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Varum S, Sommer L. Reinventing the neural crest: direct reprogramming makes iNCCs. Cell Stem Cell 2015; 15:397-399. [PMID: 25280213 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2014.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Aberrant neural crest (NC) development is at the origin of many congenital diseases. Given the limitations in human NC cell isolation and expansion, the development of new strategies for NC generation is crucial. In this issue of Cell Stem Cell, Kim et al. (2014) report the direct reprogramming of postnatal fibroblasts into multipotent NC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Varum
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lukas Sommer
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
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202
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Shah A, Taneyhill LA. Differential expression pattern of Annexin A6 in chick neural crest and placode cells during cranial gangliogenesis. Gene Expr Patterns 2015; 18:21-8. [PMID: 25976293 DOI: 10.1016/j.gep.2015.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Revised: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The cranial trigeminal and epibranchial ganglia are components of the peripheral nervous system that possess an important somatosensory role. These ganglia arise from the intermixing and coalescence of two different migratory cell types, neural crest cells and neurogenic placodes cells, and thus typify the phenomena of cell migration and intercellular interactions for their creation. The underlying molecular mechanisms of ganglia formation, however, are still poorly understood. To address this, we have analyzed the spatio-temporal expression profile of Annexin A6 during chick gangliogenesis, as Annexin proteins play important, conserved roles in ganglia development and physiology. We observe Annexin A6 protein in cranial neural crest cells prior to, during and after their emergence from the neural tube. Fully migratory cranial neural crest cells, however, are devoid of Annexin A6. Interestingly, we note Annexin A6 protein in trigeminal and epibranchial placode cells as these cells ingress from the ectoderm to initiate ganglia formation. This expression is also maintained in the sensory placodes later on when they coalesce with neural crest cells to assemble the cranial ganglia. These results suggest that the dynamic expression of Annexin A6 in various embryonic cell types may allow Annexin A6 to serve distinct functions throughout embryonic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankita Shah
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Lisa A Taneyhill
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
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203
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Pentimento: Neural Crest and the origin of mesectoderm. Dev Biol 2015; 401:37-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2014.12.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Revised: 12/28/2014] [Accepted: 12/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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204
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Abstract
Evolutionary modifications in nervous systems enabled organisms to adapt to their specific environments and underlie the remarkable diversity of behaviors expressed by animals. Resolving the pathways that shaped and modified neural circuits during evolution remains a significant challenge. Comparative studies have revealed a surprising conservation in the intrinsic signaling systems involved in early patterning of bilaterian nervous systems but also raise the question of how neural circuit compositions and architectures evolved within specific animal lineages. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms that contributed to the emergence and diversity of animal nervous systems, focusing on the circuits governing vertebrate locomotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heekyung Jung
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI), NYU Neuroscience Institute, Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Jeremy S Dasen
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI), NYU Neuroscience Institute, Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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205
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Karbalaie K, Tanhaei S, Rabiei F, Kiani-Esfahani A, Masoudi NS, Nasr-Esfahani MH, Baharvand H. Stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous tooth exhibit stromal-derived inducing activity and lead to generation of neural crest cells from human embryonic stem cells. CELL JOURNAL 2015; 17:37-48. [PMID: 25870833 PMCID: PMC4393670 DOI: 10.22074/cellj.2015.510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2013] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The neural crest is a transient structure of early vertebrate embryos that generates neural crest cells (NCCs). These cells can migrate throughout the body and produce a diverse array of mature tissue types. Due to the ethical and technical problems surrounding the isolation of these early human embryo cells, researchers have focused on in vitro studies to produce NCCs and increase their knowledge of neural crest development. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this experimental study, we cultured human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) on stromal stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHED) for a two-week period. We used different approaches to characterize these differentiated cells as neural precursor cells (NPCs) and NCCs. RESULTS In the first co-culture week, hESCs appeared as crater-like structures with marginal rosettes. NPCs derived from these structures expressed the early neural crest marker p75 in addition to numerous other genes associated with neural crest induction such as SNAIL, SLUG, PTX3 and SOX9. Flow cytometry analysis showed 70% of the cells were AP2/P75 positive. Moreover, the cells were able to self-renew, sustain multipotent differentiation potential, and readily form neurospheres in suspension culture. CONCLUSION SHED, as an adult stem cell with a neural crest origin, has stromal-derived inducing activity (SDIA) and can be used as an NCC inducer from hESCs. These cells provide an invaluable resource to study neural crest differentiation in both normal and disordered human neural crest development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khadijeh Karbalaie
- Department of Cellular Biotechnology at Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Somayyeh Tanhaei
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology at Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Farzaneh Rabiei
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology at Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Abbas Kiani-Esfahani
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology at Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Najmeh Sadat Masoudi
- Department of Genetics at Reproductive Biomedicine Research Center, Royan Institute for Reproductive Biomedicine, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Nasr-Esfahani
- Department of Cellular Biotechnology at Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Hossein Baharvand
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology at Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran ; Department of Developmental Biology, University of Science and Culture, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
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206
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Simões-Costa M, Bronner ME. Establishing neural crest identity: a gene regulatory recipe. Development 2015; 142:242-57. [PMID: 25564621 DOI: 10.1242/dev.105445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 432] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The neural crest is a stem/progenitor cell population that contributes to a wide variety of derivatives, including sensory and autonomic ganglia, cartilage and bone of the face and pigment cells of the skin. Unique to vertebrate embryos, it has served as an excellent model system for the study of cell behavior and identity owing to its multipotency, motility and ability to form a broad array of cell types. Neural crest development is thought to be controlled by a suite of transcriptional and epigenetic inputs arranged hierarchically in a gene regulatory network. Here, we examine neural crest development from a gene regulatory perspective and discuss how the underlying genetic circuitry results in the features that define this unique cell population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Simões-Costa
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Marianne E Bronner
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
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207
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Kam MKM, Lui VCH. Roles of Hoxb5 in the development of vagal and trunk neural crest cells. Dev Growth Differ 2015; 57:158-68. [PMID: 25703667 DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Revised: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Neural crest cells (NC) are a group of multipotent stem cells uniquely present in vertebrates. They are destined to form various organs according to their anterior-posterior (A-P) levels of origin in the neural tube (NT). They develop into a wide spectrum of cell lineages under the influence of signaling cascades, neural plate border genes and NC specifier genes. Although this complex gene regulatory network (GRN) specifies the fate of NC and the combinatory action of Hox genes executed at the time of NC induction governs the patterning of NC for the formation of specific structures along the A-P axis, not much information on how GRN and Hox genes directly interact and orchestrate is available. This review summarizes recent findings on the multiple roles of Hoxb5 on the survival and cell lineage differentiation of vagal and trunk NC cells during early development, by direct transcriptional regulation of NC specifier genes (Sox9 and Foxd3) of the GRN. We will also review findings on the transcriptional regulation of Ret by Hoxb5 in the population of the vagal NC that are committed to the enteric neuron and glia lineages. Functional redundancy between Hox proteins (Hoxa5 and Hoxc5) from the same paralogue group as Hoxb5, and the cooperative effects of Hox cofactors, collaborators and transcription factors in the Hoxb5 transcriptional regulation of target genes will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandy K M Kam
- Department of Surgery, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 21 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
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208
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Muñoz WA, Trainor PA. Neural crest cell evolution: how and when did a neural crest cell become a neural crest cell. Curr Top Dev Biol 2015; 111:3-26. [PMID: 25662256 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2014.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
As vertebrates evolved from protochordates, they shifted to a more predatory lifestyle, and radiated and adapted to most niches of the planet. This process was largely facilitated by the generation of novel vertebrate head structures, which were derived from neural crest cells (NCC). The neural crest is a unique vertebrate cell population that is frequently termed the "fourth germ layer" because it forms in conjunction with the other germ layers and contributes to a diverse array of cell types and tissues including the craniofacial skeleton, the peripheral nervous system, and pigment cells among many other tissues and cell types. NCC are defined by their origin at the neural plate border, via an epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), together with multipotency and polarized patterns of migration. These defining characteristics, which evolved independently in the germ layers of invertebrates, were subsequently co-opted through their gene regulatory networks to form NCC in vertebrates. Moreover, recent data suggest that the ability to undergo an EMT was one of the latter features co-opted by NCC. In this review, we discuss the potential origins of NCC and how they evolved to contribute to nearly all tissues and organs throughout the body, based on paleontological evidence together with an evaluation of the evolution of molecules involved in NCC development and their migratory cell paths.
