201
|
Rovira C, Fita I. The Proximal Hydrogen-Bonded Residue Controls the Stability of the Compound II Intermediate of Peroxidases and Catalases. J Phys Chem B 2003. [DOI: 10.1021/jp0268516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carme Rovira
- Centre de Recerca en Química Teòrica, Parc Científic de Barcelona, Josep Samitier 1-5, 08028 Barcelona, Spain, and Institut de Biologia Molecular de Barcelona (IBMB-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ignacio Fita
- Centre de Recerca en Química Teòrica, Parc Científic de Barcelona, Josep Samitier 1-5, 08028 Barcelona, Spain, and Institut de Biologia Molecular de Barcelona (IBMB-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
202
|
Monti D, Baldaro E, Riva S. Separation and characterization of two catalase activities isolated from the yeast Trigonopsis variabilis. Enzyme Microb Technol 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0141-0229(03)00017-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
203
|
Whittaker MM, Barynin VV, Igarashi T, Whittaker JW. Outer sphere mutagenesis of Lactobacillus plantarum manganese catalase disrupts the cluster core. Mechanistic implications. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 2003; 270:1102-16. [PMID: 12631270 DOI: 10.1046/j.1432-1033.2003.03459.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
X-ray crystallography of the nonheme manganese catalase from Lactobacillus plantarum (LPC) [Barynin, V.V., Whittaker, M.M., Antonyuk, S.V., Lamzin, V.S., Harrison, P.M., Artymiuk, P.J. & Whittaker, J.W. (2001) Structure9, 725-738] has revealed the structure of the dimanganese redox cluster together with its protein environment. The oxidized [Mn(III)Mn(III)] cluster is bridged by two solvent molecules (oxo and hydroxo, respectively) together with a micro 1,3 bridging glutamate carboxylate and is embedded in a web of hydrogen bonds involving an outer sphere tyrosine residue (Tyr42). A novel homologous expression system has been developed for production of active recombinant LPC and Tyr42 has been replaced by phenylalanine using site-directed mutagenesis. Spectroscopic and structural studies indicate that disruption of the hydrogen-bonded web significantly perturbs the active site in Y42F LPC, breaking one of the solvent bridges and generating an 'open' form of the dimanganese cluster. Two of the metal ligands adopt alternate conformations in the crystal structure, both conformers having a broken solvent bridge in the dimanganese core. The oxidized Y42F LPC exhibits strong optical absorption characteristic of high spin Mn(III) in low symmetry and lower coordination number. MCD and EPR measurements provide complementary information defining a ferromagnetically coupled electronic ground state for a cluster containing a single solvent bridge, in contrast to the diamagnetic ground state found for the native cluster containing a pair of solvent bridges. Y42F LPC has less than 5% of the catalase activity and much higher Km for H2O2 ( approximately 1.4 m) at neutral pH than WT LPC, although the activity is slightly restored at high pH where the cluster is converted to a diamagnetic form. These studies provide new insight into the contribution of the outer sphere tyrosine to the stability of the dimanganese cluster and the role of the solvent bridges in catalysis by dimanganese catalases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mei M Whittaker
- Department of Environmental and Biomolecular Systems, OGI School of Science and Engineering at OHSU, Oregon, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
204
|
Andreoletti P, Sainz G, Jaquinod M, Gagnon J, Jouve HM. High-resolution structure and biochemical properties of a recombinant Proteus mirabilis catalase depleted in iron. Proteins 2003; 50:261-71. [PMID: 12486720 DOI: 10.1002/prot.10283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Heme catalases are homotetrameric enzymes with a highly conserved complex quaternary structure, and their functional role is still not well understood. Proteus mirabilis catalase (PMC), a heme enzyme belonging to the family of NADPH-binding catalases, was efficiently overexpressed in E. coli. The recombinant catalase (rec PMC) was deficient in heme with one-third heme and two-thirds protoporphyrin IX as determined by mass spectrometry and chemical methods. This ratio was influenced by the expression conditions, but the enzyme-specific activity calculated relative to the heme content remained unchanged. The crystal structure of rec PMC was solved to a resolution of 2.0 A, the highest resolution obtained to date with PMC. The overall structure was quite similar to that of wild-type PMC, and it is surprising that the absence of iron had no effect on the structure of the active site. Met 53 close to the essential His 54 was found less oxidized in rec PMC than in the wild-type enzyme. An acetate anion was modeled in an anionic pocket, away from the heme group but important for the enzymatic reaction. An alternate conformation observed for Arg 99 could play a role in the formation of the H-bond network connecting two symmetrical subunits of the tetramer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Andreoletti
