201
|
Susoy V, Herrmann M, Kanzaki N, Kruger M, Nguyen CN, Rödelsperger C, Röseler W, Weiler C, Giblin-Davis RM, Ragsdale EJ, Sommer RJ. Large-scale diversification without genetic isolation in nematode symbionts of figs. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2016; 2:e1501031. [PMID: 26824073 PMCID: PMC4730855 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1501031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Diversification is commonly understood to be the divergence of phenotypes accompanying that of lineages. In contrast, alternative phenotypes arising from a single genotype are almost exclusively limited to dimorphism in nature. We report a remarkable case of macroevolutionary-scale diversification without genetic divergence. Upon colonizing the island-like microecosystem of individual figs, symbiotic nematodes of the genus Pristionchus accumulated a polyphenism with up to five discrete adult morphotypes per species. By integrating laboratory and field experiments with extensive genotyping of individuals, including the analysis of 49 genomes from a single species, we show that rapid filling of potential ecological niches is possible without diversifying selection on genotypes. This uncoupling of morphological diversification and speciation in fig-associated nematodes has resulted from a remarkable expansion of discontinuous developmental plasticity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vladislav Susoy
- Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Department of Evolutionary Biology, Spemannstraße 37, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Matthias Herrmann
- Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Department of Evolutionary Biology, Spemannstraße 37, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Natsumi Kanzaki
- Forest Pathology Laboratory, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, 1 Matsunosato, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8687, Japan
| | - Meike Kruger
- Department of Genetics, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa
| | - Chau N. Nguyen
- Institute of Ecology and Biological Resources, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Road, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Christian Rödelsperger
- Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Department of Evolutionary Biology, Spemannstraße 37, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Waltraud Röseler
- Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Department of Evolutionary Biology, Spemannstraße 37, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Christian Weiler
- Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Department of Evolutionary Biology, Spemannstraße 37, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Robin M. Giblin-Davis
- Fort Lauderdale Research and Education Center, University of Florida–IFAS, 3205 College Avenue, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33314, USA
| | - Erik J. Ragsdale
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, 915 East 3rd Street, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
- Corresponding author. E-mail: (E.J.R.); (R.J.S.)
| | - Ralf J. Sommer
- Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Department of Evolutionary Biology, Spemannstraße 37, Tübingen 72076, Germany
- Corresponding author. E-mail: (E.J.R.); (R.J.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
202
|
On Novelty, Heterochrony and Developmental Constraints in a Complex Morphological Theory of Recapitulation: The Genus Trophon as a Case Study. Evol Biol 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s11692-015-9364-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
203
|
Ontogeny of the maxilla in Neanderthals and their ancestors. Nat Commun 2015; 6:8996. [PMID: 26639346 PMCID: PMC4686851 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Neanderthals had large and projecting (prognathic) faces similar to those of their putative ancestors from Sima de los Huesos (SH) and different from the retracted modern human face. When such differences arose during development and the morphogenetic modifications involved are unknown. We show that maxillary growth remodelling (bone formation and resorption) of the Devil's Tower (Gibraltar 2) and La Quina 18 Neanderthals and four SH hominins, all sub-adults, show extensive bone deposition, whereas in modern humans extensive osteoclastic bone resorption is found in the same regions. This morphogenetic difference is evident by ∼5 years of age. Modern human faces are distinct from those of the Neanderthal and SH fossils in part because their postnatal growth processes differ markedly. The growth remodelling identified in these fossil hominins is shared with Australopithecus and early Homo but not with modern humans suggesting that the modern human face is developmentally derived. Unlike modern humans, Neanderthals had large and projecting faces. Here, the authors show that the maxilla of modern humans is distinct from those of the Neanderthal and Middle Pleistocene hominins from Sima de los Huesos because their growth processes differ markedly during the postnatal period.
Collapse
|
204
|
García-Martínez D, Recheis W, Bastir M. Ontogeny of 3D rib curvature and its importance for the understanding of human thorax development. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2015; 159:423-31. [PMID: 26890054 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.22893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Revised: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Sagittal and axial rib orientation relative to the spine are two factors that modify rib cage morphology during ontogeny. Some studies suggest that these factors do not operate in the same way at the upper (ribs 1-5) and lower thorax (ribs 6-10) during postnatal growth, but it is unknown if the ontogenetic thoracic changes are produced by morphological changes of the ribs (intrinsic rib factors) or by external factors related to costal joints (extrinsic rib factors). MATERIAL AND METHODS To clarify these questions, we applied 3D geometric morphometrics of landmarks and sliding semilandmarks (N = 20/rib) to 280 individual ribs (1-10) of Homo sapiens comprising the entire human ontogeny and growth simulations were carried out. RESULTS PCA shows that intrinsic rib factors (rib torsion and axial rib curvature) are ontogenetic factors of variability that contribute to configuring the adult thorax shape. Moreover, growth simulations and regression slopes suggest that the upper thorax unit is comprised by ribs 1-7 and the lower unit at least by ribs 8-10. DISCUSSION These results suggest anatomical constraints for ontogenetic rib variation, since ribs 1-7 (true ribs) are directly linked to the sternum. Moreover, these results are supported by functional anatomy because pulmonary kinematics would influence the upper unit and diaphragmatic kinematics would influence the lower one. Our findings are relevant not only to understanding how changes at individual ribs contribute to the adult thorax morphology, but also to the development and evolution of the modern human rib cage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel García-Martínez
- Paleoanthropology Group, Paleobiology Department, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (MNCN-CSIC), JG. Abascal 2, Madrid, 28006, Spain.,Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Autónoma De Madrid. Darwin 2, Madrid, 28049, Spain
| | - Wolfgang Recheis
- Department of Radiology, Medizinische Universität Innsbruck, 6020, Austria
| | - Markus Bastir
- Paleoanthropology Group, Paleobiology Department, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (MNCN-CSIC), JG. Abascal 2, Madrid, 28006, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
205
|
Fuchs M, Geiger M, Stange M, Sánchez-Villagra MR. Growth trajectories in the cave bear and its extant relatives: an examination of ontogenetic patterns in phylogeny. BMC Evol Biol 2015; 15:239. [PMID: 26525575 PMCID: PMC4630841 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-015-0521-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The study of postnatal ontogeny can provide insights into evolution by offering an understanding of how growth trajectories have evolved resulting in adult morphological disparity. The Ursus lineage is a good subject for studying cranial and mandibular shape and size variation in relation to postnatal ontogeny and phylogeny because it is at the same time not diverse but the species exhibit different feeding ecologies. Cranial and mandibular shapes of Ursus arctos (brown bear), U. maritimus (polar bear), U. americanus (American black bear), and the extinct U. spelaeus (cave bear) were examined, using a three-dimensional geometric morphometric approach. Additionally, ontogenetic series of crania and mandibles of U. arctos and U. spelaeus ranging from newborns to senile age were sampled. RESULTS The distribution of specimens in morphospace allowed to distinguish species and age classes and the ontogenetic trajectories U. arctos and U. spelaeus were found to be more similar than expected by chance. Cranial shape changes during ontogeny are largely size related whereas the evolution of cranial shape disparity in this clade appears to be more influenced by dietary adaptation than by size and phylogeny. The different feeding ecologies are reflected in different cranial and mandibular shapes among species. CONCLUSIONS The cranial and mandibular shape disparity in the Ursus lineage appears to be more influenced by adaptation to diet than by size or phylogeny. In contrast, the cranial and mandibular shape changes during postnatal ontogeny in U. arctos and U. spelaeus are probably largely size related. The patterns of morphospace occupation of the cranium and the mandible in adults and through ontogeny are different.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Fuchs
- Palaeontological Institute and Museum, University of Zurich, Karl-Schmid-Strasse 4, Zürich, 8006, Switzerland.
| | - Madeleine Geiger
- Palaeontological Institute and Museum, University of Zurich, Karl-Schmid-Strasse 4, Zürich, 8006, Switzerland.
| | - Madlen Stange
- Palaeontological Institute and Museum, University of Zurich, Karl-Schmid-Strasse 4, Zürich, 8006, Switzerland.