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Affiliation(s)
- William A Muñoz
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
| | - Paul A Trainor
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, Missouri, USA; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA.
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209
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Wang G, Li Y, Wang XY, Chuai M, Yeuk-Hon Chan J, Lei J, Münsterberg A, Lee KKH, Yang X. Misexpression of BRE gene in the developing chick neural tube affects neurulation and somitogenesis. Mol Biol Cell 2015; 26:978-92. [PMID: 25568339 PMCID: PMC4342032 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e14-06-1144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
This is the first study of the role of BRE in embryonic development using early chick embryos. BRE is expressed in the developing neural tube, neural crest cells, and somites. BRE thus plays an important role in regulating neurogenesis and indirectly somitogenesis during early chick embryo development. The brain and reproductive expression (BRE) gene is expressed in numerous adult tissues and especially in the nervous and reproductive systems. However, little is known about BRE expression in the developing embryo or about its role in embryonic development. In this study, we used in situ hybridization to reveal the spatiotemporal expression pattern for BRE in chick embryo during development. To determine the importance of BRE in neurogenesis, we overexpressed BRE and also silenced BRE expression specifically in the neural tube. We established that overexpressing BRE in the neural tube indirectly accelerated Pax7+ somite development and directly increased HNK-1+ neural crest cell (NCC) migration and TuJ-1+ neurite outgrowth. These altered morphogenetic processes were associated with changes in the cell cycle of NCCs and neural tube cells. The inverse effect was obtained when BRE expression was silenced in the neural tube. We also determined that BMP4 and Shh expression in the neural tube was affected by misexpression of BRE. This provides a possible mechanism for how altering BRE expression was able to affect somitogenesis, neurogenesis, and NCC migration. In summary, our results demonstrate that BRE plays an important role in regulating neurogenesis and indirectly somite differentiation during early chick embryo development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang Wang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Xiao-Yu Wang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Manli Chuai
- Division of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - John Yeuk-Hon Chan
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Jian Lei
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Andrea Münsterberg
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Kenneth Ka Ho Lee
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of the Ministry of Education, School of Biomedical Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Xuesong Yang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
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210
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Abstract
A rare disease is defined as a condition that affects less than 1 in 2000 individuals. Currently more than 7000 rare diseases have been documented, and most are thought to be of genetic origin. Rare diseases primarily affect children, and congenital craniofacial syndromes and disorders constitute a significant proportion of rare diseases, with over 700 having been described to date. Modeling craniofacial disorders in animal models has been instrumental in uncovering the etiology and pathogenesis of numerous conditions and in some cases has even led to potential therapeutic avenues for their prevention. In this chapter, we focus primarily on two general classes of rare disorders, ribosomopathies and ciliopathies, and the surprising finding that the disruption of fundamental, global processes can result in tissue-specific craniofacial defects. In addition, we discuss recent advances in understanding the pathogenesis of an extremely rare and specific craniofacial condition known as syngnathia, based on the first mouse models for this condition. Approximately 1% of all babies are born with a minor or major developmental anomaly, and individuals suffering from rare diseases deserve the same quality of treatment and care and attention to their disease as other patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annita Achilleos
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
| | - Paul A Trainor
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, Missouri, USA; Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA.
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211
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Engraftable neural crest stem cells derived from cynomolgus monkey embryonic stem cells. Biomaterials 2015; 39:75-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.10.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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212
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213
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Kotnik Halavaty K, Bader M, Bashammakh S, Seyfried S. Serotonin is required for pharyngeal arch morphogenesis in zebrafish. SCIENCEOPEN RESEARCH 2014. [DOI: 10.14293/s2199-1006.1.sor-life.awpdlz.v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Serotonin (5-HT) is not only a neurotransmitter but also a mediator of developmental processes in vertebrates. In this study, we analyzed the importance of 5-HT during zebrafish development. The expression patterns of three zebrafish tryptophan hydroxylase isoforms (Tph1A, Tph1B, Tph2), the rate-limiting enzymes in 5-HT synthesis, were analyzed and compared to the appearance and distribution of 5-HT. 5-HT was found in the raphe nuclei correlating with tph2 expression and in the pineal gland correlating with tph1a and tph2 expression. tph2 deficient fish generated with antisense morpholino oligonucleotides exhibited morphogenesis defects during pharyngeal arch development. The correct specification of neural crest cells was not affected in tph2 morphants as shown by the expression of early markers, but the survival and differentiation of pharyngeal arch progenitor cells were impaired. An organizing role of 5-HT in pharyngeal arch morphogenesis was suggested by a highly regular pattern of 5-HT positive cells in this tissue. Moreover, the 5-HT2B receptor was expressed in the pharyngeal arches and its pharmacological inhibition also induced defects in pharyngeal arch morphogenesis. These results support an important role of Tph2-derived serotonin as a morphogenetic factor in the development of neural crest derived tissues.
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214
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Duran I, Ruiz-Sánchez J, Santamaría JA, Marí-Beffa M. Holmgren's principle of delamination during fin skeletogenesis. Mech Dev 2014; 135:16-30. [PMID: 25460362 DOI: 10.1016/j.mod.2014.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2014] [Revised: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
During fin morphogenesis, several mesenchyme condensations occur to give rise to the dermal skeleton. Although each of them seems to create distinctive and unique structures, they all follow the premises of the same morphogenetic principle. Holmgren's principle of delamination was first proposed to describe the morphogenesis of skeletal elements of the cranium, but Jarvik extended it to the development of the fin exoskeleton. Since then, some cellular or molecular explanations, such as the "flypaper" model (Thorogood et al.), or the evolutionary description by Moss, have tried to clarify this topic. In this article, we review new data from zebrafish studies to meet these criteria described by Holmgren and other authors. The variety of cell lineages involved in these skeletogenic condensations sheds light on an open discussion of the contributions of mesoderm- versus neural crest-derived cell lineages to the development of the head and trunk skeleton. Moreover, we discuss emerging molecular studies that are disclosing conserved regulatory mechanisms for dermal skeletogenesis and similarities during fin development and regeneration, which may have important implications in the potential use of the zebrafish fin as a model for regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Duran
- Laboratory of Bioengineering and Tissue Regeneration (LABRET), Department of Cell Biology, Genetics and Physiology, Biomedical Research Institute of Málaga (IBIMA), Faculty of Sciences, University of Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain; Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), 29071 Málaga, Spain.
| | - J Ruiz-Sánchez
- Laboratory of Bioengineering and Tissue Regeneration (LABRET), Department of Cell Biology, Genetics and Physiology, Biomedical Research Institute of Málaga (IBIMA), Faculty of Sciences, University of Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain; Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - J A Santamaría
- Laboratory of Bioengineering and Tissue Regeneration (LABRET), Department of Cell Biology, Genetics and Physiology, Biomedical Research Institute of Málaga (IBIMA), Faculty of Sciences, University of Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain; Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - M Marí-Beffa
- Laboratory of Bioengineering and Tissue Regeneration (LABRET), Department of Cell Biology, Genetics and Physiology, Biomedical Research Institute of Málaga (IBIMA), Faculty of Sciences, University of Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain; Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), 29071 Málaga, Spain.
