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Expression and purification of HER2 extracellular domain proteins in Schneider2 insect cells. Protein Expr Purif 2015; 125:26-33. [PMID: 26363121 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2015.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Revised: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Overexpression of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2/ErbB2/Neu) results in ligand independent activation of kinase signaling and is found in about 30% of human breast cancers, and is correlated with a more aggressive tumor phenotype. The HER2 extracellular domain (ECD) consists of four domains - I, II, III and IV. Although the role of each domain in the dimerization and activation of the receptor has been extensively studied, the role of domain IV (DIV) is not clearly understood yet. In our previous studies, we reported peptidomimetic molecules inhibit HER2:HER3 heterodimerization. In order to study the binding interactions of peptidomimetics with HER2 DIV in detail, properly folded recombinant HER2 protein in pure form is important. We have expressed and purified HER2 ECD and DIV proteins in the Drosophila melanogaster Schneider2 (S2) cell line. Using the commercial Drosophila expression system (DES), we transfected S2 cells with plasmids designed to direct the expression of secreted recombinant HER2 ECD and DIV proteins. The secreted proteins were purified from the conditioned medium by filtration, ultrafiltration, dialysis and nickel affinity chromatography techniques. The purified HER2 proteins were then analyzed using Western blot, mass spectrometry and circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy.
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202
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Valley CC, Arndt-Jovin DJ, Karedla N, Steinkamp MP, Chizhik AI, Hlavacek WS, Wilson BS, Lidke KA, Lidke DS. Enhanced dimerization drives ligand-independent activity of mutant epidermal growth factor receptor in lung cancer. Mol Biol Cell 2015; 26:4087-99. [PMID: 26337388 PMCID: PMC4710239 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e15-05-0269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor receptor kinase mutations drive oncogenesis, but the molecular mechanism of pathological signal initiation is poorly understood. Using high-resolution microscopy methods, the authors reveal that these kinase mutations induce structural changes in the receptor ectodomain that lead to enhanced, ligand-independent dimerization. Mutations within the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR/erbB1/Her1) are often associated with tumorigenesis. In particular, a number of EGFR mutants that demonstrate ligand-independent signaling are common in non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), including kinase domain mutations L858R (also called L834R) and exon 19 deletions (e.g., ΔL747-P753insS), which collectively make up nearly 90% of mutations in NSCLC. The molecular mechanisms by which these mutations confer constitutive activity remain unresolved. Using multiple subdiffraction-limit imaging modalities, we reveal the altered receptor structure and interaction kinetics of NSCLC-associated EGFR mutants. We applied two-color single quantum dot tracking to quantify receptor dimerization kinetics on living cells and show that, in contrast to wild-type EGFR, mutants are capable of forming stable, ligand-independent dimers. Two-color superresolution localization microscopy confirmed ligand-independent aggregation of EGFR mutants. Live-cell Förster resonance energy transfer measurements revealed that the L858R kinase mutation alters ectodomain structure such that unliganded mutant EGFR adopts an extended, dimerization-competent conformation. Finally, mutation of the putative dimerization arm confirmed a critical role for ectodomain engagement in ligand-independent signaling. These data support a model in which dysregulated activity of NSCLC-associated kinase mutants is driven by coordinated interactions involving both the kinase and extracellular domains that lead to enhanced dimerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher C Valley
- Department of Pathology and Cancer Research and Treatment Center, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131
| | - Donna J Arndt-Jovin
- Laboratory of Cellular Dynamics, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Narain Karedla
- III. Institute of Physics, Georg-August University of Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Mara P Steinkamp
- Department of Pathology and Cancer Research and Treatment Center, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131
| | - Alexey I Chizhik
- III. Institute of Physics, Georg-August University of Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - William S Hlavacek
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics Group, Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545
| | - Bridget S Wilson
- Department of Pathology and Cancer Research and Treatment Center, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131
| | - Keith A Lidke
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131
| | - Diane S Lidke
- Department of Pathology and Cancer Research and Treatment Center, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131
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203
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Hedayatizadeh-Omran A, Valadan R, Rafiei A, Tehrani M, Alizadeh-Navaei R. VERO stable cell lines expressing full-length human epidermal growth factor receptors 2 and 3: platforms for subtractive phage display. DNA Cell Biol 2015; 34:573-8. [PMID: 26121156 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2015.2917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cross-talk between human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 and 3 (HER2 and HER3) may potentially contribute to therapeutic resistance in human breast cancer. Subtractive phage display allows highly specific selection for antibody fragments directed against cells surface HER2 and HER3. The strategies to select conformation- and activation-specific antibodies against HER2 and HER3 require tightly regulated HER2 and HER3 expressing cells that allow controlled activation/inactivation of these receptors during panning procedures. To achieve this, first, we found that the VERO cell line is an appropriate cell line for heterogeneous expression of HER2 and HER3, and then we established a panel of VERO stable cell lines expressing high levels of HER2 and HER3 alone and in combination. We also showed that HER2 and HER3 expressed in VERO cells were biologically active and could form heterodimer following neuregulin1 treatment. The cell line established here not only provided platforms for phage display-based methods but also could be used in any HER-related studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akbar Hedayatizadeh-Omran