| | - Marcelo R Sánchez-Villagra
- Palaeontological Institute and Museum, University of Zurich, Karl-Schmid-Strasse 4, Zürich, 8006, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
206
|
Fitton LC, PrôA M, Rowland C, Toro-Ibacache V, O'higgins P. The impact of simplifications on the performance of a finite element model of a Macaca fascicularis cranium. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2015; 298:107-21. [PMID: 25339306 DOI: 10.1002/ar.23075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In recent years finite element analysis (FEA) has emerged as a useful tool for the analysis of skeletal form-function relationships. While this approach has obvious appeal for the study of fossil specimens, such material is often fragmentary with disrupted internal architecture and can contain matrix that leads to errors in accurate segmentation. Here we examine the effects of varying the detail of segmentation and material properties of teeth on the performance of a finite element model of a Macaca fascicularis cranium within a comparative functional framework. Cranial deformations were compared using strain maps to assess differences in strain contours and Procrustes size and shape analyses, from geometric morphometrics, were employed to compare large scale deformations. We show that a macaque model subjected to biting can be made solid, and teeth altered in material properties, with minimal impact on large scale modes of deformation. The models clustered tightly by bite point rather than by modeling simplification approach, and fell out as being distinct from another species. However localized fluctuations in predicted strain magnitudes were recorded with different modeling approaches, particularly over the alveolar region. This study indicates that, while any model simplification should be undertaken with care and attention to its effects, future applications of FEA to fossils with unknown internal architecture may produce reliable results with regard to general modes of deformation, even when detail of internal bone architecture cannot be reliably modeled.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura C Fitton
- Centre for Anatomical and Human Sciences, Department of Archaeology and Hull York Medical School, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
207
|
Singleton M. Functional geometric morphometric analysis of masticatory system ontogeny in papionin primates. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2015; 298:48-63. [PMID: 25338826 DOI: 10.1002/ar.23068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The three-dimensional configuration of the primate masticatory system is constrained by the need to maximize bite forces while avoiding distraction of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ). Within these bounds, shape variation has predictable effects on functional capacities such as mechanical advantage and gape. In this study, geometric morphometric analysis is used to investigate the ontogeny of masticatory function in papionin monkeys and test the hypothesis that biomechanical constraints determine the location of molar eruption. This "constrained eruption hypothesis" predicts that the distalmost molar (DMX) will occupy a consistent location anterior to the TMJ and that jaw adductor muscles will maintain consistent positions relative to both DMX and TMJ. Craniometric landmarks were digitized on cross-sectional ontogenetic series of nine papionin species. Form-space PCA of Procrustes residuals, visualization of Bookstein shape coordinates, and nonparametric ANOVA were used to identify ontogenetic shape trends and test for significant ontogenetic changes in relative landmark positions. In most taxa, DMX maintains a consistent position relative to the TMJ while the anterior dentition migrates anteriorly. Where significant intraspecific ontogenetic differences occur, they involve anterior migration of DMX in later dental stages, likely due to late adolescent growth of the posterior palate. Attachments of the anterior temporalis and deep masseter also maintain consistent positions relative to the TMJ; however, the superficial masseter migrates anteriorly throughout ontogeny. All muscle attachments migrate laterally relative to the TMJ, reflecting positive scaling of adductor PCSA. Overall, results support the constrained eruption hypothesis and suggest mechanisms by which functional capacity is maintained during ontogeny.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Singleton
- Department of Anatomy, Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, Illinois
| |
Collapse
|
208
|
Joganic JL. Skeletal and dental development in a sub-adult western lowland gorilla(gorilla gorilla gorilla). AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2015; 159:174-81. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.22841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Revised: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L. Joganic
- Department of Anthropology; Washington University in St. Louis; MO 63130
| |
Collapse
|
209
|
Pujol A, Rissech C, Ventura J, Turbón D. Ontogeny of the male femur: Geometric morphometric analysis applied to a contemporary Spanish population. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2015; 159:146-63. [PMID: 26331786 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.22846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2014] [Revised: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the morphological changes of the male femur during the adolescent growth spurt and to compare the pattern obtained with that reported previously for females. MATERIAL AND METHODS Two hundred and forty males from a Spanish population aged between 9 and 16 years were analysed, based on telemetries. Size and shape variation of the femur was quantified by 22 2D-landmarks and analysed using geometric morphometric methods. Likewise, the variation of neck-shaft and bicondylar angles were also determined and evaluated by Student's t-test. Sexual differences were analysed by comparing results here obtained on boys with those corresponding to girls reported in a previous study. RESULTS In males, both size and shape varied significantly with age, with males having larger dimensions than females. In general terms, these changes are generally characterised by an increase in robustness of the femur and shape modifications in the epiphyses. During growth, the neck-shaft angle decreases and the size of the greater and lesser trochanters increase. A significant increase of distal epiphyseal dimensions was recorded, mainly in the medial condyle. The angular remodeling of both the neck and the bicondylar regions of the male femur continues until 16 and 15 years, respectively. Female and male femur each followed divergent growth trajectories. Males showed a greater variability in neck-shaft and bicondylar angles than females. DISCUSSION The timing, morphology and growth trajectories provided on the femur during development can be very helpful in anthropological, paleoanthropological and evolution studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aniol Pujol
- Departament de Biologia Animal, Facultat de Biologia, Unitat d'Antropologia Física, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carme Rissech
- Departament de Biologia Animal, Facultat de Biologia, Unitat d'Antropologia Física, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jacint Ventura
- Departament de Biologia Animal, de Biologia Vegetal i d'Ecologia, Unitat de Zoologia, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Daniel Turbón
- Departament de Biologia Animal, Facultat de Biologia, Unitat d'Antropologia Física, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
210
|
Smith FJ, Percival CJ, Young NM, Hu D, Schneider RA, Marcucio RS, Hallgrimsson B. Divergence of craniofacial developmental trajectories among avian embryos. Dev Dyn 2015; 244:1158-1167. [PMID: 25703037 PMCID: PMC4544654 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Revised: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Morphological divergence among related species involves changes to developmental processes. When such variation arises in development has garnered considerable theoretical interest relating to the broader issue of how development may constrain evolutionary change. The hourglass model holds that while early developmental events may be highly evolvable, there is a phylotypic stage when key developmental events are conserved. Thus, evolutionary divergence among related species should tend to arise after such a stage of reduced evolvability and, consequently, reduced variation among species. We test this prediction by comparing developmental trajectories among three avian species of varying relatedness (chick, quail, and duck) to locate their putative point of divergence. Three-dimensional geometric morphometrics and trajectory analyses were used to measure the significance of the facial shape variation observed among these species. RESULTS Duck embryos, being more distantly related, differed from the more closely-related chick and quail embryos in the enlargement of their frontonasal prominences. Phenotypic trajectory analyses demonstrated divergence of the three species, most notably, duck. CONCLUSIONS The results demonstrate that the two more closely related species share similar facial morphologies for a longer time during development, while ducks diverge. This suggests a surprising lability of craniofacial development during early face formation. Developmental Dynamics 244:1158-1167, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francis J. Smith
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, The University of Calgary, Faculty of Medicine, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Christopher J. Percival
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, The University of Calgary, Faculty of Medicine, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Nathan M. Young
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, San Francisco General Hospital, The University of California San Francisco, School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA
| | - Diane Hu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, San Francisco General Hospital, The University of California San Francisco, School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA
| | - Richard A. Schneider
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The University of California San Francisco, School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Ralph S. Marcucio
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, San Francisco General Hospital, The University of California San Francisco, School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA