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215
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Braunger BM, Ademoglu B, Koschade SE, Fuchshofer R, Gabelt BT, Kiland JA, Hennes-Beann EA, Brunner KG, Kaufman PL, Tamm ER. Identification of adult stem cells in Schwalbe's line region of the primate eye. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2014; 55:7499-507. [PMID: 25324280 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.14-14872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To identify stem cells in the chamber angle of the monkey eye by detection of 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU) long-term retention. METHODS Four cynomolgus monkeys were treated with BrdU via subcutaneous pumps for 4 weeks. The eyes of two animals were processed immediately thereafter (group 1) while in the other animals, BrdU treatment was discontinued for 4 weeks to allow identification of cells with long-term BrdU retention (group 2). The number of BrdU-positive nuclei was quantified, and the cells were characterized by immunohistochemistry and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). RESULTS The number of BrdU-positive cells was higher at Schwalbe's line covering the peripheral end of Descemet's membrane than in Schlemm's canal (SC) endothelium, trabecular meshwork (TM), and scleral spur (SS). Labeling with BrdU in SC, TM, and SS was less intense and the number of labeled cells was smaller in group 2 than in group 1. In contrast, in cells of Schwalbe's line the intensity of BrdU staining and the number of BrdU-positive cells was similar when group 1 and 2 monkeys were compared with each other, indicating long-term BrdU retention. Cells that were BrdU-positive in Schwalbe's line region stained for the stem cell marker OCT4. Details of a stem cell niche in Schwalbe's line region were identified by TEM. CONCLUSIONS We provide evidence for a niche in the Schwalbe's line region harboring cells with long-term BrdU retention and OCT4 immunoreactivity. The cells likely constitute a population of adult stem cells with the capability to compensate for the loss of TM and/or corneal endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara M Braunger
- Institute of Human Anatomy and Embryology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Bahar Ademoglu
- Institute of Human Anatomy and Embryology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Sebastian E Koschade
- Institute of Human Anatomy and Embryology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Rudolf Fuchshofer
- Institute of Human Anatomy and Embryology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - B'Ann T Gabelt
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine & Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Julie A Kiland
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine & Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Elizabeth A Hennes-Beann
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine & Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Kevin G Brunner
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Paul L Kaufman
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine & Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Ernst R Tamm
- Institute of Human Anatomy and Embryology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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216
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Spatial and molecular cues for cell outgrowth during C. elegans uterine development. Dev Biol 2014; 396:121-35. [PMID: 25281934 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2014.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Revised: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The Caenorhabditis elegans uterine seam cell (utse) is an H-shaped syncytium that connects the uterus to the body wall. Comprising nine nuclei that move outward in a bidirectional manner, this synctium undergoes remarkable shape change during development. Using cell ablation experiments, we show that three surrounding cell types affect utse development: the uterine toroids, the anchor cell and the sex myoblasts. The presence of the anchor cell (AC) nucleus within the utse is necessary for proper utse development and AC invasion genes fos-1, cdh-3, him-4, egl-43, zmp-1 and mig-10 promote utse cell outgrowth. Two types of uterine lumen epithelial cells, uterine toroid 1 (ut1) and uterine toroid 2 (ut2), mediate proper utse outgrowth and we show roles in utse development for two genes expressed in the uterine toroids: the RASEF ortholog rsef-1 and Trio/unc-73. The SM expressed gene unc-53/NAV regulates utse cell shape; ablation of sex myoblasts (SMs), which generate uterine and vulval muscles, cause defects in utse morphology. Our results clarify the nature of the interactions that exist between utse and surrounding tissue, identify new roles for genes involved in cell outgrowth, and present the utse as a new model system for understanding cell shape change and, putatively, diseases associated with cell shape change.
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217
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Blasky AJ, Pan L, Moens CB, Appel B. Pard3 regulates contact between neural crest cells and the timing of Schwann cell differentiation but is not essential for neural crest migration or myelination. Dev Dyn 2014; 243:1511-23. [PMID: 25130183 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2014] [Revised: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schwann cells, which arise from the neural crest, are the myelinating glia of the peripheral nervous system. During development neural crest and their Schwann cell derivatives engage in a sequence of events that comprise delamination from the neuroepithelium, directed migration, axon ensheathment, and myelin membrane synthesis. At each step neural crest and Schwann cells are polarized, suggesting important roles for molecules that create cellular asymmetries. In this work we investigated the possibility that one polarity protein, Pard3, contributes to the polarized features of neural crest and Schwann cells that are associated with directed migration and myelination. RESULTS We analyzed mutant zebrafish embryos deficient for maternal and zygotic pard3 function. Time-lapse imaging revealed that neural crest delamination was normal but that migrating cells were disorganized with substantial amounts of overlapping membrane. Nevertheless, neural crest cells migrated to appropriate peripheral targets. Schwann cells wrapped motor axons and, although myelin gene expression was delayed, myelination proceeded to completion. CONCLUSIONS Pard3 mediates contact inhibition between neural crest cells and promotes timely myelin gene expression but is not essential for neural crest migration or myelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex J Blasky
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
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218
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Ziermann JM, Miyashita T, Diogo R. Cephalic muscles of Cyclostomes (hagfishes and lampreys) and Chondrichthyes (sharks, rays and holocephalans): comparative anatomy and early evolution of the vertebrate head muscles. Zool J Linn Soc 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Janine M. Ziermann
- Department of Anatomy; Howard University College of Medicine; Washington DC 20059 USA
| | - Tetsuto Miyashita
- Department of Biological Sciences; University of Alberta; Edmonton AB T6E 2N4 Canada
| | - Rui Diogo
- Department of Anatomy; Howard University College of Medicine; Washington DC 20059 USA
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219
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Gonsalvez DG, Li-Yuen-Fong M, Cane KN, Stamp LA, Young HM, Anderson CR. Different neural crest populations exhibit diverse proliferative behaviors. Dev Neurobiol 2014; 75:287-301. [DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Revised: 08/16/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- David G. Gonsalvez
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience; University of Melbourne; Victoria 3010 Australia
| | - Mathew Li-Yuen-Fong
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience; University of Melbourne; Victoria 3010 Australia
| | - Kylie N. Cane
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience; University of Melbourne; Victoria 3010 Australia
| | - Lincon A. Stamp
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience; University of Melbourne; Victoria 3010 Australia
| | - Heather M. Young
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience; University of Melbourne; Victoria 3010 Australia
| | - Colin R. Anderson
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience; University of Melbourne; Victoria 3010 Australia
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220
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Ganz J, Arie I, Buch S, Zur TB, Barhum Y, Pour S, Araidy S, Pitaru S, Offen D. Dopaminergic-like neurons derived from oral mucosa stem cells by developmental cues improve symptoms in the hemi-parkinsonian rat model. PLoS One 2014; 9:e100445. [PMID: 24945922 PMCID: PMC4063966 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0100445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2013] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Achieving safe and readily accessible sources for cell replacement therapy in Parkinson’s disease (PD) is still a challenging unresolved issue. Recently, a primitive neural crest stem cell population (hOMSC) was isolated from the adult human oral mucosa and characterized in vitro and in vivo. In this study we assessed hOMSC ability to differentiate into dopamine-secreting cells with a neuronal-dopaminergic phenotype in vitro in response to dopaminergic developmental cues and tested their therapeutic potential in the hemi-Parkinsonian rat model. We found that hOMSC express constitutively a repertoire of neuronal and dopaminergic markers and pivotal transcription factors. Soluble developmental factors induced a reproducible neuronal-like morphology in the majority of hOMSC, downregulated stem cells markers, upregulated the expression of the neuronal and dopaminergic markers that resulted in dopamine release capabilities. Transplantation of these dopaminergic-induced hOMSC into the striatum of hemi-Parkinsonian rats improved their behavioral deficits as determined by amphetamine-induced rotational behavior, motor asymmetry and motor coordination tests. Human TH expressing cells and increased levels of dopamine in the transplanted hemispheres were observed 10 weeks after transplantation. These results demonstrate for the first time that soluble factors involved in the development of DA neurons, induced a DA phenotype in hOMSC in vitro that significantly improved the motor function of hemiparkinsonian rats. Based on their neural-related origin, their niche accessibility by minimal-invasive procedures and their propensity for DA differentiation, hOMSC emerge as an attractive tool for autologous cell replacement therapy in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Ganz
