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Alexander SPH, Benson HE, Faccenda E, Pawson AJ, Sharman JL, Spedding M, Peters JA, Harmar AJ. The Concise Guide to PHARMACOLOGY 2013/14: catalytic receptors. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 170:1676-705. [PMID: 24528241 PMCID: PMC3892291 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The Concise Guide to PHARMACOLOGY 2013/14 provides concise overviews of the key properties of over 2000 human drug targets with their pharmacology, plus links to an open access knowledgebase of drug targets and their ligands (www.guidetopharmacology.org), which provides more detailed views of target and ligand properties. The full contents can be found at http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.12444/full. Catalytic receptors are one of the seven major pharmacological targets into which the Guide is divided, with the others being G protein-coupled receptors, ligand-gated ion channels, ion channels, nuclear hormone receptors, transporters and enzymes. These are presented with nomenclature guidance and summary information on the best available pharmacological tools, alongside key references and suggestions for further reading. A new landscape format has easy to use tables comparing related targets. It is a condensed version of material contemporary to late 2013, which is presented in greater detail and constantly updated on the website www.guidetopharmacology.org, superseding data presented in previous Guides to Receptors and Channels. It is produced in conjunction with NC-IUPHAR and provides the official IUPHAR classification and nomenclature for human drug targets, where appropriate. It consolidates information previously curated and displayed separately in IUPHAR-DB and the Guide to Receptors and Channels, providing a permanent, citable, point-in-time record that will survive database updates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen P H Alexander
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham Medical School, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
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202
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Onoda T, Kanno M, Sato H, Takahashi N, Izumino H, Ohta H, Emura T, Katoh H, Ohizumi H, Ohtake H, Asao H, Dehner LP, Hill AD, Hayasaka K, Mitsui T. Identification of novel ALK rearrangement A2M-ALK in a neonate with fetal lung interstitial tumor. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2014; 53:865-74. [PMID: 24965693 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.22199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Fetal lung interstitial tumor (FLIT) is a recently reported type of congenital lung lesion comprising solid and cystic components. The pathological features include unique interstitial mesenchyme-based cell proliferation, and differ from other neoplasms represented by pleuropulmonary blastoma or congenital peribronchial myofibroblastic tumor. FLIT is extremely rare and its gene expression profile has not yet been reported. We provide the first report of a novel chromosomal rearrangement resulting in α-2-macroglobulin (A2M) and anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) gene fusion in a patient with FLIT. The tumor cells contained a t(2;12)(p23;p13) and were mesenchymal in origin (e.g., inflammatory myofibroblastic tumors), suggesting the involvement of ALK in this case of FLIT. Break apart fluorescence in situ hybridization demonstrated chromosomal rearrangement at ALK 2p23. Using 5'-rapid amplification of cDNA ends, we further identified a novel transcript fusing exon 22 of A2M to exon 19 of ALK, which was confirmed by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction. The corresponding chimeric gene was subsequently confirmed by sequencing, including the genomic break point between intron 22 and 18 of A2M and ALK, respectively. Discovery of A2M as a novel ALK fusion partner, together with the involvement of ALK, provides new insights into the pathogenesis of FLIT, and suggests the potential for new therapeutic strategies based on ALK inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadashi Onoda
- Department of Pediatrics, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan; Department of Immunology, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan
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203
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Roskoski R. ErbB/HER protein-tyrosine kinases: Structures and small molecule inhibitors. Pharmacol Res 2014; 87:42-59. [PMID: 24928736 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2014.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Revised: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) family consists of four members that belong to the ErbB lineage of proteins (ErbB1-4). These receptors consist of an extracellular domain, a single hydrophobic transmembrane segment, and an intracellular portion with a juxtamembrane segment, a protein kinase domain, and a carboxyterminal tail. The ErbB proteins function as homo and heterodimers. Growth factor binding to EGFR induces a large conformational change in the extracellular domain. Two ligand-EGFR complexes unite to form a back-to-back dimer in which the ligands are on opposite sides of the aggregate. Following ligand binding, EGFR intracellular kinase domains form an asymmetric dimer. The carboxyterminal lobe of the activator kinase of the dimer interacts with the amino-terminal lobe of the receiver kinase thereby leading to its allosteric stimulation. Several malignancies are associated with the mutation or increased expression of members of the ErbB family including lung, breast, stomach, colorectal, head and neck, and pancreatic carcinomas. Gefitinib, erlotinib, and afatinib are orally effective protein-kinase targeted quinazoline derivatives that are used in the treatment of ERBB1-mutant lung cancer and lapatinib is an orally effective quinazoline derivative used in the treatment of ErbB2-overexpressing breast cancer. Moreover, monoclonal antibodies that target the extracellular domain of ErbB2 are used for the treatment of ErbB2-positive breast cancer and monoclonal antibodies that target ErbB1 and are used for the treatment of colorectal cancer. Cancers treated with these targeted drugs eventually become resistant to them, and a current goal of research is to develop drugs that are effective against drug-resistant tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Roskoski
- Blue Ridge Institute for Medical Research, 3754 Brevard Road, Suite 116, Box 19, Horse Shoe, NC 28742, USA.
