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Huang N, Wang T, Wang WL, Wu QY, Li A, Hu HY. UV/chlorine as an advanced oxidation process for the degradation of benzalkonium chloride: Synergistic effect, transformation products and toxicity evaluation. WATER RESEARCH 2017; 114:246-253. [PMID: 28254642 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2017.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2016] [Revised: 02/04/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Benzalkonium chlorides (BACs), as typical cationic surfactants and biocides widely applied in household and industrial products, have been frequently detected as micropollutants in many aquatic environments. In this study, the combination of UV irradiation and chlorine (UV/chlorine), a newly interested advanced oxidation process, was used to degrade dodecylbenzyldimethylammonium chloride (DDBAC). UV/chlorine showed synergistic effects on DDBAC degradation comparing to UV irradiation or chlorination alone. Radical quenching experiments indicated that degradation of DDBAC by UV/chlorine involved both UV photolysis and radical species oxidation, which accounted for 48.4% and 51.6%, respectively. Chlorine dosage and pH are essential parameters affecting the treatment efficiency of UV/chlorine. The pseudo first order rate constant (kobs, DDBAC) increased from 0.046 min-1 to 0.123 min-1 in response to chlorine dosage at 0-150 mg/L, and the degradation percentage of DDBAC within 12 min decreased from 81.4% to 56.6% at pH 3.6-9.5. Five main intermediates were identified and semi-quantified using HPLC-MS/MS and a possible degradation pathway was proposed. The degradation mechanisms of DDBAC by UV/chlorine included cleavage of the benzyl-nitrogen bond and hydrogen abstraction of the alkyl chain. Trichloromethane (TCM), chloral hydrate (CH), trichloropropanone (TCP), dichloropropanone (DCP) and dichloroacetonitrile (DCAN) were detected using GC-ECD. The formation of chlorinated products increased rapidly initially, then decreased (TCM, TCP, DCP and DCAN) or remained stable (CH) with extended treatment. The actual formation of TCM peaked at 30 min (50.3 μg/L), while other chlorinated products did not exceed 10 μg/L throughout the process. Based on the luminescent bacterial assay, DDBAC solution underwent almost complete detoxification subjected to UV/chlorine treatment for 120 min, which is more effective than UV irradiation or chlorination alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Huang
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China
| | - Ting Wang
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China; Shenzhen Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, PR China
| | - Wen-Long Wang
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China; Shenzhen Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, PR China
| | - Qian-Yuan Wu
- Shenzhen Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, PR China.
| | - Ang Li
- Shenzhen Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, PR China
| | - Hong-Ying Hu
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China; Shenzhen Environmental Science and New Energy Technology Engineering Laboratory, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Shenzhen, 518055, PR China.
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202
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Russo Krauss I, Imperatore R, De Santis A, Luchini A, Paduano L, D'Errico G. Structure and dynamics of cetyltrimethylammonium chloride-sodium dodecylsulfate (CTAC-SDS) catanionic vesicles: High-value nano-vehicles from low-cost surfactants. J Colloid Interface Sci 2017; 501:112-122. [PMID: 28437699 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2017.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 04/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS Catanionic vesicles based on large-scale produced surfactants represent a promising platform for the design of innovative, effective and relatively inexpensive nano-vehicles for a variety of actives. Structural, dynamic and functional behavior of these aggregates is finely tuned by the molecular features of their components and can be opportunely tailored for their applications as drug carriers. EXPERIMENTS Here we investigate the aggregates formed by CTAC and SDS, two of the most diffused surfactants, by means of Dynamic Light Scattering, Small Angle Neutron Scattering and Electron Paramagnetic Resonance spectroscopy (EPR). The exploitation of these aggregates as nano-vehicles is explored using the poorly water-soluble antioxidant trans-resveratrol (t-RESV), testing t-RESV solubility and antioxidant activity by means of UV, fluorescence spectroscopy and EPR. FINDINGS The presence of a large stability region of catanionic vesicles on the CTAC-rich side of the phase diagram is highlighted and interpreted in terms of the mismatch between the lengths of the surfactant tails and of first reported effects of the chloride counterions. CTAC-SDS vesicles massively solubilize t-RESV, which in catanionic vesicles exerts a potent antioxidant and radical-scavenging activity. This behavior arises from the positioning of the active at the surface of the vesicular aggregates thus being sufficiently exposed to the external medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Russo Krauss
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples ''Federico II'', Complesso di Monte S. Angelo, Via Cinthia, I-80126 Naples, Italy; CSGI (Consorzio per lo Sviluppo dei Sistemi a Grande Interfase), via della Lastruccia 3, I-50019 Florence, Italy
| | - Riccardo Imperatore
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples ''Federico II'', Complesso di Monte S. Angelo, Via Cinthia, I-80126 Naples, Italy; CSGI (Consorzio per lo Sviluppo dei Sistemi a Grande Interfase), via della Lastruccia 3, I-50019 Florence, Italy
| | - Augusta De Santis
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples ''Federico II'', Complesso di Monte S. Angelo, Via Cinthia, I-80126 Naples, Italy; CSGI (Consorzio per lo Sviluppo dei Sistemi a Grande Interfase), via della Lastruccia 3, I-50019 Florence, Italy
| | - Alessandra Luchini
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples ''Federico II'', Complesso di Monte S. Angelo, Via Cinthia, I-80126 Naples, Italy; CSGI (Consorzio per lo Sviluppo dei Sistemi a Grande Interfase), via della Lastruccia 3, I-50019 Florence, Italy; Institut Laue-Langevin, BP 156, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Luigi Paduano
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples ''Federico II'', Complesso di Monte S. Angelo, Via Cinthia, I-80126 Naples, Italy; CSGI (Consorzio per lo Sviluppo dei Sistemi a Grande Interfase), via della Lastruccia 3, I-50019 Florence, Italy
| | - Gerardino D'Errico
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples ''Federico II'', Complesso di Monte S. Angelo, Via Cinthia, I-80126 Naples, Italy; CSGI (Consorzio per lo Sviluppo dei Sistemi a Grande Interfase), via della Lastruccia 3, I-50019 Florence, Italy.