- Institut de Biologie Structurale Jean-Pierre Ebel, CEA/CNRS/UJF, UMR 5075, Grenoble cedex 1, France
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
205
|
Orzechowski A, Gajkowska B, Wojewódzka U, Cassar-Malek I, Picard B, Hocquette JF. Immunohistochemical analysis of bFGF, TGF-beta1 and catalase in rectus abdominis muscle from cattle foetuses at 180 and 260 days post-conception. Tissue Cell 2002; 34:416-26. [PMID: 12441094 DOI: 10.1016/s0040816602000824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The potential for muscle growth depends on myoblast proliferation, which occurs essentially during the first two thirds of the foetal period in cattle. Thereafter, myofibres acquire their contractile and metabolic properties. Proliferation is regulated by molecular growth factors and by the tissue oxidative activity. The aim of this study was the quantification by immunochemistry of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-beta1) and also of enzyme catalase (CAT) activity in rectus abdominis muscle. Samples were collected from cattle foetuses of different growth potential at 180 and 260 days post-conception (dpc). One major conclusion from this work is that protein contents of the muscle tissue bFGF and, to a lower extent, CAT activity decreased with increasing age during the foetal life. No differences were found between the different genotypes of cattle. However, the CAT to bFGF ratio tended to be lower in fast-growing cattle and increased with foetal age. TGF-beta1 did not change with age and was localised mostly at the vascular bed. CAT was detected in smooth and rough reticulum in striated muscles at 180dpc, and additionally in mitochondria at 260dpc. In conclusion, the balance between intracellular growth factors (bFGF and TGF-beta1) and the activity of antioxidant enzyme CAT may participate in the regulation of the transition from myoblast proliferation to differentiation. Thus, increased ratio of CAT to bFGF might be a good index indicating initiation of muscle maturation in cattle foetus prior to birth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Orzechowski
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw Agricultural University, Warsaw, Poland.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
206
|
Abstract
Enterococcus faecalis cells cannot synthesize porphyrins and do not rely on heme for growth but can take up heme and use it to synthesize heme proteins. We recently described a cytochrome bd in E. faecalis strain V583 and here report the identification of a chromosomal gene, katA, encoding a heme-containing cytoplasmic catalase. The 54-kDa KatA polypeptide shows sequence similarity to members of the family of monofunctional catalases. A hexahistidyl-tagged version of the catalase was purified, and major characteristics of the enzyme were determined. It contains one protoheme IX group per KatA polypeptide. Catalase activity was detected only in E. faecalis cells grown in the presence of heme in the medium; about 2 and 10 micro M hemin was required for half-maximal and maximal production of catalase, respectively. Our finding of a catalase whose synthesis is dependent on the acquisition of heme in the opportunistic pathogen E. faecalis might be of clinical importance. Studies of cellular heme transport and heme protein assembly and in vivo synthesis of metalloprotein analogs for biotechnological applications are impeded by the lack of experimental systems. We conclude that the E. faecalis cell potentially provides such a desired system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lena Frankenberg
- Department of Cell and Organism Biology, Lund University, Sweden.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
207
|