- 1 Molecular and Cell Biology Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences , Sari, Iran
| | - Reza Valadan
- 1 Molecular and Cell Biology Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences , Sari, Iran
- 2 Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences , Sari, Iran
| | - Alireza Rafiei
- 1 Molecular and Cell Biology Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences , Sari, Iran
- 2 Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences , Sari, Iran
| | - Mohsen Tehrani
- 1 Molecular and Cell Biology Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences , Sari, Iran
- 2 Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences , Sari, Iran
| | - Reza Alizadeh-Navaei
- 1 Molecular and Cell Biology Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences , Sari, Iran
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204
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Rocca A, Andreis D, Fedeli A, Maltoni R, Sarti S, Cecconetto L, Pietri E, Schirone A, Bravaccini S, Serra P, Farolfi A, Amadori D. Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and clinical efficacy of pertuzumab in breast cancer therapy. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2015; 11:1647-63. [DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2015.1078311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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205
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González-Alonso P, Chamizo C, Moreno V, Madoz-Gúrpide J, Carvajal N, Daoud L, Zazo S, Martín-Aparicio E, Cristóbal I, Rincón R, García-Foncillas J, Rojo F. Pyrosequencing-Based Assays for Rapid Detection of HER2 and HER3 Mutations in Clinical Samples Uncover an E332E Mutation Affecting HER3 in Retroperitoneal Leiomyosarcoma. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:19447-57. [PMID: 26287187 PMCID: PMC4581306 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160819447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Revised: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptors (HER) are associated with poor prognosis of several types of solid tumors. Although HER-mutation detection methods are currently available, such as Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS), alternative pyrosequencing allow the rapid characterization of specific mutations. We developed specific PCR-based pyrosequencing assays for identification of most prevalent HER2 and HER3 mutations, including S310F/Y, R678Q, L755M/P/S/W, V777A/L/M, 774-776 insertion, and V842I mutations in HER2, as well as M91I, V104M/L, D297N/V/Y, and E332E/K mutations in HER3. We tested 85 Formalin Fixed and Paraffin Embbeded (FFPE) samples and we detected three HER2-V842I mutations in colorectal carcinoma (CRC), ovarian carcinoma, and pancreatic carcinoma patients, respectively, and a HER2-L755M mutation in a CRC specimen. We also determined the presence of a HER3-E332K mutation in an urothelial carcinoma sample, and two HER3-D297Y mutations, in both gastric adenocarcinoma and CRC specimens. The D297Y mutation was previously detected in breast and gastric tumors, but not in CRC. Moreover, we found a not-previously-described HER3-E332E synonymous mutation in a retroperitoneal leiomyosarcoma patient. The pyrosequencing assays presented here allow the detection and characterization of specific HER2 and HER3 mutations. These pyrosequencing assays might be implemented in routine diagnosis for molecular characterization of HER2/HER3 receptors as an alternative to complex NGS approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula González-Alonso
- Group of Cancer Biomarkers, Pathology Department, Health Research Institute Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD, UAM), Avda. Reyes Católicos.
| | - Cristina Chamizo
- Group of Cancer Biomarkers, Pathology Department, Health Research Institute Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD, UAM), Avda. Reyes Católicos.
| | | | - Juan Madoz-Gúrpide
- Group of Cancer Biomarkers, Pathology Department, Health Research Institute Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD, UAM), Avda. Reyes Católicos.
| | - Nerea Carvajal
- Group of Cancer Biomarkers, Pathology Department, Health Research Institute Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD, UAM), Avda. Reyes Católicos.
| | - Lina Daoud
- Group of Cancer Biomarkers, Pathology Department, Health Research Institute Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD, UAM), Avda. Reyes Católicos.
| | - Sandra Zazo
- Group of Cancer Biomarkers, Pathology Department, Health Research Institute Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD, UAM), Avda. Reyes Católicos.
| | - Ester Martín-Aparicio
- Group of Cancer Biomarkers, Pathology Department, Health Research Institute Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD, UAM), Avda. Reyes Católicos.
| | | | - Raúl Rincón
- Group of Cancer Biomarkers, Pathology Department, Health Research Institute Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD, UAM), Avda. Reyes Católicos.
| | | | - Federico Rojo
- Group of Cancer Biomarkers, Pathology Department, Health Research Institute Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD, UAM), Avda. Reyes Católicos.
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206
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Dahle-Smith A, Petty RD. Biomarkers and novel agents in esophago-gastric cancer: are we making progress? Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2015; 15:1103-19. [DOI: 10.1586/14737140.2015.1071669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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207
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Geng L, Wang Z, Yang X, Li D, Lian W, Xiang Z, Wang W, Bu X, Lai W, Hu Z, Fang Q. Structure-based Design of Peptides with High Affinity and Specificity to HER2 Positive Tumors. Am J Cancer Res 2015; 5:1154-65. [PMID: 26284145 PMCID: PMC4533098 DOI: 10.7150/thno.12398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 07/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
To identify peptides with high affinity and specificity against human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), a series of peptides were designed based on the structure of HER2 and its Z(HER2:342) affibody. By using a combination protocol of molecular dynamics modeling, MM/GBSA binding free energy calculations, and binding free energy decomposition analysis, two novel peptides with 27 residues, pep27 and pep27-24M, were successfully obtained. Immunocytochemistry and flow cytometry analysis verified that both peptides can specifically bind to the extracellular domain of HER2 protein at cellular level. The Surface Plasmon Resonance imaging (SPRi) analysis showed that dissociation constants (K D) of these two peptides were around 300 nmol/L. Furthermore, fluorescence imaging of peptides against nude mice xenografted with SKBR3 cells indicated that both peptides have strong affinity and high specificity to HER2 positive tumors.