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203
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Ester- and amide-containing multiQACs: Exploring multicationic soft antimicrobial agents. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:2107-2112. [PMID: 28392192 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.03.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2017] [Revised: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) are ubiquitous antiseptics whose chemical stability is both an aid to prolonged antibacterial activity and a liability to the environment. Soft antimicrobials, such as QACs designed to decompose in relatively short times, show the promise to kill bacteria effectively but not leave a lasting footprint. We have designed and prepared 40 soft QAC compounds based on both ester and amide linkages, in a systematic study of mono-, bis-, and tris-cationic QAC species. Antimicrobial activity, red blood cell lysis, and chemical stability were assessed. Antiseptic activity was strong against a panel of six bacteria including two MRSA strains, with low micromolar activity seen in many compounds; amide analogs showed superior activity over ester analogs, with one bisQAC displaying average MIC activity of ∼1μM. For a small subset of highly bioactive compounds, hydrolysis rates in pure water as well as buffers of pH =4, 7, and 10 were tracked by LCMS, and indicated good stability for amides while rapid hydrolysis was observed for all compounds in acidic conditions.
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204
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Jiao Y, Niu LN, Ma S, Li J, Tay FR, Chen JH. Quaternary ammonium-based biomedical materials: State-of-the-art, toxicological aspects and antimicrobial resistance. Prog Polym Sci 2017; 71:53-90. [PMID: 32287485 PMCID: PMC7111226 DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2017.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 306] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Revised: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Microbial infections affect humans worldwide. Many quaternary ammonium compounds have been synthesized that are not only antibacterial, but also possess antifungal, antiviral and anti-matrix metalloproteinase capabilities. Incorporation of quaternary ammonium moieties into polymers represents one of the most promising strategies for preparation of antimicrobial biomaterials. Various polymerization techniques have been employed to prepare antimicrobial surfaces with quaternary ammonium functionalities; in particular, syntheses involving controlled radical polymerization techniques enable precise control over macromolecular structure, order and functionality. Although recent publications report exciting advances in the biomedical field, some of these technological developments have also been accompanied by potential toxicological and antimicrobial resistance challenges. Recent evidenced-based data on the biomedical applications of antimicrobial quaternary ammonium-containing biomaterials that are based on randomized human clinical trials, the golden standard in contemporary medicinal science, are included in the present review. This should help increase visibility, stimulate debates and spur conversations within a wider scientific community on the implications and plausibility for future developments of quaternary ammonium-based antimicrobial biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Prosthodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, 710032, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
- Department of Stomatology, PLA Army General Hospital, 100700, Beijing, China
| | - Li-na Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Prosthodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, 710032, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Sai Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Prosthodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, 710032, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Orthopaedic Oncology, Xijing Hospital Affiliated to the Fourth Military Medical University, 710032, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Franklin R. Tay
- Department of Endodontics, The Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
- Corresponding authors.
| | - Ji-hua Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Prosthodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, 710032, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
- Corresponding authors.
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205
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Bevilacqua MP, Huang DJ, Wall BD, Lane SJ, Edwards CK, Hanson JA, Benitez D, Solomkin JS, Deming TJ. Amino Acid Block Copolymers with Broad Antimicrobial Activity and Barrier Properties. Macromol Biosci 2017; 17. [DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201600492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Revised: 01/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel J. Huang
- Amicrobe, Inc. 3142 Tiger Run Court #101 Carlsbad CA 92010 USA
| | - Brian D. Wall
- Amicrobe, Inc. 3142 Tiger Run Court #101 Carlsbad CA 92010 USA
| | - Shalyn J. Lane
- Amicrobe, Inc. 3142 Tiger Run Court #101 Carlsbad CA 92010 USA
| | - Carl K. Edwards
- Amicrobe, Inc. 3142 Tiger Run Court #101 Carlsbad CA 92010 USA
| | | | - Diego Benitez
- Amicrobe, Inc. 3142 Tiger Run Court #101 Carlsbad CA 92010 USA
| | | | - Timothy J. Deming
- University of California, Los Angeles Bioengineering Department Chemistry and Biochemistry Department 5121, Engineering V Los Angeles CA 90095 USA
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206
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Gadea R, Glibota N, Pérez Pulido R, Gálvez A, Ortega E. Adaptation to Biocides Cetrimide and Chlorhexidine in Bacteria from Organic Foods: Association with Tolerance to Other Antimicrobials and Physical Stresses. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:1758-1770. [PMID: 28177232 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b04650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Chlorhexidine (CH) and quaternary ammonium compounds (QAC), such as cetrimide (CE), are widely used as disinfectants because of their broad antimicrobial spectrum. However, their frequent use for disinfection in different settings may promote bacterial drug resistance against both biocides and clinically relevant antibiotics. This study analyzes the effects of stepwise exposure to cetrimide (CE) and chlorhexidine (CH) of bacteria from organic foods and previously classified as biocide-sensitive. Gradual exposure of these strains to biocides resulted in mainly transient decreased antimicrobial susceptibility to other antibiotics and to biocides. Biocide-adapted bacteria also exhibit alterations in physiological characteristics, mainly decreased heat tolerance, or gastric acid tolerance in CE-adapted strains, while bile resistance does not seem to be influenced by biocide adaptation. Results from this study suggest that changes in membrane fluidity may be the main mechanism responsible for the acquisition of stable tolerance to biocides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebeca Gadea
- Área de Microbiología, Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales, Universidad de Jaén , 23071-Jaén, Spain
| | - Nicolás Glibota
- Área de Microbiología, Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales, Universidad de Jaén , 23071-Jaén, Spain
