201
|
Krishnan P, Ma X, McDonald BA, Brunner PC. Widespread signatures of selection for secreted peptidases in a fungal plant pathogen. BMC Evol Biol 2018; 18:7. [PMID: 29368587 PMCID: PMC5784588 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-018-1123-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fungal plant pathogens secrete a large arsenal of hydrolytic enzymes during the course of infection, including peptidases. Secreted peptidases have been extensively studied for their role as effectors. In this study, we combined transcriptomics, comparative genomics and evolutionary analyses to investigate all 39 secreted peptidases in the fungal wheat pathogen Zymoseptoria tritici and its close relatives Z. pseudotritici and Z. ardabiliae. RESULTS RNA-seq data revealed that a majority of the secreted peptidases displayed differential transcription during the course of Z. tritici infection, indicative of specialization for different stages in the life cycle. Evolutionary analyses detected widespread evidence of adaptive evolution acting on at least 28 of the peptidases. A few peptidases displayed lineage-specific rates of molecular evolution, suggesting altered selection pressure in Z. tritici following host specialization on domesticated wheat. The peptidases belonging to MEROPS families A1 and G1 emerged as a particularly interesting group that may play key roles in host-pathogen co-evolution, host adaptation and pathogenicity. Sister genes in the A1 and G1 families showed accelerated substitution rates after gene duplications. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest widespread evolution of secreted peptidases leading to novel gene functions, consistent with predicted models of "escape from adaptive conflict" and "neo-functionalization". Our analyses identified candidate genes worthy of functional analyses that may encode effector functions, for example by suppressing plant defenses during the biotrophic phase of infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Parvathy Krishnan
- Plant Pathology, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich, Universitätstrasse 2, -8092, Zurich, CH, Switzerland
| | - Xin Ma
- Plant Pathology, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich, Universitätstrasse 2, -8092, Zurich, CH, Switzerland
| | - Bruce A McDonald
- Plant Pathology, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich, Universitätstrasse 2, -8092, Zurich, CH, Switzerland
| | - Patrick C Brunner
- Plant Pathology, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich, Universitätstrasse 2, -8092, Zurich, CH, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
202
|
Hawkins AK, Garza ER, Dietz VA, Hernandez OJ, Hawkins WD, Burrell AM, Pepper AE. Transcriptome Signatures of Selection, Drift, Introgression, and Gene Duplication in the Evolution of an Extremophile Endemic Plant. Genome Biol Evol 2017; 9:3478-3494. [PMID: 29220486 PMCID: PMC5751042 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evx259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants on serpentine soils provide extreme examples of adaptation to environment, and thus offer excellent models for the study of evolution at the molecular and genomic level. Serpentine outcrops are derived from ultramafic rock and have extremely low levels of essential plant nutrients (e.g., N, P, K, and Ca), as well as toxic levels of heavy metals (e.g., Ni, Cr, and Co) and low moisture availability. These outcrops provide habitat to a number of endemic plant species, including the annual mustard Caulanthus amplexicaulis var. barbarae (Cab) (Brassicaceae). Its sister taxon, C. amplexicaulis var. amplexicaulis (Caa), is intolerant to serpentine soils. Here, we assembled and annotated comprehensive reference transcriptomes of both Caa and Cab for use in protein coding sequence comparisons. A set of 29,443 reciprocal best Blast hit (RBH) orthologs between Caa and Cab was compared with identify coding sequence variants, revealing a high genome-wide dN/dS ratio between the two taxa (mean = 0.346). We show that elevated dN/dS likely results from the composite effects of genetic drift, positive selection, and the relaxation of negative selection. Further, analysis of paralogs within each taxon revealed the signature of a period of elevated gene duplication (∼10 Ma) that is shared with other species of the tribe Thelypodieae, and may have played a role in the striking morphological and ecological diversity of this tribe. In addition, distribution of the synonymous substitution rate, dS, is strongly bimodal, indicating a history of reticulate evolution that may have contributed to serpentine adaptation.
Collapse
|
203
|
Eberlein C, Nielly-Thibault L, Maaroufi H, Dubé AK, Leducq JB, Charron G, Landry CR. The Rapid Evolution of an Ohnolog Contributes to the Ecological Specialization of Incipient Yeast Species. Mol Biol Evol 2017; 34:2173-2186. [PMID: 28482005 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msx153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Identifying the molecular changes that lead to ecological specialization during speciation is one of the major goals of molecular evolution. One question that remains to be thoroughly investigated is whether ecological specialization derives strictly from adaptive changes and their associated trade-offs, or from conditionally neutral mutations that accumulate under relaxed selection. We used whole-genome sequencing, genome annotation and computational analyses to identify genes that have rapidly diverged between two incipient species of Saccharomyces paradoxus that occupy different climatic regions along a south-west to north-east gradient. As candidate loci for ecological specialization, we identified genes that show signatures of adaptation and accelerated rates of amino acid substitutions, causing asymmetric evolution between lineages. This set of genes includes a glycyl-tRNA-synthetase, GRS2, which is known to be transcriptionally induced under heat stress in the model and sister species S. cerevisiae. Molecular modelling, expression analysis and fitness assays suggest that the accelerated evolution of this gene in the Northern lineage may be caused by relaxed selection. GRS2 arose during the whole-genome duplication (WGD) that occurred 100 million years ago in the yeast lineage. While its ohnolog GRS1 has been preserved in all post-WGD species, GRS2 has frequently been lost and is evolving rapidly, suggesting that the fate of this ohnolog is still to be resolved. Our results suggest that the asymmetric evolution of GRS2 between the two incipient S. paradoxus species contributes to their restricted climatic distributions and thus that ecological specialization derives at least partly from relaxed selection rather than a molecular trade-off resulting from adaptive evolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chris Eberlein
- Département de Biologie, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.,Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS), Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.,PROTEO, The Quebec Network for Research on Protein Function, Engineering and Applications, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Lou Nielly-Thibault
- Département de Biologie, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.,Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS), Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.,PROTEO, The Quebec Network for Research on Protein Function, Engineering and Applications, Québec, QC, Canada.,Big Data Research Center (CRDM), Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Halim Maaroufi
- Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS), Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Alexandre K Dubé
- Département de Biologie, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.,Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS), Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.,PROTEO, The Quebec Network for Research on Protein Function, Engineering and Applications, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Jean-Baptiste Leducq
- Département de Biologie, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.,Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS), Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Guillaume Charron
- Département de Biologie, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.,Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS), Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.,PROTEO, The Quebec Network for Research on Protein Function, Engineering and Applications, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Christian R Landry
- Département de Biologie, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.,Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS), Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.,PROTEO, The Quebec Network for Research on Protein Function, Engineering and Applications, Québec, QC, Canada.,Big Data Research Center (CRDM), Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
204
|
English LT. Variation in crocodilian dorsal scute organization and geometry with a discussion of possible functional implications. J Morphol 2017; 279:154-162. [DOI: 10.1002/jmor.20760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Revised: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lauren T. English
- Department of Geology, Jackson School of Geosciences; The University of Texas at Austin; Austin Texas U.S.A
| |
Collapse
|
205
|
Mlynarek JJ, Moffat CE, Edwards S, Einfeldt AL, Heustis A, Johns R, MacDonnell M, Pureswaran DS, Quiring DT, Shibel Z, Heard SB. Enemy escape: A general phenomenon in a fragmented literature? Facets (Ott) 2017. [DOI: 10.1139/facets-2017-0041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Many populations are thought to be regulated, in part, by their natural enemies. If so, disruption of this regulation should allow rapid population growth. Such “enemy escape” may occur in a variety of circumstances, including invasion, natural range expansion, range edges, suppression of enemy populations, host shifting, phenological changes, and defensive innovation. Periods of relaxed enemy pressure also occur in, and may drive, population oscillations and outbreaks. We draw attention to similarities among circumstances of enemy escape and build a general conceptual framework for the phenomenon. Although these circumstances share common mechanisms and depend on common assumptions, enemy escape can involve dynamics operating on very different temporal and spatial scales. In particular, the duration of enemy escape is rarely considered but will likely vary among circumstances. Enemy escape can have important evolutionary consequences including increasing competitive ability, spurring diversification, or triggering enemy counteradaptation. These evolutionary consequences have been considered for plant–herbivore interactions and invasions but largely neglected for other circumstances of enemy escape. We aim to unite the fragmented literature, which we argue has impeded progress in building a broader understanding of the eco-evolutionary dynamics of enemy escape.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julia J. Mlynarek