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208
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Zhang Y, Zhang K, Zhao M, Zhang L, Qin M, Guo S, Zhao Y, Gong P. Discovery of a novel class anti-proliferative agents and potential inhibitors of EGFR tyrosine kinases based on 4-anilinotetrahydropyrido[4,3-d]pyrimidine scaffold: Design, synthesis and biological evaluations. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:4591-4607. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.05.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Revised: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 05/30/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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209
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Liu W, Ning JF, Meng QW, Hu J, Zhao YB, Liu C, Cai L. Navigating into the binding pockets of the HER family protein kinases: discovery of novel EGFR inhibitor as antitumor agent. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2015; 9:3837-51. [PMID: 26229444 PMCID: PMC4517520 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s85357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) family has been validated as a successful antitumor drug target for decades. Known EGFR inhibitors were exposed to distinct drug resistance against the various EGFR mutants within non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), particularly the T790M mutation. Although so far a number of studies have been reported on the development of third-generation EGFR inhibitors for overcoming the resistance issue, the design procedure largely depends on the intuition of medicinal chemists. Here we retrospectively make a detailed analysis of the 42 EGFR family protein crystal complexes deposited in the Protein Data Bank (PDB). Based on the analysis of inhibitor binding modes in the kinase catalytic cleft, we identified a potent EGFR inhibitor (compound A-10) against drug-resistant EGFR through fragment-based drug design. This compound showed at least 30-fold more potency against EGFR T790M than the two control molecules erlotinib and gefitinib in vitro. Moreover, it could exhibit potent HER2 inhibitory activities as well as tumor growth inhibitory activity. Molecular docking studies revealed a structural basis for the increased potency and mutant selectivity of this compound. Compound A-10 may be selected as a promising candidate in further preclinical studies. In addition, our findings could provide a powerful strategy to identify novel selective kinase inhibitors on the basis of detailed kinase–ligand interaction space in the PDB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- The Fourth Department of Medical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin-Feng Ning
- The Thoracic Surgery Department, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing-Wei Meng
- The Fourth Department of Medical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Hu
- The Fourth Department of Medical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan-Bin Zhao
- The Fourth Department of Medical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Liu
- General Surgery Department, Mudanjiang Guanliju Central Hospital, Mishan, Heilongjiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Cai
- The Fourth Department of Medical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, People's Republic of China
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210
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Ramirez UD, Nikonova AS, Liu H, Pecherskaya A, Lawrence SH, Serebriiskii IG, Zhou Y, Robinson MK, Einarson MB, Golemis EA, Jaffe EK. Compounds identified by virtual docking to a tetrameric EGFR extracellular domain can modulate Grb2 internalization. BMC Cancer 2015; 15:436. [PMID: 26016476 PMCID: PMC4451962 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-015-1415-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Overexpression or mutation of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) potently enhances the growth of many solid tumors. Tumor cells frequently display resistance to mechanistically-distinct EGFR-directed therapeutic agents, making it valuable to develop therapeutics that work by additional mechanisms. Current EGFR-targeting therapeutics include antibodies targeting the extracellular domains, and small molecules inhibiting the intracellular kinase domain. Recent studies have identified a novel prone extracellular tetrameric EGFR configuration, which we identify as a potential target for drug discovery. Methods Our focus is on the prone EGFR tetramer, which contains a novel protein-protein interface involving extracellular domain III. This EGFR tetramer is computationally targeted for stabilization by small molecule ligand binding. This study performed virtual screening of a Life Chemicals, Inc. small molecule library of 345,232 drug-like compounds against a molecular dynamics simulation of protein-protein interfaces distinct to the novel tetramer. One hundred nine chemically diverse candidate molecules were selected and evaluated using a cell-based high-content imaging screen that directly assessed induced internalization of the EGFR effector protein Grb2. Positive hits were further evaluated for influence on phosphorylation of EGFR and its effector ERK1/2. Results Fourteen hit compounds affected internalization of Grb2, an adaptor responsive to EGFR activation. Most hits had limited effect on cell viability, and minimally influenced EGFR and ERK1/2 phosphorylation. Docked hit compound poses generally include Arg270 or neighboring residues, which are also involved in binding the effective therapeutic cetuximab, guiding further chemical optimization. Conclusions These data suggest that the EGFR tetrameric configuration offers a novel cancer drug target. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12885-015-1415-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ursula D Ramirez
- Molecular Therapeutics Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, 333 Cottman Ave, Philadelphia, PA, 19111, USA.
| | - Anna S Nikonova
- Molecular Therapeutics Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, 333 Cottman Ave, Philadelphia, PA, 19111, USA.