| | - Rubén Pérez Pulido
- Área de Microbiología, Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales, Universidad de Jaén , 23071-Jaén, Spain
| | - Antonio Gálvez
- Área de Microbiología, Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales, Universidad de Jaén , 23071-Jaén, Spain
| | - Elena Ortega
- Área de Microbiología, Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales, Universidad de Jaén , 23071-Jaén, Spain
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207
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Synthesis, Structure and Antimicrobial Properties of Novel Benzalkonium Chloride Analogues with Pyridine Rings. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22010130. [PMID: 28098790 PMCID: PMC6155866 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22010130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Revised: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) are a group of compounds of great economic significance. They are widely used as emulsifiers, detergents, solubilizers and corrosion inhibitors in household and industrial products. Due to their excellent antimicrobial activity QACs have also gained a special meaning as antimicrobials in hospitals, agriculture and the food industry. The main representatives of the microbiocidal QACs are the benzalkonium chlorides (BACs), which exhibit biocidal activity against most bacteria, fungi, algae and some viruses. However, the misuses of QACs, mainly at sublethal concentrations, can lead to an increasing resistance of microorganisms. One of the ways to avoid this serious problem is the introduction and use of new biocides with modified structures instead of the biocides applied so far. Therefore new BAC analogues P13–P18 with pyridine rings were synthesized. The new compounds were characterized by NMR, FT-IR and ESI-MS methods. PM3 semiempirical calculations of molecular structures and the heats of formation of compounds P13–P18 were also performed. Critical micellization concentrations (CMCs) were determined to characterize the aggregation behavior of the new BAC analogues. The antimicrobial properties of novel QACs were examined by determining their minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) values against the fungi Aspergillus niger, Candida albicans, Penicillium chrysogenum and bacteria Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The MIC values of N,N-dimethyl-N-(4-methylpyridyl)-N-alkylammonium chlorides for fungi range from 0.1 to 12 mM and for bacteria, they range from 0.02 to 6 mM.
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208
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Ertekin E, Konstantinidis KT, Tezel U. A Rieske-Type Oxygenase of Pseudomonas sp. BIOMIG1 Converts Benzalkonium Chlorides to Benzyldimethyl Amine. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:175-181. [PMID: 27792326 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b03705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Recently, an array of eight genes involved in the biotransformation of benzalkonium chlorides (BACs)-an active ingredient of many disinfectants-to benzyldimethyl amine (BDMA) was identified in the genome of Pseudomonas sp. BIOMIG1, which is a bacterium present in various environments and mineralizes BACs. In this study, we showed that heterologous expression of an oxygenase gene (oxyBAC) present in this gene array in E. coli resulted in formation of BDMA from BACs at a rate of 14 μM h-1. oxyBAC is phylogenetically classified as a Rieske-type oxygenase (RO) and belongs to a group which catalyzes the cleavage of C-N+ bond between either methyl or alkyl ester and a quaternary nitrogen (N) of natural quaternary ammonium compounds such as stachydrine, carnitine, and trimethylglycine. Insertion of two glycines into the Rieske domain and substitution of tyrosine with leucine in the mononuclear iron center differentiate oxyBAC from other ROs that cleave C-N+, and presumably facilitate the cleavage of saturated alkyl chain from quaternary N via N-dealkylation reaction. In addition, unlike other ROs, oxyBAC did not require a specific reductase to function. Our results demonstrate that oxyBAC represents a new member of RO associated with BAC degradation, and have applications for controlling the fate of BACs in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emine Ertekin
- Institute of Environmental Sciences and ‡Center for Life Sciences and Technologies, Bogazici University , Bebek 34342 Istanbul, Turkey
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering and ∥School of Biology, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0512, United States
| | - Konstantinos T Konstantinidis
- Institute of Environmental Sciences and ‡Center for Life Sciences and Technologies, Bogazici University , Bebek 34342 Istanbul, Turkey
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering and ∥School of Biology, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0512, United States
| | - Ulas Tezel
- Institute of Environmental Sciences and ‡Center for Life Sciences and Technologies, Bogazici University , Bebek 34342 Istanbul, Turkey
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering and ∥School of Biology, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0512, United States
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209
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Tolerance to quaternary ammonium compound disinfectants may enhance growth of Listeria monocytogenes in the food industry. Int J Food Microbiol 2017; 241:215-224. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2016.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Revised: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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210
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Co-occurrence of antibiotic and metal resistance genes revealed in complete genome collection. ISME JOURNAL 2016; 11:651-662. [PMID: 27959344 DOI: 10.1038/ismej.2016.155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 285] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Revised: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The high frequency of antibiotic resistance is a global public health concern. More seriously, widespread metal pressure in the environment may facilitate the proliferation of antibiotic resistance via coselection of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and metal resistance genes (MRGs). Given the lack of comprehensive understanding of the ARG and MRG coselection, in this study both abundance relationship and genetic linkage between ARGs and MRGs were rigorously investigated by performing a genomic analysis of a large complete genome collection. Many more ARGs were enriched in human-associated bacteria compared with those subjected to less anthropogenic interference. The signatures of ARG and MRG co-occurrence were much more frequent and the distance linkages between ARGs and MRGs were much more intimate in human pathogens than those less human-associated bacteria. Moreover, the co-occurrence structures in the habitat divisions were significantly different, which could be attributed to their distinct gene transfer potentials. More exogenous ARGs and MRGs on the genomes of human pathogens indicated the importance of recent resistance acquisition in resistome development of human commensal flora. Overall, the study emphasizes the potential risk associated with ARG and MRG coselection of both environmental and medical relevance.
