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Yan Y, Chen JM, Lu TB. Simultaneously enhancing the solubility and permeability of acyclovir by crystal engineering approach. CrystEngComm 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ce41017j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Aitipamula S, Wong ABH, Chow PS, Tan RBH. Novel solid forms of the anti-tuberculosis drug, Isoniazid: ternary and polymorphic cocrystals. CrystEngComm 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ce40729b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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203
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Rahim SA, Hammond RB, Sheikh AY, Roberts KJ. A comparative assessment of the influence of different crystallization screening methodologies on the solid forms of carbamazepine co-crystals. CrystEngComm 2013; 15:3862. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ce26878k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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204
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Aakeröy CB, Panikkattu S, DeHaven B, Desper J. Interdependence of structure and physical properties in co-crystals of azopyridines. CrystEngComm 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ce26153g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Delori A, Galek PTA, Pidcock E, Patni M, Jones W. Knowledge-based hydrogen bond prediction and the synthesis of salts and cocrystals of the anti-malarial drug pyrimethamine with various drug and GRAS molecules. CrystEngComm 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ce26765b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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207
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Galcera J, Friščić T, Molins E, Jones W. Isostructurality in three-component crystals achieved by the combination of persistent hydrogen bonding motifs and solvent inclusion. CrystEngComm 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ce26791h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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208
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209
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Delori A, Suresh E, Pedireddi VR. Influence of molecular shape on the design and synthesis of supramolecular assemblies. CrystEngComm 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ce40501j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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210
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Lou B, He F. Coordination polymers as potential solid forms of drugs: three zinc(ii) coordination polymers of theophylline with biocompatible organic acids. NEW J CHEM 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c2nj40625j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cocrystallization is an effective crystal engineering approach for modifying the crystal structure and properties of drugs. The number of examples of solving drug formulation and manufacture problems by cocrystallization is rapidly growing. An updated review that systematically examines the cocrystal research in the context of drug delivery is timely and valuable. AREAS COVERED Topics covered in this review include nature of cocrystal, impact of cocrystallization on key pharmaceutical properties (both enhancement and deterioration), cocrystal preparation method and future directions in this field. The focus of this review is on the crystal engineering and pharmaceutical literature in the last 5 years. However, classical literature is also examined when relevant. EXPERT OPINION The most effective cocrystal research relies on both in-depth understanding of structure-property relationship and efficient preparation of desired cocrystals. The future cocrystal research will see growth in the areas of designing ternary and higher-order structures, cocrystals between neutral and ionic species, cocrystal polymorphism, cocrystal glasses and thermodynamics of cocrystallization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changquan Calvin Sun
- University of Minnesota, College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutics, 9-127B Weaver-Densford Hall, 308 Harvard Street S.E., Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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212
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Ober CA, Gupta RB. Formation of itraconazole-succinic acid cocrystals by gas antisolvent cocrystallization. AAPS PharmSciTech 2012; 13:1396-406. [PMID: 23054991 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-012-9866-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2012] [Accepted: 09/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cocrystals of itraconazole, an antifungal drug with poor bioavailability, and succinic acid, a water-soluble dicarboxylic acid, were formed by gas antisolvent (GAS) cocrystallization using pressurized CO(2) to improve itraconazole dissolution. In this study, itraconazole and succinic acid were simultaneously dissolved in a liquid solvent, tetrahydrofuran, at ambient conditions. The solution was then pressurized with CO(2), which decreased the solvating power of tetrahydrofuran and caused crystallization of itraconazole-succinic acid cocrystals. The cocrystals prepared by GAS cocrystallization were compared to those produced using a traditional liquid antisolvent, n-heptane, for crystallinity, chemical structure, thermal behavior, size and surface morphology, potential clinical relevance, and stability. Powder X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and scanning electron microscopy analyses showed that itraconazole-succinic acid cocrystals with physical and chemical properties similar to cocrystals produced using a traditional liquid antisolvent technique can be prepared by CO(2) antisolvent cocrystallization. The dissolution profile of itraconazole was significantly enhanced through GAS cocrystallization with succinic acid, achieving over 90% dissolution in less than 2 h. The cocrystals appeared stable against thermal stress for up to 4 weeks under accelerated stability conditions, showing only moderate decreases in their degree of crystallinity but no change in their crystalline structure. This study shows the utility of an itraconazole-succinic acid cocrystal for improving itraconazole bioavailability while also demonstrating the potential for CO(2) to replace traditional liquid antisolvents in cocrystal preparation, thus making cocrystal production more environmentally benign and scale-up more feasible.