| | - Hanqing Liu
- Molecular Therapeutics Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, 333 Cottman Ave, Philadelphia, PA, 19111, USA.
| | - Anna Pecherskaya
- Translational Facility, Fox Chase Cancer Center, 333 Cottman Ave, Philadelphia, PA, 19111, USA.
| | - Sarah H Lawrence
- Molecular Therapeutics Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, 333 Cottman Ave, Philadelphia, PA, 19111, USA.
| | - Ilya G Serebriiskii
- Molecular Therapeutics Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, 333 Cottman Ave, Philadelphia, PA, 19111, USA. .,Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia.
| | - Yan Zhou
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Facility, Fox Chase Cancer Center, 333 Cottman Ave, Philadelphia, PA, 19111, USA.
| | - Matthew K Robinson
- Molecular Therapeutics Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, 333 Cottman Ave, Philadelphia, PA, 19111, USA.
| | - Margret B Einarson
- Translational Facility, Fox Chase Cancer Center, 333 Cottman Ave, Philadelphia, PA, 19111, USA.
| | - Erica A Golemis
- Molecular Therapeutics Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, 333 Cottman Ave, Philadelphia, PA, 19111, USA.
| | - Eileen K Jaffe
- Molecular Therapeutics Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, 333 Cottman Ave, Philadelphia, PA, 19111, USA.
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Menendez JA, Schroeder B, Peirce SK, Vellon L, Papadimitropoulou A, Espinoza I, Lupu R. Blockade of a key region in the extracellular domain inhibits HER2 dimerization and signaling. J Natl Cancer Inst 2015; 107:djv090. [PMID: 25888715 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djv090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several treatment strategies target the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) in breast carcinomas, including monoclonal antibodies directed against HER2's extracellular domain (ECD) and small molecule inhibitors of its tyrosine kinase activity. Yet, novel therapies are needed that prevent HER2 dimerization with other HER family members, because current treatments are only partially effective. METHODS To test the hypothesis that HER2 activation requires a protein sequence in the HER2-ECD that mediates HER2 homo- and heterodimerization, we introduced a series of deletion mutations in the third subdomain of HER2-ECD. These deletion mutants were retrovirally expressed in breast cancer (BC) cells that naturally overexpress HER2 and in noncancerous, HER2-negative breast epithelial cells. One-factor analysis of variance or Student's t test were used to analyze differences. All statistical tests were two-sided. RESULTS The smallest deletion in the ECD domain of HER2, which removed only 16 amino acids (HER2-ECDΔ451-466), completely disrupted the oncogenic potential of HER2. In contrast to wild-type HER2, the mutant-inhibited anchorage-independent growth (mean number of colonies: mutant, 70, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 55 to 85; wild-type, 400, 95% CI = 320 to 480, P < .001) increased sensitivity to paclitaxel treatment in both transformed and nontransformed cells. Overexpression of HER2Δ451-466 efficiently inhibited activation of HER1, HER2, and HER3 in all cell lines tested. CONCLUSIONS These findings reveal that an essential "activating" sequence exists in the extracellular domain of HER2. Disruption of this sequence disables the HER2 dimerization loop, blocks subsequent activation of HER2-driven oncogenic signaling, and generates a dominant-negative form of HER2. Reagents specifically against this molecular activation switch may represent a novel targeted approach for the management of HER2-overexpressing carcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier A Menendez
- Catalan Institute of Oncology and Girona Biomedical Research Institute, Avenida de Francia S/N, E-17007 Girona, Catalonia, Spain (JAM); Department of Medicine and Experimental Pathology (BS, IE, RL) and Mayo Clinic Cancer Center (per institutional guidelines) (BS, RL), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Kateric CRO, Clemson, SC (SKP); IBYME, CONICET-Laboratorio de Immunohematología, Laboratorio de Química de Proteoglicanos y Matriz Extracelular, Buenos Aires, Argentina (LV); Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Immunobiotechnology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, Greece (AP); Cancer Institute, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS (IE)
| | - Barbara Schroeder
- Catalan Institute of Oncology and Girona Biomedical Research Institute, Avenida de Francia S/N, E-17007 Girona, Catalonia, Spain (JAM); Department of Medicine and Experimental Pathology (BS, IE, RL) and Mayo Clinic Cancer Center (per institutional guidelines) (BS, RL), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Kateric CRO, Clemson, SC (SKP); IBYME, CONICET-Laboratorio de Immunohematología, Laboratorio de Química de Proteoglicanos y Matriz Extracelular, Buenos Aires, Argentina (LV); Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Immunobiotechnology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, Greece (AP); Cancer Institute, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS (IE)
| | - Susan K Peirce
- Catalan Institute of Oncology and Girona Biomedical Research Institute, Avenida de Francia S/N, E-17007 Girona, Catalonia, Spain (JAM); Department of Medicine and Experimental Pathology (BS, IE, RL) and Mayo Clinic Cancer Center (per institutional guidelines) (BS, RL), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Kateric CRO, Clemson, SC (SKP); IBYME, CONICET-Laboratorio de Immunohematología, Laboratorio de Química de Proteoglicanos y Matriz Extracelular, Buenos Aires, Argentina (LV); Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Immunobiotechnology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, Greece (AP); Cancer Institute, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS (IE)
| | - Luciano Vellon
- Catalan Institute of Oncology and Girona Biomedical Research Institute, Avenida de Francia S/N, E-17007 Girona, Catalonia, Spain (JAM); Department of Medicine and Experimental Pathology (BS, IE, RL) and Mayo Clinic Cancer Center (per institutional guidelines) (BS, RL), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Kateric CRO, Clemson, SC (SKP); IBYME, CONICET-Laboratorio de Immunohematología, Laboratorio de Química de Proteoglicanos y Matriz Extracelular, Buenos Aires, Argentina (LV); Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Immunobiotechnology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, Greece (AP); Cancer Institute, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS (IE)
| | - Adriana Papadimitropoulou
