carbon, ion-exchange polymers and non-ion-exchange polymers. CHEMOSPHERE 2010; 80:647-651. [PMID: 20546842 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.04.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2009] [Revised: 04/07/2010] [Accepted: 04/22/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) is the latest chemical categorized as persistent organic pollutants (POPs). PFOS appears in the environmental water and tap water in ng L(-1) level. The process of adsorption has been identified as an effective technique to eliminate PFOS in water. Three non-ion-exchange polymers (DowV493, DowL493 and AmbXAD4), two ion-exchange polymers (DowMarathonA and AmbIRA400) and one granular activated carbon (GAC) (Filtersorb400) were tested with regard to their sorption kinetics and isotherms at low PFOS concentrations (100-1000 ng L(-1) equilibrium concentrations). The sorption capacities at 1 microg L(-1) equilibrium concentration decreased in the following order: ion-exchange polymers>non-ion-exchange polymers > GAC, but at further low equilibrium concentration (100 ng L(-1)) non-ion-exchange polymers showed higher adsorption capacity than other adsorbents. In the case of sorption kinetics, GAC and ion-exchange polymers reached the equilibrium concentration within 4 h and AmbXAD4 within 10 h. DowV493 and DowL493 took more than 80 h to reach equilibrium concentration. AmbIRA400 was identified as the best filter material to eliminate PFOS at equilibrium concentration > 1000 ng L(-1). Considering both adsorption isotherms and adsorption kinetics, AmbXAD4 and DowMarathonA were recommended to eliminate PFOS at ng L(-1) equilibrium concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- S T M L D Senevirathna
- Research Center for Environmental Quality Management, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, 1-2 Yumihama, Otsu, Shiga 520-0811, Japan.
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240
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Busch J, Ahrens L, Sturm R, Ebinghaus R. Polyfluoroalkyl compounds in landfill leachates. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2010; 158:1467-1471. [PMID: 20053490 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2009.12.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2009] [Revised: 12/13/2009] [Accepted: 12/16/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Polyfluoroalkyl compounds (PFCs) are widely used in industry and consumer products. These products could end up finally in landfills where their leachates are a potential source for PFCs into the aqueous environment. In this study, samples of untreated and treated leachate from 22 landfill sites in Germany were analysed for 43 PFCs. SigmaPFC concentrations ranged from 31 to 12,819 ng/L in untreated leachate and 4-8060 ng/L in treated leachate. The dominating compounds in untreated leachate were perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA) (mean contribution 27%) and perfluorobutane sulfonate (PFBS) (24%). The discharge of PFCs into the aqueous environment depended on the cleaning treatment systems. Membrane treatments (reverse osmosis and nanofiltrations) and activated carbon released lower concentrations of PFCs into the environment than cleaning systems using wet air oxidation or only biological treatment. The mass flows of summation operatorPFCs into the aqueous environment ranged between 0.08 and 956 mg/day.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Busch
- Department for Environmental Chemistry, GKSS Research Centre Geesthacht, Geesthacht, Germany
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241
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Tang CY, Shiang Fu Q, Gao D, Criddle CS, Leckie JO. Effect of solution chemistry on the adsorption of perfluorooctane sulfonate onto mineral surfaces. WATER RESEARCH 2010; 44:2654-2662. [PMID: 20172580 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2010.01.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2009] [Revised: 01/17/2010] [Accepted: 01/26/2010] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) is an emergent contaminant of substantial environmental concerns, yet very limited information has been available on PFOS adsorption onto mineral surfaces. PFOS adsorption onto goethite and silica was investigated by batch adsorption experiments under various solution compositions. Adsorption onto silica was only marginally affected by pH, ionic strength, and calcium concentration, likely due to the dominance of non-electrostatic interactions. In contrast, PFOS uptake by goethite increased significantly at high [H+] and [Ca2+], which was likely due to enhanced electrostatic attraction between the negatively charged PFOS molecules and positively charged goethite surface. The effect of pH was less significant at high ionic strength, likely due to electrical double layer compression. PFOS uptake was reduced at higher ionic strength for a strongly positively charged goethite surface (pH 3), while it increased for a weakly charged surface (pH 7 and 9), which could be attributed to the competition between PFOS-surface electrostatic attraction and PFOS-PFOS electrostatic repulsion. A conceptual model that captures PFOS-surface and PFOS-PFOS electrostatic interactions as well as non-electrostatic interaction was also formulated to understand the effect of solution chemistry on PFOS adsorption onto goethite and silica surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuyang Y Tang
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 50 Nanyang Avenue #N1-1b-35, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore.