- Department of Biology, University of New Brunswick, P.O. Box 4400, Fredericton, NB E3B 5A3, Canada
| | - Chandra E. Moffat
- Department of Biology, University of New Brunswick, P.O. Box 4400, Fredericton, NB E3B 5A3, Canada
| | - Sara Edwards
- Population Ecology Group, Faculty of Forestry & Environmental Management, University of New Brunswick, P.O. Box 4400, Fredericton, NB E3B 5A3, Canada
| | - Anthony L. Einfeldt
- Department of Biology, University of New Brunswick, P.O. Box 4400, Fredericton, NB E3B 5A3, Canada
| | - Allyson Heustis
- Department of Biology, University of New Brunswick, P.O. Box 4400, Fredericton, NB E3B 5A3, Canada
- Forest Insect Ecology, Atlantic Forestry Centre, 1350 Regent Street, P.O. Box 4000, Fredericton, NB E3B 5P7, Canada
| | - Rob Johns
- Forest Insect Ecology, Atlantic Forestry Centre, 1350 Regent Street, P.O. Box 4000, Fredericton, NB E3B 5P7, Canada
| | - Mallory MacDonnell
- Department of Biology, University of New Brunswick, P.O. Box 4400, Fredericton, NB E3B 5A3, Canada
| | - Deepa S. Pureswaran
- Forest Insect Ecology, Laurentian Forestry Centre, 1055 Du PEPS Street, P.O. Box 10380, Québec, QC G1V 4C7, Canada
| | - Dan T. Quiring
- Population Ecology Group, Faculty of Forestry & Environmental Management, University of New Brunswick, P.O. Box 4400, Fredericton, NB E3B 5A3, Canada
| | - Zoryana Shibel
- Department of Biology, University of New Brunswick, P.O. Box 4400, Fredericton, NB E3B 5A3, Canada
| | - Stephen B. Heard
- Department of Biology, University of New Brunswick, P.O. Box 4400, Fredericton, NB E3B 5A3, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
206
|
Kang C, Sherratt TN, Kim YE, Shin Y, Moon J, Song U, Kang JY, Kim K, Jang Y. Differential predation drives the geographical divergence in multiple traits in aposematic frogs. Behav Ecol 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/arx076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Changku Kang
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel by Drive, Ottawa, K1S 5B6, Canada,
| | - Thomas N Sherratt
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel by Drive, Ottawa, K1S 5B6, Canada,
| | - Ye Eun Kim
- Division of EcoScience, Ewha Womans University, 52, Ewhayeodae-gil, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 120–570, Republic of Korea,
| | - Yujin Shin
- Division of EcoScience, Ewha Womans University, 52, Ewhayeodae-gil, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 120–570, Republic of Korea,
| | - Jongyeol Moon
- Division of EcoScience, Ewha Womans University, 52, Ewhayeodae-gil, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 120–570, Republic of Korea,
| | - Uhram Song
- Department of Biology and Research Institute for Basic Sciences, Jeju National University, 102, Jejudaehak-ro, Jeju-si, Jeju, 690–756, Republic of Korea, and
| | - Jae Yeon Kang
- Division of Basic Research, National Institute of Ecology, 1210, Geumgang-ro, Songnae-ri, Maseo-myeon, Seocheon, 325–813, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungmin Kim
- Division of EcoScience, Ewha Womans University, 52, Ewhayeodae-gil, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 120–570, Republic of Korea,
| | - Yikweon Jang
- Division of EcoScience, Ewha Womans University, 52, Ewhayeodae-gil, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 120–570, Republic of Korea,
| |
Collapse
|
207
|
Kotyk M, Varadínová Z. Wing reduction influences male mating success but not female fitness in cockroaches. Sci Rep 2017; 7:2367. [PMID: 28539621 PMCID: PMC5443839 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-02647-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Although cockroaches (Blattodea s. str.) exhibit high proportion of species with reduced wings, the underlying evolutionary forces remain unclear. Wing reduction in insects is generally considered advantageous for females and a trade-off between investment into the flying apparatus and reproduction is predicted to explain its evolution. However, what if the wing maintenance is an important issue for males' fitness? Males raise wings during the ritualized courtship which is viewed as an unavoidable movement unveiling the tergal glands for female access. We, however, propose a novel male mating success hypothesis suggesting that male wings are essential for their successful mating. We tested these two competing, but not mutually exclusive hypotheses in the cockroach Eublaberus distanti. We found no effect of female wing loss on any of the measured fecundity characteristics despite that alatectomized females histolyzed flight muscles. On the contrary, alatectomized males did not histolyze wing muscles, but experienced a markedly decreased mating success. Our findings, therefore, provide the first evidence on the crucial mechanical role of wings on male mating success. Consequently, selection for the retention of wings in males rather than for their reduction in females can explain the evolution of sexual wing dimorphism in cockroaches and other insects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Kotyk
- Charles University, Faculty of Science, Department of Zoology, Prague, 12844, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Varadínová
- Charles University, Faculty of Science, Department of Zoology, Prague, 12844, Czech Republic. .,National Museum, Department of Zoology, Prague, 19300, Czech Republic.
| |
Collapse
|
208
|
Santonastaso T, Lighten J, van Oosterhout C, Jones KL, Foufopoulos J, Anthony NM. The effects of historical fragmentation on major histocompatibility complex class II β and microsatellite variation in the Aegean island reptile, Podarcis erhardii. Ecol Evol 2017; 7:4568-4581. [PMID: 28690787 PMCID: PMC5496512 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Revised: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) plays a key role in disease resistance and is the most polymorphic gene region in vertebrates. Although habitat fragmentation is predicted to lead to a loss in MHC variation through drift, the impact of other evolutionary forces may counter this effect. Here we assess the impact of selection, drift, migration, and recombination on MHC class II and microsatellite variability in 14 island populations of the Aegean wall lizard Podarcis erhardii. Lizards were sampled from islands within the Cyclades (Greece) formed by rising sea levels as the last glacial maximum approximately 20,000 before present. Bathymetric data were used to determine the area and age of each island, allowing us to infer the corresponding magnitude and timing of genetic bottlenecks associated with island formation. Both MHC and microsatellite variation were positively associated with island area, supporting the hypothesis that drift governs neutral and adaptive variation in this system. However, MHC but not microsatellite variability declined significantly with island age. This discrepancy is likely due to the fact that microsatellites attain mutation‐drift equilibrium more rapidly than MHC. Although we detected signals of balancing selection, recombination and migration, the effects of these evolutionary processes appeared negligible relative to drift. This study demonstrates how land bridge islands can provide novel insights into the impact of historical fragmentation on genetic diversity as well as help disentangle the effects of different evolutionary forces on neutral and adaptive diversity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Trent Santonastaso
- Department of Biological Sciences University of New Orleans New Orleans LA USA
| | - Jackie Lighten
- School of Environmental Sciences University of East Anglia Norwich Research Park Norwich UK
| | - Cock van Oosterhout
- School of Environmental Sciences University of East Anglia Norwich Research Park Norwich UK
| | - Kenneth L Jones
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine Denver CO USA
| | - Johannes Foufopoulos
- School of the Environment and Sustainability University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA
| | - Nicola M Anthony
- Department of Biological Sciences University of New Orleans New Orleans LA USA
| |
Collapse
|
209
|
Fan M, Hall ML, Kingma SA, Mandeltort LM, Hidalgo Aranzamendi N, Delhey K, Peters A. No fitness benefits of early molt in a fairy-wren: relaxed sexual selection under genetic monogamy? Behav Ecol 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/arx065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Marie Fan
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, 25 Rainforest Walk, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia,
| | - Michelle L Hall
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia,
- Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, Vogelwarte Radolfzell, Schlossallee 2, D-78315 Radolfzell, Germany, and
| | - Sjouke A Kingma
- Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, Vogelwarte Radolfzell, Schlossallee 2, D-78315 Radolfzell, Germany, and
- Behavioural and Physiological Ecology, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, PO Box 11103, 9700CC Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lisa M Mandeltort
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, 25 Rainforest Walk, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia,
| | - Nataly Hidalgo Aranzamendi
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, 25 Rainforest Walk, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia,
| | - Kaspar Delhey
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, 25 Rainforest Walk, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia,
- Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, Vogelwarte Radolfzell, Schlossallee 2, D-78315 Radolfzell, Germany, and
| | - Anne Peters
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, 25 Rainforest Walk, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia,
- Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, Vogelwarte Radolfzell, Schlossallee 2, D-78315 Radolfzell, Germany, and
| |
Collapse
|
210
|
Parsons MH, Apfelbach R, Banks PB, Cameron EZ, Dickman CR, Frank ASK, Jones ME, McGregor IS, McLean S, Müller-Schwarze D, Sparrow EE, Blumstein DT. Biologically meaningful scents: a framework for understanding predator-prey research across disciplines. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2017; 93:98-114. [DOI: 10.1111/brv.12334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Revised: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael H. Parsons
- Department of Biology; Hofstra University; Hempstead NY 11549 U.S.A
- Department of Biological Sciences; Fordham University; Bronx NY 10458 U.S.A
| | - Raimund Apfelbach
- Institut für Neurobiologie; Universität Tübingen; Tübingen 72076 Germany
| | - Peter B. Banks
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences; The University of Sydney; Camperdown 2006 Australia
| | - Elissa Z. Cameron
- School of Biological Sciences; University of Tasmania; Hobart TAS 7001 Australia
| | - Chris R. Dickman
- Desert Ecology Research Group, School of Life and Environmental Sciences; The University of Sydney; Camperdown 2006 Australia
| | - Anke S. K. Frank