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204
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Hutarew G, Hauser-Kronberger C, Strasser F, Llenos IC, Dietze O. Immunohistochemistry as a screening tool for ALK rearrangement in NSCLC: evaluation of five different ALK antibody clones and ALK FISH. Histopathology 2014; 65:398-407. [PMID: 24612196 DOI: 10.1111/his.12399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2013] [Accepted: 02/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
AIMS ALK FISH analysis is used as the reference standard to demonstrate ALK rearrangements, which qualify patients with pulmonary adenocarcinomas for therapy with ALK inhibitors. The aim of this study was to find screening ALK antibody clones with the best positive and best negative percentage agreement with ALK FISH. METHODS AND RESULTS Three hundred and three pulmonary adenocarcinomas were evaluated with ALK FISH and stained with five ALK antibody clones (5A4; D5F3; ALK1; ALK01; SP8) with standardized detection systems. D5F3 was additionally assessed using the OptiView enhanced detection and amplification system. ALK FISH found 14 cases (4.6%) that harboured ALK rearrangements. These stained at all intensities for D5F3 and 5A4. To identify rearranged cases among stained cases, we subsequently analysed all immunohistochemically positive cases with ALK FISH. CONCLUSIONS D5F3 with OptiView exclusively stained rearranged cases with strong intensity, without a single false-positive or false-negative case. The number of subsequent ALK FISH analyses required would have decreased from 303 to 14 cases (-95.4%), reducing significantly the time, work and costs without any loss of diagnostic quality and accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Hutarew
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital and Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
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205
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Berghoff AS, Birner P, Streubel B, Kenner L, Preusser M. ALKgene aberrations and the JUN/JUNB/PDGFR axis in metastatic NSCLC. APMIS 2014; 122:867-72. [DOI: 10.1111/apm.12249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2013] [Accepted: 12/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Sophie Berghoff
- Institute of Neurology; Medical University of Vienna; Vienna Austria
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Vienna; Vienna Austria
| | - Peter Birner
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Vienna; Vienna Austria
- Clinical Institute of Pathology; Medical University of Vienna; Vienna Austria
- Department of Neuropathology; Institute of Pathology; Ruprechts-Karl-Universität Heidelberg; Heidelberg Germany
| | - Berthold Streubel
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Vienna; Vienna Austria
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; Medical University of Vienna; Vienna Austria
| | - Lukas Kenner
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Vienna; Vienna Austria
- Clinical Institute of Pathology; Medical University of Vienna; Vienna Austria
| | - Matthias Preusser
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Vienna; Vienna Austria
- Department of Medicine I; Medical University of Vienna; Vienna Austria
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206
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Karabencheva TG, Lee CC, Black GW, Donev R, Christov CZ. How does conformational flexibility influence key structural features involved in activation of anaplastic lymphoma kinase? MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2014; 10:1490-5. [PMID: 24675991 DOI: 10.1039/c4mb00141a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase (ALK) plays a major role in developing tumor processes and therefore has emerged as a validated therapeutic target. Applying atomistic molecular dynamics simulations on the wild type enzyme and the nine most frequently occurring and clinically important activation mutants we revealed important conformational effects on key interactions responsible for the activation of the enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatyana G Karabencheva
- Department of Applied Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 8ST, UK.