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211
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Zhang X, Wang Z, Chen M, Liu M, Wu Z. Polyvinylidene fluoride membrane blended with quaternary ammonium compound for enhancing anti-biofouling properties: Effects of dosage. J Memb Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2016.07.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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212
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Li L, Ye L, Kromann S, Meng H. Occurrence of Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamases, Plasmid-Mediated Quinolone Resistance, and Disinfectant Resistance Genes in Escherichia coli Isolated from Ready-To-Eat Meat Products. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2016; 14:109-115. [PMID: 27870554 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2016.2191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
There are growing concerns about the coselection of resistance against antibiotics and disinfectants in bacterial pathogens. The aim of this study was to characterize the antimicrobial susceptibility profiles, the prevalence of extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs), plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance genes (PMQRs), and quaternary ammonium compound resistance genes (QACs) in Escherichia coli isolated from ready-to-eat (RTE) meat products obtained in Guangzhou, China, and to determine whether these genes were colocalized in the isolates. A total of 64 E. coli isolates were obtained from 720 RTE meat samples. Multidrug resistance was observed in 70.3% of the isolates. A 100% of the isolates were resistant to benzalkonium chloride. Four types of β-lactamase genes were identified in the 16 ESBL-producing E. coli isolates: blaSHV (9.4%), blaTEM (7.8%), blaCTX-M-15 (1.6%), and blaCTX-M-9 (1.6%). PMQRs were present in nine isolates (14.1%), with aac(6')-Ib-cr and qnrD detected in eight (12.5%) and one isolate (1.6%), respectively. The QACs ydgE/ydgF were most commonly present (60.9%), while qacF, mdfA, sugE(p), emrE, qacG, sugE(c), and qacE were less prevalent (1.6%-18.8%). Coexistence of ESBLs and/or PMQRs with QACs was found in 21 isolates (32.8%). The aac(6')-Ib-cr and blaCTX-M-15 genes were found to be cotransferred with qacF in one isolate. The data obtained in this study indicate that ESBLs and/or PMQRs with QACs can not only be colocalized but can also be cotransferred in E. coli isolates from RTE meat products. The E. coli isolates with multiple antimicrobial resistance genes may transmit to humans through food chain and thus require further investigation and increased awareness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Li
- 1 School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology , Guangzhou, People's Republic of China .,2 Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Copenhagen , Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Lei Ye
- 3 Research Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jinan University , Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Sofie Kromann
- 2 Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Copenhagen , Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Hecheng Meng
- 1 School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology , Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
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213
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Gadea R, Fernández Fuentes MÁ, Pérez Pulido R, Gálvez A, Ortega E. Effects of exposure to quaternary-ammonium-based biocides on antimicrobial susceptibility and tolerance to physical stresses in bacteria from organic foods. Food Microbiol 2016; 63:58-71. [PMID: 28040182 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2016.10.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2016] [Revised: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, a collection of 76 biocide-sensitive bacterial strains isolated from organically produced food were adapted by repeated exposure to increasing concentrations of the quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) benzalkonium chloride (BC) and hexadecylpyridinium chloride (HDP). The sensitivity of both wildtype strains and their corresponding QAC-adapted strains to other biocides and to antibiotics was studied. QAC tolerance increased in 88.2% of strains for BC and in 30.3% of strains for HDP, with increases in minimum inhibitory concentrations between 2 and over 100 fold. Adaptive resistance was stable after 20 subcultures in biocide-free medium for 7 and 5 of the BC- and HDP-adapted strains, respectively. Adaptation to BC and HDP also reduced the susceptibility to other biocides, mainly hexachlorophene (CF), didecyldimethylammonium bromide (AB), triclosan (TC) and chlorhexidine (CH). BC-adapted strains showed increased antibiotic resistance to ampicillin (AM) followed by sulfamethoxazol (SXT) and cefotaxime (CTX), and some showed increased sensitivity to ceftazidime (CAZ), CTX, AM and STX. Changes in antibiotic resistance in HDP-adapted strains were more heterogeneous and strain-dependent. Main efflux pump genes detected in QAC-adapted strains were acrB, sugE, norC, qacE and qacH, as well as antibiotic resistance genes aac(6_)-Ie-aph(2_)-Ia, aph(2_)-Ic, ant(4_)-Ia, lsa, mrsA/B, ereA, ermB and cat. Membrane anisotropy experiments revealed that QAC adaptation induced an increase in membrane rigidity in the case of BC, while response to HDP was more heterogeneous and strain-dependent. Growth capacity was significantly higher in some QAC-adapted strains and strain-dependent changes in heat tolerance were also detected in QAC-adapted strains. Gastric acid or bile resistances do not seem to be influenced by QAC adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebeca Gadea
- Área de Microbiología, Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales, Universidad de Jaén, 23071, Jaén, Spain
| | - Miguel Ángel Fernández Fuentes
- Área de Microbiología, Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales, Universidad de Jaén, 23071, Jaén, Spain
| | - Rubén Pérez Pulido
- Área de Microbiología, Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales, Universidad de Jaén, 23071, Jaén, Spain
| | - Antonio Gálvez
- Área de Microbiología, Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales, Universidad de Jaén, 23071, Jaén, Spain.