Komatsu T, Yamazaki H, Nakajima M, Yokoi T. Identification of catalase in human livers as a factor that enhances phenytoin dihydroxy metabolite formation by human liver microsomes. Biochem Pharmacol 2002; 63:2081-90. [PMID: 12110367 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-2952(02)01024-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We have reported previously that the formation of a 3',4'-dihydroxylated metabolite of phenytoin (3',4'-diHPPH) by human liver microsomal cytochrome P450 (P450) is enhanced by the addition of human liver cytosol [Komatsu et al., Drug Metab Dispos 2000;28:1361-8]. The enhancing factor was determined in this study. The addition of cytosolic proteins precipitated by 50% ammonium sulfate to incubation mixtures increased the rate of microsomal 3',4'-diHPPH formation. This fraction was separated further by diethylaminoethyl-, carboxymethyl-, and hydroxyapatite-column chromatography. The amino acid sequence of the purified protein of approximately 55kDa by electrophoresis revealed this protein to be a catalase. The addition of purified or authentic catalase to the incubation mixtures increased the rates of microsomal 3',4'-diHPPH formation from 3'- and 4'-hydroxylated metabolites and from phenytoin in a concentration-dependent manner. In reconstituted systems containing CYP2C9, CYP2C19, and CYP3A4, the formation of 3',4'-diHPPH was also enhanced by catalase to different extents. This is the first report that catalase in livers enhances drug oxidation activities catalyzed by P450 in human liver microsomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Komatsu
- Division of Drug Metabolism, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
208
|
Sztukowska M, Bugno M, Potempa J, Travis J, Kurtz DM. Role of rubrerythrin in the oxidative stress response of Porphyromonas gingivalis. Mol Microbiol 2002; 44:479-88. [PMID: 11972784 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2958.2002.02892.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Rubrerythrins are non-haem iron proteins that have been implicated in oxidative stress protection in anaerobic bacteria and archaea. However, up to now, this role has not been confirmed directly by inactivation of a rubrerythrin gene. Here we report generation of an rbr- mutant of Porphyromonas gingivalis, an obligately anaerobic gingival pathogenic bacterium. Characterization of the rbr- strain clearly showed that P. gingivalis produces a rubrerythrin-like protein that is absent in the rbr- strain, and that the P. gingivalis rbr- strain is more dioxygen- and hydrogen peroxide-sensitive than the wild type. The latter conclusion is based on two independent results, namely, deeper no-growth zones upon diffusion of the oxidants through soft agar culture tubes and growth impairment of liquid cultures exposed to the oxidants. A same-site rbr+ revertant showed increased hydrogen peroxide and dioxygen resistance relative to the rbr- strain. Transcription of the P. gingivalis rubrerythrin gene is induced above its constitutive anaerobic level in response to dioxygen or hydrogen peroxide exposures. Purified rubrerythrins from other organisms have been shown to catalyse reduction of hydrogen peroxide, while showing relatively sluggish reaction with dioxygen and little or no catalase or superoxide dismutase activities. Porphyromonas gingivalis contains a superoxide dismutase but lacks catalase and haem peroxidases. We therefore suggest that rubrerythrin provides oxidative stress protection via catalytic reduction of intracellular hydrogen peroxide.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maryta Sztukowska
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Jagiellonian University, 31-120 Krakow, Poland
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
209
|
Abstract
The morphogenetic transitions of the N. crassa asexual life cycle are responses to a hyperoxidant state in which probably singlet oxygen is generated. Induction of catalase activity and catalase oxidation by singlet oxygen are consequences of this recurrent hyperoxidant state. Here the biochemical properties and regulation of two large monofunctional catalases are reviewed, and a new catalase-peroxidase gene and activity is described. Catalase-3 is associated to growing and Catalase-1 to non-growing cells. Under stressful conditions one of these catalases is synthesized, depending on whether growth can be continued or a resistant cell has to be made. The catalase-peroxidase Catalase-2 was possibly derived from a bacterial enzyme. In contrast to the other catalases, Catalase-2 had catalase and peroxidase activity. Catalase-2 was expressed under conditions in which vacuolization of hyphae is observed. All three enzymes have a chlorin in its active site instead of ferroprotoheme IX and are resistant to molar concentrations of hydrogen peroxide. These and all other catalases tested so far are oxidized by singlet oxygen, probably at the heme moiety. The catalase activity is virtually unaffected by oxidation, but the enzymes are probably degraded more rapidly than the unmodified ones.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Peraza
- Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, D.F. México
| | | |
Collapse
|
210
|
Ni J, Sasaki Y, Tokuyama S, Sogabe A, Tahara Y. Conversion of a typical catalase from Bacillus sp. TE124 to a catalase-peroxidase by directed evolution. J Biosci Bioeng 2002; 93:31-6. [PMID: 16233161 DOI: 10.1016/s1389-1723(02)80050-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2001] [Accepted: 10/17/2001] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We have converted a typical catalase from Bacillus sp. TE124 to a catalase-peroxidase using DNA shuffling and error-prone PCR. A triple mutant, R47H/R356C/D374N, that showed significantly reduced catalase activity and increased peroxidase activity was identified by screening mutant libraries. When single mutant--R47H, R356C and D374N--were generated by site-directed mutagenesis, conserved Arg-47, located on the distal side of the prosthetic heme group in the superfamily of typical catalases, was found to be responsible for the conversion of catalase to catalase-peroxidase. To further clarify the role of Arg-47, arginine was replaced with different amino acids--alanine, lysine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, glutamine, phenylalanine, tryptophan and tyrosine--and the mutant enzymes were assayed. All of the arginine mutants had increased peroxidase activity coupled with reduced catalase activity. Among these mutants, R47W exhibited the highest peroxidase activity, while R47E and R47Q not only had increased peroxidase activity but also retained relatively high catalase activity. These results suggest that tryptophan plays a key role in the catalytic mechanism of the peroxidase reaction and that glutamic acid and glutamine facilitate both catalatic and peroxidatic reactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinfeng Ni
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
211
|
NI JINFENG, SASAKI YOSHITO, TOKUYAMA SHINJI, SOGABE ATSUSHI, TAHARA YASUTAKA. Conversion of a Typical Catalase from Bacillus sp. TE124 to a Catalase-Peroxidase by Directed Evolution. J Biosci Bioeng 2002. [DOI: 10.1263/jbb.93.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
212
|
Prakash K, Prajapati S, Ahmad A, Jain SK, Bhakuni V. Unique oligomeric intermediates of bovine liver catalase. Protein Sci 2002; 11:46-57. [PMID: 11742121 PMCID: PMC2368769 DOI: 10.1110/ps.20102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2001] [Revised: 10/05/2001] [Accepted: 10/04/2001] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Catalases, although synthesized from single genes and built up from only one type of subunit, exist in heterogeneous form with respect to their conformations and association states in biological systems. This heterogeneity is not of genetic origin, but rather reflects the instability of this oligomeric heme enzyme. To understand better the factors that stabilize the various association states of catalase, we performed studies on the multimeric intermediates that are stabilized during guanidine-hydrochloride- and urea-induced unfolding of bovine liver catalase (BLC). For the first time, we have observed an enzymatically active, folded dimer of native BLC. This dimer has slightly higher enzymatic activity and altered structural properties compared to the native tetramer. Comparative studies of the effect of NaCl, GdmCl, and urea on BLC show that cation binding to negatively charged groups present in amino acid side chains of the enzyme leads to stabilization of an enzymatically active, folded dimer of BLC. Besides the folded dimer, an enzymatically active expanded tetramer and a partially unfolded, enzymatically inactive dimer of BLC were also observed. A complete recovery of native enzyme was observed on refolding of expanded tetramers and folded dimers; however, a very low recovery (maximum of approximately 5%) of native enzyme was observed on refolding of partially unfolded dimers and fully unfolded monomers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Koodathingal Prakash
- Molecular and Structural Biology Division, Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226 001, India
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
213
|
Zámocký M, Polek B, Godocíková J, Koller F. Oxidative stress-induced expression of catalases in Comamonas terrigena. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2002; 47:235-40. [PMID: 12094731 DOI: 10.1007/bf02817644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