- Catalan Institute of Oncology and Girona Biomedical Research Institute, Avenida de Francia S/N, E-17007 Girona, Catalonia, Spain (JAM); Department of Medicine and Experimental Pathology (BS, IE, RL) and Mayo Clinic Cancer Center (per institutional guidelines) (BS, RL), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Kateric CRO, Clemson, SC (SKP); IBYME, CONICET-Laboratorio de Immunohematología, Laboratorio de Química de Proteoglicanos y Matriz Extracelular, Buenos Aires, Argentina (LV); Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Immunobiotechnology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, Greece (AP); Cancer Institute, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS (IE)
| | - Ingrid Espinoza
- Catalan Institute of Oncology and Girona Biomedical Research Institute, Avenida de Francia S/N, E-17007 Girona, Catalonia, Spain (JAM); Department of Medicine and Experimental Pathology (BS, IE, RL) and Mayo Clinic Cancer Center (per institutional guidelines) (BS, RL), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Kateric CRO, Clemson, SC (SKP); IBYME, CONICET-Laboratorio de Immunohematología, Laboratorio de Química de Proteoglicanos y Matriz Extracelular, Buenos Aires, Argentina (LV); Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Immunobiotechnology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, Greece (AP); Cancer Institute, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS (IE)
| | - Ruth Lupu
- Catalan Institute of Oncology and Girona Biomedical Research Institute, Avenida de Francia S/N, E-17007 Girona, Catalonia, Spain (JAM); Department of Medicine and Experimental Pathology (BS, IE, RL) and Mayo Clinic Cancer Center (per institutional guidelines) (BS, RL), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Kateric CRO, Clemson, SC (SKP); IBYME, CONICET-Laboratorio de Immunohematología, Laboratorio de Química de Proteoglicanos y Matriz Extracelular, Buenos Aires, Argentina (LV); Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Immunobiotechnology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, Greece (AP); Cancer Institute, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS (IE).
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Zhen Q, Liu JF, Liu JB, Wang RF, Chu WW, Zhang YX, Tan GL, Zhao XJ, Lv BL. Endothelial PAS domain-containing protein 1 confers TKI-resistance by mediating EGFR and MET pathways in non-small cell lung cancer cells. Cancer Biol Ther 2015; 16:549-57. [PMID: 25831463 DOI: 10.1080/15384047.2015.1016689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) rendering it constitutively active is one of the major causes for metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), and EGFR-targeted therapies utilizing tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) are often used clinically as the first-line treatment. But approximately half of NSCLC patients develop resistance to these therapies, where the MET proto-oncogene is amplified by EGFR through the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α. Here we report that endothelial PAS domain-containing protein 1 (EPAS1), with 48% sequence identity to HIF-1α, specifically binds to TKI-resistant T790M EGFR, but not to wild-type EGFR, in NSCLC cell lines. Expression of EPAS1 enhances amplification of MET when simultaneously expressed with T790M EGFR but not with wild-type EGFR, and this enhancement is independent of ligand binding domain of EGFR. MET amplification requires EPAS1, since EPAS1 knock-down reduced MET levels. When NSCLC cells expressing T790M EGFR were treated with TKIs, reduced EPAS1 levels significantly enhanced the drug effect, whereas over-expression of EPAS1 increased the drug resistant effect. This EPAS1-dependent TKI-resistance was abolished by knocking-down MET, suggesting that EPAS1 does not cause TKI-resistance itself but functions to bridge EGFR and MET interactions. Our findings suggest that EPAS1 is a key factor in the EGFR-MET crosstalk in conferring TKI-resistance in NSCLC cases, and could be used as a potential therapeutic target in TKI-resistant NSCLC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Zhen
- a Department of Thoracic Surgery; Shijiazhuang No.1 Hospital ; Shijiazhuang , Hebei Province , China
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213
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Abstract
Since determination of the myoglobin structure in 1957, X-ray crystallography, as the anchoring tool of structural biology, has played an instrumental role in deciphering the secrets of life. Knowledge gained through X-ray crystallography has fundamentally advanced our views on cellular processes and greatly facilitated development of modern medicine. In this brief narrative, I describe my personal understanding of the evolution of structural biology through X-ray crystallography-using as examples mechanistic understanding of protein kinases and integral membrane proteins-and comment on the impact of technological development and outlook of X-ray crystallography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yigong Shi
- Center for Structural Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences and School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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214
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N-Glycosylation as determinant of epidermal growth factor receptor conformation in membranes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:4334-9. [PMID: 25805821 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1503262112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) regulates several critical cellular processes and is an important target for cancer therapy. In lieu of a crystallographic structure of the complete receptor, atomistic molecular dynamics (MD) simulations have recently shown that they can excel in studies of the full-length receptor. Here we present atomistic MD simulations of the monomeric N-glycosylated human EGFR in biomimetic lipid bilayers that are, in parallel, also used for the reconstitution of full-length receptors. This combination enabled us to experimentally validate our simulations, using ligand binding assays and antibodies to monitor the conformational properties of the receptor reconstituted into membranes. We find that N-glycosylation is a critical determinant of EGFR conformation, and specifically the orientation of the EGFR ectodomain relative to the membrane. In the absence of a structure for full-length, posttranslationally modified membrane receptors, our approach offers new means to structurally define and experimentally validate functional properties of cell surface receptors in biomimetic membrane environments.