| | - Elena Ortega
- Área de Microbiología, Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales, Universidad de Jaén, 23071, Jaén, Spain
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214
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De Abrew Abeysundara P, Nannapaneni R, Soni KA, Sharma CS, Mahmoud B. Induction and stability of oxidative stress adaptation in Listeria monocytogenes EGD (Bug600) and F1057 in sublethal concentrations of H 2O 2 and NaOH. Int J Food Microbiol 2016; 238:288-294. [PMID: 27716471 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2016.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Revised: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Food processing and food handling environments may contain residual levels of sanitizers or cleaners which may trigger oxidative stress adaptation in Listeria monocytogenes. The aim of this study was to determine the induction and stability of oxidative stress adaptation in L. monocytogenes EGD (Bug600) (serotype 1/2a) and F1057 (serotype 4b) at different concentrations and times of sublethal oxidative stress induced by H2O2 or sublethal alkali stress induced by NaOH at 37°C. Both L. monocytogenes Bug600 and F1057 strains showed significantly higher survival in lethal oxidative stress (1000ppm H2O2) after pre-exposure to 50ppm H2O2 for 30min compared to control cells (no pre-exposure to H2O2). When the cells were pre-exposed to sublethal alkali stress by NaOH, the oxidative stress adaptation was induced within 5min in L. monocytogenes. The survival of both L. monocytogenes strains was increased by 2 to 4.5 logs in lethal oxidative stress when the cells were pre-exposed to sublethal alkali stress at pH9 from 5 to 120min by NaOH compared to control cells (no pre-exposure to sublethal alkali pH). Two other alkali reagents tested (KOH and NH4OH) also induced oxidative stress adaptation in L. monocytogenes. For both L. monocytogenes strains, the oxidative stress adaptation induced by sublethal H2O2 was reversible in 30min and that induced by sublethal alkali stress was reversible within 60min at 37°C in the absence of such sublethal stress. These findings show that sublethal oxidative or alkali stress conditions can induce oxidative stress adaptation that may increase the risk of survival of L. monocytogenes cells in lethal oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piumi De Abrew Abeysundara
- Department of Food Science, Nutrition and Health Promotion, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | - Ramakrishna Nannapaneni
- Department of Food Science, Nutrition and Health Promotion, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA.
| | - Kamlesh A Soni
- Department of Food Science, Nutrition and Health Promotion, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | - Chander S Sharma
- Poultry Science Department, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | - Barakat Mahmoud
- Department of Food Science, Nutrition and Health Promotion, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
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215
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Garcia MT, Kaczerewska O, Ribosa I, Brycki B, Materna P, Drgas M. Biodegradability and aquatic toxicity of quaternary ammonium-based gemini surfactants: Effect of the spacer on their ecological properties. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 154:155-160. [PMID: 27045632 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.03.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Aerobic biodegradability and aquatic toxicity of five types of quaternary ammonium-based gemini surfactants have been examined. The effect of the spacer structure and the head group polarity on the ecological properties of a series of dimeric dodecyl ammonium surfactants has been investigated. Standard tests for ready biodegradability assessment (OECD 310) were conducted for C12 alkyl chain gemini surfactants containing oxygen, nitrogen or a benzene ring in the spacer linkage and/or a hydroxyethyl group attached to the nitrogen atom of the head groups. According to the results obtained, the gemini surfactants examined cannot be considered as readily biodegradable compounds. The negligible biotransformation of the gemini surfactants under the standard biodegradation test conditions was found to be due to their toxic effects on the microbial population responsible for aerobic biodegradation. Aquatic toxicity of gemini surfactants was evaluated against Daphnia magna. The acute toxicity values to Daphnia magna, IC50 at 48 h exposure, ranged from 0.6 to 1 mg/L. On the basis of these values, the gemini surfactants tested should be classified as toxic or very toxic to the aquatic environment. However, the dimeric quaternary ammonium-based surfactants examined result to be less toxic than their corresponding monomeric analogs. Nevertheless the aquatic toxicity of these gemini surfactants can be reduced by increasing the molecule hydrophilicity by adding a heteroatom to the spacer or a hydroxyethyl group to the polar head groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Teresa Garcia
- Department of Chemical and Surfactant Technology, Institute of Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia, IQAC-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Olga Kaczerewska
- Laboratory of Microbiocides Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 89b, 61-614, Poznań, Poland.
| | - Isabel Ribosa
- Department of Chemical and Surfactant Technology, Institute of Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia, IQAC-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Bogumił Brycki
- Laboratory of Microbiocides Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 89b, 61-614, Poznań, Poland.
| | - Paulina Materna
- Laboratory of Microbiocides Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 89b, 61-614, Poznań, Poland.
| | - Małgorzata Drgas
- Laboratory of Microbiocides Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 89b, 61-614, Poznań, Poland.