When grown under oxidative stress, catalatic as well as peroxidatic activity is increased in the Gram-negative bacterium Comamonas terrigena N3H. Two distinct hydroperoxidases were demonstrated by a specific staining. Based on their molar masses and their sensitivity toward 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole and high temperatures, they were identified as dimeric catalase-1 (Cat-1; 150 kDa), and as a tetrameric catalase-2 (Cat-2; 240 kDa) with enhanced peroxidatic activity, respectively. These two catalases differ in their expression during the bacterial growth; whereas the expression of the smaller enzyme (Cat-1) is induced by 0.5 mmol/L peroxides in the medium, and to a lesser degree by 25 mg/L Cd2+, Cat-2 (typical catalase) is almost specifically induced with cadmium ions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Zámocký
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 842 51 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
214
|
Barynin VV, Whittaker MM, Antonyuk SV, Lamzin VS, Harrison PM, Artymiuk PJ, Whittaker JW. Crystal structure of manganese catalase from Lactobacillus plantarum. Structure 2001; 9:725-38. [PMID: 11587647 DOI: 10.1016/s0969-2126(01)00628-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 286] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Catalases are important antioxidant metalloenzymes that catalyze disproportionation of hydrogen peroxide, forming dioxygen and water. Two families of catalases are known, one having a heme cofactor, and the other, a structurally distinct family containing nonheme manganese. We have solved the structure of the mesophilic manganese catalase from Lactobacillus plantarum and its azide-inhibited complex. RESULTS The crystal structure of the native enzyme has been solved at 1.8 A resolution by molecular replacement, and the azide complex of the native protein has been solved at 1.4 A resolution. The hexameric structure of the holoenzyme is stabilized by extensive intersubunit contacts, including a beta zipper and a structural calcium ion crosslinking neighboring subunits. Each subunit contains a dimanganese active site, accessed by a single substrate channel lined by charged residues. The manganese ions are linked by a mu1,3-bridging glutamate carboxylate and two mu-bridging solvent oxygens that electronically couple the metal centers. The active site region includes two residues (Arg147 and Glu178) that appear to be unique to the Lactobacillus plantarum catalase. CONCLUSIONS A comparison of L. plantarum and T. thermophilus catalase structures reveals the existence of two distinct structural classes, differing in monomer design and the organization of their active sites, within the manganese catalase family. These differences have important implications for catalysis and may reflect distinct biological functions for the two enzymes, with the L. plantarum enzyme serving as a catalase, while the T. thermophilus enzyme may function as a catalase/peroxidase.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V V Barynin
- The Krebs Institute, Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Western Bank, S10 2TN, Sheffield, United Kingdom.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
215
|
Kawasaki L, Aguirre J. Multiple catalase genes are differentially regulated in Aspergillus nidulans. J Bacteriol 2001; 183:1434-40. [PMID: 11157957 PMCID: PMC95018 DOI: 10.1128/jb.183.4.1434-1440.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2000] [Accepted: 11/21/2000] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Detoxification of hydrogen peroxide is a fundamental aspect of the cellular antioxidant responses in which catalases play a major role. Two differentially regulated catalase genes, catA and catB, have been studied in Aspergillus nidulans. Here we have characterized a third catalase gene, designated catC, which predicts a 475-amino-acid polypeptide containing a peroxisome-targeting signal. With a molecular mass of 54 kDa, CatC shows high similarity to other small-subunit monofunctional catalases and is most closely related to catalases from other fungi, Archaea, and animals. In contrast, the CatA (approximately 84 kDa) and CatB (approximately 79 kDa) enzymes belong to a family of large-subunit catalases, constituting a unique fungal and bacterial group. The catC gene displayed a relatively constant pattern of expression, not being induced by oxidative or other types of stress. Targeted disruption of catC eliminated a constitutive catalase activity not detected previously in zymogram gels. However, a catalase activity detected in catA catB mutant strains during late stationary phase was still present in catC and catABC null mutants, thus demonstrating the presence of a fourth catalase, here named catalase D (CatD). Neither catC nor catABC triple mutants showed any developmental defect, and both mutants grew as well as wild-type strains in H(2)O(2)-generating substrates, such as fatty acids, and/or purines as the sole carbon and nitrogen sources, respectively. CatD activity was induced during late stationary phase by glucose starvation, high temperature, and, to a lesser extent, H(2)O(2) treatment. The existence of at least four differentially regulated catalases indicates a large and regulated capability for H(2)O(2) detoxification in filamentous fungi.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Kawasaki