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242
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Carter KE, Farrell J. Removal of Perfluorooctane and Perfluorobutane Sulfonate from Water via Carbon Adsorption and Ion Exchange. SEP SCI TECHNOL 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/01496391003608421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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243
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Niu H, Cai Y. Preparation of octadecyl and amino mixed group modified titanate nanotubes and its efficient adsorption to several ionic or ionizable organic analytes. Anal Chem 2010; 81:9913-20. [PMID: 19911794 DOI: 10.1021/ac901531k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In this study, octadecyl (C(18)) and aminopropyl group modified titanate nanotubes (C(18)/NH(2)-TNs) were prepared successfully with a silylation method by introducing octadecyltrimethoxysilane (ODS) and aminopropyltrimethoxysilane (APS) simultaneously to the surface of titanate nanotubes (TNs). The properties of the products were characterized in detail. The results indicated that there might be steric hindrance effects to C(18) groups on the nanoscaled interior and exterior space of TNs. Therefore, aminopropyl groups were more ready to immobilize on the surface of TNs than C(18) groups when the organosilanes ODS and APS coexisted in reaction solution. C(18)/NH(2)-TNs with the obvious characteristic of C(18) and aminopropyl groups were obtained as the ratio of ODS/APS in reaction solution was 4.0, and the corresponding proportion of the two groups (C(18)/NH(2)) on the C(18)/NH(2)-TN surface was about 0.25. This adsorbent had good water dispersibility, overcoming the bad deficiency of reverse phase nanosized materials in water and improving its accessibility to polar analytes. Due to the cooperative effect of alkyl and aminopropyl groups coupled with the residual hydroxyl groups on the surface, C(18)/NH(2)-TNs exhibited excellent affinity efficiency to some ionic or ionizable organic analytes under a different solution pH, including anionic (perfluorooctane sulfonate, perfluorooctanoic acid, and sodium dodecyl sulfate), cationic (cetyltrimethylammonium bromide), and amphoteric compounds (sulfamethazine). The selective binding of these anionic, amphoteric, and cationic analytes could be achieved by adjusting solution pH to acid, neutral, and alkaline conditions, respectively. Since C(18)/NH(2)-TNs possessed relatively large surface areas and strong affinity ability to ionic analytes, especially with long alkyl chains, it showed significantly higher adsorption capacity for perfluorooctane sulfonate than activated carbon and anion-exchange resin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyun Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
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244
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Zhou Q, Deng S, Yu Q, Zhang Q, Yu G, Huang J, He H. Sorption of perfluorooctane sulfonate on organo-montmorillonites. CHEMOSPHERE 2010; 78:688-694. [PMID: 20042218 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2009] [Revised: 11/27/2009] [Accepted: 12/07/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorinated compound as one of the emerging pollutants has caused great attention in recent years. In this study, the organo-montmorillonites (organo-Mts) with different amounts and arrangements of hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (HDTMAB) were prepared as effective sorbents for PFOS removal from water. Batch sorption experiments including sorption kinetics, sorption isotherm as well as effect of solution pH were studied. The Elovich and pseudo-second-order models were selected to fit the kinetic data and the latter described the sorption kinetic better. Sorption isotherms showed that the sorption amount of PFOS increased with increasing amount of HDTMAB loaded in the montmorillonites, indicating that hydrophobic interaction played an important role in the sorption process. Comparative sorption of other perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) with different length of C-F chains and different functional groups further verified that hydrophobic interaction was the main force for the sorption of PFCs on the organo-Mts. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis demonstrated the significant decrease of interlayer distance after PFOS sorption, suggesting that the HDTMAB molecules were rearranged in the interlayer of organo-Mts. The PFOS molecules first diffused into the organo-Mts via hydrophobic interaction, and then the rearrangement occurred through electrostatic interaction between the two surfactants, resulting in the microstructure change within the organo-Mts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Zhou
- POPs Research Center, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
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245