- Neurosciences Laboratory, Felsenstein Medical Research Center-Rabin Medical Center, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ina Arie
- Oral Biology Dept., School of Dental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Sigal Buch
- Oral Biology Dept., School of Dental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Tali Ben Zur
- Neurosciences Laboratory, Felsenstein Medical Research Center-Rabin Medical Center, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Yael Barhum
- Neurosciences Laboratory, Felsenstein Medical Research Center-Rabin Medical Center, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Sammy Pour
- Oral & Maxillofacial Dept., Baruch Padeh Medical Center, Poria, Lower Galilee, Israel
| | - Shareef Araidy
- Oral & Maxillofacial Dept., Baruch Padeh Medical Center, Poria, Lower Galilee, Israel
| | - Sandu Pitaru
- Oral Biology Dept., School of Dental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Daniel Offen
- Neurosciences Laboratory, Felsenstein Medical Research Center-Rabin Medical Center, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- * E-mail:
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221
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Milet C, Monsoro-Burq AH. Dissection of Xenopus laevis neural crest for in vitro explant culture or in vivo transplantation. J Vis Exp 2014. [PMID: 24637938 DOI: 10.3791/51118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The neural crest (NC) is a transient dorsal neural tube cell population that undergoes an epithelium-to-mesenchyme transition (EMT) at the end of neurulation, migrates extensively towards various organs, and differentiates into many types of derivatives (neurons, glia, cartilage and bone, pigmented and endocrine cells). In this protocol, we describe how to dissect the premigratory cranial NC from Xenopus laevis embryos, in order to study NC development in vivo and in vitro. The frog model offers many advantages to study early development; abundant batches are available, embryos develop rapidly, in vivo gain and loss of function strategies allow manipulation of gene expression prior to NC dissection in donor and/or host embryos. The NC explants can be plated on fibronectin and used for in vitro studies. They can be cultured for several days in a serum-free defined medium. We also describe how to graft NC explants back into host embryos for studying NC migration and differentiation in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecile Milet
- Institut Curie, Centre Universitaire; Université Paris Sud, Centre Universitaire; CNRS UMR 3347, Centre Universitaire; INSERM U1021, Centre Universitaire
| | - Anne Helene Monsoro-Burq
- Institut Curie, Centre Universitaire; Université Paris Sud, Centre Universitaire; CNRS UMR 3347, Centre Universitaire; INSERM U1021, Centre Universitaire;
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222
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Starostová M, Cermák V, Dvořáková M, Karafiát V, Kosla J, Dvořák M. The oncoprotein v-Myb activates transcription of Gremlin 2 during in vitro differentiation of the chicken neural crest to melanoblasts. Gene 2014; 540:122-9. [PMID: 24576577 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2014.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2012] [Revised: 02/18/2014] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The neural crest (NC) is a transient dynamic structure of ectodermal origin, found in early vertebrate embryos. The multipotential NC cells migrate along well defined routes, differentiate to various cell types including melanocytes and participate in the formation of various permanent tissues. As there is only limited information about the molecular mechanisms controlling early events in melanocyte specification and development, we exploited the AMV v-Myb transcriptional regulator, which directs differentiation of in vitro chicken NC cells to the melanocyte lineage. This activity is strictly dependent on v-Myb specifically binding to the Myb recognition DNA element (MRE). The two tamoxifen-inducible v-Myb alleles were constructed one which recognizes the MRE and one which does not. These were activated in ex ovo NC cells, and the expression profiles of resulting cells were analyzed using Affymetrix microarrays and RT-PCR. These approaches revealed up-regulation of the BMP antagonist Gremlin 2 mRNA, and down-regulation of mRNAs encoding several epithelial genes including KRT19 as very early events following the activation of melanocyte differentiation by v-Myb. The enforced v-Myb expression in neural tubes of chicken embryos resulted in detectable presence of Gremlin 2 mRNA. However, expression of Gremlin 2 in NC cells did not promote formation of melanocytes suggesting that Gremlin 2 is not the master regulator of melanocytic differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Starostová
- Institute of Molecular Genetics AS CR, v.v.i., Department of Molecular Virology, Vídeňská 1083, Praha 4 142 20, Czech Republic.
| | - Vladimír Cermák
- Institute of Molecular Genetics AS CR, v.v.i., Department of Molecular Virology, Vídeňská 1083, Praha 4 142 20, Czech Republic.
| | - Marta Dvořáková
- Institute of Molecular Genetics AS CR, v.v.i., Department of Molecular Virology, Vídeňská 1083, Praha 4 142 20, Czech Republic.
| | - Vít Karafiát
- Institute of Molecular Genetics AS CR, v.v.i., Department of Molecular Virology, Vídeňská 1083, Praha 4 142 20, Czech Republic.
| | - Jan Kosla
- Institute of Molecular Genetics AS CR, v.v.i., Department of Molecular Virology, Vídeňská 1083, Praha 4 142 20, Czech Republic.
| | - Michal Dvořák
- Institute of Molecular Genetics AS CR, v.v.i., Department of Molecular Virology, Vídeňská 1083, Praha 4 142 20, Czech Republic.
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223
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Noisa P, Lund C, Kanduri K, Lund R, Lähdesmäki H, Lahesmaa R, Lundin K, Chokechuwattanalert H, Otonkoski T, Tuuri T, Raivio T. Notch signaling regulates neural crest differentiation from human pluripotent stem cells. J Cell Sci 2014; 127:2083-94. [DOI: 10.1242/jcs.145755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural crest (NC) cells are specified at the border of neural plate and epiderm. They are capable of differentiating into various somatic cell types, including craniofacial and peripheral nerve tissues. Notch signaling plays significant roles during neurogenesis; however, its function during human NC development is poorly understood. Here, we generated self-renewing premigratory NC-like cells (pNCCs) from human pluripotent stem cells and investigated the roles of Notch signaling during the NC differentiation. pNCCs expressed various NC specifier genes, including SLUG, SOX10 and TWIST1, and were able to differentiate into most NC derivatives. Blocking Notch signaling during the pNCC differentiation suppressed the expression of NC specifier genes. In contrast, ectopic expression of activated Notch1 intracellular domain (NICD1) augmented the expression of NC specifier genes, and NICD1 was found to bind at their promoter regions. Notch activity was also required for the maintenance of premigratory NC state, and suppression of Notch led to generation of NC-derived neurons. Taken together, we provide a protocol for the generation of pNCCs, and show that Notch signaling regulates the formation, migration and differentiation of NC from hPSCs.
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224
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The Essential Role of Calcium Phosphate Bioceramics in Bone Regeneration. SPRINGER SERIES IN BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-53980-0_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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225
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Eroglu B, Min JN, Zhang Y, Szurek E, Moskophidis D, Eroglu A, Mivechi NF. An essential role for heat shock transcription factor binding protein 1 (HSBP1) during early embryonic development. Dev Biol 2013; 386:448-60. [PMID: 24380799 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2013.12.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2012] [Revised: 12/23/2013] [Accepted: 12/24/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Heat shock factor binding protein 1 (HSBP1) is a 76 amino acid polypeptide that contains two arrays of hydrophobic heptad repeats and was originally identified through its interaction with the oligomerization domain of heat shock factor 1 (Hsf1), suppressing Hsf1's transcriptional activity following stress. To examine the function of HSBP1 in vivo, we generated mice with targeted disruption of the hsbp1 gene and examined zebrafish embryos treated with HSBP1-specific morpholino oligonucleotides. Our results show that hsbp1 is critical for preimplantation embryonic development. Embryonic stem (ES) cells deficient in hsbp1 survive and proliferate normally into the neural lineage in vitro; however, lack of hsbp1 in embryoid bodies (EBs) leads to disorganization of the germ layers and a reduction in the endoderm-specific markers (such as α-fetoprotein). We further show that hsbp1-deficient mouse EBs and knockdown of HSBP1 in zebrafish leads to an increase in the expression of the neural crest inducers Snail2, Tfap2α and Foxd3, suggesting a potential role for HSBP1 in the Wnt pathway. The hsbp1-deficient ES cells, EBs and zebrafish embryos with reduced HSBP1 levels exhibit elevated levels of Hsf1 activity and expression of heat shock proteins (Hsps). We conclude that HSBP1 plays an essential role during early mouse and zebrafish embryonic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binnur Eroglu
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, One Freedom Way, Augusta, GA 30904, United States; Chaperone Biology, Georgia Regents University (GRU) Cancer Center, Medical College of Georgia (MCG), 1120 15th St., Augusta, GA 30912, United States
| | - Jin-Na Min
- Chaperone Biology, Georgia Regents University (GRU) Cancer Center, Medical College of Georgia (MCG), 1120 15th St., Augusta, GA 30912, United States.
| | - Yan Zhang
- Chaperone Biology, Georgia Regents University (GRU) Cancer Center, Medical College of Georgia (MCG), 1120 15th St., Augusta, GA 30912, United States.
| | - Edyta Szurek
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, GRU, MCG, GA, United States
| | - Demetrius Moskophidis
- Chaperone Biology, Georgia Regents University (GRU) Cancer Center, Medical College of Georgia (MCG), 1120 15th St., Augusta, GA 30912, United States
| | - Ali Eroglu
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, GRU, MCG, GA, United States.
| | - Nahid F Mivechi
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, One Freedom Way, Augusta, GA 30904, United States; Chaperone Biology, Georgia Regents University (GRU) Cancer Center, Medical College of Georgia (MCG), 1120 15th St., Augusta, GA 30912, United States.