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207
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El Amrani M, Lai D, Debbab A, Aly AH, Siems K, Seidel C, Schnekenburger M, Gaigneaux A, Diederich M, Feger D, Lin W, Proksch P. Protein kinase and HDAC inhibitors from the endophytic fungus Epicoccum nigrum. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2014; 77:49-56. [PMID: 24328302 DOI: 10.1021/np4005745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A chemical investigation of the endophytic fungus Epicoccum nigrum isolated from leaves of Mentha suaveolens collected in Morocco resulted in the isolation of five new polyketides, epicocconigrones A and B (1 and 2), 3-methoxyepicoccone B (3), 3-methoxyepicoccone (4), and 2,3,4-trihydroxy-6-(methoxymethyl)-5-methylbenzaldehyde (5), together with five known compounds (6-10). The structures of the new compounds were unambiguously determined by extensive analysis of the 1D and 2D NMR and mass spectroscopic data. Compounds 1 and 10 showed potent inhibition of at least 15 protein kinases with IC50 values ranging from 0.07 to 9.00 μM. Moreover, compounds 1 and 10 inhibited histone deacetylase (HDAC) activities with IC50 values of 9.8 and 14.2 μM, respectively. A preliminary structure-activity relationship is discussed. Interestingly, compounds 1 and 10 exert mainly cytostatic effects in human lymphoma RAJI and U-937 cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustapha El Amrani
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Biologie und Biotechnologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf , Universitätsstrasse 1, Geb. 26.23, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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208
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Kim MH, Shim HS, Kang DR, Jung JY, Lee CY, Kim DJ, Lee JG, Bae MK, Kim HR, Lim SM, Kim EY, Park JS, Chung KY, Kim HJ, Kim JH, Cho BC. Clinical and prognostic implications of ALK and ROS1 rearrangements in never-smokers with surgically resected lung adenocarcinoma. Lung Cancer 2014; 83:389-95. [PMID: 24462463 DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2014.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Revised: 12/30/2013] [Accepted: 01/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study is to evaluate the prevalence and prognostic significance of anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) and c-ros oncogene 1 (ROS1) rearrangement in never-smokers with surgically resected lung adenocarcinoma. METHODS We retrospectively analyzed 162 consecutive never-smokers who underwent curative resection for stage IB to IIIA lung adenocarcinoma at a single institution. We concurrently analyzed mutations in the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and v-Ki-ras2 Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog (KRAS) genes, and investigated ALK rearrangements by fluorescence in situ hybridization assay. ROS1 rearrangement was also determined in all triple (EGFR/KRAS/ALK)-negative tumors. RESULTS Of 162 never smokers with lung adenocarcinoma, 14 (8.6%) and 5 (3.1%) had ALK and ROS1 rearrangements, respectively. Nineteen of the 74 (25.7%) EGFR and KRAS mutation-negative patients were fusion-positive (ALK or ROS1 fusion). Fusion-positive patients tended to have shorter median disease-free survival (DFS) than fusion-negative patients (28.0 vs. 33.9 months; p=0.128). In multivariate analysis, fusion-positive patients had significantly poorer DFS than fusion-negative patients after adjustment for age, sex, T stage, N stage, and adjuvant chemotherapy use (p=0.022; hazard ratio, 2.11; 95% confidence interval, 1.19-4.30). The first recurrence sites were not significantly different between fusion-positive and fusion-negative patients in this study. CONCLUSION This study shows significantly poorer DFS of ALK or ROS1 fusion-positive lung adenocarcinoma in never-smokers after curative surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Hwan Kim
- Yonsei Cancer Center, Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo Sup Shim
- Department of Pathology, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Ryong Kang
- Biostatistics Collaboration Unit, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Ye Jung
- Division of Pulmonology, Department of Internal Medicine, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Young Lee
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Joon Kim