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215
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Hanold LE, Watkins CP, Ton NT, Liaw P, Beedle AM, Kennedy EJ. Design of a selenylsulfide-bridged EGFR dimerization arm mimic. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:2761-6. [PMID: 25840798 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.03.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Revised: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) dimerization arm is a key feature that stabilizes dimerization of the extracellular receptor, thereby mediating activation of the tyrosine kinase domain. Peptides mimicking this β-loop feature can disrupt dimer formation and kinase activation, yet these peptides lack structural constraints or contain redox sensitive disulfide bonds which may limit their stability in physiological environments. Selenylsulfide bonds are a promising alternative to disulfide bonds as they maintain much of the same structural and chemical behavior, yet they are inherently less prone to reduction. Herein, we describe the synthesis, stability and activity of selenylsulfide-bridged dimerization arm mimics. The synthesis was accomplished using an Fmoc-based strategy along with C-terminal labeling for improved overall yield. This selenylsulfide-bridged peptide displayed both proteolytic stability and structural stability even under reducing conditions, demonstrating the potential application of the selenylsulfide bond to generate redox stable β-loop peptides for disruption of protein-protein interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura E Hanold
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia College of Pharmacy, 240 W. Green St., Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Christopher P Watkins
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia College of Pharmacy, 240 W. Green St., Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Norman T Ton
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia College of Pharmacy, 240 W. Green St., Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Peter Liaw
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia College of Pharmacy, 240 W. Green St., Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Aaron M Beedle
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia College of Pharmacy, 240 W. Green St., Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Eileen J Kennedy
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia College of Pharmacy, 240 W. Green St., Athens, GA 30602, USA.
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216
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Hanold LE, Oruganty K, Ton NT, Beedle AM, Kannan N, Kennedy EJ. Inhibiting EGFR dimerization using triazolyl-bridged dimerization arm mimics. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0118796. [PMID: 25790232 PMCID: PMC4366150 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0118796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is overexpressed in multiple carcinomas and is the focus of a variety of targeted therapies. Here we report the design of peptide-based compounds that mimic the EGFR dimerization arm and inhibit allosteric activation of EGFR. These peptides are modified to contain a triazolyl bridge between the peptide strands to constrain the EGFR dimerization arm β-loop. In this study, we demonstrate that these peptides have significantly improved proteolytic stability over the non-modified peptide sequence, and their inhibitory effects are dependent on the number of the methylene units and orientation of the introduced triazolyl bridge. We identified a peptide, EDA2, which downregulates receptor phosphorylation and dimerization and reduces cell viability. This is the first example of a biologically active triazolyl-bridged peptide targeting the EGFR dimerization interface that effectively downregulates EGFR activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura E. Hanold
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Krishnadev Oruganty
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Norman T. Ton
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Aaron M. Beedle
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Natarajan Kannan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Eileen J. Kennedy
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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217
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Coban O, Zanetti-Dominguez LC, Matthews DR, Rolfe DJ, Weitsman G, Barber PR, Barbeau J, Devauges V, Kampmeier F, Winn M, Vojnovic B, Parker PJ, Lidke KA, Lidke DS, Ameer-Beg SM, Martin-Fernandez ML, Ng T. Effect of phosphorylation on EGFR dimer stability probed by single-molecule dynamics and FRET/FLIM. Biophys J 2015; 108:1013-26. [PMID: 25762314 PMCID: PMC4375452 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2015.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Revised: 12/06/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Deregulation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling has been correlated with the development of a variety of human carcinomas. EGF-induced receptor dimerization and consequent trans- auto-phosphorylation are among the earliest events in signal transduction. Binding of EGF is thought to induce a conformational change that consequently unfolds an ectodomain loop required for dimerization indirectly. It may also induce important allosteric changes in the cytoplasmic domain. Despite extensive knowledge on the physiological activation of EGFR, the effect of targeted therapies on receptor conformation is not known and this particular aspect of receptor function, which can potentially be influenced by drug treatment, may in part explain the heterogeneous clinical response among cancer patients. Here, we used Förster resonance energy transfer/fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FRET/FLIM) combined with two-color single-molecule tracking to study the effect of ATP-competitive small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) and phosphatase-based manipulation of EGFR phosphorylation on live cells. The distribution of dimer on-times was fitted to a monoexponential to extract dimer off-rates (koff). Our data show that pretreatment with gefitinib (active conformation binder) stabilizes the EGFR ligand-bound homodimer. Overexpression of EGFR-specific DEP-1 phosphatase was also found to have a stabilizing effect on the homodimer. No significant difference in the koff of the dimer could be detected when an anti-EGFR antibody (425 Snap single-chain variable fragment) that allows for dimerization of ligand-bound receptors, but not phosphorylation, was used. These results suggest that both the conformation of the extracellular domain and phosphorylation status of the receptor are involved in modulating the stability of the dimer. The relative fractions of these two EGFR subpopulations (interacting versus free) were obtained by a fractional-intensity analysis of ensemble FRET/FLIM images. Our combined imaging approach showed that both the fraction and affinity (surrogate of conformation at a single-molecule level) increased after gefitinib pretreatment or DEP-1 phosphatase overexpression. Using an EGFR mutation (I706Q, V948R) that perturbs the ability of EGFR to dimerize intracellularly, we showed that a modest drug-induced increase in the fraction/stability of the EGFR homodimer may have a significant biological impact on the tumor cell's proliferation potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oana Coban
- Richard Dimbleby Department of Cancer Research, King's College London, London, UK; Randall Division of Cellular and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London, UK.