| | - Benedikt Hallgrimsson
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, The University of Calgary, Faculty of Medicine, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
211
|
Domínguez-Rodrigo M, Pickering TR, Almécija S, Heaton JL, Baquedano E, Mabulla A, Uribelarrea D. Earliest modern human-like hand bone from a new >1.84-million-year-old site at Olduvai in Tanzania. Nat Commun 2015; 6:7987. [PMID: 26285128 PMCID: PMC4557276 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms8987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Modern humans are characterized by specialized hand morphology that is associated with advanced manipulative skills. Thus, there is important debate in paleoanthropology about the possible cause–effect relationship of this modern human-like (MHL) hand anatomy, its associated grips and the invention and use of stone tools by early hominins. Here we describe and analyse Olduvai Hominin (OH) 86, a manual proximal phalanx from the recently discovered >1.84-million-year-old (Ma) Philip Tobias Korongo (PTK) site at Olduvai Gorge (Tanzania). OH 86 represents the earliest MHL hand bone in the fossil record, of a size and shape that differs not only from all australopiths, but also from the phalangeal bones of the penecontemporaneous and geographically proximate OH 7 partial hand skeleton (part of the Homo habilis holotype). The discovery of OH 86 suggests that a hominin with a more MHL postcranium co-existed with Paranthropus boisei and Homo habilis at Olduvai during Bed I times. The homin fossil record reveals a complex pattern of hand evolution. Here, the authors describe a phalanx of a >1.84-million-year-old unidentified hominin, which represents the earliest modern human like hand bone in the fossil record.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Domínguez-Rodrigo
- 1] IDEA (Instituto de Evolución en África), Museo de los Orígenes, Plaza de San Andrés 2, 28005 Madrid, Spain [2] Department of Prehistory, Complutense University, Prof. Aranguren s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Travis Rayne Pickering
- 1] Department of Anthropology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1180 Observatory Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA [2] Evolutionary Studies Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, WITS, 2050 Johannesburg, South Africa [3] Plio-Pleistocene Palaeontology Section, Department of Vertebrates, Ditsong National Museum of Natural History (Transvaal Museum), Pretoria 0002, South Africa
| | - Sergio Almécija
- 1] Center for the Advanced Study of Human Paleobiology, Department of Anthropology, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia 20052, USA [2] Department of Anatomical Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-8081, USA [3] Institut Català de Paleontologia Miquel Crusafont (ICP), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Edifici Z (ICTA-ICP), campus de la UAB, c/ de les Columnes, s/n, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès (Barcelona), Spain
| | - Jason L Heaton
- 1] Evolutionary Studies Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, WITS, 2050 Johannesburg, South Africa [2] Plio-Pleistocene Palaeontology Section, Department of Vertebrates, Ditsong National Museum of Natural History (Transvaal Museum), Pretoria 0002, South Africa [3] Department of Biology, Birmingham-Southern College, Birmingham, Alabama 35254, USA
| | - Enrique Baquedano
- 1] IDEA (Instituto de Evolución en África), Museo de los Orígenes, Plaza de San Andrés 2, 28005 Madrid, Spain [2] Museo Arqueológico Regional, Plaza de las Bernardas s/n, 28801 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Audax Mabulla
- Archaeology Unit, University of Dar es Salaam, Dar es Salaam, PO Box 35050 Tanzania
| | - David Uribelarrea
- Department of Geodynamics, Complutense University, c/ José Antonio Novás 12, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
212
|
Kapralova KH, Jónsson ZO, Palsson A, Franzdóttir SR, le Deuff S, Kristjánsson BK, Snorrason SS. Bones in motion: Ontogeny of craniofacial development in sympatric arctic charr morphs. Dev Dyn 2015; 244:1168-1178. [DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Revised: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kalina H. Kapralova
- Institute of Life and Environmental Sciences; University of Iceland; Reykjavik Iceland
| | - Zophonías O. Jónsson
- Institute of Life and Environmental Sciences; University of Iceland; Reykjavik Iceland
| | - Arnar Palsson
- Institute of Life and Environmental Sciences; University of Iceland; Reykjavik Iceland
| | | | | | | | - Sigurður S. Snorrason
- Institute of Life and Environmental Sciences; University of Iceland; Reykjavik Iceland
| |
Collapse
|
213
|
Masters M, Bruner E, Queer S, Traynor S, Senjem J. Analysis of the volumetric relationship among human ocular, orbital and fronto-occipital cortical morphology. J Anat 2015; 227:460-73. [PMID: 26250048 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent research on the visual system has focused on investigating the relationship among eye (ocular), orbital, and visual cortical anatomy in humans. This issue is relevant in evolutionary and medical fields. In terms of evolution, only in modern humans and Neandertals are the orbits positioned beneath the frontal lobes, with consequent structural constraints. In terms of medicine, such constraints can be associated with minor deformation of the eye, vision defects, and patterns of integration among these features, and in association with the frontal lobes, are important to consider in reconstructive surgery. Further study is therefore necessary to establish how these variables are related, and to what extent ocular size is associated with orbital and cerebral cortical volumes. Relationships among these anatomical components were investigated using magnetic resonance images from a large sample of 83 individuals, which also included each subject's body height, age, sex, and uncorrected visual acuity score. Occipital and frontal gyri volumes were calculated using two different cortical parcellation tools in order to provide a better understanding of how the eye and orbit vary in relation to visual cortical gyri, and frontal cortical gyri which are not directly related to visual processing. Results indicated that ocular and orbital volumes were weakly correlated, and that eye volume explains only a small proportion of the variance in orbital volume. Ocular and orbital volumes were also found to be equally and, in most cases, more highly correlated with five frontal lobe gyri than with occipital lobe gyri associated with V1, V2, and V3 of the visual cortex. Additionally, after accounting for age and sex variation, the relationship between ocular and total visual cortical volume was no longer statistically significant, but remained significantly related to total frontal lobe volume. The relationship between orbital and visual cortical volumes remained significant for a number of occipital lobe gyri even after accounting for these cofactors, but was again found to be more highly correlated with the frontal cortex than with the occipital cortex. These results indicate that eye volume explains only a small amount of variation in orbital and visual cortical volume, and that the eye and orbit are generally more structurally associated with the frontal lobes than they are functionally associated with the visual cortex of the occipital lobes. Results also demonstrate that these components of the visual system are highly complex and influenced by a multitude of factors in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Emiliano Bruner
- Centro Nacional de Investigación sobre la Evolución Humana, Burgos, Spain
| | | | | | - Jess Senjem
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| |
Collapse
|
214
|
Fornai C, Bookstein FL, Weber GW. Variability of Australopithecus second maxillary molars from Sterkfontein Member 4. J Hum Evol 2015; 85:181-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2015.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Revised: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
215
|
Wilson LA, Humphrey LT. A Virtual geometric morphometric approach to the quantification of long bone bilateral asymmetry and cross-sectional shape. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.22809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura A.B. Wilson
- School of Biological Earth and Environmental Sciences; University of New South Wales; Kensington Sydney NS 2052 Australia
| | - Louise T. Humphrey
- Department of Earth Sciences; The Natural History Museum; London SW7 5BD UK
| |
Collapse
|
216
|
Freidline SE, Gunz P, Hublin JJ. Ontogenetic and static allometry in the human face: contrasting Khoisan and Inuit. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2015; 158:116-31. [PMID: 26146938 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.22759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Revised: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Regional differences in modern human facial features are present at birth, and ontogenetic allometry contributes to variation in adults. However, details regarding differential rates of growth and timing among regional groups are lacking. We explore ontogenetic and static allometry in a cross-sectional sample spanning Africa, Europe and North America, and evaluate tempo and mode in two regional groups with very different adult facial morphology, the Khoisan and Inuit. MATERIALS AND METHODS Semilandmark geometric morphometric methods, multivariate statistics and growth simulations were used to quantify and compare patterns of facial growth and development. RESULTS Regional-specific facial morphology develops early in ontogeny. The Inuit has the most distinct morphology and exhibits heterochronic differences in development compared to other regional groups. Allometric patterns differ during early postnatal development, when significant increases in size are coupled with large amounts of shape changes. All regional groups share a common adult static allometric trajectory, which can be attributed to sexual dimorphism, and the corresponding allometric shape changes resemble developmental patterns during later ontogeny. DISCUSSION The amount and pattern of growth and development may not be shared between regional groups, indicating that a certain degree of flexibility is allowed for in order to achieve adult size. In early postnatal development the face is less constrained compared to other parts of the cranium allowing for greater evolvability. The early development of region-specific facial features combined with heterochronic differences in timing or rate of growth, reflected in differences in facial size, suggest different patterns of postnatal growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Freidline
- Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, Leipzig, 04103, Germany
| | - Philipp Gunz
- Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, Leipzig, 04103, Germany
| | - Jean-Jacques Hublin
- Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, Leipzig, 04103, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
217
|
Doudna JW, Danielson BJ. Rapid Morphological Change in the Masticatory Structures of an Important Ecosystem Service Provider. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0127218. [PMID: 26061880 PMCID: PMC4465031 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0127218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Humans have altered the biotic and abiotic environmental conditions of most organisms. In some cases, such as intensive agriculture, an organism’s entire ecosystem is converted to novel conditions. Thus, it is striking that some species continue to thrive under such conditions. The prairie deer mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus bairdii) is an example of such an organism, and so we sought to understand what role evolutionary adaptation played in the success of this species, with particular interest in adaptations to novel foods. In order to understand the evolutionary history of this species’ masticatory structures, we examined the maxilla, zygomatic plate, and mandible of historic specimens collected prior to 1910 to specimens collected in 2012 and 2013. We found that mandibles, zygomatic plates, and maxilla have all changed significantly since 1910, and that morphological development has shifted significantly. We present compelling evidence that these differences are due to natural selection as a response to a novel and ubiquitous food source, waste grain (corn, Zea mays and soybean, Glycine max).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John W. Doudna
- Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology Department, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Brent J. Danielson
- Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology Department, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
218
|
Senck S, Coquerelle M. Morphological Integration and Variation in Facial Orientation in Pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus: A Geometric Morphometric Approach via Partial Least Squares. INT J PRIMATOL 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10764-015-9837-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
|
219
|
D'Amore DC. Illustrating ontogenetic change in the dentition of the Nile monitor lizard, Varanus niloticus: a case study in the application of geometric morphometric methods for the quantification of shape-size heterodonty. J Anat 2015; 226:403-19. [PMID: 25939576 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Many recent attempts have been made to quantify heterodonty in non-mammalian vertebrates, but the majority of these are limited to Euclidian measurements. One taxon frequently investigated is Varanus niloticus, the Nile monitor. Juveniles possess elongate, pointed teeth (caniniform) along the entirety of the dental arcade, whereas adults develop large, bulbous distal teeth (molariform). The purpose of this study was to present a geometric morphometric method to quantify V. niloticus heterodonty through ontogeny that may be applied to other non-mammalian taxa. Data were collected from the entire tooth row of 19 dry skull specimens. A semilandmark analysis was conducted on the outline of the photographed teeth, and size and shape were derived. Width was also measured with calipers. From these measures, sample ranges and allometric functions were created using multivariate statistical analyses for each tooth position separately, as well as overall measures of heterodonty for each specimen based on morphological disparity. The results confirm and expand upon previous studies, showing measurable shape-size heterodonty in the species with significant differences at each tooth position. Tooth size increases with body size at most positions, and the allometric coefficient increases at more distal positions. Width shows a dramatic increase at the distal positions with ontogeny, often displaying pronounced positive allometry. Dental shape varied in two noticeable ways, with the first composing the vast majority of shape variance: (i) caniniformy vs. molariformy and (ii) mesially leaning, 'rounded' apices vs. distally leaning, 'pointed' apices. The latter was twice as influential in the mandible, a consequence of host bone shape. Mesial teeth show no significant shape change with growth, whereas distal teeth change significantly due primarily to an increase in molariformy. Overall, heterodonty increases with body size concerning both tooth size and shape, but shape heterodonty changes in the mandible are much less pronounced. Although it is unclear to what degree V. niloticus specializes in hard prey items (durophagy), previous studies of varanid feeding behavior, along with research on analogous durophagous vertebrates, indicate a division of labor along the tooth row in adults, due to a possible transition to at least a partial durophagous niche. The geometric morphometric method proposed here, although not without its own limitations, may be ideal for use with a number of dental morphotypes in the future.
Collapse
|
220
|
Mitteroecker P, Huttegger SM. The Concept of Morphospaces in Evolutionary and Developmental Biology: Mathematics and Metaphors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1162/biot.2009.4.1.54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
|
221
|
Schaefer K, Mitteroecker P, Fink B, Bookstein FL. Psychomorphospace—From Biology to Perception, and Back: Towards an Integrated Quantification of Facial Form Variation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1162/biot.2009.4.1.98] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
|
222
|
Schlager S, Rüdell A. Analysis of the human osseous nasal shape--population differences and sexual dimorphism. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2015; 157:571-81. [PMID: 25845882 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.22749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 03/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In this study, the shape of the outer osseous nose in a German and a Chinese sample is analyzed using a dense set of semi-landmarks. Shape differences related to population and sex as well as directional and fluctuating asymmetry were statistically evaluated and also visualized. MATERIALS AND METHODS Shape differences in the bony nose were investigated between a large sample of CT scans of German (140 ♀, 127 ♂) and Chinese (135 ♀, 132 ♂) crania. We used semi-automatic methods to represent the shape of this region as a dense point-cloud, consisting of 370 three-dimensional bilateral coordinates. Both the symmetric and asymmetric modes of shape variation were addressed. RESULTS Strong differences in nasal shape were found between the two populations, while sex was found to play a minor role in explaining the observed shape variation. The expression of sexual dimorphism was similar in both populations. Differences attributed to population affinity and to sexual dimorphism were both found to affect the shape of the ossa nasalia and the projection of the spina nasalis. The correlation with population/sex was weak for directional asymmetry, but strong for fluctuating asymmetry. The nasal region is more asymmetric in Germans than in Chinese, with males displaying more asymmetry than females in both populations. DISCUSSION While the bony nose is well suited for predicting population affinity, regarding the populations under investigation, its value for sexing unknown individuals is rather moderate. The similar expression of sexual dimorphism in those otherwise very dissimilar populations indicates common factors responsible for these differences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Schlager
- Department of Anthropology, University of Freiburg, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
| | - Alexandra Rüdell
- Department of Anthropology, University of Freiburg, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
223
|
Domjanic J, Seidler H, Mitteroecker P. A combined morphometric analysis of foot form and its association with sex, stature, and body mass. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2015; 157:582-91. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.22752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Horst Seidler
- Department of Anthropology; University of Vienna; Austria
| | - Philipp Mitteroecker
- Department of Theoretical Biology; University of Vienna; Althanstrasse 14 Vienna A-1090 Austria
| |
Collapse
|
224
|
Analysis of Hyoid–Larynx Complex Using 3D Geometric Morphometrics. Dysphagia 2015; 30:357-64. [DOI: 10.1007/s00455-015-9609-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
225
|
Uyeda JC, Caetano DS, Pennell MW. Comparative Analysis of Principal Components Can be Misleading. Syst Biol 2015; 64:677-89. [DOI: 10.1093/sysbio/syv019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Josef C. Uyeda
- Department of Biological Sciences, Institute for Bioinformatics and Evolutionary Studies, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844, USA
| | - Daniel S. Caetano
- Department of Biological Sciences, Institute for Bioinformatics and Evolutionary Studies, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844, USA
| | - Matthew W. Pennell
- Department of Biological Sciences, Institute for Bioinformatics and Evolutionary Studies, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844, USA
| |
Collapse
|
226
|