- School of Biological Sciences; University of Tasmania; Hobart TAS 7001 Australia
- Botanisches Institut, AG Linstädter; Universität zu Köln; D-50674 Köln Germany
| | - Menna E. Jones
- School of Biological Sciences; University of Tasmania; Hobart TAS 7001 Australia
| | - Ian S. McGregor
- School of Psychology, Brain and Mind Centre; University of Sydney; Camperdown 2050 Australia
| | - Stuart McLean
- School of Medicine; University of Tasmania; Hobart TAS 7001 Australia
| | - Dietland Müller-Schwarze
- College of Environmental Science and Forestry; State University of New York; Syracuse NY 13210 U.S.A
| | - Elisa E. Sparrow
- Department of Environment, Water and Natural Resources; Natural Resources Adelaide and Mt Lofty Ranges; Willunga 5172 Australia
| | - Daniel T. Blumstein
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; University of California; Los Angeles CA 90095-1606 U.S.A
| |
Collapse
|
211
|
Woodfine T, Wilkie M, Gardner R, Edgar P, Moulton N, Riordan P. Outcomes and lessons from a quarter of a century of Sand lizard Lacerta agilis
reintroductions in southern England. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/izy.12155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T. Woodfine
- Marwell Wildlife; Colden Common Winchester SO21 1JH United Kingdom
- Biological Sciences; Faculty of Natural and Environmental Sciences; University of Southampton; Life Sciences Building 85 Highfield Campus Southampton SO17 1BJ United Kingdom
| | - M. Wilkie
- Marwell Wildlife; Colden Common Winchester SO21 1JH United Kingdom
| | - R. Gardner
- Marwell Wildlife; Colden Common Winchester SO21 1JH United Kingdom
- Biological Sciences; Faculty of Natural and Environmental Sciences; University of Southampton; Life Sciences Building 85 Highfield Campus Southampton SO17 1BJ United Kingdom
| | - P. Edgar
- Natural England; 2nd Floor Cromwell House 15 Andover Road Winchester Hampshire SO23 7BT United Kingdom
| | - N. Moulton
- Amphibian & Reptile Conservation Trust; 665A Christchurch Road Boscombe Bournemouth Dorset BH1 4AP United Kingdom
| | - P. Riordan
- Marwell Wildlife; Colden Common Winchester SO21 1JH United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
212
|
Choudoir MJ, Panke-Buisse K, Andam CP, Buckley DH. Genome Surfing As Driver of Microbial Genomic Diversity. Trends Microbiol 2017; 25:624-636. [PMID: 28283403 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2017.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Revised: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Historical changes in population size, such as those caused by demographic range expansions, can produce nonadaptive changes in genomic diversity through mechanisms such as gene surfing. We propose that demographic range expansion of a microbial population capable of horizontal gene exchange can result in genome surfing, a mechanism that can cause widespread increase in the pan-genome frequency of genes acquired by horizontal gene exchange. We explain that patterns of genetic diversity within Streptomyces are consistent with genome surfing, and we describe several predictions for testing this hypothesis both in Streptomyces and in other microorganisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mallory J Choudoir
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850 USA
| | - Kevin Panke-Buisse
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850 USA
| | - Cheryl P Andam
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham NH 03824, USA
| | - Daniel H Buckley
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850 USA.
| |
Collapse
|
213
|
Cartwright RA, Schwartz RS, Merry AL, Howell MM. The importance of selection in the evolution of blindness in cavefish. BMC Evol Biol 2017; 17:45. [PMID: 28173751 PMCID: PMC5297207 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-017-0876-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Blindness has evolved repeatedly in cave-dwelling organisms, and many hypotheses have been proposed to explain this observation, including both accumulation of neutral loss-of-function mutations and adaptation to darkness. Investigating the loss of sight in cave dwellers presents an opportunity to understand the operation of fundamental evolutionary processes, including drift, selection, mutation, and migration. Results Here we model the evolution of blindness in caves. This model captures the interaction of three forces: (1) selection favoring alleles causing blindness, (2) immigration of sightedness alleles from a surface population, and (3) mutations creating blindness alleles. We investigated the dynamics of this model and determined selection-strength thresholds that result in blindness evolving in caves despite immigration of sightedness alleles from the surface. We estimate that the selection coefficient for blindness would need to be at least 0.005 (and maybe as high as 0.5) for blindness to evolve in the model cave-organism, Astyanax mexicanus. Conclusions Our results indicate that strong selection is required for the evolution of blindness in cave-dwelling organisms, which is consistent with recent work suggesting a high metabolic cost of eye development. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12862-017-0876-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reed A Cartwright
- The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA. .,School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA.
| | | | - Alexandra L Merry
- Barrett, The Honors College Arizona State University, Tempe, 85287, AZ, USA
| | - Megan M Howell
- Barrett, The Honors College Arizona State University, Tempe, 85287, AZ, USA
| |
Collapse
|
214
|
Velotta JP, Wegrzyn JL, Ginzburg S, Kang L, Czesny S, O'Neill RJ, McCormick SD, Michalak P, Schultz ET. Transcriptomic imprints of adaptation to fresh water: parallel evolution of osmoregulatory gene expression in the Alewife. Mol Ecol 2017; 26:831-848. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.13983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Revised: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan P. Velotta
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; University of Connecticut; Storrs CT 06269-3043 USA
| | - Jill L. Wegrzyn
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; University of Connecticut; Storrs CT 06269-3043 USA
| | - Samuel Ginzburg
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; University of Connecticut; Storrs CT 06269-3043 USA
| | - Lin Kang
- Department of Biological Sciences; Virginia Bioinformatics Institute; Virginia Tech; Blacksburg VA 24061 USA
| | - Sergiusz Czesny
- Lake Michigan Biological Station; Illinois Natural History Survey; University of Illinois; Zion IL 60099 USA
| | - Rachel J. O'Neill
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology; University of Connecticut; Storrs CT 06269-3125 USA
| | - Stephen D. McCormick
- Conte Anadromous Fish Research Center; U.S. Geological Survey; Turners Falls MA 01376 USA
| | - Pawel Michalak
- Department of Biological Sciences; Virginia Bioinformatics Institute; Virginia Tech; Blacksburg VA 24061 USA
| | - Eric T. Schultz
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; University of Connecticut; Storrs CT 06269-3043 USA
| |
Collapse
|
215
|
Delaney DM, Warner DA. Adult Male Density Influences Juvenile Microhabitat Use in a Territorial Lizard. Ethology 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/eth.12586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David M. Delaney
- Department of Biology; University of Alabama at Birmingham; Birmingham AL USA
| | - Daniel A. Warner
- Department of Biology; University of Alabama at Birmingham; Birmingham AL USA
| |
Collapse
|
216
|
Mackay M, Pillay N. Similarities in spatial cognition in sister species of the striped mouse Rhabdomys originating from different ecological contexts. BEHAVIOUR 2017. [DOI: 10.1163/1568539x-00003474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Variation in spatial cognition is correlated with differences in the environments where animals originate, such that different environments might select for different cognitive ability. We investigated whether three sister species of the striped mouse genus Rhabdomys differed in their spatial cognition. The species originated from three locations across a rainfall gradient in southern Africa, which vary in habitat complexity. We tested individuals in a modified Barnes maze and asked whether the species had different spatial memory and navigation and whether these differences were related to their geographic location. We showed that the species had similar spatial memory and cue use, differing only when external cues were initially removed and during the first probe test of spatial memory. The similarities suggest that the environment of origin is not associated with spatial cognition in Rhabdomys, and that spatial cognition is phylogenetically constrained or there might be similar selection pressures across the distribution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M.K. Mackay
- School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - N. Pillay
- School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
217
|
Tougeron K, Le Lann C, Brodeur J, van Baaren J. Are aphid parasitoids from mild winter climates losing their winter diapause? Oecologia 2016; 183:619-629. [DOI: 10.1007/s00442-016-3770-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
218
|
Zee PC, Liu J, Velicer GJ. Pervasive, yet idiosyncratic, epistatic pleiotropy during adaptation in a behaviourally complex microbe. J Evol Biol 2016; 30:257-269. [PMID: 27862537 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Revised: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Understanding how multiple mutations interact to jointly impact multiple ecologically important traits is critical for creating a robust picture of organismal fitness and the process of adaptation. However, this is complicated by both environmental heterogeneity and the complexity of genotype-to-phenotype relationships generated by pleiotropy and epistasis. Moreover, little is known about how pleiotropic and epistatic relationships themselves change over evolutionary time. The soil bacterium Myxococcus xanthus employs several distinct social traits across a range of environments. Here, we use an experimental lineage of M. xanthus that evolved a novel form of social motility to address how interactions between epistasis and pleiotropy evolve. Specifically, we test how mutations accumulated during selection on soft agar pleiotropically affect several other social traits (hard agar motility, predation and spore production). Relationships between changes in swarming rate in the selective environment and the four other traits varied greatly over time in both direction and magnitude, both across timescales of the entire evolutionary lineage and individual evolutionary time steps. We also tested how a previously defined epistatic interaction is pleiotropically expressed across these traits. We found that phenotypic effects of this epistatic interaction were highly correlated between soft and hard agar motility, but were uncorrelated between soft agar motility and predation, and inversely correlated between soft agar motility and spore production. Our results show that 'epistatic pleiotropy' varied greatly in magnitude, and often even in sign, across traits and over time, highlighting the necessity of simultaneously considering the interacting complexities of pleiotropy and epistasis when studying the process of adaptation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P C Zee