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Shivakoti BR, Tanaka S, Fujii S, Kunacheva C, Boontanon SK, Musirat C, Seneviratne STMLD, Tanaka H. Occurrences and behavior of perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) in several wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in Japan and Thailand. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 12:1255-64. [DOI: 10.1039/b927287a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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246
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Li F, Zhang C, Qu Y, Chen J, Chen L, Liu Y, Zhou Q. Quantitative characterization of short- and long-chain perfluorinated acids in solid matrices in Shanghai, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2010; 408:617-623. [PMID: 19896166 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2009] [Revised: 10/06/2009] [Accepted: 10/10/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorinated acids (PFAs) have been recognized as emerging environmental pollutants because of their widespread occurrences, persistence, and bioaccumulative and toxicological effects. PFAs have been detected in aquatic environment and biota in China, but the occurrences of these chemicals have not been reported in solid matrices in China. In the present study, short- and long-chain PFAs (C2-C14) have been quantitatively determined in solid matrices including sediments, soils and sludge collected in Shanghai, China. The results indicate that sludge contains more PFAs than sediments and soils, and the total PFAs concentrations in sediments, soil and sludge are 62.5-276 ng g(-1), 141-237 ng g(-1) and 413-755 ng g(-1), respectively. In most cases, trifluoroacetic acid was the major PFA and accounted for 22-90% of the total PFAs. Although the levels of perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) and perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) were not only lower than trifluoroacetic acid, but also lower than some short-chain PFCAs (<C8) in some individual cases, PFOA and PFOS were still the major pollution compounds in most cases and they constituted 2-34% and 1-9% of the total PFAs, respectively. Meanwhile, unlike previous studies, PFOS levels were not always higher than PFOA in solids collected in Shanghai, China. Given that some short-chain PFAs such as trifluoroacetic acid are mildly phytotoxic and their higher levels in solid matrices were collected in Shanghai, China, these chemicals should be included in future environmental monitoring efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
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247
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Rayne S, Forest K. Congener-specific organic carbon-normalized soil and sediment-water partitioning coefficients for the C1 through C8 perfluoroalkyl carboxylic and sulfonic acids. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2009; 44:1374-1387. [PMID: 20183495 DOI: 10.1080/10934520903217229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Organic carbon-normalized soil and sediment-water partitioning coefficients (K(oc)) were estimated for all C(1) through C(8) perfluoroalkyl carboxylic (PFCA) and sulfonic (PFSA) acid congeners. The limited experimental K(oc) data set for the straight chain C(7) through C(10) PFCAs and C(8) and C(10) PFSAs was correlated to SPARC and ALOGPS computationally estimated octanol-water partitioning/distribution constants and used to predict K(oc) values for both branched and linear C(1) through C(8) isomers. Branched and linear congeners in this homologue range are generally expected to have K(oc) values > 1, leading to their accumulation in organic matter on sediments and soils, retardation during ground and pore water flow, and the preferential association with dissolved organic matter in aquatic systems. Both increasing perfluoroalkyl chain length and linearity increase K(oc) values with substantial intra- and inter-homologue variation and interhomologue mixing. Variability in K(oc) values among the PFCA and PFSA congeners will likely lead to an enrichment of more linear and longer-chain isomers in organic matter fractions, resulting in aqueous phases fractionated towards shorter-chain branched congeners. The expected magnitude of fractionation will require inclusion in source apportionment models and risk assessments. A comparison of representative established quantitative structure property relationships for estimating K(oc) values from octanol-water partitioning constants suggests that these equilibrium partitioning frameworks may be applicable towards modeling PFCA and PFSA environmental fate processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sierra Rayne
- Department of Chemistry, University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
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248