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213
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Luu V, Jona J, Stanton MK, Peterson ML, Morrison HG, Nagapudi K, Tan H. High-throughput 96-well solvent mediated sonic blending synthesis and on-plate solid/solution stability characterization of pharmaceutical cocrystals. Int J Pharm 2012. [PMID: 23178596 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2012.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A 96-well high-throughput cocrystal screening workflow has been developed consisting of solvent-mediated sonic blending synthesis and on-plate solid/solution stability characterization by XRPD. A strategy of cocrystallization screening in selected blend solvents including water mixtures is proposed to not only manipulate solubility of the cocrystal components but also differentiate physical stability of the cocrystal products. Caffeine-oxalic acid and theophylline-oxalic acid cocrystals were prepared and evaluated in relation to saturation levels of the cocrystal components and stability of the cocrystal products in anhydrous and hydrous solvents. AMG 517 was screened with a number of coformers, and solid/solution stability of the resulting cocrystals on the 96-well plate was investigated. A stability trend was observed and confirmed that cocrystals comprised of lower aqueous solubility coformers tended to be more stable in water. Furthermore, cocrystals which could be isolated under hydrous solvent blending condition exhibited superior physical stability to those which could only be obtained under anhydrous condition. This integrated HTS workflow provides an efficient route in an API-sparing approach to screen and identify cocrystal candidates with proper solubility and solid/solution stability properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Van Luu
- Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Small Molecule Process and Product Development, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, USA
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214
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Morrison H, Mrozek-Morrison M, Toschi J, Luu V, Tan H, Daurio D. High Throughput Bench-Top Co-crystal Screening via a Floating Foam Rack/Sonic Bath Method. Org Process Res Dev 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/op3002382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Josh Toschi
- Gilead Inc., 4049 Avenida de la Plata, Oceanside, California
92056, United States
| | - Van Luu
- Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand
Oaks, California 91320, United
States
| | - Helming Tan
- Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand
Oaks, California 91320, United
States
| | - Dominick Daurio
- Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand
Oaks, California 91320, United
States
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215
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Gao Y, Gao J, Liu Z, Kan H, Zu H, Sun W, Zhang J, Qian S. Coformer selection based on degradation pathway of drugs: A case study of adefovir dipivoxil–saccharin and adefovir dipivoxil–nicotinamide cocrystals. Int J Pharm 2012; 438:327-35. [PMID: 22989978 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2012.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2012] [Revised: 08/30/2012] [Accepted: 09/09/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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216
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Establishment of cocrystal cocktail grinding method for rational screening of pharmaceutical cocrystals. Int J Pharm 2012; 437:162-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2012.07.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2012] [Revised: 07/02/2012] [Accepted: 07/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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217
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Prodrugs of fumarate esters for the treatment of psoriasis and multiple sclerosis—a computational approach. J Mol Model 2012; 19:439-52. [DOI: 10.1007/s00894-012-1554-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2012] [Accepted: 07/30/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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218