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - J Liu
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - G J Velicer
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| |
Collapse
|
219
|
Royer AM, Kremer C, George K, Pérez SG, Schemske DW, Conner JK. Incomplete loss of a conserved trait: function, latitudinal cline, and genetic constraints. Evolution 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/evo.13096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anne M. Royer
- Department of Plant Biology and Kellogg Biological Station Michigan State University 3700 E. Gull Lake Dr. Hickory Corners Michigan 49060
| | - Colin Kremer
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Yale University P. O. Box 208106 New Haven Connecticut 06520–8106
- Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences Program Princeton University 300 Forrestal Road, Sayre Hall Princeton New Jersey 08544
| | - Kola George
- Department of Plant Biology and Kellogg Biological Station Michigan State University 3700 E. Gull Lake Dr. Hickory Corners Michigan 49060
- College of Charleston School of Sciences and Mathematics 66 George St. Charleston South Carolina 29424
| | - Samuel G. Pérez
- Department of Plant Biology and Kellogg Biological Station Michigan State University 3700 E. Gull Lake Dr. Hickory Corners Michigan 49060
| | - D. W. Schemske
- Department of Plant Biology and Kellogg Biological Station Michigan State University 3700 E. Gull Lake Dr. Hickory Corners Michigan 49060
| | - Jeffrey K. Conner
- Department of Plant Biology and Kellogg Biological Station Michigan State University 3700 E. Gull Lake Dr. Hickory Corners Michigan 49060
| |
Collapse
|
220
|
Schneider RF, Meyer A. How plasticity, genetic assimilation and cryptic genetic variation may contribute to adaptive radiations. Mol Ecol 2016; 26:330-350. [PMID: 27747962 DOI: 10.1111/mec.13880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Revised: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that phenotypic plasticity can promote population divergence by facilitating phenotypic diversification and, eventually, genetic divergence. When a 'plastic' population colonizes a new habitat, it has the possibility to occupy multiple niches by expressing several distinct phenotypes. These initially reflect the population's plastic range but may later become genetically fixed by selection via the process of 'genetic assimilation' (GA). Through this process multiple specialized sister lineages can arise that share a common plastic ancestor - the 'flexible stem'. Here, we review possible molecular mechanisms through which natural selection could fix an initially plastic trait during GA. These mechanisms could also explain how GA may contribute to cryptic genetic variation that can subsequently be coopted into other phenotypes or traits, but also lead to nonadaptive responses. We outline the predicted patterns of genetic and transcriptional divergence accompanying flexible stem radiations. The analysis of such patterns of (retained) adaptive and nonadaptive plastic responses within and across radiating lineages can inform on the state of ongoing GA. We conclude that, depending on the stability of the environment, the molecular architecture underlying plastic traits can facilitate diversification, followed by fixation and consolidation of an adaptive phenotype and degeneration of nonadaptive ones. Additionally, the process of GA may increase the cryptic genetic variation of populations, which on one hand may serve as substrate for evolution, but on another may be responsible for nonadaptive responses that consolidate local allopatry and thus reproductive isolation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ralf F Schneider
- Lehrstuhl für Zoologie und Evolutionsbiologie, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Universitaetstrasse 10, 78457, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Axel Meyer
- Lehrstuhl für Zoologie und Evolutionsbiologie, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Universitaetstrasse 10, 78457, Konstanz, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
221
|
Spontaneous Reversions of an Evolutionary Trait Loss Reveal Regulators of a Small RNA That Controls Multicellular Development in Myxobacteria. J Bacteriol 2016; 198:3142-3151. [PMID: 27621281 PMCID: PMC5105895 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00389-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Lost traits can reevolve, but the probability of trait reversion depends partly on a trait's genetic complexity. Myxobacterial fruiting body development is a complex trait controlled by the small RNA (sRNA) Pxr, which blocks development under conditions of nutrient abundance. In developmentally proficient strains of Myxococcus xanthus, starvation relaxes the inhibition by Pxr, thereby allowing development to proceed. In contrast, the lab-evolved strain OC does not develop because it fails to relay an early starvation signal that alleviates inhibition by Pxr. A descendant of OC, strain PX, previously reevolved developmental proficiency via a mutation in pxr that inactivates its function. A single-colony screen was used to test whether reversion of OC to developmental proficiency occurs only by mutation of pxr or might also occur through alternative regulatory loci. Five spontaneous mutants of OC that exhibited restored development were isolated, and all five showed defects in Pxr synthesis, structure, or processing, including one that incurred an eight-nucleotide deletion in pxr Two mutations occurred in the σ54 response regulator (RR) gene MXAN_1078 (named pxrR here), immediately upstream of pxr PxrR was found to positively regulate pxr transcription, presumably via the σ54 promoter of pxr Two other mutations were identified in a histidine kinase (HK) gene (MXAN_1077; named pxrK here) immediately upstream of pxrR Evolutionarily, the rate of trait restoration documented in this study suggests that reversion of social defects in natural microbial populations may be common. Molecularly, these results suggest a mechanism by which the regulatory functions of an HK-RR two-component signaling system and an sRNA are integrated to control initiation of myxobacterial development. IMPORTANCE Many myxobacteria initiate a process of multicellular fruiting body development upon starvation, but key features of the regulatory network controlling the transition from growth to development remain obscure. Previous work with Myxococcus xanthus identified the first small RNA (sRNA) regulator (Pxr) known to serve as a gatekeeper in this life history transition, as it blocks development when nutrients are abundant. In the present study, a screen for spontaneous mutants of M. xanthus was developed that revealed a two-component system operon (encoding a histidine kinase and a σ54 response regulator) associated with the production and processing of Pxr sRNA. This discovery broadens our knowledge of early developmental gene regulation and also represents an evolutionary integration of two-component signaling and sRNA gene regulation to control a bacterial social trait.
Collapse
|
222
|
Kusakabe M, Ishikawa A, Ravinet M, Yoshida K, Makino T, Toyoda A, Fujiyama A, Kitano J. Genetic basis for variation in salinity tolerance between stickleback ecotypes. Mol Ecol 2016; 26:304-319. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.13875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Revised: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Kusakabe
- Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute; The University of Tokyo; Kashiwanoha 5-1-5 Kashiwa Chiba 277-8564 Japan
- Department of Biological Science; Faculty of Science; Shizuoka University; 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku Shizuoka 422-8529 Japan
| | - Asano Ishikawa
- Division of Ecological Genetics; National Institute of Genetics; Yata 1111 Mishima Shizuoka 411-8540 Japan
| | - Mark Ravinet
- Division of Ecological Genetics; National Institute of Genetics; Yata 1111 Mishima Shizuoka 411-8540 Japan
- Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis; University of Oslo; P.O. Box 1066 Blindern Oslo NO-0316 Oslo Norway
| | - Kohta Yoshida
- Division of Ecological Genetics; National Institute of Genetics; Yata 1111 Mishima Shizuoka 411-8540 Japan
| | - Takashi Makino
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; Graduate School of Life Sciences; Tohoku University; Sendai Miyagi 980-8578 Japan
| | - Atsushi Toyoda
- Comparative Genomics Laboratory; National Institute of Genetics; Yata 1111 Mishima Shizuoka 411-8540 Japan
| | - Asao Fujiyama
- Comparative Genomics Laboratory; National Institute of Genetics; Yata 1111 Mishima Shizuoka 411-8540 Japan
| | - Jun Kitano
- Division of Ecological Genetics; National Institute of Genetics; Yata 1111 Mishima Shizuoka 411-8540 Japan
| |
Collapse
|
223
|
Relaxed selective constraints drove functional modifications in peripheral photoreception of the cavefish P. andruzzii and provide insight into the time of cave colonization. Heredity (Edinb) 2016; 117:383-392. [PMID: 27485669 DOI: 10.1038/hdy.2016.59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Revised: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The genetic basis of phenotypic changes in extreme environments is a key but rather unexplored topic in animal evolution. Here we provide an exemplar case of evolution by relaxed selection in the Somalian cavefish Phreatichthys andruzzii that has evolved in the complete absence of light for at least 2.8 million years. This has resulted in extreme degenerative phenotypes, including complete eye loss and partial degeneration of the circadian clock. We have investigated the molecular evolution of the nonvisual photoreceptor melanopsin opn4m2, whose mutation contributes to the inability of peripheral clocks to respond to light. Our intra- and inter-species analyses suggest that the 'blind' clock in P. andruzzii evolved because of the loss of selective constraints on a trait that was no longer adaptive. Based on this change in selective regime, we estimate that the functional constraint on cavefish opn4m2 was relaxed at ∼5.3 Myr. This implies a long subterranean history, about half in complete isolation from the surface. The visual photoreceptor rhodopsin, expressed in the brain and implicated in photophobic behavior, shows similar evolutionary patterns, suggesting that extreme isolation in darkness led to a general weakening of evolutionary constraints on light-responsive mechanisms. Conversely, the same genes are still conserved in Garra barreimiae, a cavefish from Oman, that independently and more recently colonized subterranean waters and evolved troglomorphic traits. Our results contribute substantially to the open debate on the genetic bases of regressive evolution.