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226
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Kipanyula MJ, Kimaro WH, Yepnjio FN, Aldebasi YH, Farahna M, Nwabo Kamdje AH, Abdel-Magied EM, Seke Etet PF. Signaling pathways bridging fate determination of neural crest cells to glial lineages in the developing peripheral nervous system. Cell Signal 2013; 26:673-82. [PMID: 24378534 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2013.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Revised: 12/13/2013] [Accepted: 12/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Fate determination of neural crest cells is an essential step for the development of different crest cell derivatives. Peripheral glia development is marked by the choice of the neural crest cells to differentiate along glial lineages. The molecular mechanism underlying fate acquisition is poorly understood. However, recent advances have identified different transcription factors and genes required for the complex instructive signaling process that comprise both local environmental and cell intrinsic cues. Among others, at least the roles of Sox10, Notch, and neuregulin 1 have been documented in both in vivo and in vitro models. Cooperative interactions of such factors appear to be necessary for the switch from multipotent neural crest cells to glial lineage precursors in the peripheral nervous system. This review summarizes recent advances in the understanding of fate determination of neural crest cells into different glia subtypes, together with the potential implications in regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maulilio John Kipanyula
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3016, Chuo Kikuu, Morogoro, Tanzania.
| | - Wahabu Hamisi Kimaro
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3016, Chuo Kikuu, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Faustin N Yepnjio
- Neurology Department, Yaoundé Central Hospital, Department of Internal Medicine and Specialties, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 1937, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Yousef H Aldebasi
- Department of Optometry, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, 51452 Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Farahna
- Department of Basic Health Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, 51452 Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Eltuhami M Abdel-Magied
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, College of Medicine, Qassim University, 51452 Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Paul Faustin Seke Etet
- Department of Basic Health Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, 51452 Buraydah, Saudi Arabia.
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227
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Brugmann SA, Wells JM. Building additional complexity to in vitro-derived intestinal tissues. Stem Cell Res Ther 2013; 4 Suppl 1:S1. [PMID: 24565179 PMCID: PMC4029141 DOI: 10.1186/scrt362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal (GI) disorders affect up to 25% of the US population. Common intestinal disorders include malabsorption, irritable bowel syndrome and fecal incontinence. Some GI disorders such as Hirschsprung's disease have a genetic basis and are associated with an absence or paucity of enteric nerves. Current treatment plans for GI disorders range from changes in diet to bowel resection, and there are very few drugs available that target the primary deficiencies in intestinal function such as controlled peristalsis. While animal models can recapitulate the broad range of intestinal pathologies of the GI tract, they are intrinsically complicated and of low throughput. Several in vitro systems have been established, and these range from epithelial enteroids to more complex organoids, which contain most intestinal cell types. One of the more complex organoid systems was derived from adult mouse intestines and contains functional enteric nerves and smooth muscle capable of peristalsis. Establishing an equivalent human intestinal system is challenging due to limited access and variable quality of human intestinal tissues. However, owing to recent advances, it is possible to differentiate human induced and embryonic pluripotent stem cells, collectively called pluripotent stem cells, into human intestinal organoids (HIOs) in vitro. Although HIOs contain a significant degree of epithelial and mesenchymal complexity, they lack enteric nerves and thus are unable to model the peristaltic movements of the gut. The goal of this review is to discuss approaches to generate complex in vitro systems that can be used to more comprehensively model common intestinal pathologies. New and more biologically complete human models of the intestine would allow for unprecedented studies of the cellular and molecular basis of normal and pathological gut function. Furthermore, fully functional HIOs could serve as a platform for preclinical drug studies to model absorption and efficacy.
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228
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Setting appropriate boundaries: fate, patterning and competence at the neural plate border. Dev Biol 2013; 389:2-12. [PMID: 24321819 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2013.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2013] [Revised: 11/26/2013] [Accepted: 11/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The neural crest and craniofacial placodes are two distinct progenitor populations that arise at the border of the vertebrate neural plate. This border region develops through a series of inductive interactions that begins before gastrulation and progressively divide embryonic ectoderm into neural and non-neural regions, followed by the emergence of neural crest and placodal progenitors. In this review, we describe how a limited repertoire of inductive signals-principally FGFs, Wnts and BMPs-set up domains of transcription factors in the border region which establish these progenitor territories by both cross-inhibitory and cross-autoregulatory interactions. The gradual assembly of different cohorts of transcription factors that results from these interactions is one mechanism to provide the competence to respond to inductive signals in different ways, ultimately generating the neural crest and cranial placodes.
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229
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Strausfeld NJ, Hirth F. Homology versus convergence in resolving transphyletic correspondences of brain organization. BRAIN, BEHAVIOR AND EVOLUTION 2013; 82:215-9. [PMID: 24296550 DOI: 10.1159/000356102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2013] [Accepted: 10/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Due to the largely absent fossil record, phylogenetic comparisons of brain structures rely on the analysis of nervous systems in extant taxa, many of which appear to have distinctive and dissimilar neural arrangements. The use of a multitude of comparative criteria, including developmental genetics, phylogenomics and neural circuit architecture, has recently resolved a highly conserved structural and functional ground pattern organization in the arthropod central complex and vertebrate basal ganglia. The minuteness of resemblance is exemplified by orthologous action selection circuits that are formed by homologous gene networks and which can lead to similar pathologies and behavioral disorders. It has been argued, however, that these similarities of brain centers can only be due to convergent evolution. What is still missing is a plausible scenario to explain how convergence could result in such a multitude of similarities and minuteness of resemblances, including gene expression, functional attributes and pathologies. In contrast, homology by common descent is the more parsimonious explanation. Moreover, the divergent elaboration of arthropod central complex and vertebrate basal ganglia does not obscure their shared ground pattern organization and thus genealogical correspondence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Strausfeld
- Department of Neuroscience and Centre for Insect Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, Ariz., USA
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230
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Segerdell E, Ponferrada VG, James-Zorn C, Burns KA, Fortriede JD, Dahdul WM, Vize PD, Zorn AM. Enhanced XAO: the ontology of Xenopus anatomy and development underpins more accurate annotation of gene expression and queries on Xenbase. J Biomed Semantics 2013; 4:31. [PMID: 24139024 PMCID: PMC3816597 DOI: 10.1186/2041-1480-4-31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2013] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The African clawed frogs Xenopus laevis and Xenopus tropicalis are prominent animal model organisms. Xenopus research contributes to the understanding of genetic, developmental and molecular mechanisms underlying human disease. The Xenopus Anatomy Ontology (XAO) reflects the anatomy and embryological development of Xenopus. The XAO provides consistent terminology that can be applied to anatomical feature descriptions along with a set of relationships that indicate how each anatomical entity is related to others in the embryo, tadpole, or adult frog. The XAO is integral to the functionality of Xenbase (http://www.xenbase.org), the Xenopus model organism database. RESULTS We significantly expanded the XAO in the last five years by adding 612 anatomical terms, 2934 relationships between them, 640 synonyms, and 547 ontology cross-references. Each term now has a definition, so database users and curators can be certain they are selecting the correct term when specifying an anatomical entity. With developmental timing information now asserted for every anatomical term, the ontology provides internal checks that ensure high-quality gene expression and phenotype data annotation. The XAO, now with 1313 defined anatomical and developmental stage terms, has been integrated with Xenbase expression and anatomy term searches and it enables links between various data types including images, clones, and publications. Improvements to the XAO structure and anatomical definitions have also enhanced cross-references to anatomy ontologies of other model organisms and humans, providing a bridge between Xenopus data and other vertebrates. The ontology is free and open to all users. CONCLUSIONS The expanded and improved XAO allows enhanced capture of Xenopus research data and aids mechanisms for performing complex retrieval and analysis of gene expression, phenotypes, and antibodies through text-matching and manual curation. Its comprehensive references to ontologies across taxa help integrate these data for human disease modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Segerdell
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Virgilio G Ponferrada
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Christina James-Zorn
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Kevin A Burns
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Joshua D Fortriede
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Wasila M Dahdul
- Department of Biology, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD, USA
- National Evolutionary Synthesis Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Peter D Vize
- Department of Biological Science, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Aaron M Zorn
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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231