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Yamashita H, Hirakura Y, Yuda M, Teramura T, Terada K. Detection of cocrystal formation based on binary phase diagrams using thermal analysis. Pharm Res 2012; 30:70-80. [PMID: 22907418 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-012-0850-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2012] [Accepted: 07/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Although a number of studies have reported that cocrystals can form by heating a physical mixture of two components, details surrounding heat-induced cocrystal formation remain unclear. Here, we attempted to clarify the thermal behavior of a physical mixture and cocrystal formation in reference to a binary phase diagram. METHODS Physical mixtures prepared using an agate mortar were heated at rates of 2, 5, 10, and 30 °C/min using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Some mixtures were further analyzed using X-ray DSC and polarization microscopy. RESULTS When a physical mixture consisting of two components which was capable of cocrystal formation was heated using DSC, an exothermic peak associated with cocrystal formation was detected immediately after an endothermic peak. In some combinations, several endothermic peaks were detected and associated with metastable eutectic melting, eutectic melting, and cocrystal melting. In contrast, when a physical mixture of two components which is incapable of cocrystal formation was heated using DSC, only a single endothermic peak associated with eutectic melting was detected. CONCLUSION These experimental observations demonstrated how the thermal events were attributed to phase transitions occurring in a binary mixture and clarified the relationship between exothermic peaks and cocrystal formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Yamashita
- Analysis and Pharmacokinetics Research Labs, Astellas Pharma Inc, 21 Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 350-8585, Japan.
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219
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Solid-state thermal behavior and stability studies of theophylline–citric acid cocrystals prepared by neat cogrinding or thermal treatment. J SOLID STATE CHEM 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jssc.2012.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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220
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Eddleston MD, Lloyd GO, Jones W. Cocrystal dissociation and molecular demixing in the solid state. Chem Commun (Camb) 2012; 48:8075-7. [PMID: 22781501 DOI: 10.1039/c2cc33412g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A new cocrystal containing caffeine and theophylline was found to dissociate on heating, with caffeine and theophylline molecules spontaneously demixing and recrystallizing as separate phases, in a solid-solid transition likely driven by an increase in entropy. The morphology and composition of the resulting crystals was determined by transmission electron microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark D Eddleston
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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221
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Seton L, Khamar D, Bradshaw I, Hutcheon G. Processing induced transformations: Phase impurities introduced during hydration/dehydration. Chem Eng Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2012.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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222
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Kawakami K. Modification of physicochemical characteristics of active pharmaceutical ingredients and application of supersaturatable dosage forms for improving bioavailability of poorly absorbed drugs. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2012; 64:480-95. [PMID: 22265844 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2011.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2011] [Revised: 10/26/2011] [Accepted: 10/31/2011] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
New chemical entities are required to possess physicochemical characteristics that result in acceptable oral absorption. However, many promising candidates need physicochemical modification or application of special formulation technology. This review discusses strategies for overcoming physicochemical problems during the development at the preformulation and formulation stages with emphasis on overcoming the most typical problem, low solubility. Solubility of active pharmaceutical ingredients can be improved by employing metastable states, salt forms, or cocrystals. Since the usefulness of salt forms is well recognized, it is the normal strategy to select the most suitable salt form through extensive screening in the current developmental study. Promising formulation technologies used to overcome the low solubility problem include liquid-filled capsules, self-emulsifying formulations, solid dispersions, and nanosuspensions. Current knowledge for each formulation is discussed from both theoretical and practical viewpoints, and their advantages and disadvantages are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohsaku Kawakami
- National Institute for Materials Science, International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, Biomaterials Unit, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.