Collapse
|
224
|
Weinersmith KL, Earley RL. Better with your parasites? Lessons for behavioural ecology from evolved dependence and conditionally helpful parasites. Anim Behav 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2016.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
225
|
Atkins R, Blumstein DT, Moseby KE, West R, Hyatt M, Letnic M. Deep evolutionary experience explains mammalian responses to predators. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-016-2181-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
226
|
Bonnot NC, Morellet N, Hewison AM, Martin JL, Benhamou S, Chamaillé-Jammes S. Sitka black-tailed deer (Odocoileus hemionus sitkensis) adjust habitat selection and activity rhythm to the absence of predators. CAN J ZOOL 2016. [DOI: 10.1139/cjz-2015-0227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Although individuals must generally trade off acquisition of high-quality resources against predation risk avoidance, removal of top predators by humans has resulted in many large herbivores experiencing novel conditions where their natural predators are absent. Antipredator behaviors should be attenuated or lost in such a context of relaxed predation pressure. To test this prediction, we analyzed daily and seasonal habitat selection and activity rhythm (both commonly linked to predation risk) of GPS-collared Sitka black-tailed deer (Odocoileus hemionus sitkensis Merriam, 1898) on predator-free islands (British Columbia, Canada). In marked contrast to the behavioral patterns commonly observed in populations subject to predation risk, we documented a very low day–night contrast in habitat selection. Moreover, we observed higher activity during daytime than nighttime, as expected for nonhunted populations. We also showed that resource selection was primarily driven by seasonal variations in resource availability. These results are consistent with the expected attenuation of antipredator behaviors in predation-free environments. However, we also observed marked crepuscular activity peaks, which are commonly interpreted as an antipredator response in ungulates. Our study indicates that large herbivores are able to adjust certain antipredator behaviors under relaxed selection, notably habitat selection and activity rhythm, while others persist despite the long-term absence of predators.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nadège C. Bonnot
- INRA, UR35 Comportement et Ecologie de la Faune Sauvage, CS 52627, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
- Centre d’Écologie Fonctionnelle et Évolutive UMR 5175, CNRS – Université de Montpellier – Université Paul Valéry Montpellier – EPHE, 1919 route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier CEDEX 5, France
| | - Nicolas Morellet
- INRA, UR35 Comportement et Ecologie de la Faune Sauvage, CS 52627, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - A.J. Mark Hewison
- INRA, UR35 Comportement et Ecologie de la Faune Sauvage, CS 52627, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Jean-Louis Martin
- Centre d’Écologie Fonctionnelle et Évolutive UMR 5175, CNRS – Université de Montpellier – Université Paul Valéry Montpellier – EPHE, 1919 route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier CEDEX 5, France
| | - Simon Benhamou
- Centre d’Écologie Fonctionnelle et Évolutive UMR 5175, CNRS – Université de Montpellier – Université Paul Valéry Montpellier – EPHE, 1919 route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier CEDEX 5, France
| | - Simon Chamaillé-Jammes
- Centre d’Écologie Fonctionnelle et Évolutive UMR 5175, CNRS – Université de Montpellier – Université Paul Valéry Montpellier – EPHE, 1919 route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier CEDEX 5, France
| |
Collapse
|
227
|
Lutz C, Thomas T, Steinberg P, Kjelleberg S, Egan S. Effect of interspecific competition on trait variation inPhaeobacter inhibensbiofilms. Environ Microbiol 2016; 18:1635-45. [DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.13253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Carla Lutz
- Centre for Marine Bio-Innovation
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Science
| | - Torsten Thomas
- Centre for Marine Bio-Innovation
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Science
| | - Peter Steinberg
- Centre for Marine Bio-Innovation
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Science; University of New South Wales; Sydney Australia
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering; Nanyang Technological University; Singapore
- Sydney Institute of Marine Science; Mosman New South Wales Australia
| | - Staffan Kjelleberg
- Centre for Marine Bio-Innovation
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Science
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering; Nanyang Technological University; Singapore
| | - Suhelen Egan
- Centre for Marine Bio-Innovation
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Science
| |
Collapse
|
228
|
Mikolajewski DJ, Scharnweber K, Jiang B, Leicht S, Mauersberger R, Johansson F. Changing the habitat: the evolution of intercorrelated traits to escape from predators. J Evol Biol 2016; 29:1394-405. [DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Revised: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - K. Scharnweber
- Department of Ecology and Genetics; Uppsala University; Uppsala Sweden
| | - B. Jiang
- Institut für Biologie; Freie Universität Berlin; Berlin Germany
| | - S. Leicht
- Institut für Biologie; Freie Universität Berlin; Berlin Germany
| | - R. Mauersberger
- Förderverein Feldberg-Uckermärkische Seenlandschaft e.V.; Templin Germany
| | - F. Johansson
- Department of Ecology and Genetics; Uppsala University; Uppsala Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
229
|
Thompson KA, Johnson MT. Antiherbivore defenses alter natural selection on plant reproductive traits. Evolution 2016; 70:796-810. [DOI: 10.1111/evo.12900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Revised: 02/07/2016] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ken A. Thompson
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; University of Toronto Mississauga; Mississauga Ontario L5L 1C6 Canada
- Department of Biology; University of Toronto Mississauga; Mississauga Ontario L5L 1C6 Canada
| | - Marc T.J. Johnson
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; University of Toronto Mississauga; Mississauga Ontario L5L 1C6 Canada
- Department of Biology; University of Toronto Mississauga; Mississauga Ontario L5L 1C6 Canada
| |
Collapse
|
230
|
Ruiz-Raya F, Soler M, Roncalli G, Abaurrea T, Ibáñez-Álamo JD. Egg rejection in blackbirds Turdus merula: a by-product of conspecific parasitism or successful resistance against interspecific brood parasites? Front Zool 2016; 13:16. [PMID: 27073406 PMCID: PMC4828832 DOI: 10.1186/s12983-016-0148-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Traditional theory assumes that egg recognition and rejection abilities arise as a response against interspecific brood parasitism (IBP). However, rejection also appears in some species that are currently not exploited by interspecific parasites, such as Turdus thrushes. Recent evidences suggest that rejection abilities evolved in these species as a response to conspecific brood parasitism (CBP). To test these two alternative hypotheses, we performed an experimental study by parasitizing nests of the common blackbird (Turdus merula) with conspecifics or heterospecific eggs under different risk of parasitism (presence of interspecific or conspecific parasites near the nest). Common blackbird is a potential host of the common cuckoo (Cuculus canorus) but suffers low levels of CBP too. RESULTS We found that blackbirds were able to recognize and eject heterospecific eggs at high rates whereas most of conspecifics eggs were not recognized and, therefore, accepted. Ejection rates of conspecific eggs did not exceed 13 %, even in situations of high risk of CBP (blackbird female placed near the nest), which contradict the main prediction derived from the CBP hypothesis. Conversely, ejection rates of experimental eggs simulating IBP were much higher (80-100 %). Furthermore, female blackbirds were more aggressive towards cuckoos than towards blackbird dummies. CONCLUSIONS Our results considered together support the IBP hypothesis, indicating that recognition and rejection of parasitic eggs in blackbirds have probably evolved due to previous cuckoo parasitism. The current absence of IBP in blackbirds may be due to the highly efficient rejection abilities in this species. Thus, these abilities have been retained in absence of brood parasitism as a consequence of the low costs involved for blackbirds, resulting in a successful resistance against interspecific brood parasitism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Ruiz-Raya
- />Departamento de Zoología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, E-18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Manuel Soler
- />Departamento de Zoología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, E-18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Gianluca Roncalli
- />Departamento de Zoología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, E-18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Teresa Abaurrea
- />Departamento de Zoología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, E-18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Juan Diego Ibáñez-Álamo