| | - Laura C Zanetti-Dominguez
- Science and Technology Facilities Council, Research Complex at Harwell, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, UK
| | - Daniel R Matthews
- Richard Dimbleby Department of Cancer Research, King's College London, London, UK; Randall Division of Cellular and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Daniel J Rolfe
- Science and Technology Facilities Council, Research Complex at Harwell, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, UK
| | - Gregory Weitsman
- Richard Dimbleby Department of Cancer Research, King's College London, London, UK; Randall Division of Cellular and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Paul R Barber
- Gray Institute for Radiation Oncology & Biology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jody Barbeau
- Richard Dimbleby Department of Cancer Research, King's College London, London, UK; Randall Division of Cellular and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Viviane Devauges
- Richard Dimbleby Department of Cancer Research, King's College London, London, UK; Randall Division of Cellular and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Florian Kampmeier
- Division of Imaging Sciences, King's College London, The Rayne Institute, St. Thomas Hospital, London, UK
| | - Martyn Winn
- Computational Science and Engineering Department, Science and Technology Facilities Council, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, UK
| | - Borivoj Vojnovic
- Randall Division of Cellular and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London, UK; Gray Institute for Radiation Oncology & Biology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Peter J Parker
- Division of Cancer Studies, King's College London, London, UK; Cancer Research UK, London Research Institute, London, UK
| | - Keith A Lidke
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Diane S Lidke
- Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico; Cancer Research and Treatment Center, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Simon M Ameer-Beg
- Richard Dimbleby Department of Cancer Research, King's College London, London, UK; Randall Division of Cellular and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London, UK; Division of Cancer Studies, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Marisa L Martin-Fernandez
- Science and Technology Facilities Council, Research Complex at Harwell, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, UK
| | - Tony Ng
- Richard Dimbleby Department of Cancer Research, King's College London, London, UK; Randall Division of Cellular and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London, UK; Division of Cancer Studies, King's College London, London, UK
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218
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Fock V, Plessl K, Fuchs R, Dekan S, Milla SK, Haider S, Fiala C, Knöfler M, Pollheimer J. Trophoblast subtype-specific EGFR/ERBB4 expression correlates with cell cycle progression and hyperplasia in complete hydatidiform moles. Hum Reprod 2015; 30:789-99. [DOI: 10.1093/humrep/dev027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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219
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Dawood S, Sirohi B. Pertuzumab: a new anti-HER2 drug in the management of women with breast cancer. Future Oncol 2015; 11:923-31. [DOI: 10.2217/fon.15.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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220
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Preclinical pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and efficacy of RG7116: a novel humanized, glycoengineered anti-HER3 antibody. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2015; 75:837-50. [PMID: 25702049 PMCID: PMC4365277 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-015-2697-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 01/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Purpose RG7116 is a novel anti-HER3 therapeutic antibody that inhibits HER3 signalling and induces antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity of tumor cells due to a glycoengineered antibody Fc moiety. We investigated the efficacy and pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic properties of HER3 signal inhibition by RG7116 in a murine xenograft model of human head and neck cancer. Methods SCID-beige mice bearing FaDu cells were treated with RG7116 at a weekly dose of 0.3–10 mg/kg, and tumor growth control and modulation of selected proteins (HER3 and AKT) were examined. Results Complete tumor stasis up to Day 46 was observed at a dose >3 mg/kg, and this dose down-modulated membrane HER3 expression and inhibited HER3 and AKT phosphorylation. Systemic RG7116 exposure was greater than dose-proportional and total clearance declined with increasing dose, indicating that RG7116 elimination is target-mediated. This is consistent with the better efficacy, and the HER3 and pAKT inhibition, that was observed at doses >1 mg/kg. Tumor regrowth occurred from Day 46 onwards and was associated with HER1 and HER2 upregulation, indicating the activation of alternative HER escape pathways. Modulation of HER3 and phospho-HER3 was also demonstrated in the skin and mucosa of an RG7116-treated cynomolgus monkey, suggesting that these may be useful surrogate tissues for monitoring RG7116 activity. Conclusions These data confirm the promising efficacy of RG7116 and highlight the value of assessing the PK behavior of the antibody and measuring target protein modulation as a marker of biological activity. Clinical development of RG7116 has now begun, and phase I trials are ongoing.