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223
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Mulye SP, Jamadar SA, Karekar PS, Pore YV, Dhawale SC. Improvement in physicochemical properties of ezetimibe using a crystal engineering technique. POWDER TECHNOL 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2012.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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224
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Exploring the unexpected pyridine- and 4,4′-bipyridine-catalyzed isomerization of maleic acid: A DFT approach. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2012.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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225
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Delori A, Galek PTA, Pidcock E, Jones W. Quantifying homo- and heteromolecular hydrogen bonds as a guide for adduct formation. Chemistry 2012; 18:6835-46. [PMID: 22511542 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201103129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2011] [Revised: 02/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
An investigation into the predictability of molecular adduct formation is presented by using the approach of hydrogen bond propensity. Along with the predictions, crystallisation reactions (1a-1j) were carried out between the anti-malarial drug pyrimethamine (1) and the acids oxalic (a), malonic (b), acetylenedicarboxylic (c), adipic (d), pimelic (e), suberic (f), azelaic acids (g), as well as hexachlorobenzene (h), 1,4-diiodobenzene (i), and 1,4-diiodotetrafluorobenzene (j); seven (1a to 1g) of these successfully formed salts. Five of these seven salts were found to be either hydrated or solvated. Hydrogen bond propensity calculations predict that hydrogen bonds between 1 and acids a-g are more likely to form rather than the H bonds involved in self-association, providing a rationale for the observation of the seven new salts. In contrast, propensity of hydrogen bonds between 1 and h-j is much smaller as compared to other bonds predicted for self-association/solvate formation, in agreement with the observed unsuccessful reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Delori
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1EW UK
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226
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Chow SF, Chen M, Shi L, Chow AHL, Sun CC. Simultaneously improving the mechanical properties, dissolution performance, and hygroscopicity of ibuprofen and flurbiprofen by cocrystallization with nicotinamide. Pharm Res 2012; 29:1854-65. [PMID: 22359146 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-012-0709-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2011] [Accepted: 02/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To be fully exploitable in both formulation and manufacturing, a drug cocrystal needs to demonstrate simultaneous improvement of multiple key pharmaceutical properties over the pure drug crystal. The present work was aimed at investigating such feasibility with two model profen-nicotinamide cocrystals. METHODS Phase pure 1:1 ibuprofen-nicotinamide and flurbiprofen-nicotinamide cocrystals were prepared from solutions through rapid solvent removal using rotary evaporation,and characterized by DSC, PXRD, FTIR, phase solubility measurements, equilibrium moisture sorption analysis, dissolution testing and tabletability analysis. RESULTS Temperature-composition phase diagrams constructed from DSC data for each profen and nicotinamide crystal revealed the characteristic melting point of the 1:1 cocrystal as well as the eutectic temperatures and compositions. Both cocrystals exhibited higher intrinsic dissolution rates than the corresponding profens. The cocrystals also sorbed less moisture and displayed considerably better tabletability than the individual profens and nicotinamide. CONCLUSIONS Phase behaviors of 1:1 profen-nicotinamide cocrystal systems were delineated by constructing their temperature-composition phase diagrams. Cocrystallization with nicotinamide can simultaneously improve tableting behavior, hygroscopicity, and dissolution performance of ibuprofen and flurbiprofen. This could pave the way for further development of such cocrystal systems into consistent, stable, efficacious and readily manufacturable drug products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shing Fung Chow
- School of Pharmacy, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Rm 616, Basic Medical Sciences Building, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong, SAR, China
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227
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Kelly AL, Gough T, Dhumal RS, Halsey SA, Paradkar A. Monitoring ibuprofen-nicotinamide cocrystal formation during solvent free continuous cocrystallization (SFCC) using near infrared spectroscopy as a PAT tool. Int J Pharm 2012; 426:15-20. [PMID: 22274588 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2011.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2011] [Revised: 12/20/2011] [Accepted: 12/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this work was to explore NIR spectroscopy as a PAT tool to monitor the formation of ibuprofen and nicotinamide cocrystals during extrusion based solvent free continuous cocrystallization (SFCC). Drug and co-former were gravimetrically fed into a heated co-rotating twin screw extruder to form cocrystals. Real-time process monitoring was performed using a high temperature NIR probe in the extruder die to assess cocrystal content and subsequently compared to off-line powder X-ray diffraction measurements. The effect of processing variables, such as temperature and mixing intensity, on the extent of cocrystal formation was investigated. NIR spectroscopy was sensitive to cocrystal formation with the appearance of new peaks and peak shifts, particularly in the 4800-5200 cm(-1) wave-number region. PXRD confirmed an increased conversion of the mixture into cocrystal with increase in barrel temperature and screw mixing intensity. A decrease in screw rotation speed also provided improved cocrystal yield due to the material experiencing longer residence times within the process. A partial least squares analysis in this region of NIR spectrum correlated well with PXRD data, providing a best fit with cocrystal conversion when a limited range of process conditions were considered, for example a single set temperature. The study suggests that NIR spectroscopy could be used to monitor cocrystal purity on an industrial scale using this continuous, solvent-free process.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Kelly
- Centre for Pharmaceutical Engineering Science, University of Bradford, Bradford BD7 1DP, UK.