- />Departamento de Ecología de Humedales, Estación Biológica de Doñana, CSIC, Sevilla, Spain
- />Behavioral and Physiological Ecology Group, Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Studies, University of Groningen, P. O. box 11103, 9700 CC Groningen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
231
|
Ehrenreich IM, Pfennig DW. Genetic assimilation: a review of its potential proximate causes and evolutionary consequences. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2016; 117:769-79. [PMID: 26359425 PMCID: PMC4845796 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcv130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Revised: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most, if not all, organisms possess the ability to alter their phenotype in direct response to changes in their environment, a phenomenon known as phenotypic plasticity. Selection can break this environmental sensitivity, however, and cause a formerly environmentally induced trait to evolve to become fixed through a process called genetic assimilation. Essentially, genetic assimilation can be viewed as the evolution of environmental robustness in what was formerly an environmentally sensitive trait. Because genetic assimilation has long been suggested to play a key role in the origins of phenotypic novelty and possibly even new species, identifying and characterizing the proximate mechanisms that underlie genetic assimilation may advance our basic understanding of how novel traits and species evolve. SCOPE This review begins by discussing how the evolution of phenotypic plasticity, followed by genetic assimilation, might promote the origins of new traits and possibly fuel speciation and adaptive radiation. The evidence implicating genetic assimilation in evolutionary innovation and diversification is then briefly considered. Next, the potential causes of phenotypic plasticity generally and genetic assimilation specifically are examined at the genetic, molecular and physiological levels and approaches that can improve our understanding of these mechanisms are described. The review concludes by outlining major challenges for future work. CONCLUSIONS Identifying and characterizing the proximate mechanisms involved in phenotypic plasticity and genetic assimilation promises to help advance our basic understanding of evolutionary innovation and diversification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ian M Ehrenreich
- Molecular and Computational Biology Section, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA and
| | - David W Pfennig
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| |
Collapse
|
232
|
Minelli A. Species diversity vs. morphological disparity in the light of evolutionary developmental biology. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2016; 117:781-94. [PMID: 26346718 PMCID: PMC4845798 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcv134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Revised: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Two indicators of a clade's success are its diversity (number of included species) and its disparity (extent of morphospace occupied by its members). Many large genera show high diversity with low disparity, while others such as Euphorbia and Drosophila are highly diverse but also exhibit high disparity. The largest genera are often characterized by key innovations that often, but not necessarily, coincide with their diagnostic apomorphies. In terms of their contribution to speciation, apomorphies are either permissive (e.g. flightlessness) or generative (e.g. nectariferous spurs). SCOPE Except for Drosophila, virtually no genus among those with the highest diversity or disparity includes species currently studied as model species in developmental genetics or evolutionary developmental biology (evo-devo). An evo-devo approach is, however, potentially important to understand how diversity and disparity could rapidly increase in the largest genera currently accepted by taxonomists. The most promising directions for future research and a set of key questions to be addressed are presented in this review. CONCLUSIONS From an evo-devo perspective, the evolution of clades with high diversity and/or disparity can be addressed from three main perspectives: (1) evolvability, in terms of release from previous constraints and of the presence of genetic or developmental conditions favouring multiple parallel occurrences of a given evolutionary transition and its reversal; (2) phenotypic plasticity as a facilitator of speciation; and (3) modularity, heterochrony and a coupling between the complexity of the life cycle and the evolution of diversity and disparity in a clade. This simple preliminary analysis suggests a set of topics that deserve priority for scrutiny, including the possible role of saltational evolution in the origination of high diversity and/or disparity, the predictability of morphological evolution following release from a former constraint, and the extent and the possible causes of a positive correlation between diversity and disparity and the complexity of the life cycle.
Collapse
|
233
|
Silva GSC, Roxo FF, Lujan NK, Tagliacollo VA, Zawadzki CH, Oliveira C. Transcontinental dispersal, ecological opportunity and origins of an adaptive radiation in the Neotropical catfish genus
Hypostomus
(Siluriformes: Loricariidae). Mol Ecol 2016; 25:1511-29. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.13583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Revised: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel S. C. Silva
- Departamento de Morfologia Laboratório de Biologia e Genética de Peixes IB–UNESP Campus de Botucatu Botucatu 18618–970 São Paulo Brazil
| | - Fábio F. Roxo
- Departamento de Morfologia Laboratório de Biologia e Genética de Peixes IB–UNESP Campus de Botucatu Botucatu 18618–970 São Paulo Brazil
| | - Nathan K. Lujan
- Center for Systematic Biology and Evolution Academy of Natural Sciences of Drexel University 1900 Benjamin Franklin Parkway Philadelphia PA 19103 USA
- Department of Biology University of Toronto Scarborough Toronto ON M1C1A4 Canada
| | - Victor A. Tagliacollo
- Programa de Pós Graduação Ciências do Ambiente (CIAMB) Universidade Federal do Tocantins Palmas Tocantins 77001–090 Brazil
| | - Claudio H. Zawadzki
- Departamento de Biologia Núcleo de Pesquisas em Limnologia Ictiologia e Aquicultura (Nupélia) Universidade Estadual de Maringá Maringá 87020–900 Paraná Brazil
| | - Claudio Oliveira
- Departamento de Morfologia Laboratório de Biologia e Genética de Peixes IB–UNESP Campus de Botucatu Botucatu 18618–970 São Paulo Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
234
|
Beyond the Black Queen Hypothesis. ISME JOURNAL 2016; 10:2085-91. [PMID: 26953598 DOI: 10.1038/ismej.2016.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Revised: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The Black Queen Hypothesis, recently proposed to explain an evolution of dependency based on gene loss, is gaining ground. This paper focuses on how the evolution of dependency transforms interactions and the community. Using agent-based modeling we suggest that species specializing in the consumption of a common good escape competition and therefore favor coexistence. This evolutionary trajectory could open the way for novel long-lasting interactions and a need to revisit the classically accepted assembly rules. Such evolutionary events also reshape the structure and dynamics of communities, depending on the spatial heterogeneity of the common good production. Let Black be the new black!
Collapse
|
235
|
Eliason CM, Shawkey MD, Clarke JA. Evolutionary shifts in the melanin-based color system of birds. Evolution 2016; 70:445-55. [PMID: 26767728 DOI: 10.1111/evo.12855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Melanin pigments contained in organelles (melanosomes) impart earthy colors to feathers. Such melanin-based colors are distributed across birds and thought to be the ancestral color-producing mechanism in birds. However, we have had limited data on melanin-based color and melanosome diversity in Palaeognathae, which includes the flighted tinamous and large-bodied, flightless ratites and is the sister taxon to all other extant birds. Here, we use scanning electron microscopy and spectrophotometry to assess melanosome morphology and quantify reflected color for 19 species within this clade. We find that brown colors in ratites are uniquely associated with elongated melanosomes nearly identical in shape to those associated with black colors. Melanosome and color diversity in large-bodied ratites is limited relative to other birds (including flightless penguins) and smaller bodied basal maniraptoran dinosaur outgroups of Aves, whereas tinamous show a wider range of melanosome forms similar to neognaths. The repeated occurrence of novel melanosome forms in the nonmonophyletic ratites suggests that melanin-based color tracks changes in body size, physiology, or other life history traits associated with flight loss, but not feather morphology. We further anticipate these findings will be useful for future color reconstructions in extinct species, as variation in melanosome shape may potentially be linked to a more nuanced palette of melanin-based colors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chad M Eliason
- Department of Geological Sciences and Integrated Bioscience, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, 78712.