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216
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Fagerlund A, Langsrud S, Heir E, Mikkelsen MI, Møretrø T. Biofilm Matrix Composition Affects the Susceptibility of Food Associated Staphylococci to Cleaning and Disinfection Agents. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:856. [PMID: 27375578 PMCID: PMC4893552 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococci are frequently isolated from food processing environments, and it has been speculated whether survival after cleaning and disinfection with benzalkonium chloride (BC)-containing disinfectants is due to biofilm formation, matrix composition, or BC efflux mechanisms. Out of 35 food associated staphylococci, eight produced biofilm in a microtiter plate assay and were identified as Staphylococcus capitis (2), S. cohnii, S. epidermidis, S. lentus (2), and S. saprophyticus (2). The eight biofilm producing strains were characterized using whole genome sequencing. Three of these strains contained the ica operon responsible for production of a polysaccharide matrix, and formed a biofilm which was detached upon exposure to the polysaccharide degrading enzyme Dispersin B, but not Proteinase K or trypsin. These strains were more tolerant to the lethal effect of BC both in suspension and biofilm than the remaining five biofilm producing strains. The five BC susceptible strains were characterized by lack of the ica operon, and their biofilms were detached by Proteinase K or trypsin, but not Dispersin B, indicating that proteins were major structural components of their biofilm matrix. Several novel cell wall anchored repeat domain proteins with domain structures similar to that of MSCRAMM adhesins were identified in the genomes of these strains, potentially representing novel mechanisms of ica-independent biofilm accumulation. Biofilms from all strains showed similar levels of detachment after exposure to alkaline chlorine, which is used for cleaning in the food industry. Strains with qac genes encoding BC efflux pumps could grow at higher concentrations of BC than strains without these genes, but no differences were observed at biocidal concentrations. In conclusion, the biofilm matrix of food associated staphylococci varies with respect to protein or polysaccharide nature, and this may affect the sensitivity toward a commonly used disinfectant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Fagerlund
- Nofima, Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research Ås, Norway
| | - Solveig Langsrud
- Nofima, Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research Ås, Norway
| | - Even Heir
- Nofima, Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research Ås, Norway
| | - Maria I Mikkelsen
- Nofima, Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture ResearchÅs, Norway; Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life SciencesÅs, Norway
| | - Trond Møretrø
- Nofima, Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research Ås, Norway
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217
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Daoudi S, Benaissa T, Adli DE, Hamini-Kadar N. Synthesis and Antimicrobial Evaluation of Symmetrical Diquaternary Ammonium Salts Bearing Bis-1,3,4-Oxadiazole Rings Moieties. CHEMISTRY JOURNAL OF MOLDOVA 2016. [DOI: 10.19261/cjm.2016.11(1).07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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218
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Zhang X, Ma J, Tang CY, Wang Z, Ng HY, Wu Z. Antibiofouling Polyvinylidene Fluoride Membrane Modified by Quaternary Ammonium Compound: Direct Contact-Killing versus Induced Indirect Contact-Killing. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:5086-93. [PMID: 27104660 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b00902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Widespread applications of membrane technology call for the development of antibiofouling membranes. For the traditional contact-killing strategy, the antibacterial action is restricted to the surface: the membrane loses its antibiofouling efficacy once its surface is completely covered with a fouling layer. However, in this study, polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) microfiltration membranes blended with quaternary ammonium compound (QAC) exhibited a surprisingly lasting antimicrobial activity in the vicinity of the membrane surface. The results indicated that QAC was capable of driving surface segregation with a high structural stability, and the QAC modified membrane shows clear antibacterial effects against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Covering the modified membrane surface by an abiotic alginate layer resulted in a loss of antibacterial efficiency by 86.2%. In contrast, the antibacterial efficiency was maintained after developing a biofilm of Staphylococcus aureus of 30 μm in thickness. The current study may suggest that bacteria affected by contact-killing might interact with other bacteria in the vicinity, resulting in retarded biofilm growth. The antibiofouling effect and associated mechanism of the QAC modified membrane were further validated in a membrane bioreactor during long-term operation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingran Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University , 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Jinxing Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University , 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Chuyang Y Tang
- Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Hong Kong , Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhiwei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University , 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - How Yong Ng
- Centre for Water Research, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore , 1 Engineering Drive 2, Singapore 117576, Singapore
| | - Zhichao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University , 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China
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219
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Martínez-Suárez JV, Ortiz S, López-Alonso V. Potential Impact of the Resistance to Quaternary Ammonium Disinfectants on the Persistence of Listeria monocytogenes in Food Processing Environments. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:638. [PMID: 27199964 PMCID: PMC4852299 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The persistence of certain strains of Listeria monocytogenes, even after the food processing environment has been cleaned and disinfected, suggests that this may be related to phenomena that reduce the concentration of the disinfectants to subinhibitory levels. This includes (i) the existence of environmental niches or reservoirs that are difficult for disinfectants to reach, (ii) microorganisms that form biofilms and create microenvironments in which adequate concentrations of disinfectants cannot be attained, and (iii) the acquisition of resistance mechanisms in L. monocytogenes, including those that lead to a reduction in the intracellular concentration of the disinfectants. The only available data with regard to the resistance of L. monocytogenes to disinfectants applied in food production environments refer to genotypic resistance to quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs). Although there are several well-characterized efflux pumps that confer resistance to QACs, it is a low-level resistance that does not generate resistance to QACs at the concentrations applied in the food industry. However, dilution in the environment and biodegradation result in QAC concentration gradients. As a result, the microorganisms are frequently exposed to subinhibitory concentrations of QACs. Therefore, the low-level resistance to QACs in L. monocytogenes may contribute to its environmental adaptation and persistence. In fact, in certain cases, the relationship between low-level resistance and the environmental persistence of L. monocytogenes in different food production chains has been previously established. The resistant strains would have survival advantages in these environments over sensitive strains, such as the ability to form biofilms in the presence of increased biocide concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joaquín V. Martínez-Suárez