Loza CM, Scarano AC, Soibelzon LH, Negrete J, Carlini AA. Morphology of the tympanic-basicranial region in Mirounga leonina (Phocidae, Carnivora), postnatal ontogeny and sexual dimorphism. J Anat 2015; 226:354-72. [PMID: 25827162 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The auditory region of pinnipeds has seldom been described. Here we describe and analyze the ontogenetic trajectory of the tympanic bulla of the southern elephant seal, Mirounga leonina (Phocidae, Mammalia). This species is extremely sexually dimorphic and highly polygynous (organized in harems). We examined 118 specimens, arranged in three age classes (CI, CII, and CIII), ranging from newborn to adults (males and females). To analyze the overall size and shape of the tympanic bulla we performed a geometric morphometric analysis including 87 skulls. Females reach definitive shape and size of the bulla at earlier ontogenetic stages than males, in agreement with their earlier involvement in reproductive activities. The internal anatomy of the tympanic region (e.g. form and extension of the paries) does not show remarkable differences between sexes or age classes. The greatest differences between age classes are related to bone thickness, resulting from the apposition of new annual layers. An examination of possible sex-related external differences among age classes shows significant shape differences between males and females in CIII. The morphology observed in neonates is conserved across all individuals from CI, which included specimens up to 1 year old. Clear morphological differences were observed between CI individuals, on one hand, and CII individuals plus CIII females on the other. During cranial development of both male and females, the glenoid cavity expands and compresses the bulla; this condition reaches its maximum expression in CIII males. CIII males showed the greatest morphological differences, with respect to both CI and CII individuals, and CIII females.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C M Loza
- División Paleontología de Vertebrados, Museo de La Plata, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
227
|
Romo de Vivar Martínez PR, Bento Soares M. Dentary morphological variation in Clevosaurus brasiliensis (Rhynchocephalia, Clevosauridae) from the Upper Triassic of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0119307. [PMID: 25793754 PMCID: PMC4368672 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0119307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Clevosaurus was a cosmopolitan rhynchocephalian genus, known from the Late Triassic to the Early Jurassic. In South America this genus is represented by C. brasiliensis, an important component of the Linha São Luiz taphocoenosis, on the top of the Norian Santa Maria 2 Sequence of Southern Brazil. The best preserved and most abundant bone elements of C. brasiliensis are dentaries, in which variations of shape and size are observed. The aim of this study is to describe and evaluate the variation, using geometric morphometrics methods. Geometric morphometric analysis of 10 specimens highlights variations in relative size of the dentary. Most of the variation observed for PC1 (83.3%) is likely related to ontogeny, and PC2 (10.0%) is likely related to taphonomic signatures. The development patterns observed, such as the growth of the dentary, consists of differential growth in length between the posterior portion of the dentary, that grows at a higher rate, regarding the anterior portion of the element. This allometric growth is similar to what is observed in other rhynchocephalians and is accompanied by the allometric skull growth, similar to the trend exhibited by clevosaurs. The taphocoenosis is bimodal (juveniles and adults) with a bias towards adult preservation. Some diagenetic influence is reflected in deformed skulls and this is observed in the tangent-plot. Finally, a strong correlation was detected between the taphonomic signatures and the PC2, regarding specially disarticulation and degree of fragmentation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paula Rosario Romo de Vivar Martínez
- Laboratório de Paleontologia de Vertebrados, Departamento de Paleontologia e Estratigrafia, Instituto de Geociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| | - Marina Bento Soares
- Laboratório de Paleontologia de Vertebrados, Departamento de Paleontologia e Estratigrafia, Instituto de Geociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
228
|
Reconstructed Homo habilis type OH 7 suggests deep-rooted species diversity in early Homo. Nature 2015; 519:83-6. [DOI: 10.1038/nature14224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
229
|
Segura V. A three-dimensional skull ontogeny in the bobcat (Lynx rufus) (Carnivora: Felidae): a comparison with other carnivores. CAN J ZOOL 2015. [DOI: 10.1139/cjz-2014-0148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The maturation of mammalian carnivores from a lactating juvenile to a predatory adult requires a suite of changes in both morphology and behaviour. Bobcats (Lynx rufus (Schreber, 1777)) are medium-sized cats with well-developed skulls to process large prey that can exceed their body mass. An integrated view of the skull ontogeny in the bobcat was developed to detect the relationship between shape, size (on the basis of three-dimensional geometric morphometric analysis), and life history. Dietary changes from juvenile to adults were taken into account and compared with other carnivores. Newborns were different from the remaining age stages in the behavioral and morphological characters examined, which allows us to relate them to the terminal morphology reached during the prenatal period. All findings were related to the reinforcement of the skull and the enhancement of predatory skills in adult bobcats. The final cranial shape is reached in A2 age class, after 2 years of age, and once sexual maturity has been reached. This is a pattern not followed for the rest of carnivores previously studied, which might be related to the capacity of subduing prey that exceed them in size, a behavior not common in felids of the body size of bobcats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Segura
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina, Unidad Ejecutora Lillo (UEL)
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina, Unidad Ejecutora Lillo (UEL)
| |
Collapse
|
230
|
Mitteroecker P, Windhager S, Müller GB, Schaefer K. The morphometrics of "masculinity" in human faces. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0118374. [PMID: 25671667 PMCID: PMC4324773 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0118374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 01/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In studies of social inference and human mate preference, a wide but inconsistent array of tools for computing facial masculinity has been devised. Several of these approaches implicitly assumed that the individual expression of sexually dimorphic shape features, which we refer to as maleness, resembles facial shape features perceived as masculine. We outline a morphometric strategy for estimating separately the face shape patterns that underlie perceived masculinity and maleness, and for computing individual scores for these shape patterns. We further show how faces with different degrees of masculinity or maleness can be constructed in a geometric morphometric framework. In an application of these methods to a set of human facial photographs, we found that shape features typically perceived as masculine are wide faces with a wide inter-orbital distance, a wide nose, thin lips, and a large and massive lower face. The individual expressions of this combination of shape features—the masculinity shape scores—were the best predictor of rated masculinity among the compared methods (r = 0.5). The shape features perceived as masculine only partly resembled the average face shape difference between males and females (sexual dimorphism). Discriminant functions and Procrustes distances to the female mean shape were poor predictors of perceived masculinity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Mitteroecker
- Department of Theoretical Biology, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- * E-mail:
| | - Sonja Windhager
- Department of Anthropology, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Gerd B. Müller
- Department of Theoretical Biology, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Katrin Schaefer
- Department of Anthropology, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
231
|
Susoy V, Ragsdale EJ, Kanzaki N, Sommer RJ. Rapid diversification associated with a macroevolutionary pulse of developmental plasticity. eLife 2015; 4:e05463. [PMID: 25650739 PMCID: PMC4357287 DOI: 10.7554/elife.05463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Developmental plasticity has been proposed to facilitate phenotypic diversification in plants and animals, but the macroevolutionary potential of plastic traits remains to be objectively tested. We studied the evolution of feeding structures in a group of 90 nematodes, including Caenorhabditis elegans, some species of which have evolved a mouthpart polyphenism, moveable teeth, and predatory feeding. Comparative analyses of shape and form, using geometric morphometrics, and of structural complexity revealed a rapid process of diversification associated with developmental plasticity. First, dimorphism was associated with a sharp increase in complexity and elevated evolutionary rates, represented by a radiation of feeding-forms with structural novelties. Second, the subsequent assimilation of a single phenotype coincided with a decrease in mouthpart complexity but an even stronger increase in evolutionary rates. Our results suggest that a macroevolutionary 'pulse' of plasticity promotes novelties and, even after the secondary fixation of phenotypes, permits sustained rapid exploration of morphospace.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vladislav Susoy
- Department for Evolutionary Biology, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Erik J Ragsdale
- Department for Evolutionary Biology, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, United States
| | - Natsumi Kanzaki
- Forest Pathology Laboratory, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Ralf J Sommer
- Department for Evolutionary Biology, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Tübingen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
232
|