| | - Matthew D Shawkey
- Department of Biology and Integrated Bioscience, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio, 44325.,Current address: University of Ghent, Department of Biology, Terrestrial Ecology Unit, Ledeganckstraat 35, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Julia A Clarke
- Department of Geological Sciences and Integrated Bioscience, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, 78712
| |
Collapse
|
236
|
Weigel EG, Tinghitella RM, Boughman JW. No evidence for adjustment of maternal investment under alternative mate availability regimes. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2016; 88:508-522. [PMID: 26508506 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.12793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Using treatments that mimic high and low availability of reproductive males, it was found that female three-spined sticklebacks Gasterosteus aculeatus, previously shown to adjust their mate choices when male mates were rare, did not alter their reproductive investment strategies. These results suggest that plasticity in investment is perhaps limited by physiological requirements or dependent on relatively extreme mate availability regimes. The probability of becoming reproductive, number of clutches per season (per female), initial clutch size and mass and the timing of reproduction were all independent of the experience a female had with mate availability. This suggests that pre-copulatory plasticity in reproductive strategies may contribute more to variation in the strength and direction of sexual selection than reproductive investment in offspring.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E G Weigel
- Department of Zoology, Michigan State University, 288 Farm Lane Road RM 203, East Lansing, MI 48824, U.S.A
- BEACON Center for the Study of Evolution in Action, Michigan State University, Biomedical and Physical Sciences Building, 567 Wilson Road Room 1441, East Lansing, MI 48824, U.S.A
| | - R M Tinghitella
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Denver, F. W. Olin Hall, Room 102, 2190 E. Iliff Ave, Denver, CO 80208-9010, U.S.A
| | - J W Boughman
- Department of Zoology, Michigan State University, 288 Farm Lane Road RM 203, East Lansing, MI 48824, U.S.A
- BEACON Center for the Study of Evolution in Action, Michigan State University, Biomedical and Physical Sciences Building, 567 Wilson Road Room 1441, East Lansing, MI 48824, U.S.A
| |
Collapse
|
237
|
Lerp H, Klaus S, Allgöwer S, Wronski T, Pfenninger M, Plath M. Phylogenetic analyses of gazelles reveal repeated transitions of key ecological traits and provide novel insights into the origin of the genus Gazella. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2016; 98:1-10. [PMID: 26826603 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2016.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Revised: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
African bovids are a famous example of a taxonomic group in which the correlated evolution of body size, feeding mode, gregariousness, and social organization in relation to the preferred habitat type has been investigated. A continuum has been described ranging from small-bodied, sedentary, solitary or socially monogamous, forest- or bush-dwelling, browsing species that seek shelter from predation in dense vegetation, to large-bodied, migratory, highly gregarious, grazing taxa inhabiting open savannahs and relying on flight or group-defense behaviors when facing predators. Here, we examined a geographically widespread clade within the Bovidae (the genus Gazella) that shows minimal interspecific variation in body size and asked if we could still uncover correlated changes of key ecological and behavioral traits during repeated transitions from open-land to mountain-dwelling. Our study used a multi-locus phylogeny (based on sequence variation of Cytb and six nuclear intron markers) of all extant members of the genus Gazella to infer evolutionary patterns of key ecological and behavioral traits and to estimate ancestral character states using Bayesian inference. At the base of the Gazella-phylogeny, open plains were inferred as the most likely habitat type, and three independent transitions toward mountain-dwelling were uncovered. Those shifts coincided with shifts from migratory to sedentary lifestyles. Character estimation for group size was largely congruent with movement patterns in that species forming large groups tended to be migratory, while small group size was correlated with a sedentary lifestyle. Evolutionary patterns of two other conspicuous traits (twinning ability vs. exclusive singleton births and hornless vs. horned females) did not follow this trend in the Gazella-phylogeny. Furthermore, we inferred the genus Gazella to have emerged in the Late Miocene to Pliocene (10-3Mya), and estimating ancestral ranges based on a Dispersal-Extinction-Cladogenesis model found the Middle East to be the most likely origin of the genus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hannes Lerp
- Natural History Collections, Museum Wiesbaden, Friedrich-Ebert-Allee 2, 65185 Wiesbaden, Germany.
| | - Sebastian Klaus
- Dept. of Ecology and Evolution, J.W. Goethe-University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 13, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Stefanie Allgöwer
- Dept. of Ecology and Evolution, J.W. Goethe-University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 13, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Torsten Wronski
- Zoological Society of London, Conservation Programs, Regent's Park, London NW1 4RY, United Kingdom; King Khalid Wildlife Research Center, Saudi Wildlife Authority, P.O. Box 61681, Riyadh 11575, Saudi Arabia
| | - Markus Pfenninger
- Molecular Ecology Group, Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (BiK-F), 60325 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Martin Plath
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
238
|
|
239
|
Kuehn MJ, Peer BD, McCleery RA, Rothstein SI. Yellow warbler defenses are retained in the absence of brood parasitism but enhanced by experience with cowbirds. Behav Ecol 2016. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/arv145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
|
240
|
Genetic Architecture of Conspicuous Red Ornaments in Female Threespine Stickleback. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2015; 6:579-88. [PMID: 26715094 PMCID: PMC4777121 DOI: 10.1534/g3.115.024505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Explaining the presence of conspicuous female ornaments that take the form of male-typical traits has been a longstanding challenge in evolutionary biology. Such female ornaments have been proposed to evolve via both adaptive and nonadaptive evolutionary processes. Determining the genetic underpinnings of female ornaments is important for elucidating the mechanisms by which such female traits arise and persist in natural populations, but detailed information about their genetic basis is still scarce. In this study, we investigated the genetic architecture of two ornaments, the orange-red throat and pelvic spine, in the threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus). Throat coloration is male-specific in ancestral marine populations but has evolved in females in some derived stream populations, whereas sexual dimorphism in pelvic spine coloration is variable among populations. We find that ornaments share a common genetic architecture between the sexes. At least three independent genomic regions contribute to red throat coloration, and harbor candidate genes related to pigment production and pigment cell differentiation. One of these regions is also associated with spine coloration, indicating that both ornaments might be mediated partly via pleiotropic genetic mechanisms.
Collapse
|
241
|
Stoks R, Govaert L, Pauwels K, Jansen B, De Meester L. Resurrecting complexity: the interplay of plasticity and rapid evolution in the multiple trait response to strong changes in predation pressure in the water fleaDaphnia magna. Ecol Lett 2015; 19:180-190. [DOI: 10.1111/ele.12551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Revised: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robby Stoks
- Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology, Evolution and Conservation; University of Leuven; Ch. Deberiotstraat 32 B-3000 Leuven Belgium
| | - Lynn Govaert
- Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology, Evolution and Conservation; University of Leuven; Ch. Deberiotstraat 32 B-3000 Leuven Belgium
| | - Kevin Pauwels
- Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology, Evolution and Conservation; University of Leuven; Ch. Deberiotstraat 32 B-3000 Leuven Belgium
| | - Bastiaan Jansen
- Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology, Evolution and Conservation; University of Leuven; Ch. Deberiotstraat 32 B-3000 Leuven Belgium
| | - Luc De Meester
- Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology, Evolution and Conservation; University of Leuven; Ch. Deberiotstraat 32 B-3000 Leuven Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
242
|
Pearce TA, Fields MC. Shell and Genital Morphology Fails to SeparateAncotrema hybridum(Ancey, 1888) andA. sportella(Gould, 1846) (Gastropoda: Haplotrematidae). MALACOLOGIA 2015. [DOI: 10.4002/040.059.0104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
243
|
Moseby KE, Blumstein DT, Letnic M. Harnessing natural selection to tackle the problem of prey naïveté. Evol Appl 2015; 9:334-43. [PMID: 26834826 PMCID: PMC4721078 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Many populations are threatened or endangered because of excessive predation resulting from individuals' inability to recognize, avoid, or escape alien predators. Such prey naïveté is often attributed to the absence of prior experience and co‐evolution between native prey and introduced predators. Many reintroduction programs focus on reducing predation rate by excluding introduced predators, a focus which ignores, and indeed exacerbates, the problem of prey naïveté. We argue for a new paradigm in reintroduction biology that expands the focus from predator control to kick‐starting learning and evolutionary processes between alien predators and reintroduced prey. By exposing reintroduced prey to carefully controlled levels of alien predators, in situ predation could enhance reintroduction success by facilitating acquisition of learned antipredator responses and through natural selection for appropriate antipredator traits. This in situ predator exposure should be viewed as a long‐term process but is likely to be the most efficient and expedient way to improve prey responses and assist in broadscale recovery of threatened species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katherine E Moseby
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences The University of Adelaide Adelaide SA Australia; Arid Recovery Ltd. Roxby Downs SA Australia
| | - Daniel T Blumstein
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of California Los Angeles CA USA
| | - Mike Letnic
- Centre for Ecosystem Science School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences University of New South Wales Sydney NSW Australia
| |
Collapse
|
244
|
Ferrari MCO, McCormick MI, Allan BJM, Choi R, Ramasamy RA, Johansen JL, Mitchell MD, Chivers DP. Living in a risky world: the onset and ontogeny of an integrated antipredator phenotype in a coral reef fish. Sci Rep 2015; 5:15537. [PMID: 26515787 PMCID: PMC4626771 DOI: 10.1038/srep15537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Prey individuals with complex life-histories often cannot predict the type of risk environment to which they will be exposed at each of their life stages. Because the level of investment in defences should match local risk conditions, we predict that these individuals should have the ability to modulate the expression of an integrated defensive phenotype, but this switch in expression should occur at key life-history transitions. We manipulated background level of risk in juvenile damselfish for four days following settlement (a key life-history transition) or 10 days post-settlement, and measured a suite of physiological and behavioural variables over 2 weeks. We found that settlement-stage fish exposed to high-risk conditions displayed behavioural and physiological alterations consistent with high-risk phenotypes, which gave them a survival advantage when exposed to predators. These changes were maintained for at least 2 weeks. The same exposure in post-settlement fish failed to elicit a change in some traits, while the expression of other traits disappeared within a week. Our results are consistent with those expected from phenotypic resonance. Expression of antipredator traits may be masked if individuals are not exposed to certain conditions at key ontogenetic stages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maud C O Ferrari