- Departamento de Tecnología de Alimentos, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y AlimentariaMadrid, Spain
| | - Sagrario Ortiz
- Departamento de Tecnología de Alimentos, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y AlimentariaMadrid, Spain
| | - Victoria López-Alonso
- Unidad de Biología Computacional, Unidad Funcional de Investigación de Enfermedades Crónicas, Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadrid, Spain
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220
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Ertekin E, Hatt JK, Konstantinidis KT, Tezel U. Similar Microbial Consortia and Genes Are Involved in the Biodegradation of Benzalkonium Chlorides in Different Environments. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:4304-13. [PMID: 26992451 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b05959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Benzalkonium chlorides (BACs) are emerging pollutants. Identification of microorganisms and the genes involved in the biodegradation of BACs is crucial for better understanding the fate of BACs in the environment and developing treatment strategies. Four microbial communities degrading BACs were developed from sewage (SEW), activated sludge (AS), soil (SOIL) and sea sediment (SEA) samples. According to 16S rRNA pyrosequencing and shotgun metagenome sequencing analyses, the most abundant species represented uncharacterized members of the Pseudomonas and Achromobacter genera. BAC biotransformation rates of the enriched microbial communities were 2.8, 3.2, 17.8, and 24.3 μM hr(-1) for SEA, AS, SOIL, and SEW, respectively, and were positively correlated with the relative abundance of a particular Pseudomonas sp. strain, BIOMIG1. The strain BIOMIG1 mineralizes BACs at a rate up to 2.40 μmol hr(-1) 10(-11) cells. Genomes of four BAC degrading and nondegrading BIOMIG1 phenotypes were sequenced and differentially compared with each other. As a result, a gene cluster encoding for transporters, an integrase and a dioxygenase were involved in BAC biotransformation. Our results suggest that BIOMIG1 plays a key role on the fate of BACs in the environment and genes, other than those reported to date, are involved in BAC biotransformation in various habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emine Ertekin
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Bogazici University, Bebek 34342 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Janet K Hatt
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta Georgia 30332-0512, United States
| | - Konstantinos T Konstantinidis
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta Georgia 30332-0512, United States
- School of Biology, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta Georgia 30332-0512, United States
| | - Ulas Tezel
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Bogazici University, Bebek 34342 Istanbul, Turkey
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221
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Yasa SR, Kaki SS, Poornachandra Y, Kumar CG, Penumarthy V. Synthesis, characterization, antimicrobial and biofilm inhibitory studies of new esterquats. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:1978-82. [PMID: 26965863 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Revised: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Novel esterquats (monoesterquats and diesterquats) were synthesized from 11-bromo undecanoic acid (11-BUA) and different alkyl amines. The prepared compounds were characterized by FT-IR, (1)H NMR, (13)C NMR and mass spectral analysis. 11-BUA was converted into methyl 11-bromo undecanoate which was further converted into amine ester (amine monoester and diester) by reacting with different aliphatic amines (hexyl, dodecyl, octadecyl, dioctyl and dicyclohexyl amine). Finally, the obtained amine esters were converted into esterquats (monoesterquat and diesterquat) by reacting with methyl iodide followed by ion exchange to afford chloride counter ion esterquats (5a-h). The synthesized esterquat products were studied for their antimicrobial and biofilm inhibitory activities. Among all the compounds, amine ester 3a and esterquat 5d showed potent antimicrobial activity towards pathogenic Gram-positive bacterial strains with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values in the range of 3.9-15.6 μg mL(-1) and 1.9-7.8 μg mL(-1), respectively. The esterquat 5d also showed promising antifungal activity against Candida albicans MTCC 3017, Candida albicans MTCC 4748 and Candida aaseri MTCC 1962 strains with MIC value of 7.8 μg mL(-1) which was identical to standard Miconazole. The compounds which exhibited antimicrobial activity were also effective in anti-biofilm activity and it was found that compound 5d exhibited excellent biofilm inhibitory activity with IC50 value of 0.9 μg mL(-1) against Staphylococcus aureus MLS16 MTCC 2940.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sathyam Reddy Yasa
- Centre for Lipid Research, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (CSIR-IICT), Hyderabad 500007, Telangana, India
| | - Shiva Shanker Kaki
- Centre for Lipid Research, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (CSIR-IICT), Hyderabad 500007, Telangana, India
| | - Y Poornachandra
- Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (CSIR-IICT), Hyderabad 500007, Telangana, India
| | - C Ganesh Kumar
- Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (CSIR-IICT), Hyderabad 500007, Telangana, India
| | - Vijayalakshmi Penumarthy
- Centre for Lipid Research, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (CSIR-IICT), Hyderabad 500007, Telangana, India
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222
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Marisa Heredia R, Sabrina Boeris P, Sebastián Liffourrena A, Fernanda Bergero M, Alberto López G, Inés Lucchesi G. Release of outer membrane vesicles in Pseudomonas putida as a response to stress caused by cationic surfactants. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2016; 162:813-822. [PMID: 26925774 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.000265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Pseudomonas putida A (ATCC 12633), a degrader of cationic surfactants, releases outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) when grown with tetradecyltrimethylammonium bromide (TTAB) as the sole carbon, nitrogen and energy source. The OMVs exhibit a bilayer structure and were found to be composed of lipopolysaccharides, proteins and phospholipids (PLs) such as cardiolipin, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidic acid and phosphatidylglycerol (PG). The OMVs showed a marked increase in the PG content, approximately 43 % higher than the amount registered in the parent cells from which the vesicles were derived. After growth of P. putida with TTAB, the amount of lipoprotein covalently cross-linked to the peptidoglycan showed a twofold decrease when compared with values found after growth without the surfactant [16 ± 2 and 28 ± 3 μg (mg cell envelope protein)- 1, respectively]. This decrease in the amount of lipoprotein can be related to areas of loss of contact between the outer membrane and the peptidoglycan and, therefore, to OMV production. In addition, due to its amphiphilic nature, TTAB can contribute to OMV biogenesis, through a physical mechanism, by induction of the curvature of the membrane. Taking into account that OVMs were produced when the cells were grown under external stress, caused by the surfactant, and that TTAB was detected in the vesicles [48 nmol TTAB (nmol PL)- 1], we concluded that this system of TTAB elimination is a mechanism that P. putida A (ATCC 12633) would utilize for alleviating stress caused by cationic surfactants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romina Marisa Heredia
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, CPX5804BYA Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Paola Sabrina Boeris