| | - T Gough
- Centre for Pharmaceutical Engineering Science, University of Bradford, Bradford BD7 1DP, UK
| | - R S Dhumal
- Centre for Pharmaceutical Engineering Science, University of Bradford, Bradford BD7 1DP, UK
| | - S A Halsey
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, Stafford House, Boundary Way, Hemel Hempstead HP2 7GE, UK
| | - A Paradkar
- Centre for Pharmaceutical Engineering Science, University of Bradford, Bradford BD7 1DP, UK
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228
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Arhangelskis M, Lloyd GO, Jones W. Mechanochemical synthesis of pyrazine:dicarboxylic acid cocrystals and a study of dissociation by quantitative phase analysis. CrystEngComm 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ce25121c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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229
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Aitipamula S, Wong ABH, Chow PS, Tan RBH. Pharmaceutical cocrystals of ethenzamide: structural, solubility and dissolution studies. CrystEngComm 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ce26325d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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230
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Aitipamula S, Chow PS, Tan RBH. Co-crystals of caffeine and piracetam with 4-hydroxybenzoic acid: Unravelling the hidden hydrates of 1 : 1 co-crystals. CrystEngComm 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ce25080b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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231
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Moribe K, Nagai A, Hagiwara Y, Limwikrant W, Higashi K, Yamamoto K. Carbamazepine-dicarboxylic Acid Cocrystal Formation Induced by Multicomponent Cogrinding and Exchange Reaction of Dicarboxylic Acids. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.4164/sptj.49.184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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232
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Karthika M, Senthilkumar L, Kanakaraju R. Theoretical studies on hydrogen bonding in caffeine–theophylline complexes. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2011.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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233
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Zhang S, Rasmuson ÅC. The theophylline–oxalic acid co-crystal system: solid phases, thermodynamics and crystallisation. CrystEngComm 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ce25299f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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234
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Delori A, Friščić T, Jones W. The role of mechanochemistry and supramolecular design in the development of pharmaceutical materials. CrystEngComm 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ce06582g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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235
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Cindrić M, Uzelac M, Cinčić D, Halasz I, Pavlović G, Hrenar T, Ćurić M, Kovačević D. Three routes to nickel(ii) salicylaldehyde 4-phenyl and 4-methylthiosemicarbazonato complexes: mechanochemical, electrochemical and conventional approach. CrystEngComm 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ce06611d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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236
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Abourahma H, Urban JM, Morozowich N, Chan B. Examining the robustness of a theophylline cocrystal during grinding with additives. CrystEngComm 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ce25495f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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237
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Chen JM, Wang ZZ, Wu CB, Li S, Lu TB. Crystal engineering approach to improve the solubility of mebendazole. CrystEngComm 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ce25724f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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238