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, WCVM, University of Saskatchewan, SK, Canada
| | - Mark I McCormick
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, and College of Marine &Environmental Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
| | - Bridie J M Allan
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, and College of Marine &Environmental Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
| | - Rebecca Choi
- Department of Biology, Macalester College, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Ryan A Ramasamy
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, and College of Marine &Environmental Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
| | - Jacob L Johansen
- Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience, University of Florida, St. Augustine, Florida, USA
| | - Matthew D Mitchell
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, WCVM, University of Saskatchewan, SK, Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
245
|
Geffroy B, Samia DSM, Bessa E, Blumstein DT. How Nature-Based Tourism Might Increase Prey Vulnerability to Predators. Trends Ecol Evol 2015; 30:755-765. [PMID: 26475119 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2015.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Revised: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Tourism can be deleterious for wildlife because it triggers behavioral changes in individuals with cascading effects on populations and communities. Among these behavioral changes, animals around humans often reduce their fearfulness and antipredator responses towards humans. A straightforward prediction is that habituation to humans associated with tourism would negatively influence reaction to predators. This could happen indirectly, where human presence decreases the number of natural predators and thus prey become less wary, or directly, where human-habituated individuals become bolder and thus more vulnerable to predation. Building on ideas from the study of traits associated with domestication and urbanization, we develop a framework to understand how behavioral changes associated with nature-based tourism can impact individual fitness, and thus the demographic trajectory of a population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Geffroy
- Center of Study of the Meridional Amazon, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Sinop, Brazil; INRA, UR1037 LPGP, Fish Physiology and Genomics, Campus de Beaulieu, 35000 Rennes, France
| | - Diogo S M Samia
- Laboratory of Theoretical Ecology and Synthesis, Department of Ecology, Federal University of Goiás, CP. 131, 74001-970 Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Bessa
- State University of Mato Grosso, Tangará da Serra, Mato Grosso, Brazil; Laboratory of Behavioral Ecology of Reproduction, State University of Ponta Grossa, Av. Gal. Carlos Cavalcanti, 4748, 84030-900 Ponta Grossa, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Daniel T Blumstein
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, 621 Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1606, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
246
|
Comparison of Switching and Biofilm Formation between MTL-Homozygous Strains of Candida albicans and Candida dubliniensis. EUKARYOTIC CELL 2015; 14:1186-202. [PMID: 26432632 DOI: 10.1128/ec.00146-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Candida albicans and Candida dubliniensis are highly related species that share the same main developmental programs. In C. albicans, it has been demonstrated that the biofilms formed by strains heterozygous and homozygous at the mating type locus (MTL) differ functionally, but studies rarely identify the MTL configuration. This becomes a particular problem in studies of C. dubliniensis, given that one-third of natural strains are MTL homozygous. For that reason, we have analyzed MTL-homozygous strains of C. dubliniensis for their capacity to switch from white to opaque, the stability of the opaque phenotype, CO2 induction of switching, pheromone induction of adhesion, the effects of minority opaque cells on biofilm thickness and dry weight, and biofilm architecture in comparison with C. albicans. Our results reveal that C. dubliniensis strains switch to opaque at lower average frequencies, exhibit a far lower level of opaque phase stability, are not stimulated to switch by high CO2, exhibit more variability in biofilm architecture, and most notably, form mature biofilms composed predominately of pseudohyphae rather than true hyphae. Therefore, while several traits of MTL-homozygous strains of C. dubliniensis appear to be degenerating or have been lost, others, most notably several related to biofilm formation, have been conserved. Within this context, the possibility is considered that C. dubliniensis is transitioning from a hypha-dominated to a pseudohypha-dominated biofilm and that aspects of C. dubliniensis colonization may provide insights into the selective pressures that are involved.
Collapse
|
247
|
Velotta JP, McCormick SD, Schultz ET. Trade-offs in osmoregulation and parallel shifts in molecular function follow ecological transitions to freshwater in the Alewife. Evolution 2015; 69:2676-88. [DOI: 10.1111/evo.12774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2015] [Revised: 08/30/2015] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan P. Velotta
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; University of Connecticut; Storrs Connecticut 06269-3043
| | | | - Eric T. Schultz
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; University of Connecticut; Storrs Connecticut 06269-3043
| |
Collapse
|
248
|
Dargent F, Rolshausen G, Hendry AP, Scott ME, Fussmann GF. Parting ways: parasite release in nature leads to sex-specific evolution of defence. J Evol Biol 2015; 29:23-34. [PMID: 26356531 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Revised: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
We evaluated the extent to which males and females evolve along similar or different trajectories in response to the same environmental shift. Specifically, we used replicate experimental introductions in nature to consider how release from a key parasite (Gyrodactylus) generates similar or different defence evolution in male vs. female guppies (Poecilia reticulata). After 4-8 generations of evolution, guppies were collected from the ancestral (parasite still present) and derived (parasite now absent) populations and bred for two generations in the laboratory to control for nongenetic effects. These F2 guppies were then individually infected with Gyrodactylus, and infection dynamics were monitored on each fish. We found that parasite release in nature led to sex-specific evolutionary responses: males did not show much evolution of resistance, whereas females showed the evolution of increased resistance. Given that male guppies in the ancestral population had greater resistance to Gyrodactylus than did females, evolution in the derived populations led to reduction of sexual dimorphism in resistance. We argue that previous selection for high resistance in males constrained (relative to females) further evolution of the trait. We advocate more experiments considering sex-specific evolutionary responses to environmental change.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Dargent
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - G Rolshausen
- Redpath Museum, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - A P Hendry
- Redpath Museum, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - M E Scott
- Institute of Parasitology and Centre for Host-Parasite Interactions, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - G F Fussmann
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
249
|
Macias-Muñoz A, Smith G, Monteiro A, Briscoe AD. Transcriptome-Wide Differential Gene Expression in Bicyclus anynana Butterflies: Female Vision-Related Genes Are More Plastic. Mol Biol Evol 2015; 33:79-92. [PMID: 26371082 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msv197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Vision is energetically costly to maintain. Consequently, over time many cave-adapted species downregulate the expression of vision genes or even lose their eyes and associated eye genes entirely. Alternatively, organisms that live in fluctuating environments, with different requirements for vision at different times, may evolve phenotypic plasticity for expression of vision genes. Here, we use a global transcriptomic and candidate gene approach to compare gene expression in the heads of a polyphenic butterfly. Bicyclus anynana have two seasonal forms that display sexual dimorphism and plasticity in eye morphology, and female-specific plasticity in opsin gene expression. Nonchoosy dry season females downregulate opsin expression, consistent with the high physiological cost of vision. To identify other genes associated with sexually dimorphic and seasonally plastic differences in vision, we analyzed RNA-sequencing data from whole head tissues. We identified two eye development genes (klarsicht and warts homologs) and an eye pigment biosynthesis gene (henna) differentially expressed between seasonal forms. By comparing sex-specific expression across seasonal forms, we found that klarsicht, warts, henna, and another eye development gene (domeless) were plastic in a female-specific manner. In a male-only analysis, white (w) was differentially expressed between seasonal forms. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction confirmed that warts and white are expressed in eyes only, whereas klarsicht, henna and domeless are expressed in both eyes and brain. We find that differential expression of eye development and eye pigment genes is associated with divergent eye phenotypes in B. anynana seasonal forms, and that there is a larger effect of season on female vision-related genes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aide Macias-Muñoz
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine BEACON Center for the Study of Evolution in Action
| | - Gilbert Smith
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine BEACON Center for the Study of Evolution in Action
| | - Antónia Monteiro
- Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore Yale-NUS College, Singapore
| | - Adriana D Briscoe
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine BEACON Center for the Study of Evolution in Action
| |
Collapse
|
250
|
Abstract
Natural environments are never truly constant, but the evolutionary implications of temporally varying selection pressures remain poorly understood. Here we investigate how the fate of a new mutation in a fluctuating environment depends on the dynamics of environmental variation and on the selective pressures in each condition. We find that even when a mutation experiences many environmental epochs before fixing or going extinct, its fate is not necessarily determined by its time-averaged selective effect. Instead, environmental variability reduces the efficiency of selection across a broad parameter regime, rendering selection unable to distinguish between mutations that are substantially beneficial and substantially deleterious on average. Temporal fluctuations can also dramatically increase fixation probabilities, often making the details of these fluctuations more important than the average selection pressures acting on each new mutation. For example, mutations that result in a trade-off between conditions but are strongly deleterious on average can nevertheless be more likely to fix than mutations that are always neutral or beneficial. These effects can have important implications for patterns of molecular evolution in variable environments, and they suggest that it may often be difficult for populations to maintain specialist traits, even when their loss leads to a decline in time-averaged fitness.
Collapse
|