Bastir M, García-Martínez D, Estalrrich A, García-Tabernero A, Huguet R, Ríos L, Barash A, Recheis W, de la Rasilla M, Rosas A. The relevance of the first ribs of the El Sidrón site (Asturias, Spain) for the understanding of the Neandertal thorax. J Hum Evol 2015; 80:64-73. [PMID: 25563407 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2014.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Revised: 10/17/2014] [Accepted: 10/17/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Reconstructing the morphology of the Neanderthal rib cage not only provides information about the general evolution of human body shape but also aids understanding of functional anatomy and energetics. Despite this paleobiological importance there is still debate about the nature and extent of variations in the size and shape of the Neandertal thorax. The El Sidrón Neandertals can be used to contribute to this debate, providing new costal remains ranging from fully preserved and undistorted ribs to highly fragmented elements. Six first ribs are particularly well preserved and offer the opportunity to analyze thorax morphology in Neandertals. The aims of this paper are to present this new material, to compare the ontogenetic trajectories of the first ribs between Neandertals and modern humans, and, using geometric morphometrics, to test the hypothesis of morphological integration between the first rib and overall thorax morphology. The first ribs of the El Sidrón adult Neandertals are smaller in centroid size and tend to be less curved when compared with those of modern humans, but are similar to Kebara 2. Our results further show that the straightening of the first ribs is significantly correlated with a straightening of the ribs of the upper thorax (R = 0.66; p < 0.0001) in modern humans, suggesting modularity in the upper and lower thorax units as reported in other hominins. It also supports the hypothesis that the upper thorax of Neandertals differs in shape from modern humans with more anteriorly projecting upper ribs during inspiration. These differences could have biomechanical consequences and account for stronger muscle attachments in Neandertals. Different upper thorax shape would also imply a different spatial arrangement of the shoulder girdle and articulation with the humerus (torsion) and its connection to the upper thorax. Future research should address these inferences in the context of Neandertal overall body morphology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Markus Bastir
- Paleoanthropology Group, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (CSIC), J. G. Abascal 2, 28006, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Daniel García-Martínez
- Paleoanthropology Group, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (CSIC), J. G. Abascal 2, 28006, Madrid, Spain
| | - Almudena Estalrrich
- Paleoanthropology Group, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (CSIC), J. G. Abascal 2, 28006, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio García-Tabernero
- Paleoanthropology Group, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (CSIC), J. G. Abascal 2, 28006, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosa Huguet
- Paleoanthropology Group, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (CSIC), J. G. Abascal 2, 28006, Madrid, Spain; Institut Català de Paleoecologia Humana i Evolució Social (IPHES), C/ Marcel.lí Domingo s/n e Campus Sescelades URV (Edifici W3), 43007 Tarragona, Spain; Àrea de Prehistòria, Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV), Avinguda de Catalunya 35, 43002 Tarragona, Spain; Unidad asociada al CSIC, Departamento de Paleobiología, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, Calle José Gutierrez Abascal, 2. 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Ríos
- Paleoanthropology Group, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (CSIC), J. G. Abascal 2, 28006, Madrid, Spain; Sociedad de Ciencias Aranzadi-Aranzadi Zientzia Elkartea, Alto de Zorroaga Bidea, 11, 20014, Donostia, Gipuzkoa, Spain
| | - Alon Barash
- Faculty of Medicine in the Galilee, Bar Ilan University, Henrietta Szold, 8, P.O.B 1589, 1311502, Zefat, Israel
| | - Wolfgang Recheis
- Department of Radiology, Medical University Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Marco de la Rasilla
- Department of History, University of Oviedo, Campus del Milán, C/ Teniente Alfonso Martínez s/n, 33011, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Antonio Rosas
- Paleoanthropology Group, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (CSIC), J. G. Abascal 2, 28006, Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
233
|
Cooke SB, Terhune CE. Form, Function, and Geometric Morphometrics. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2014; 298:5-28. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.23065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Siobhán B. Cooke
- Department of Anthropology; Northeastern Illinois University; Chicago Illinois
- New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology Morphometrics Group; New York New York
| | - Claire E. Terhune
- Department of Anthropology; University of Arkansas; Fayetteville Arkansas
| |
Collapse
|
234
|
Araújo MS, Perez SI, Magazoni MJC, Petry AC. Body size and allometric shape variation in the molly Poecilia vivipara along a gradient of salinity and predation. BMC Evol Biol 2014; 14:251. [PMID: 25471469 PMCID: PMC4272540 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-014-0251-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Phenotypic diversity among populations may result from divergent natural selection acting directly on traits or via correlated responses to changes in other traits. One of the most frequent patterns of correlated response is the proportional change in the dimensions of anatomical traits associated with changes in growth or absolute size, known as allometry. Livebearing fishes subject to predation gradients have been shown to repeatedly evolve larger caudal peduncles and smaller cranial regions under high predation regimes. Poecilia vivipara is a livebearing fish commonly found in coastal lagoons in the north of the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Similar to what is observed in other predation gradients, lagoons inhabited by P. vivipara vary in the presence of piscivorous fishes; contrary to other poeciliid systems, populations of P. vivipara vary greatly in body size, which opens the possibility of strong allometric effects on shape variation. Here we investigated body shape diversification among six populations of P. vivipara along a predation gradient and its relationship with allometric trajectories within and among populations. Results We found substantial body size variation and correlated shape changes among populations. Multivariate regression analysis showed that size variation among populations accounted for 66% of shape variation in females and 38% in males, suggesting that size is the most important dimension underlying shape variation among populations of P. vivipara in this system. Changes in the relative sizes of the caudal peduncle and cranial regions were only partly in line with predictions from divergent natural selection associated with predation regime. Conclusions Our results suggest the possibility that adaptive shape variation among populations has been partly constrained by allometry in P. vivipara. Processes governing body size changes are therefore important in the diversification of this species. We conclude that in species characterized by substantial among-population differences in body size, ignoring allometric effects when investigating divergent natural selection’s role in phenotypic diversification might not be warranted. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12862-014-0251-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Márcio S Araújo
- Departamento de Ecologia, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Rio Claro, SP, Brazil.
| | - S Ivan Perez
- División Antropología, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, CONICET, La Plata, Argentina.
| | | | - Ana C Petry
- Núcleo em Ecologia e Desenvolvimento Socioambiental de Macaé - NUPEM, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro - UFRJ, Macaé, RJ, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
235
|
Chartier M, Jabbour F, Gerber S, Mitteroecker P, Sauquet H, von Balthazar M, Staedler Y, Crane PR, Schönenberger J. The floral morphospace--a modern comparative approach to study angiosperm evolution. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2014; 204:841-53. [PMID: 25539005 PMCID: PMC5526441 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Morphospaces are mathematical representations used for studying the evolution of morphological diversity and for the evaluation of evolved shapes among theoretically possible ones. Although widely used in zoology, they--with few exceptions--have been disregarded in plant science and in particular in the study of broad-scale patterns of floral structure and evolution. Here we provide basic information on the morphospace approach; we review earlier morphospace applications in plant science; and as a practical example, we construct and analyze a floral morphospace. Morphospaces are usually visualized with the help of ordination methods such as principal component analysis (PCA) or nonmetric multidimensional scaling (NMDS). The results of these analyses are then coupled with disparity indices that describe the spread of taxa in the space. We discuss these methods and apply modern statistical tools to the first and only angiosperm-wide floral morphospace published by Stebbins in 1951. Despite the incompleteness of Stebbins’ original dataset, our analyses highlight major, angiosperm-wide trends in the diversity of flower morphology and thereby demonstrate the power of this previously neglected approach in plant science.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marion Chartier
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of
Vienna, Rennweg 14, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Florian Jabbour
- Institute of Systematics, Evolution and Biodiversity, National
Museum of Natural History, 57 rue Cuvier – CP 39, 75231 Paris Cedex 05,
France
| | - Sylvain Gerber
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing
Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EQ, UK
| | - Philipp Mitteroecker
- Department of Theoretical Biology, Vienna University, Althanstrasse
14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Hervé Sauquet
- Laboratoire Écologie, Systématique, Évolution,
Université Paris-Sud, CNRS UMR 8079, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Maria von Balthazar
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of
Vienna, Rennweg 14, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Yannick Staedler
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of
Vienna, Rennweg 14, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter R. Crane
- Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, 195 Prospect
Street, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Jürg Schönenberger
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of
Vienna, Rennweg 14, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
236
|
Craniofacial modularity, character analysis, and the evolution of the premaxilla in early African hominins. J Hum Evol 2014; 77:143-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2014.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2013] [Revised: 03/21/2014] [Accepted: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
|
237
|