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Gu Lee
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi Kyung Bae
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Ryun Kim
- Yonsei Cancer Center, Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Min Lim
- Yonsei Cancer Center, Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Young Kim
- Division of Pulmonology, Department of Internal Medicine, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Soo Park
- Yonsei Cancer Center, Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Young Chung
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Jung Kim
- JEUK Institute for Cancer Research, JEUK Co., Ltd., Gumi-City, Kyungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo Hang Kim
- Yonsei Cancer Center, Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Byoung Chul Cho
- Yonsei Cancer Center, Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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209
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Wang WC, Shiao HY, Lee CC, Fung KS, Hsieh HP. Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) inhibitors: a review of design and discovery. MEDCHEMCOMM 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4md00048j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This review elucidates the hit-to-drug evolution design of three ALK inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Chieh Wang
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research
- National Health Research Institutes
- Miaoli County 35053, Republic of China
| | - Hui-Yi Shiao
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research
- National Health Research Institutes
- Miaoli County 35053, Republic of China
| | - Chieh-Chien Lee
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research
- National Health Research Institutes
- Miaoli County 35053, Republic of China
| | - Ka-Shu Fung
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research
- National Health Research Institutes
- Miaoli County 35053, Republic of China
| | - Hsing-Pang Hsieh
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research
- National Health Research Institutes
- Miaoli County 35053, Republic of China
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210
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Abstract
Approximately one third of patients with non-small cell lung cancer have unresectable stage IIIA or stage IIIB disease; combined cytotoxic chemotherapy and radiation therapy delivered concurrently has been established as the standard treatment for such patients. Despite many clinical trials that tested several different radiochemotherapy combinations, it seems that a plateau of efficiencies at the acceptable risk of complications has been reached. Clinical studies indicate that the improved efficacy of radiochemotherapy is associated with the radiosensitizing effects of chemotherapy. Improvement of outcomes of this combined modality by developing novel radiosensitizers is a viable therapeutic strategy. In addition to causing cell death, ionizing radiation also induces a many-faceted signaling response, which activates numerous prosurvival pathways that lead to enhanced proliferation in the endothelial cells and increased vascularization in tumors. Radiation at doses used in the clinic activates cytoplasmic phospholipase A2, leading to increased production of arachidonic acid and lysophosphatidylcholine. The former is the initial step in the generation of eicosanoids, while the later is the initial step in the formation of lysophosphatidic acid, leading to the activation of inflammatory pathways. The echinoderm microtubule-associated protein-like 4 anaplastic lymphoma kinase (EML4-ALK) is member of the insulin superfamily of receptor tyrosine kinases. The EML4-ALK fusion gene appears unique to lung cancer and signals through extracellular signal regulated kinase and phosphoinositide 3-kinase. Heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) is often overexpressed and present in an activated multichaperone complex in cancer cells, and it is now regarded as essential for malignant transformation and progression. In this review we focus on radiosensitizing strategies involving the targeting of membrane phospholipids, EML4-ALK, and Hsp90 with specific inhibitors and briefly discuss the combination of radiation with antivascular agents.