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Hermsen SA, Pronk TE, van den Brandhof EJ, van der Ven LT, Piersma AH. Transcriptomic analysis in the developing zebrafish embryo after compound exposure: Individual gene expression and pathway regulation. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2013; 272:161-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2013.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2013] [Revised: 05/01/2013] [Accepted: 05/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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232
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Okawa T, Kamiya H, Himeno T, Kato J, Seino Y, Fujiya A, Kondo M, Tsunekawa S, Naruse K, Hamada Y, Ozaki N, Cheng Z, Kito T, Suzuki H, Ito S, Oiso Y, Nakamura J, Isobe KI. Transplantation of Neural Crest-Like Cells Derived from Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Improves Diabetic Polyneuropathy in Mice. Cell Transplant 2013; 22:1767-83. [DOI: 10.3727/096368912x657710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Impaired vascularity and nerve degeneration are the most important pathophysiological abnormalities of diabetic polyneuropathy (DPN). Therefore, regeneration of both the vascular and nervous systems is required for the treatment of DPN. The neural crest (NC) is a transient embryonic structure in vertebrates that differentiates into a vast range of cells, including peripheral neurons, Schwann cells, and vascular smooth muscle cells. In this study, we investigated the ability of transplantation of NC-like (NCL) cells derived from aged mouse induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells in the treatment of DPN. iPS cells were induced to differentiate into neural cells by stromal cell-derived inducing activity (SDIA) and subsequently supplemented with bone morphogenetic protein 4 to promote differentiation of NC lineage. After the induction, p75 neurotrophin receptor-positive NCL cells were purified using magnetic-activated cell sorting. Sorted NCL cells differentiated to peripheral neurons, glial cells, and smooth muscle cells by additional SDIA. NCL cells were transplanted into hind limb skeletal muscles of 16-week streptozotocin-diabetic mice. Nerve conduction velocity, current perception threshold, intraepidermal nerve fiber density, sensitivity to thermal stimuli, sciatic nerve blood flow, plantar skin blood flow, and capillary number-to-muscle fiber ratio were evaluated. Four weeks after transplantation, the engrafted cells produced growth factors: nerve growth factor, neurotrophin 3, vascular endothelial growth factor, and basic fibroblast growth factor. It was also confirmed that some engrafted cells differentiated into vascular smooth muscle cells or Schwann cell-like cells at each intrinsic site. The transplantation improved the impaired nerve and vascular functions. These results suggest that transplantation of NCL cells derived from iPS cells could have therapeutic effects on DPN through paracrine actions of growth factors and differentiation into Schwann cell-like cells and vascular smooth muscle cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuji Okawa
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
- Department of Immunology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hideki Kamiya
- Department of Chronic Kidney Disease Initiatives, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Tatsuhito Himeno
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
- Department of Immunology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Jiro Kato
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yusuke Seino
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, Nagoya University School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Atsushi Fujiya
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, Nagoya University School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Masaki Kondo
- Department of Immunology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shin Tsunekawa
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Keiko Naruse
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yoji Hamada
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, Nagoya University School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Nobuaki Ozaki
- Research Center of Health, Physical Fitness and Sports, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Zhao Cheng
- Department of Immunology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Tetsutaro Kito
- Department of Immunology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hirohiko Suzuki
- Department of Immunology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Sachiko Ito
- Department of Immunology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yutaka Oiso
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Jiro Nakamura
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Isobe
- Department of Immunology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
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233
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Bondurand N, Sham MH. The role of SOX10 during enteric nervous system development. Dev Biol 2013; 382:330-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2013.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2013] [Accepted: 04/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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234
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Park IH, Kim KH, Choi HK, Shim JS, Whang SY, Hahn SJ, Kwon OJ, Oh IH. Constitutive stabilization of hypoxia-inducible factor alpha selectively promotes the self-renewal of mesenchymal progenitors and maintains mesenchymal stromal cells in an undifferentiated state. Exp Mol Med 2013; 45:e44. [PMID: 24071737 PMCID: PMC3789268 DOI: 10.1038/emm.2013.87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2013] [Revised: 07/07/2013] [Accepted: 07/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
With the increasing use of culture-expanded mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) for cell therapies, factors that regulate the cellular characteristics of MSCs have been of major interest. Oxygen concentration has been shown to influence the functions of MSCs, as well as other normal and malignant stem cells. However, the underlying mechanisms of hypoxic responses and the precise role of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (Hif-1α), the master regulatory protein of hypoxia, in MSCs remain unclear, due to the limited span of Hif-1α stabilization and the complex network of hypoxic responses. In this study, to further define the significance of Hif-1α in MSC function during their self-renewal and terminal differentiation, we established adult bone marrow (BM)-derived MSCs that are able to sustain high level expression of ubiquitin-resistant Hif-1α during such long-term biological processes. Using this model, we show that the stabilization of Hif-1α proteins exerts a selective influence on colony-forming mesenchymal progenitors promoting their self-renewal and proliferation, without affecting the proliferation of the MSC mass population. Moreover, Hif-1α stabilization in MSCs led to the induction of pluripotent genes (oct-4 and klf-4) and the inhibition of their terminal differentiation into osteogenic and adipogenic lineages. These results provide insights into the previously unrecognized roles of Hif-1α proteins in maintaining the primitive state of primary MSCs and on the cellular heterogeneities in hypoxic responses among MSC populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- In-Ho Park
- Catholic High-Performance Cell Therapy Center and Department of Medical Lifescience, The Catholic University of Korea, College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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235
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Mayanil CS. Transcriptional and epigenetic regulation of neural crest induction during neurulation. Dev Neurosci 2013; 35:361-72. [PMID: 24051984 DOI: 10.1159/000354749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2013] [Accepted: 07/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurulation is one of the many important events in mammalian development. It is the stage of organogenesis in vertebrate embryos during which the neural tube is transformed into the primitive structures that will later develop into the central nervous system. Recent transcriptome analysis during neurulation and early organogenesis in humans and mice has identified the global dynamics of gene expression changes across developmental time. This has revealed a richer understanding of gene regulation and provides hints at the transcriptional regulatory networks that underlie these processes. Similarly, epigenome analysis, which collectively constitutes histone modifications, transcription factor binding, and other structural features associated with gene regulation, has given a renewed appreciation to the subtle mechanisms involving the process of neurulation. More specifically, the histone demethylases KDM4A and KDM6B have recently been shown to be key histone H3K4 and H3K27 modifiers that regulate neural crest specification and neural tube closure. Additionally, miRNAs have recently been shown to influence transcription of genes directly or by altering the levels of epigenetic modifiers and thus regulate gene expression. This mini review briefly summarizes the literature, highlighting the transcriptional and epigenetic regulation of key genes involved in neural crest induction and neural crest specification by transcription factors and miRNAs. Understanding how these mechanisms work individually and in clusters will shed light on pathways in the context of diseases associated with neural crest cell derivatives such as melanoma, cardiovascular defects and neuronal craniofacial defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandra S Mayanil
- Developmental Biology Program, Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago Research Center, Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill., USA
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236
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Bergeron KF, Cardinal T, Pilon N. A quantitative cell migration assay for murine enteric neural progenitors. J Vis Exp 2013:e50709. [PMID: 24084298 DOI: 10.3791/50709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Neural crest cells (NCC) are a transient and multipotent cell population that originates from the dorsal neural tube and migrates extensively throughout the developing vertebrate embryo. In addition to providing peripheral glia and neurons, NCC generate melanocytes as well as most of the cranio-facial skeleton. NCC migration and differentiation is controlled by a combination of their axial origin along the neural tube and their exposure to regionally distinct extracellular cues. Such contribution of extracellular ligands is especially evident during the formation of the enteric nervous system (ENS), a complex interconnected network of neural ganglia that locally controls (among other things) gut muscle movement and intestinal motility. Most of the ENS is derived from a small initial pool of NCC that undertake a long journey in order to colonize - in a rostral to caudal fashion - the entire length of the prospective gut. Among several signaling pathways known to influence enteric NCC colonization, GDNF/RET signaling is recognized as the most important. Indeed, spatiotemporally controlled secretion of the RET ligand GDNF by the gut mesenchyme is chiefly responsible for the attraction and guidance of RET-expressing enteric NCC to and within the embryonic gut. Here, we describe an ex vivo cell migration assay, making use of a transgenic mouse line possessing fluorescently labeled NCC, which allows precise quantification of enteric NCC migration potential in the presence of various growth factors, including GDNF.