Gonzalez PN, Kristensen E, Morck DW, Boyd S, Hallgrímsson B. Effects of growth hormone on the ontogenetic allometry of craniofacial bones. Evol Dev 2014; 15:133-45. [PMID: 25098638 DOI: 10.1111/ede.12025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Organism size is controlled by interactions between genetic and environmental factors mediated by hormones with systemic and local effects. As changes in size are usually not isometric, a considerable diversity in shape can be generated through modifications in the patterns of ontogenetic allometry. In this study we evaluated the role of timing and dose of growth hormone (GH) release on growth and correlated shape changes in craniofacial bones. Using a longitudinal study design, we analyzed GH deficient mice treated with GH supplementation commencing pre- and post-puberty. We obtained 3D in vivo micro-CT images of the skull between 21 and 60 days of age and used geometric morphometrics to analyze size and shape changes among control and GH deficient treated and non-treated mice. The variable levels of circulating GH altered the size and shape of the adult skull, and influenced the cranial base, vault, and face differently. While cranial base synchondroses and facial sutures were susceptible to either the direct or indirect effect of GH supplementation, its effect was negligible on the vault. Such different responses support the role of intrinsic growth trajectories of skeletal components in controlling the modifications induced by systemic factors. Contrary to the expected, the timing of GH treatment did not have an effect on catch-up growth. GH levels also altered the ontogenetic trajectories by inducing changes in their location and extension in the shape space, indicating that differences arose before 21 days and were further accentuated by a truncation of the ontogenetic trajectories in GHD groups.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paula N Gonzalez
- Departmentof Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 4Z6; McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute for Child and Maternal Health, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Instituto de Genética Veterinaria, IGEVET-CONICET, La Plata, Argentina
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
238
|
The pattern of hominin postcranial evolution reconsidered in light of size-related shape variation of the distal humerus. J Hum Evol 2014; 75:90-109. [PMID: 25128333 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2014.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2013] [Revised: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Previous research suggests that some hominin postcranial features do not follow a linear path of increasing modernization through geological time. With respect to the distal humerus, in particular, the earliest known hominin specimens are reportedly among the most modern in morphology, while some later humeri appear further removed from the average modern human shape. Although Plio-Pleistocene humeri vary widely in size, previous studies have failed to account for size-related shape variation when making morphometric comparisons. This study reexamines hominin postcranial evolution in light of distal humeral allometry. Using two-dimensional landmark data, the relationship between specimen size and shape among modern humans is quantified using multivariate regression and principal components analysis of size-shape space. Fossils are compared with modern human shapes expected at a given size, as well as with the overall average human shape. The null hypothesis of humeral isometry in modern humans is rejected. Subsequently, if one takes allometry into account, the apparent pattern of hominin humeral evolution does not resemble the pattern described above. All 14 of the Plio-Pleistocene hominin fossils examined here share a similar pattern of shape differences from equivalently-sized modern humans, though they vary in the extent to which these differences are expressed. The oldest specimen in the sample (KNM-KP 271; Australopithecus anamensis) exhibits the least human-like elbow morphology. Similarly primitive morphology characterizes all younger species of Australopithecus as well as Paranthropus robustus. After 2 Ma, a subtly more human-like elbow morphology is apparent among specimens attributed to early Homo, as well as among isolated specimens that may represent either Homo or Paranthropus boisei. This study emphasizes the need to consider size-related shape variation when individual fossil specimens are compared with the average shape of a comparative group, particularly when specimens fall near an extreme of the comparative size distribution.
Collapse
|
239
|
Polychronis G, Halazonetis DJ. Shape covariation between the craniofacial complex and first molars in humans. J Anat 2014; 225:220-31. [PMID: 24916927 PMCID: PMC4111929 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The occurrence of mutual genetic loci in morphogenesis of the face and teeth implies shape covariation between these structures. However, teeth finalize their shape at an early age, whereas the face grows and is subjected to environmental influences for a prolonged period; it is therefore conceivable that covariation might modulate with age. Here we investigate the extent of this covariation in humans by measuring the 3D shape of the occlusal surface of the permanent first molars and the shape of the craniofacial complex from lateral radiographs, at two maturations stages. A sample of Greek subjects was divided into two groups (110 adult, 110 prepubertal) with equally distributed gender. The occlusal surfaces of the right first molars were 3D scanned from dental casts; 265 and 274 landmarks (including surface and curve semilandmarks) were digitized on the maxillary and mandibular molars, respectively. The corresponding lateral cephalometric radiographs were digitized with 71 landmarks. Geometric morphometric methods were used to assess shape variation and covariation. The vertical dimension of the craniofacial complex was the main parameter of shape variation, followed by anteroposterior deviations. The male craniofacial complex was larger (4.0-5.7%) and was characterized by a prominent chin and clockwise rotation of the cranial base (adult group only). Allometry was weak and statistically significant only when examined for the sample as a whole (percent variance explained: 2.1%, P = 0.0002). Covariation was statistically significant only between the lower first molar and the craniofacial complex (RV = 14.05%, P = 0.0099, and RV = 12.31%, P = 0.0162, for the prepubertal and adult groups, respectively). Subtle age-related covariation differences were noted, indicating that environmental factors may influence the pattern and strength of covariation. However, the main pattern was similar in both groups: a class III skeletal pattern (relative maxillary retrusion and mandibular protrusion), hyperdivergency, forward rotation of the posterior cranial base and upward rotation of the anterior cranial base were associated with mesiodistal elongation of the lower molars and height reduction of their distal cusps. This pattern mimics phylogeny in humans, where flexion and counterclockwise rotation of the cranial base, considered advantageous to survival, co-occur with tooth reductions that cannot be easily explained in evolutionary terms. The similarity of the phylogenetic and covariation patterns seems to support the pleiotropic gene hypothesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Polychronis
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | |
Collapse
|
240
|
|
241
|
Adams DC. A METHOD FOR ASSESSING PHYLOGENETIC LEAST SQUARES MODELS FOR SHAPE AND OTHER HIGH-DIMENSIONAL MULTIVARIATE DATA. Evolution 2014; 68:2675-88. [DOI: 10.1111/evo.12463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dean C. Adams
- Department of Ecology; Evolution, and Organismal Biology; Iowa State University; Ames Iowa 50011
- Department of Statistics; Iowa State University; Ames Iowa 50011
| |
Collapse
|
242
|
Menéndez L, Bernal V, Novellino P, Perez SI. Effect of bite force and diet composition on craniofacial diversification of Southern South American human populations. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2014; 155:114-27. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.22560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2013] [Revised: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lumila Menéndez
- CONICET; División Antropología; Museo de La Plata (UNLP), Paseo del Bosque S/N; La Plata 1900 Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Valeria Bernal
- CONICET; División Antropología; Museo de La Plata (UNLP), Paseo del Bosque S/N; La Plata 1900 Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Paula Novellino
- CONICET, Laboratorio de Bioarqueología, Museo de Ciencias Naturales y Antropológicas “J.C.Moyano,” Mendoza; Argentina
| | - S. Ivan Perez
- CONICET; División Antropología; Museo de La Plata (UNLP), Paseo del Bosque S/N; La Plata 1900 Buenos Aires Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
243
|
Králík M, Katina S, Urbanová P. Distal Part of the Human Hand: Study of Form Variability and Sexual Dimorphism Using Geometric Morphometrics. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.5817/ai2014-2-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Tradičně se lidská ruka studuje prostřednictvím měření a srovnávání jednotlivých segmentů (prstů, článků prstů, záprstních kostí) bez zohlednění jejich vzájemných prostorových souvislostí. Cílem této studie je výzkum vnitro-populační variability formy lidské ruky jako celku v oblasti tříčlánkových prstů se zvláštním zaměřením na sexuální dimorfismus a vztah mezi velikostí a tvarem ruky. Pravé ruce 99 žen a 70 mužů, převážně vysokoškolských studentů, byly ve standardizované poloze z palmární strany zaznamenány běžným stolním skenerem. Na každém dvourozměrném snímku bylo umístěno 16 význačných bodů a byla studována variabilita mezi těmito konfiguracemi prostřednictvím metod geometrické morfometrie. Pro lepší pochopení vnitřních vzorců variability tvaru byl tvarový prostor rozložen na afinní a neafinní podprostor, které byly dále analyzovány samostatně. Převážná část celkové variability byla spojena s afinními tvarovými rozdíly, které jsou identické v celé studované oblasti ruky. Jejich větší část představovala střižnou změnu v proximodistálním směru, menší část pak napínání odpovídající změnám v šířce ruky. Toto napínání také silně korelovalo s velikostí ruky. Mezipohlavní rozdíly představovala afinní změna, ve které byla proximodistální střižná změna neoddělitelně spojena se změnami v relativní šířce ruky. Lokální neafinní pohlavní rozdíly byly zaznamenány v určitých článcích prstů a mohou souviset s rozdíly v poměrech délek prstů. Domníváme se, že oddělení globálních a lokálních sexuálně dimorfních znaků ruky může pomoci blíže ozřejmit původ/počátek jejich dimorfismu v rané ontogenezi – čím lokálnější znak, tím později se v ontogenezi zakládá. Dimorfní znaky lokální a globální by proto mohly být ovlivněny odlišnými ontogenetickými faktory.