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Rayne S, Forest K. Perfluoroalkyl sulfonic and carboxylic acids: a critical review of physicochemical properties, levels and patterns in waters and wastewaters, and treatment methods. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2009; 44:1145-1199. [PMID: 19847705 DOI: 10.1080/10934520903139811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorinated acids (PFAs) are an emerging class of environmental contaminants present in various environmental and biological matrices. Two major PFA subclasses are the perfluorinated sulfonic acids (PFSAs) and carboxylic acids (PFCAs). The physicochemical properties and partitioning behavior for the linear PFA members are poorly understood and widely debated. Even less is known about the numerous branched congeners with varying perfluoroalkyl chain lengths, leading to confounding issues around attempts to constrain the properties of PFAs. Current computational methods are not adequate for reliable multimedia modeling efforts and risk assessments. These compounds are widely present in surface, ground, marine, and drinking waters at concentrations that vary from pg L(-1) to microg L(-1). Concentration gradients of up to several orders of magnitude are observed in all types of aquatic systems and reflect proximity to known industrial sources concentrated near populated regions. Some wastewaters contain PFAs at mg L(-1) to low g L(-1) levels, or up to 10 orders of magnitude higher than present in more pristine receiving waters. With the exception of trifluoroacetic acid, which is thought to have both significant natural and anthropogenic sources, all PFSAs and PFCAs are believed to arise from human activities. Filtration and sorption technologies offer the most promising existing removal methods for PFAs in aqueous waste streams, although sonochemical approaches hold promise. Additional studies need to be conducted to better define opportunities from evaporative, extractive, thermal, advanced oxidative, direct and catalyzed photochemical, reductive, and biodegradation methods. Most PFA treatment methods exhibit slow kinetic profiles, hindering their direct application in conventional low hydraulic residence time systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sierra Rayne
- Department of Chemistry, University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
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249
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Qu Y, Zhang C, Li F, Bo X, Liu G, Zhou Q. Equilibrium and kinetics study on the adsorption of perfluorooctanoic acid from aqueous solution onto powdered activated carbon. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2009; 169:146-52. [PMID: 19395160 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.03.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2009] [Revised: 03/06/2009] [Accepted: 03/15/2009] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Powdered activated carbon (PAC) was applied to remove perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) from the aqueous PFOA solution in this study. Contact time, adsorbent dose and temperature were analyzed as the effect factors in the adsorption reaction. The contact time of maximum PFOA uptake was around 1h while the sorption removal efficiency increased with the PAC concentrations. And the process of adsorption increased from 303 K to 313 K and then decreased from 313 K to 323 K. Among four applied models, the experimental isotherm data were discovered to follow Langmuir isotherm model more closely. Thermodynamically, adsorption was endothermic because enthalpy, entropy and Gibbs constants were 198.5 kJ/mol, 0.709 kJ/mol/K and negative, respectively, which also indicated that the adsorption process was spontaneous and feasible. From kinetic analysis, the adsorption was suggested to be pseudo-second-order model. The adsorption of PFOA on the PAC was mainly controlled by particle diffusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Ruse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China
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250
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Campbell TY, Vecitis CD, Mader BT, Hoffmann MR. Perfluorinated Surfactant Chain-Length Effects on Sonochemical Kinetics. J Phys Chem A 2009; 113:9834-42. [DOI: 10.1021/jp903003w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tammy Y. Campbell
- W. M. Keck Laboratories, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, and 3M Environmental Laboratories, 3M Center, Building 260-05-N-17, Maplewood, Minnesota 55144-1000
| | - Chad D. Vecitis
- W. M. Keck Laboratories, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, and 3M Environmental Laboratories, 3M Center, Building 260-05-N-17, Maplewood, Minnesota 55144-1000
| | - Brian T. Mader
- W. M. Keck Laboratories, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, and 3M Environmental Laboratories, 3M Center, Building 260-05-N-17, Maplewood, Minnesota 55144-1000
| | - Michael R. Hoffmann
- W. M. Keck Laboratories, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, and 3M Environmental Laboratories, 3M Center, Building 260-05-N-17, Maplewood, Minnesota 55144-1000
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