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James SL, Adams CJ, Bolm C, Braga D, Collier P, Friščić T, Grepioni F, Harris KDM, Hyett G, Jones W, Krebs A, Mack J, Maini L, Orpen AG, Parkin IP, Shearouse WC, Steed JW, Waddell DC. Mechanochemistry: opportunities for new and cleaner synthesis. Chem Soc Rev 2012; 41:413-47. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cs15171a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1921] [Impact Index Per Article: 160.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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239
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Khamar D, Pritchard RG, Bradshaw IJ, Hutcheon GA, Seton L. Polymorphs of anhydrous theophylline: stable form IV consists of dimer pairs and metastable form I consists of hydrogen-bonded chains. Acta Crystallogr C 2011; 67:o496-9. [PMID: 22138923 DOI: 10.1107/s010827011104786x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2011] [Accepted: 11/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The structure of a previously unreported polymorph of anhydrous theophylline (1,3-dimethyl-3,7-dihydro-1H-purine-2,6-dione), C(7)H(8)N(4)O(2), has been determined at 100 K and shown to have monoclinic symmetry with Z' = 2. The structure is named form IV and experimental observation indicates that this is the stable form of the material. The molecular packing consists of discrete hydrogen-bonded dimers similar to that observed in the monohydrate structure. The structure of form I has also been determined and consists of hydrogen-bonded chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dikshitkumar Khamar
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Byrom Street, Liverpool L3 3AF, England
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240
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Hoffman M, Lindeman JA. Co-crystals: Commercial Opportunities and Patent Considerations. PHARMACEUTICAL SALTS AND CO-CRYSTALS 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/9781849733502-00318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
This chapter focuses on some ways in which co-crystals may translate into new patents and commercial value and some considerations for accomplishing this. It is clear that the success of co-crystals in commercialization and as new patents is tied to their unique chemical composition, crystalline structure, and properties. Engineering pharmaceutical properties using co-crystals can create new commercial value for an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) and extend its patent life. This value comes from the composition of the co-crystal as well as from its crystalline form. Patenting co-crystals captures this value in the form of intellectual property. Yet, co-crystal patents have their own unique aspects that need to be addressed: definition of “co-crystal” and patentability of co-crystals information needed for effective co-crystal patents. What is clear is that co-crystals do present opportunities, commercially and in the form of patents, and the way to those opportunities is to engage the chemistry of the co-crystals and take advantage of that chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Hoffman
- Crystallics Zekeringstraat 29, 1014 BV, Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Jeffrey A. Lindeman
- J.A. Lindeman & Co. PLLC 3190 Fairview Park Drive, Suite 480, Falls Church, VA 22042 USA
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241
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Wouters J, Tilborg A, Quéré L. Concluding Remarks using Piracetam as a Learning Model. PHARMACEUTICAL SALTS AND CO-CRYSTALS 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/9781849733502-00330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Selected structures of co-crystals involving Piracetam illustrate the possibility of formation of co-crystals of an API using both hydrogen bonds and/or metal coordination. Distinct patterns of interactions (supramolecular synthons) within the crystal packing are discussed. Synthesis of an original co-crystal between Brivaracetam, a structurally related analog of Piracetam, and MgCl2 paves the way for the development of a pharmaceutically acceptable ionic co-crystal drug candidate.