Collapse
|
244
|
Watanabe A, Slice DE. The utility of cranial ontogeny for phylogenetic inference: a case study in crocodylians using geometric morphometrics. J Evol Biol 2014; 27:1078-92. [DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Revised: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Watanabe
- Department of Biological Science; Florida State University; Tallahassee FL USA
| | - D. E. Slice
- Department of Scientific Computing; Florida State University; Tallahassee FL USA
- Department of Anthropology; University of Vienna; Vienna Austria
| |
Collapse
|
245
|
Cofran Z. Mandibular development inAustralopithecus robustus. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2014; 154:436-46. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.22527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2013] [Revised: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zachary Cofran
- School of Humanities and Social Sciences; Nazarbayev University; 53 Kabanbay Batyr Avenue 010000 Astana Kazakhstan
| |
Collapse
|
246
|
Sun L, Ye M, Hao H, Wang N, Wang Y, Cheng T, Zhang Q, Wu R. A model framework for identifying genes that guide the evolution of heterochrony. Mol Biol Evol 2014; 31:2238-47. [PMID: 24817546 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msu156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterochrony, the phylogenic change in the time of developmental events or rate of development, has been thought to play an important role in producing phenotypic novelty during evolution. Increasing evidence suggests that specific genes are implicated in heterochrony, guiding the process of developmental divergence, but no quantitative models have been instrumented to map such heterochrony genes. Here, we present a computational framework for genetic mapping by which to characterize and locate quantitative trait loci (QTLs) that govern heterochrony described by four parameters, the timing of the inflection point, the timing of maximum acceleration of growth, the timing of maximum deceleration of growth, and the length of linear growth. The framework was developed from functional mapping, a dynamic model derived to map QTLs for the overall process and pattern of development. By integrating an optimality algorithm, the framework allows the so-called heterochrony QTLs (hQTLs) to be tested and quantified. Specific pipelines are given for testing how hQTLs control the onset and offset of developmental events, the rate of development, and duration of a particular developmental stage. Computer simulation was performed to examine the statistical properties of the model and demonstrate its utility to characterize the effect of hQTLs on population diversification due to heterochrony. By analyzing a genetic mapping data in rice, the framework identified an hQTL that controls the timing of maximum growth rate and duration of linear growth stage in plant height growth. The framework provides a tool to study how genetic variation translates into phenotypic innovation, leading a lineage to evolve, through heterochrony.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lidan Sun
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, College of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Meixia Ye
- Center for Computational Biology, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Han Hao
- Center for Statistical Genetics, The Pennsylvania State University
| | - Ningtao Wang
- Center for Statistical Genetics, The Pennsylvania State University
| | - Yaqun Wang
- Center for Statistical Genetics, The Pennsylvania State University
| | - Tangren Cheng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, College of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Qixiang Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, College of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Rongling Wu
- Center for Computational Biology, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, ChinaCenter for Statistical Genetics, The Pennsylvania State University
| |
Collapse
|
247
|
Adams DC, Felice RN. Assessing trait covariation and morphological integration on phylogenies using evolutionary covariance matrices. PLoS One 2014; 9:e94335. [PMID: 24728003 PMCID: PMC3984176 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0094335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Morphological integration describes the degree to which sets of organismal traits covary with one another. Morphological covariation may be evaluated at various levels of biological organization, but when characterizing such patterns across species at the macroevolutionary level, phylogeny must be taken into account. We outline an analytical procedure based on the evolutionary covariance matrix that allows species-level patterns of morphological integration among structures defined by sets of traits to be evaluated while accounting for the phylogenetic relationships among taxa, providing a flexible and robust complement to related phylogenetic independent contrasts based approaches. Using computer simulations under a Brownian motion model we show that statistical tests based on the approach display appropriate Type I error rates and high statistical power for detecting known levels of integration, and these trends remain consistent for simulations using different numbers of species, and for simulations that differ in the number of trait dimensions. Thus, our procedure provides a useful means of testing hypotheses of morphological integration in a phylogenetic context. We illustrate the utility of this approach by evaluating evolutionary patterns of morphological integration in head shape for a lineage of Plethodon salamanders, and find significant integration between cranial shape and mandible shape. Finally, computer code written in R for implementing the procedure is provided.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dean C. Adams
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Ryan N. Felice
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
248
|
Yong R, Ranjitkar S, Townsend GC, Smith RN, Evans AR, Hughes TE, Lekkas D, Brook AH. Dental phenomics: advancing genotype to phenotype correlations in craniofacial research. Aust Dent J 2014; 59 Suppl 1:34-47. [DOI: 10.1111/adj.12156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R Yong
- School of Dentistry; The University of Adelaide; South Australia Australia
| | - S Ranjitkar
- School of Dentistry; The University of Adelaide; South Australia Australia
| | - GC Townsend
- School of Dentistry; The University of Adelaide; South Australia Australia
| | - RN Smith
- School of Dentistry; The University of Liverpool; United Kingdom
| | - AR Evans
- School of Biological Sciences; Monash University; Melbourne Victoria Australia
| | - TE Hughes
- School of Dentistry; The University of Adelaide; South Australia Australia
| | - D Lekkas
- School of Dentistry; The University of Adelaide; South Australia Australia
| | - AH Brook
- School of Dentistry; The University of Adelaide; South Australia Australia
- School of Dentistry; Queen Mary University of London; United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
249
|
Singh N. Ontogenetic study of allometric variation in Homo and Pan mandibles. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2014; 297:261-72. [PMID: 24347386 DOI: 10.1002/ar.22843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Investigating ontogenetic variation and allometry in the mandible can provide valuable insight and aid in addressing questions related to the ontogeny of the skull. Here, patterns of ontogenetic shape change and allometric trajectories were examined in the mandible of 187 sub-adult and adult humans, bonobos, and chimpanzees. Procrustes-based geometric morphometrics was employed to quantify and analyze mandibular form. Thirty three-dimensional landmarks were used to capture the overall morphology of the mandible, and the landmarks were analyzed as a whole and subdivided into separate anterior and posterior units. Principal component analyses in Procrustes shape-space and form-space, and multivariate regressions were used to examine patterns of ontogenetic and allometric shape change. Results suggest that humans are distinct from Pan both in their mandibular morphology, particularly in the anterior-alveolar region, and direction of allometric trajectory. Chimpanzees and bonobos have parallel ontogenetic trajectories, but also show differences in mandibular shape. Species-specific features and adult mandibular shape are established before or by the eruption of the deciduous dentition. This suggests that developmental processes prior to deciduous teeth eruption have a stronger effect establishing taxa-specific phenotypes than later postnatal effects. This additionally implies that divergent trajectories between Pan and Homo do not contribute much to the adult mandibular shape after deciduous teeth eruption. Separate analyses of the anterior-alveolar region and ascending ramus show that these regions are semi-independent in their developmental pattern of shape change and allometry. This implies that allometric variation and ontogenetic shape change in the hominoid mandible is decoupled.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nandini Singh
- Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany; Paleoanthropology, Senckenberg Center for Human Evolution and Paleoecology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
250
|
Terhune CE, Robinson CA, Ritzman TB. Ontogenetic variation in the mandibular ramus of great apes and humans. J Morphol 2014; 275:661-77. [DOI: 10.1002/jmor.20246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Revised: 12/07/2013] [Accepted: 12/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Claire E. Terhune
- Department of Anthropology; University of Arkansas; Fayetteville Arkansas
| | - Chris A. Robinson
- Department of Biology; Bronx Community College, City University of New York; Bronx New York
| | - Terrence B. Ritzman
- Institute of Human Origins and School of Human Evolution and Social Change; Arizona State University; Tempe Arizona
| |
Collapse
|