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237
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238
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Xia Z, Tong X, Liang F, Zhang Y, Kuok C, Zhang Y, Liu X, Zhu Z, Lin S, Zhang B. Eif3ba regulates cranial neural crest development by modulating p53 in zebrafish. Dev Biol 2013; 381:83-96. [PMID: 23791820 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2013.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2013] [Revised: 06/01/2013] [Accepted: 06/06/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Congenital diseases caused by abnormal development of the cranial neural crest usually present craniofacial malformations and heart defects while the precise mechanism is not fully understood. Here, we show that the zebrafish eif3ba mutant caused by pseudo-typed retrovirus insertion exhibited a similar phenotype due to the hypogenesis of cranial neural crest cells (NCCs). The derivatives of cranial NCCs, including the NCC-derived cell population of pharyngeal arches, craniofacial cartilage, pigment cells and the myocardium derived from cardiac NCCs, were affected in this mutant. The expression of several neural crest marker genes, including crestin, dlx2a and nrp2b, was specifically reduced in the cranial regions of the eif3ba mutant. Through fluorescence-tracing of the cranial NCC migration marker nrp2b, we observed reduced intensity of NCC-derived cells in the heart. In addition, p53 was markedly up-regulated in the eif3ba mutant embryos, which correlated with pronounced apoptosis in the cranial area as shown by TUNEL staining. These findings suggest a novel function of eif3ba during embryonic development and a novel level of regulation in the process of cranial NCC development, in addition to providing a potential animal model to mimic congenital diseases due to cranial NCC defects. Furthermore, we report the identification of a novel transgenic fish line Et(gata2a:EGFP)pku418 to trace the migration of cranial NCCs (including cardiac NCCs); this may serve as an invaluable tool for investigating the development and dynamics of cranial NCCs during zebrafish embryogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhidan Xia
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China
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239
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Lipomatous congenital melanocytic nevus presenting as a neck mass in a young adult. Head Neck Pathol 2013; 7:404-8. [PMID: 23649716 PMCID: PMC3824802 DOI: 10.1007/s12105-013-0441-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2013] [Accepted: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Congenital melanocytic nevus (CMN) is a melanocytic proliferation that has its onset at birth or shortly thereafter and shows characteristic histopathologic features including symmetric proliferation of benign melanocytes, extension of nevus cells into the deep reticular dermis and subcutis, maturation of melanocytes with descent, tracking of melanocytes around and within adnexal structures, vessels, or nerves and splaying of collagen bundles by nevus cells arranged in single rows or cords. We report the case of a 34 year old previously healthy woman who presented with a progressively enlarging soft tissue mass in the right neck and back adjacent to a medium sized CMN. Magnetic resonance imaging showed multiple lipomatous masses within the soft tissues of the posterior superficial neck. Subsequent excision of the soft tissue mass showed a well circumscribed lipomatous lesion with diffuse infiltration by benign appearing melanocytes within the fat lobules. Excision of the mass was not accompanied by overlying skin and, thus, posed a diagnostic challenge. Sudden increase in the size of a CMN is worrisome for the development of a melanoma, however, this lesion lacked significant cytologic atypia and mitotic figures, and had a low proliferative index by Ki-67 immunohistochemistry. This case serves to illustrate the initial diagnostic dilemma as well as the plasticity of the neural crest cells.
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240
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STRAMER B, DUNN G, DAVIS J, MAYOR R. Rediscovering contact inhibition in the embryo. J Microsc 2013; 251:206-11. [DOI: 10.1111/jmi.12045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2013] [Accepted: 03/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B.M. STRAMER
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics; Kings College London; London SE1 1UL United Kingdom
| | - G.A. DUNN
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics; Kings College London; London SE1 1UL United Kingdom
| | - J.R. DAVIS
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics; Kings College London; London SE1 1UL United Kingdom
| | - R. MAYOR
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology; University College London; London WC1 6BT United Kingdom
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241
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Sestak MS, Božičević V, Bakarić R, Dunjko V, Domazet-Lošo T. Phylostratigraphic profiles reveal a deep evolutionary history of the vertebrate head sensory systems. Front Zool 2013; 10:18. [PMID: 23587066 PMCID: PMC3636138 DOI: 10.1186/1742-9994-10-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2013] [Accepted: 03/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The vertebrate head is a highly derived trait with a heavy concentration of sophisticated sensory organs that allow complex behaviour in this lineage. The head sensory structures arise during vertebrate development from cranial placodes and the neural crest. It is generally thought that derivatives of these ectodermal embryonic tissues played a central role in the evolutionary transition at the onset of vertebrates. Despite the obvious importance of head sensory organs for vertebrate biology, their evolutionary history is still uncertain. Results To give a fresh perspective on the adaptive history of the vertebrate head sensory organs, we applied genomic phylostratigraphy to large-scale in situ expression data of the developing zebrafish Danio rerio. Contrary to traditional predictions, we found that dominant adaptive signals in the analyzed sensory structures largely precede the evolutionary advent of vertebrates. The leading adaptive signals at the bilaterian-chordate transition suggested that the visual system was the first sensory structure to evolve. The olfactory, vestibuloauditory, and lateral line sensory organs displayed a strong link with the urochordate-vertebrate ancestor. The only structures that qualified as genuine vertebrate innovations were the neural crest derivatives, trigeminal ganglion and adenohypophysis. We also found evidence that the cranial placodes evolved before the neural crest despite their proposed embryological relatedness. Conclusions Taken together, our findings reveal pre-vertebrate roots and a stepwise adaptive history of the vertebrate sensory systems. This study also underscores that large genomic and expression datasets are rich sources of macroevolutionary information that can be recovered by phylostratigraphic mining.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Sebastijan Sestak
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Genetics, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, Zagreb, Croatia.
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242
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Powell DR, Blasky AJ, Britt SG, Artinger KB. Riding the crest of the wave: parallels between the neural crest and cancer in epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and migration. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-SYSTEMS BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2013; 5:511-22. [PMID: 23576382 PMCID: PMC3739939 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The neural crest (NC) is first induced as an epithelial population of cells at the neural plate border requiring complex signaling between bone morphogenetic protein, Wnt, and fibroblast growth factors to differentiate the neural and NC fate from the epidermis. Remarkably, following induction, these cells undergo an epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), delaminate from the neural tube, and migrate through various tissue types and microenvironments before reaching their final destination where they undergo terminal differentiation. This process is mirrored in cancer metastasis, where a primary tumor will undergo an EMT before migrating and invading other cell populations to create a secondary tumor site. In recent years, as our understanding of NC EMT and migration has deepened, important new insights into tumorigenesis and metastasis have also been achieved. These discoveries have been driven by the observation that many cancers misregulate developmental genes to reacquire proliferative and migratory states. In this review, we examine how the NC provides an excellent model for studying EMT and migration. These data are discussed from the perspective of the gene regulatory networks that control both NC and cancer cell EMT and migration. Deciphering these processes in a comparative manner will expand our knowledge of the underlying etiology and pathogenesis of cancer and promote the development of novel targeted therapeutic strategies for cancer patients. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davalyn R Powell
- Graduate Program in Cell Biology, Stem Cells and Development, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
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243
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Ettensohn CA. Encoding anatomy: Developmental gene regulatory networks and morphogenesis. Genesis 2013; 51:383-409. [PMID: 23436627 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.22380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2012] [Revised: 02/06/2013] [Accepted: 02/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Charles A. Ettensohn
- Department of Biological Sciences; Carnegie Mellon University; Pittsburgh; Pennsylvania
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244
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Ulmer B, Hagenlocher C, Schmalholz S, Kurz S, Schweickert A, Kohl A, Roth L, Sela-Donenfeld D, Blum M. Calponin 2 acts as an effector of noncanonical Wnt-mediated cell polarization during neural crest cell migration. Cell Rep 2013; 3:615-21. [PMID: 23499442 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2013.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2012] [Revised: 01/17/2013] [Accepted: 02/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural crest cells (NCCs) migrate throughout the embryo to differentiate into cell types of all germ layers. Initial directed NCC emigration relies on planar cell polarity (PCP), which through the activity of the small GTPases RhoA and Rac governs the actin-driven formation of polarized cell protrusions. We found that the actin binding protein calponin 2 (Cnn2) was expressed in protrusions at the leading edge of migratory NCCs in chicks and frogs. Cnn2 knockdown resulted in NCC migration defects in frogs and chicks and randomized outgrowth of cell protrusions in NCC explants. Morphant cells showed central stress fibers at the expense of the peripheral actin network. Cnn2 acted downstream of Wnt/PCP, as migration defects induced by dominant-negative Wnt11 or inhibition of RhoA function were rescued by Cnn2 knockdown. These results suggest that Cnn2 modulates actin dynamics during NCC migration as an effector of noncanonical Wnt/PCP signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bärbel Ulmer
- Institute of Zoology, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstrasse 30, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany
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245
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Senarath-Yapa K, Li S, Meyer NP, Longaker MT, Quarto N. Integration of multiple signaling pathways determines differences in the osteogenic potential and tissue regeneration of neural crest-derived and mesoderm-derived calvarial bones. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:5978-97. [PMID: 23502464 PMCID: PMC3634461 DOI: 10.3390/ijms14035978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2013] [Revised: 03/05/2013] [Accepted: 03/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian skull vault, a product of a unique and tightly regulated evolutionary process, in which components of disparate embryonic origin are integrated, is an elegant model with which to study osteoblast biology. Our laboratory has demonstrated that this distinct embryonic origin of frontal and parietal bones confer differences in embryonic and postnatal osteogenic potential and skeletal regenerative capacity, with frontal neural crest derived osteoblasts benefitting from greater osteogenic potential. We outline how this model has been used to elucidate some of the molecular mechanisms which underlie these differences and place these findings into the context of our current understanding of the key, highly conserved, pathways which govern the osteoblast lineage including FGF, BMP, Wnt and TGFβ signaling. Furthermore, we explore recent studies which have provided a tantalizing insight into way these pathways interact, with evidence accumulating for certain transcription factors, such as Runx2, acting as a nexus for cross-talk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kshemendra Senarath-Yapa
- Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Department of Surgery, Stanford University, School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; E-Mails: (K.S.-Y.); (S.L.); (N.P.M.)