On this basis, and with the many examples that have been provided throughout the different chapters of the book, it is suggested that most (if not all) APIs contain in their structure the functional group(s) that could lead to co-crystallisation, and hence to the expansion of their pharmaceutical space. This exciting perspective fully justifies both academic and industrial interest in these systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Wouters
- Department of Chemistry University of Namur (FUNDP), 61 Rue de Bruxelles, B-5000 Namur Belgium
| | - Anaelle Tilborg
- Department of Chemistry University of Namur (FUNDP), 61 Rue de Bruxelles, B-5000 Namur Belgium
| | - Luc Quéré
- UCB Pharma s.a., Chemin du Foriest B-1420 Braine-L’Alleud Belgium
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242
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Stevens JS, Byard SJ, Seaton CC, Sadiq G, Davey RJ, Schroeder SLM. Crystallography Aided by Atomic Core-Level Binding Energies: Proton Transfer versus Hydrogen Bonding in Organic Crystal Structures. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201103981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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243
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Crystallography Aided by Atomic Core-Level Binding Energies: Proton Transfer versus Hydrogen Bonding in Organic Crystal Structures. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 50:9916-8. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201103981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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244
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Daurio D, Medina C, Saw R, Nagapudi K, Alvarez-Núñez F. Application of twin screw extrusion in the manufacture of cocrystals, part I: four case studies. Pharmaceutics 2011; 3:582-600. [PMID: 24310598 PMCID: PMC3857084 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics3030582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2011] [Revised: 08/17/2011] [Accepted: 08/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The application of twin screw extrusion (TSE) as a scalable and green process for the manufacture of cocrystals was investigated. Four model cocrystal forming systems, Caffeine-Oxalic acid, Nicotinamide-trans cinnamic acid, Carbamazepine-Saccharin, and Theophylline-Citric acid, were selected for the study. The parameters of the extrusion process that influenced cocrystal formation were examined. TSE was found to be an effective method to make cocrystals for all four systems studied. It was demonstrated that temperature and extent of mixing in the extruder were the primary process parameters that influenced extent of conversion to the cocrystal in neat TSE experiments. In addition to neat extrusion, liquid-assisted TSE was also demonstrated for the first time as a viable process for making cocrystals. Notably, the use of catalytic amount of benign solvents led to a lowering of processing temperatures required to form the cocrystal in the extruder. TSE should be considered as an efficient, scalable, and environmentally friendly process for the manufacture of cocrystals with little to no solvent requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Karthik Nagapudi
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (K.N.); (F.A.-N.); Tel.: +1-805-313-5023; Fax: +1-805-447-3259
| | - Fernando Alvarez-Núñez
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (K.N.); (F.A.-N.); Tel.: +1-805-313-5023; Fax: +1-805-447-3259
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245
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Zheng W, Jain A, Papoutsakis D, Dannenfelser RM, Panicucci R, Garad S. Selection of oral bioavailability enhancing formulations during drug discovery. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2011; 38:235-47. [DOI: 10.3109/03639045.2011.602406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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246
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Qiao N, Li M, Schlindwein W, Malek N, Davies A, Trappitt G. Pharmaceutical cocrystals: an overview. Int J Pharm 2011; 419:1-11. [PMID: 21827842 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2011.07.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 416] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2011] [Revised: 06/22/2011] [Accepted: 07/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Pharmaceutical cocrystals are emerging as a new class of solid drugs with improved physicochemical properties, which has attracted increased interests from both industrial and academic researchers. In this paper a brief and systematic overview of pharmaceutical cocrystals is provided, with particular focus on cocrystal design strategies, formation methods, physicochemical property studies, characterisation techniques, and recent theoretical developments in cocrystal screening and mechanisms of cocrystal formations. Examples of pharmaceutical cocrystals are also summarised in this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Qiao
- School of Pharmacy, De Montfort University, Leicester, LE1 9BH, UK
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247
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Lu J, Cruz-Cabeza AJ, Rohani S, Jennings MC. A 2:1 sulfamethazine–theophylline cocrystal exhibiting two tautomers of sulfamethazine. Acta Crystallogr C 2011; 67:o306-9. [DOI: 10.1107/s0108270111024280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2011] [Accepted: 06/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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248
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Rahman Z, Agarabi C, Zidan AS, Khan SR, Khan MA. Physico-mechanical and stability evaluation of carbamazepine cocrystal with nicotinamide. AAPS PharmSciTech 2011; 12:693-704. [PMID: 21598082 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-011-9603-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2010] [Accepted: 02/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The focus of this investigation was to prepare the cocrystal of carbamazepine (CBZ) using nicotinamide as a coformer and to compare its preformulation properties and stability profile with CBZ. The cocrystal was prepared by solution cooling crystallization, solvent evaporation, and melting and cryomilling methods. They were characterized for solubility, intrinsic dissolution rate, chemical identification by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, crystallinity by differential scanning calorimetry, powder X-ray diffraction, and morphology by scanning electron microscopy. Additionally, mechanical properties were evaluated by tensile strength and Heckel analysis of compacts. The cocrystal and CBZ were stored at 40°C/94% RH, 40°C/75% RH, 25°C/60% RH, and 60°C to determine their stability behavior. The cocrystals were fluffy, with a needle-shaped crystal, and were less dense than CBZ. The solubility profiles of the cocrystals were similar to CBZ, but its intrinsic dissolution rate was lower due to the high tensile strength of its compacts. Unlike CBZ, the cocrystals were resistant to hydrate transformation, as revealed by the stability studies. Plastic deformation started at a higher compression pressure in the cocrystals than CBZ, as indicated by the high yield pressure. In conclusion, the preformulation profile of the cocrystals was similar to CBZ, except that it had an advantageous resistance to hydrate transformation.