- Departamento de Genética Molecular, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510 México, D. F., Mexico
| | | |
Collapse
|
216
|
Bussink HJ, Oliver R. Identification of two highly divergent catalase genes in the fungal tomato pathogen, Cladosporium fulvum. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 2001; 268:15-24. [PMID: 11121097 DOI: 10.1046/j.1432-1327.2001.01774.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Catalases of pathogenic micro-organisms have attracted attention as potential virulence factors. Homology-based screens were performed to identify catalase genes in the fungal tomato pathogen Cladosporium fulvum. Two highly divergent genes, Cat1 and Cat2, were isolated and characterized. Cat1 codes for a putative 566-amino-acid catalase subunit and belongs to the gene family that also encodes the mainly peroxisome-localized catalases of animal and yeast species. Cat2 codes for a putative catalase subunit of 745 amino acids and belongs to a different gene family coding for the large-subunit catalases similar to ones found in bacteria and filamentous fungi. Neither catalase had an obvious secretory signal sequence. A search for an extracellular catalase was unproductive. The Cat1 and Cat2 genes showed differential expression, with the Cat1 mRNA preferentially accumulating in spores and the Cat2 mRNA preferentially accumulating in response to external H(2)O(2). With Cat2-deleted strains, activity of the Cat2 gene product (CAT2) was identified among four proteins with catalase activity separated on non-denaturing gels. The CAT2 activity represented a minor fraction of the catalase activity in spores and H(2)O(2)-stressed mycelium, and no phenotype was observed for Cat2-deleted strains, which showed a normal response to H(2)O(2) treatment. These results indicate the existence of a complex catalase system in C. fulvum, with regard to both the structure and regulation of the genes involved. In addition, efficient C. fulvum gene-replacement technology has been established.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H J Bussink
- Carlsberg Laboratory, Department of Physiology, Copenhagen Valby, Denmark
| | | |
Collapse
|
217
|
Lumppio HL, Shenvi NV, Summers AO, Voordouw G, Kurtz DM. Rubrerythrin and rubredoxin oxidoreductase in Desulfovibrio vulgaris: a novel oxidative stress protection system. J Bacteriol 2001; 183:101-8. [PMID: 11114906 PMCID: PMC94855 DOI: 10.1128/jb.183.1.101-108.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2000] [Accepted: 10/11/2000] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence is presented for an alternative to the superoxide dismutase (SOD)-catalase oxidative stress defense system in Desulfovibrio vulgaris (strain Hildenborough). This alternative system consists of the nonheme iron proteins, rubrerythrin (Rbr) and rubredoxin oxidoreductase (Rbo), the product of the rbo gene (also called desulfoferrodoxin). A Deltarbo strain of D. vulgaris was found to be more sensitive to internal superoxide exposure than was the wild type. Unlike Rbo, expression of plasmid-borne Rbr failed to restore the aerobic growth of a SOD-deficient strain of Escherichia coli. Conversely, plasmid-borne expression of two different Rbrs from D. vulgaris increased the viability of a catalase-deficient strain of E. coli that had been exposed to hydrogen peroxide whereas Rbo actually decreased the viability. A previously undescribed D. vulgaris gene was found to encode a protein having 50% sequence identity to that of E. coli Fe-SOD. This gene also encoded an extended N-terminal sequence with high homologies to export signal peptides of periplasmic redox proteins. The SOD activity of D. vulgaris is not affected by the absence of Rbo and is concentrated in the periplasmic fraction of cell extracts. These results are consistent with a superoxide reductase rather than SOD activity of Rbo and with a peroxidase activity of Rbr. A joint role for Rbo and Rbr as a novel cytoplasmic oxidative stress protection system in D. vulgaris and other anaerobic microorganisms is proposed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H L Lumppio