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, CPX5804BYA Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Andrés Sebastián Liffourrena
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, CPX5804BYA Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - María Fernanda Bergero
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, CPX5804BYA Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Gastón Alberto López
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, CPX5804BYA Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Gloria Inés Lucchesi
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, CPX5804BYA Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
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223
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Buffet-Bataillon S, Tattevin P, Maillard JY, Bonnaure-Mallet M, Jolivet-Gougeon A. Efflux pump induction by quaternary ammonium compounds and fluoroquinolone resistance in bacteria. Future Microbiol 2016; 11:81-92. [DOI: 10.2217/fmb.15.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Biocides, primarily those containing quaternary ammonium compounds (QAC), are heavily used in hospital environments and various industries (e.g., food, water, cosmetic). To date, little attention has been paid to potential implications of QAC use in the emergence of antibiotic resistance, especially fluoroquinolone-resistant bacteria in patients and in the environment. QAC-induced overexpression of efflux pumps can lead to: cross resistance with fluoroquinolones mediated by multidrug efflux pumps; stress response facilitating mutation in the Quinolone Resistance Determining Region; and biofilm formation increasing the risk of transfer of mobile genetic elements carrying fluoroquinolone or QAC resistance determinants. By following the European Biocidal Product Regulation, manufacturers of QAC are required to ensure that their QAC-based biocidal products are safe and will not contribute to emerging bacterial resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pierre Tattevin
- Service des Maladies Infectieuses, Pontchaillou, 35043 Rennes, France
- INSERM U835, Université de Rennes 1, 35000 Rennes, France
| | - Jean-Yves Maillard
- Cardiff School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Martine Bonnaure-Mallet
- EA 1254 Microbiologie, Université de Rennes 1, 35000 Rennes, France
- Pôle Odontologie, Teaching Hospital, 35043 Rennes, France
| | - Anne Jolivet-Gougeon
- Pôle Biologie, Teaching Hospital Pontchaillou, 35043 Rennes, France
- EA 1254 Microbiologie, Université de Rennes 1, 35000 Rennes, France
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224
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Feng C, Liu Y, Li Q, Che Y, Li N, Wang X. Quaternary Ammonium Compound in Anolyte without Functionalization Accelerates the Startup of Bioelectrochemical Systems using Real Wastewater. Electrochim Acta 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2015.12.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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225
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Itrich NR, McDonough KM, van Ginkel CG, Bisinger EC, LePage JN, Schaefer EC, Menzies JZ, Casteel KD, Federle TW. Widespread Microbial Adaptation to l-Glutamate-N,N-diacetate (L-GLDA) Following Its Market Introduction in a Consumer Cleaning Product. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:13314-13321. [PMID: 26465169 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b03649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
l-Glutamate-N,N-diacetate (L-GLDA) was recently introduced in the United States (U.S.) market as a phosphate replacement in automatic dishwashing detergents (ADW). Prior to introduction, L-GLDA exhibited poor biodegradation in OECD 301B Ready Biodegradation Tests inoculated with sludge from U.S. wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). However, OECD 303A Activated Sludge WWTP Simulation studies showed that with a lag period to allow for growth (40-50 days) and a solids retention time (SRT) that allows establishment of L-GLDA degraders (>15 days), significant biodegradation (>80% dissolved organic carbon removal) would occur. Corresponding to the ADW market launch, a study was undertaken to monitor changes in the ready biodegradability of L-GLDA using activated sludge samples from various U.S. WWTPs. Initially all sludge inocula showed limited biodegradation ability, but as market introduction progressed, both the rate and extent of degradation increased significantly. Within 22 months, L-GLDA was ready biodegradable using inocula from 12 WWTPs. In an OECD 303A study repeated 18 months post launch, significant and sustained carbon removal (>94%) was observed after a 29-day acclimation period. This study systematically documented field adaptation of a new consumer product chemical across a large geographic region and confirmed the ability of laboratory simulation studies to predict field adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina R Itrich
- Procter and Gamble, 8700 Mason Montgomery Road, Mason, Ohio 45040, United States
| | - Kathleen M McDonough
- Procter and Gamble, 8700 Mason Montgomery Road, Mason, Ohio 45040, United States
| | - Cornelis G van Ginkel
- Akzo Nobel Functional Chemicals, 525 West van Buren Street, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Ed C Bisinger
- Akzo Nobel Functional Chemicals, 525 West van Buren Street, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Jim N LePage
- Akzo Nobel Functional Chemicals, 525 West van Buren Street, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Edward C Schaefer
- Wildlife International, 8598 Commerce Drive, Easton, Maryland 21601, United States
| | - Jennifer Z Menzies
- Procter and Gamble, 8700 Mason Montgomery Road, Mason, Ohio 45040, United States
| | - Kenneth D Casteel
- Procter and Gamble, 8700 Mason Montgomery Road, Mason, Ohio 45040, United States
| | - Thomas W Federle
- Procter and Gamble, 8700 Mason Montgomery Road, Mason, Ohio 45040, United States
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The Connection between Persistent, Disinfectant-Resistant Listeria monocytogenes Strains from Two Geographically Separate Iberian Pork Processing Plants: Evidence from Comparative Genome Analysis. Appl Environ Microbiol 2015; 82:308-17. [PMID: 26497458 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02824-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 10/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the basis of the putative persistence of Listeria monocytogenes in a new industrial facility dedicated to the processing of ready-to-eat (RTE) Iberian pork products. Quaternary ammonium compounds, which included benzalkonium chloride (BAC), were repeatedly used as surface disinfectants in the processing plant. Clean and disinfected surfaces were sampled to evaluate if resistance to disinfectants was associated with persistence. Of the 14 isolates obtained from product contact and non-product contact surfaces, only five different pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) types were identified during the 27-month study period. Two of these PFGE types (S1 and S10-1) were previously identified to be persistent and BAC-resistant (BAC(r)) strains in a geographically separate slaughterhouse belonging to the same company. The remaining three PFGE types, which were first identified in this study, were also BAC(r). Whole-genome sequencing and in silico multilocus sequence typing (MLST) analysis of five BAC(r) isolates of the different PFGE types identified in this study showed that the isolate of the S1 PFGE type belonged to MLST sequence type 31 (ST31), a low-virulence type characterized by mutations in the inlA and prfA genes. The isolates of the remaining four PFGE types were found to belong to MLST ST121, a persistent type that has been isolated in several countries. The ST121 strains contained the BAC resistance transposon Tn6188. The disinfection-resistant L. monocytogenes population in this RTE pork product plant comprised two distinct genotypes with different multidrug resistance phenotypes. This work offers insight into the L. monocytogenes subtypes associated with persistence in food processing environments.
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