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211
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Roskoski R. The ErbB/HER family of protein-tyrosine kinases and cancer. Pharmacol Res 2013; 79:34-74. [PMID: 24269963 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2013.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 887] [Impact Index Per Article: 80.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2013] [Accepted: 11/08/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The human epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) family consists of four members that belong to the ErbB lineage of proteins (ErbB1-4). These receptors consist of a glycosylated extracellular domain, a single hydrophobic transmembrane segment, and an intracellular portion with a juxtamembrane segment, a protein kinase domain, and a carboxyterminal tail. Seven ligands bind to EGFR including epidermal growth factor and transforming growth factor α, none bind to ErbB2, two bind to ErbB3, and seven ligands bind to ErbB4. The ErbB proteins function as homo and heterodimers. The heterodimer consisting of ErbB2, which lacks a ligand, and ErbB3, which is kinase impaired, is surprisingly the most robust signaling complex of the ErbB family. Growth factor binding to EGFR induces a large conformational change in the extracellular domain, which leads to the exposure of a dimerization arm in domain II of the extracellular segment. Two ligand-EGFR complexes unite to form a back-to-back dimer in which the ligands are on opposite sides of the aggregate. Following ligand binding, EGFR intracellular kinase domains form an asymmetric homodimer that resembles the heterodimer formed by cyclin and cyclin-dependent kinase. The carboxyterminal lobe of the activator kinase of the dimer interacts with the amino-terminal lobe of the receiver kinase thereby leading to its allosteric stimulation. Downstream ErbB signaling modules include the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt (PKB) pathway, the Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK1/2 pathway, and the phospholipase C (PLCγ) pathway. Several malignancies are associated with the mutation or increased expression of members of the ErbB family including lung, breast, stomach, colorectal, head and neck, and pancreatic carcinomas and glioblastoma (a brain tumor). Gefitinib, erlotinib, and afatinib are orally effective protein-kinase targeted quinazoline derivatives that are used in the treatment of ERBB1-mutant lung cancer. Lapatinib is an orally effective quinazoline derivative used in the treatment of ErbB2-overexpressing breast cancer. Trastuzumab, pertuzumab, and ado-trastuzumab emtansine, which are given intravenously, are monoclonal antibodies that target the extracellular domain and are used for the treatment of ErbB2-positive breast cancer; ado-trastuzumab emtansine is an antibody-drug conjugate that delivers a cytotoxic drug to cells overexpressing ErbB2. Cetuximab and panitumumab are monoclonal antibodies that target ErbB1 and are used in the treatment of colorectal cancer. Cancers treated with these targeted drugs eventually become resistant to them. The role of combinations of targeted drugs or targeted drugs with cytotoxic therapies is being explored in an effort to prevent or delay drug resistance in the treatment of these malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Roskoski
- Blue Ridge Institute for Medical Research, 3754 Brevard Road, Suite 116, Box 19, Horse Shoe, NC 28742, USA.
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212
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Meharena HS, Chang P, Keshwani MM, Oruganty K, Nene AK, Kannan N, Taylor SS, Kornev AP. Deciphering the structural basis of eukaryotic protein kinase regulation. PLoS Biol 2013; 11:e1001680. [PMID: 24143133 PMCID: PMC3797032 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1001680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2013] [Accepted: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Biochemical and structural analysis of two features of kinase structure, the “R-spine” and “Shell,” afford a detailed insight into the regulation of eukaryotic protein kinases. Eukaryotic protein kinases (EPKs) regulate numerous signaling processes by phosphorylating targeted substrates through the highly conserved catalytic domain. Our previous computational studies proposed a model stating that a properly assembled nonlinear motif termed the Regulatory (R) spine is essential for catalytic activity of EPKs. Here we define the required intramolecular interactions and biochemical properties of the R-spine and the newly identified “Shell” that surrounds the R-spine using site-directed mutagenesis and various in vitro phosphoryl transfer assays using cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase as a representative of the entire kinome. Analysis of the 172 available Apo EPK structures in the protein data bank (PDB) revealed four unique structural conformations of the R-spine that correspond with catalytic inactivation of various EPKs. Elucidating the molecular entities required for the catalytic activation of EPKs and the identification of these inactive conformations opens new avenues for the design of efficient therapeutic EPK inhibitors. Eukaryotic protein kinases (EPKs) have a highly conserved enzymatic kinase core that is involved in the regulation of numerous cell signaling processes through the transfer of a phosphate group from adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to more than 30% of human proteins. EPKs have been implicated in numerous human diseases, including cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and diabetes, making them one of the most sought-after therapeutic drug