- Department of Microbiology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
218
|
Gerhard GS, Kauffman EJ, Grundy MA. Molecular cloning and sequence analysis of the Danio rerio catalase gene. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2000; 127:447-57. [PMID: 11281262 DOI: 10.1016/s0305-0491(00)00285-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Catalase is an antioxidant enzyme that plays a central role in the protection against oxidative stress through the metabolism of hydrogen peroxide. Catalase has been well studied in plants, bacteria, and mammals, but little work has been done in other vertebrate species. We have cloned the zebrafish (Danio rerio) catalase cDNA containing the complete coding region and analyzed expression by both reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and western blot. The deduced amino acid sequence predicts a protein of 526 amino acids with both the primary DNA and amino acid sequences highly conserved among vertebrate species. The major protein-heme contact points in the catalase enzyme complex are also well conserved, although several amino acids associated with the second and third levels of the major substrate channel are not, suggesting potential differences in substrate access or specificity. The 3' flanking region of the cDNA contains a dinucleotide repeat near the termination codon consisting of a near perfect CA array that is polymorphic. The rat and mouse catalase genes also contain a CA repeat sequence in the 3' untranslated region, which, along with an adjacent 5' stem-loop structure, has previously been shown to be a site for mRNA protein binding (Clerch, 1995, Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 317 (1995) 267-274). A stem-loop structure is also predicted adjacent to the zebrafish CA repeat, suggesting a similar role in catalase gene regulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G S Gerhard
- Department of Pathology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
219
|
Garcia MX, Foote C, van Es S, Devreotes PN, Alexander S, Alexander H. Differential developmental expression and cell type specificity of Dictyostelium catalases and their response to oxidative stress and UV-light. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2000; 1492:295-310. [PMID: 11004503 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4781(00)00063-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Cells of Dictyostelium discoideum are highly resistant to DNA damaging agents such as UV-light, gamma-radiation and chemicals. The genes encoding nucleotide excision repair (NER) and base excision repair (BER) enzymes are rapidly upregulated in response to UV-irradiation and DNA-damaging chemicals, suggesting that this is at least partially responsible for the resistance of this organism to these agents. Although Dictyostelium is also unusually resistant to high concentrations of H(2)O(2), little is known about the response of this organism to oxidative stress. To determine if transcriptional upregulation is a common mechanism for responding to DNA-damaging agents, we have studied the Dictyostelium catalase and Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase antioxidant enzymes. We show that there are two catalase genes and that each is differentially regulated both temporally and spatially during multicellular development. The catA gene is expressed throughout growth and development and its corresponding enzyme is maintained at a steady level. In contrast, the catB gene encodes a larger protein and is only expressed during the final stages of morphogenesis. Cell type fractionation showed that the CatB enzyme is exclusively localized to the prespore cells and the CatA enzyme is found exclusively in the prestalk cells. Each enzyme has a different subcellular localization. The unique developmental timing and cell type distribution suggest that the role for catB in cell differentiation is to protect the dormant spores from oxidative damage. We found that exposure to H(2)O(2) does not result in the induction of the catalase, superoxide dismutase, NER or BER mRNAs. A mutant with greatly reduced levels of catA mRNA and enzyme has greatly increased sensitivity to H(2)O(2) but normal sensitivity to UV. These results indicate that the natural resistance to oxidative stress is not due to an ability to rapidly raise the level of antioxidant or DNA repair enzymes and that the response to UV-light is independent from the response to reactive oxygen compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M X Garcia
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia 65211-7400, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
220
|
|
221
|
|