| | - Shuli Li
- Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Department of Surgery, Stanford University, School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; E-Mails: (K.S.-Y.); (S.L.); (N.P.M.)
| | - Nathaniel P. Meyer
- Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Department of Surgery, Stanford University, School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; E-Mails: (K.S.-Y.); (S.L.); (N.P.M.)
| | - Michael T. Longaker
- Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Department of Surgery, Stanford University, School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; E-Mails: (K.S.-Y.); (S.L.); (N.P.M.)
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (M.T.L.); (N.Q.); Tel.: +1-650-7361-704; Fax: +1-650-7361-705
| | - Natalina Quarto
- Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Department of Surgery, Stanford University, School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; E-Mails: (K.S.-Y.); (S.L.); (N.P.M.)
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Science, University of Studies of Naples Federico II, Naples 80131, Italy
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (M.T.L.); (N.Q.); Tel.: +1-650-7361-704; Fax: +1-650-7361-705
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246
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Wiszniak S, Lumb R, Kabbara S, Scherer M, Schwarz Q. Li-gazing at the crest: modulation of the neural crest by the ubiquitin pathway. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2013; 45:1087-91. [PMID: 23458963 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2013.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2012] [Revised: 02/08/2013] [Accepted: 02/22/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Neural crest cells are a transient population of stem cells that give rise to a diverse range of cell types during embryonic development. Through gain-of-function and loss-of-function studies in several model organisms many key signalling pathways and cell-type specific transcription factors essential for neural crest cell development have been identified. However, the role of post-translational regulation remains largely unexplored. Here we review this cell type with a foray into the known and potential roles of the ubiquitination pathway in key signalling events during neural crest cell development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Wiszniak
- Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology, Adelaide 5000, Australia
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247
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Butts T, Graham A. Old before their time: the ancient origins of the neural crest. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2013; 26:287-289. [PMID: 23490033 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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248
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Developmental origin and fate of middle ear structures. Hear Res 2013; 301:19-26. [PMID: 23396272 DOI: 10.1016/j.heares.2013.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2012] [Revised: 01/22/2013] [Accepted: 01/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Results from developmental and phylogenetic studies have converged to facilitate insight into two important steps in vertebrate evolution: (1) the ontogenetic origin of articulating elements of the buccal skeleton, i.e., jaws, and (2) the later origins of middle ear impedance-matching systems that convey air-borne sound to the inner ear fluids. Middle ear ossicles and other skeletal elements of the viscerocranium (i.e., gill suspensory arches and jaw bones) share a common origin both phylogenetically and ontogenetically. The intention of this brief overview of middle-ear development is to emphasize the intimate connection between evolution and embryogenesis. Examples of developmental situations are discussed in which cells of different provenance, such as neural crest, mesoderm or endoderm, gather together and reciprocal interactions finally determine cell fate. Effects of targeted mutagenesis on middle ear development are described to illustrate how the alteration of molecularly-controlled morphogenetic programs led to phylogenetic modifications of skeletal development. Ontogenetic plasticity has enabled the diversification of jaw elements as well as middle ear structures during evolution. This article is part of a special issue entitled "MEMRO 2012".
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249
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Blaisdell AP, Pottenger BC, Torday JS. From heart beats to health recipes: The role of fractal physiology in the Ancestral Health movement. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 1. [PMID: 29354666 DOI: 10.15310/2334-3591.1001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The human body-an amazing biological system that scales up fractally from its cellular building blocks-exhibits an incredible ability to self heal. Why then, are chronic diseases and degeneration on the rise in the population? Why are we sicker, more obese, and more depressed and stressed than ever before in human history? Why can't we heal? The answers to these questions may lie in our ancestry, and modern departure from the human ecological niche. The ability to heal requires proper spatio-temporal inputs-nutrition, sleep, stress, activity, and socialization-in order for cellular signaling to occur properly across semi-permeable cell membranes. We first review key steps in the evolutionary history of multicellular life, focusing on the fundamental role of cell-cell interactions. Next, we present this as an important framework by which to understand how the entrainment of physiological signals in homeostatic mechanisms reveals new insights into the processes of disease. Examples are drawn from the evolution of metabolism, nutrition, and respiration in multicellular life. We argue that disease processes result from a mismatch between the physiological inputs an individual receives and their optimal amount and fractal distribution as determined by an individual's ancestry. A comparative analysis is a useful tool by which to illuminate deep homologies that reveal a mechanistic account for disease processes. This cell-molecular approach provides a useful contrast to the traditional reductionist approach to disease exemplified by the human genome project. As an example, we describe how cell-cell communication drives the ontogeny and phylogeny of physiology, producing the tissues, organs, and organ systems that hierarchically serve human physiology on various levels. Modern society, with its disconnected and stress-riddled lifestyle, is increasingly failing to provide the proper inputs for healthy gene expression and physiological function. Thus, the answers to our modern health woes-physical, mental, and social-may lie in acknowledging the powerful roles that our past has played in shaping our bodies. Finding ways to provide the proper inputs of the human ecological niche in the modern day may lead to significant, perhaps staggering improvements in our health and wellness. The fractal mathematics underpinning these dynamics also serves as a metaphor for the Ancestral Health Movement, which is currently arising as a multi-cultural, multi-national grass-roots pluralistic phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron P Blaisdell
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Brent C Pottenger
- The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - John S Torday
- Department of Pediatrics and Obbstetrics and Gynecology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
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250
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Green SA, Bronner ME. Gene duplications and the early evolution of neural crest development. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2012; 24:95-100. [PMID: 23287633 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2012.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2012] [Accepted: 12/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Neural crest cells are an important cell type present in all vertebrates, and elaboration of the neural crest is thought to have been a key factor in their evolutionary success. Genomic comparisons suggest there were two major genome duplications in early vertebrate evolution, raising the possibility that evolution of neural crest was facilitated by gene duplications. Here, we review the process of early neural crest formation and its underlying gene regulatory network (GRN) as well as the evolution of important neural crest derivatives. In this context, we assess the likelihood that gene and genome duplications capacitated neural crest evolution, particularly in light of novel data arising from invertebrate chordates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen A Green
- Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, United States
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