targets. The lack of structural diversity of the active kinase core has created a bottle-neck for designing successful therapeutic inhibitors. Here we describe the intramolecular interactions required for differentiating between the active and inactive states of EPKs. Kinases contain a hydrophobic regulatory spine (“R-spine”) that is disassembled in inactive kinases, and here we define an additional hydrophobic “Shell” that surrounds one end of the R-spine. Biochemical analysis of the five nonconsecutive R-spine residues and three nonconsecutive Shell residues shows that proper assembly of the R-spine and Shell is essential for maintaining kinase activity. Structural analysis of the 172 known structures of EPKs without bound ligands led to the identification of four inactive conformations that correlate with the disassembly of the R-spine. Understanding the molecular elements involved in the regulation of kinase activity and the identification of these diverse groups of inactive conformations should aid the design of more specific therapeutic EPK inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiruy S Meharena
- Biomedical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
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213
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ALK as a paradigm of oncogenic promiscuity: different mechanisms of activation and different fusion partners drive tumors of different lineages. Cancer Genet 2013; 206:357-73. [PMID: 24091028 DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergen.2013.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2013] [Revised: 07/20/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) is a receptor tyrosine kinase protein implicated in a variety of hematological malignancies and solid tumors. Since the identification of the ALK gene in 1994 as the target of the t(2;5) chromosomal translocation in anaplastic large cell lymphoma, ALK has been proven a remarkably promiscuous oncogene. ALK contributes to the development of a notable assortment of tumor types from different lineages, including hematolymphoid, mesenchymal, epithelial and neural tumors, through a variety of genetic mechanisms: gene fusions, activating point mutations, and gene amplification. Recent developments led to significant diagnostic and therapeutic advances, including efficient diagnostic tests and ALK-targeting agents readily available in the clinical setting. This review addresses some therapeutic considerations of ALK-targeted agents and the biologic implications of ALK oncogenic promiscuity, but the main points discussed are: 1) the variety of mechanisms that result in activation of the ALK oncogene, with emphasis on the promiscuous partnerships demonstrated in chromosomal rearrangements; 2) the diversity of tumor types of different lineages in which ALK has been implicated as a pathogenic driver; and 3) the different diagnostic tests available to identify ALK-driven tumors, and their respective indications.
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214
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Pharmacotherapy of peripheral T-cell lymphoma: review of the latest clinical data. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.4155/cli.13.53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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215
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Roskoski R. The preclinical profile of crizotinib for the treatment of non-small-cell lung cancer and other neoplastic disorders. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2013; 8:1165-79. [DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2013.813015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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216
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Denis DJ, Elayoubi K, Weil AG, Berthelet F, Bojanowski MW. Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumors of the central nervous system that express anaplastic lymphoma kinase have a high recurrence rate. Surg Neurol Int 2013; 4:70. [PMID: 23776756 PMCID: PMC3683168 DOI: 10.4103/2152-7806.112614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2013] [Accepted: 04/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumors (IMTs) of the central nervous system (CNS) are rare entities with diverse histopathological features and varying propensities to recur. Case Description: A 26 year-old male with an IMT of the CNS of the left tentorium had tumor progression 2 months after partial surgical resection. Histopathological studies confirmed expression of ALK. Macroscopic total resection was performed followed by radiotherapy. A recurrence occurred 20 months after the second surgery that necessitate reoperation. Including the present case, we identified 30 cases of IMT of the CNS corresponding to our search criteria in the literature. The extent of resection was reported in 26 of these cases. Gross total resection was done in 75% of ALK-positive and in 61% of ALK-negative cases. Recurrence rate after gross total resection for ALK-positive and ALK-negative cases was 33% and 9%, respectively. Every recurrence in ALK-positive patients occurred within 2 years after surgery. Conclusion: IMT of the CNS are a heterogeneous group of tumors and the treatment of choice is complete surgical resection. Because of the high recurrence rate reported for IMT of the CNS expressing ALK, a closed follow-up is recommended. When faced with an early recurrence, a surgical resection followed by radiotherapy may be advised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Denis
- Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Hôpital Notre-Dame, Montreal, QC, Canada
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