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249
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Yadav AV, Dabke AP, Shete AS. Crystal engineering to improve physicochemical properties of mefloquine hydrochloride. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2011; 36:1036-45. [PMID: 20334542 DOI: 10.3109/03639041003642065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pharmaceutical cocrystallization is a promising alternative for improving the solubility and dissolution rate or manipulating other physical properties of active pharmaceutical ingredients. The objective of this investigation was to study the effect of cocrystallization with different cocrystal formers on physicochemical properties of mefloquine hydrochloride. METHOD Cocrystals were prepared by solution crystallization method--mefloquine hydrochloride (414.8 mg, 1 mmol) and different cocrystal formers (1/2 mmol) were dissolved in 20 mL of ethanol with warming. Solution was cooled in ice bath for 6 hours. The crystals were isolated by filtration through a membrane (0.45 microm) and dried in the air. The pure drug and the prepared cocrystals were characterized in terms of saturation solubility, drug content, infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, powder X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, in vitro dissolution studies, and stability studies. RESULTS The cocrystals showed enhanced solubility and dissolution rate. The cocrystals were found to be stable over the period of 6 months confirmed from stability studies. CONCLUSION Cocrystals resist the conversion of anhydrous form of drug into its hydrate which is responsible for the drugs less solubility and dissolution rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- A V Yadav
- KIMS University and College of Pharmacy, Karad, Maharashtra, India.
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250
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Rahman Z, Samy R, Sayeed VA, Khan MA. Physicochemical and mechanical properties of carbamazepine cocrystals with saccharin. Pharm Dev Technol 2011; 17:457-65. [PMID: 21265708 DOI: 10.3109/10837450.2010.546412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The aim of present research was to investigate the physicochemical, mechanical properties, and stability characteristics of cocrystal of carbamazepine (CBZ) using saccharin (SAC) as a coformer. The cocrystals were prepared by solubility method and characterized by pH-solubility profile, intrinsic dissolution by static disk method, and surface morphology by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), crystallinity by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), and mechanical properties by Heckel analysis. Stability of the cocrystals were assessed by storing them at 60 (°)C for two weeks, 25 (°)C/60%RH, 40 (°)C/75%RH and 40 (°)C/94%RH for one month and compared with the stability of CBZ. The solubility profile of cocrystal was similar to CBZ. The cocrystal and CBZ have shown the same stability profile at all the conditions of studies except at 40 (°)C/94%RH. Unlike the CBZ, cocrystal was stable against dihydrate transformation. The compacts of cocrystal have a greater tensile strength and more compressibility. The Heckel analysis suggested that plastic deformation started at low compression pressure in the cocrystal than CBZ. In summary, the cocrystal form of carbamazepine provides another avenue for product development which is more stable than the parent drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyaur Rahman
- Division of Product Quality and Research, Center of Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993-002, USA
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