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221
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Peess C, von Proff L, Goller S, Andersson K, Gerg M, Malmqvist M, Bossenmaier B, Schräml M. Deciphering the stepwise binding mode of HRG1β to HER3 by surface plasmon resonance and interaction map. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0116870. [PMID: 25658697 PMCID: PMC4319926 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0116870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
For the development of efficient anti-cancer therapeutics against the HER receptor family it is indispensable to understand the mechanistic model of the HER receptor activation upon ligand binding. Due to its high complexity the binding mode of Heregulin 1 beta (HRG1β) with its receptor HER3 is so far not understood. Analysis of the interaction of HRG1β with surface immobilized HER3 extracellular domain by time-resolved Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) was so far not interpretable using any regular analysis method as the interaction was highly complex. Here, we show that Interaction Map (IM) made it possible to shed light on this interaction. IM allowed deciphering the rate limiting kinetic contributions from complex SPR sensorgrams and thereby enabling the extraction of discrete kinetic rate components from the apparently heterogeneous interactions. We could resolve details from the complex avidity-driven binding mode of HRG1β with HER3 by using a combination of SPR and IM data. Our findings contribute to the general understanding that a major conformational change of HER3 during its activation is induced by a complex sequential HRG1β docking mode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Peess
- Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Penzberg, Germany
- * E-mail:
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222
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Alaoui-Jamali MA, Morand GB, da Silva SD. ErbB polymorphisms: insights and implications for response to targeted cancer therapeutics. Front Genet 2015; 6:17. [PMID: 25699077 PMCID: PMC4316710 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2015.00017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Advances in high-throughput genomic-scanning have expanded the repertory of genetic variations in DNA sequences encoding ErbB tyrosine kinase receptors in humans, including single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), polymorphic repetitive elements, microsatellite variations, small-scale insertions and deletions. The ErbB family members: EGFR, ErbB2, ErbB3, and ErbB4 receptors are established as drivers of many aspects of tumor initiation and progression to metastasis. This knowledge has provided rationales for the development of an arsenal of anti-ErbB therapeutics, ranging from small molecule kinase inhibitors to monoclonal antibodies. Anti-ErbB agents are becoming the cornerstone therapeutics for the management of cancers that overexpress hyperactive variants of ErbB receptors, in particular ErbB2-positive breast cancer and non-small cell lung carcinomas. However, their clinical benefit has been limited to a subset of patients due to a wide heterogeneity in drug response despite the expression of the ErbB targets, attributed to intrinsic (primary) and to acquired (secondary) resistance. Somatic mutations in ErbB tyrosine kinase domains have been extensively investigated in preclinical and clinical setting as determinants for either high sensitivity or resistance to anti-ErbB therapeutics. In contrast, only scant information is available on the impact of SNPs, which are widespread in genes encoding ErbB receptors, on receptor structure and activity, and their predictive values for drug susceptibility. This review aims to briefly update polymorphic variations in genes encoding ErbB receptors based on recent advances in deep sequencing technologies, and to address challenging issues for a better understanding of the functional impact of single versus combined SNPs in ErbB genes to receptor topology, receptor-drug interaction, and drug susceptibility. The potential of exploiting SNPs in the era of stratified targeted therapeutics is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moulay A Alaoui-Jamali
- Departments of Medicine and Oncology, Segal Cancer Centre and Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Sir Mortimer B. Davis-Jewish General Hospital, McGill University Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Grégoire B Morand
- Departments of Medicine and Oncology, Segal Cancer Centre and Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Sir Mortimer B. Davis-Jewish General Hospital, McGill University Montreal, QC, Canada ; Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Sir Mortimer B. Davis-Jewish General Hospital, McGill University Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Sabrina Daniela da Silva
- Departments of Medicine and Oncology, Segal Cancer Centre and Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Sir Mortimer B. Davis-Jewish General Hospital, McGill University Montreal, QC, Canada ; Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Sir Mortimer B. Davis-Jewish General Hospital, McGill University Montreal, QC, Canada
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223
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Ward MD, Leahy DJ. Kinase activator-receiver preference in ErbB heterodimers is determined by intracellular regions and is not coupled to extracellular asymmetry. J Biol Chem 2014; 290:1570-9. [PMID: 25468910 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.612085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The EGF receptor (EGFR) family comprises four homologs in humans collectively known as the ErbB or HER proteins. ErbB proteins are receptor tyrosine kinases that become activated when ligands bind to their extracellular regions and promote formation of specific homo- and heterodimers with enhanced tyrosine kinase activity. An essential feature of ErbB activation is formation of an asymmetric kinase dimer in which the C-terminal lobe of one kinase serves as the activator or donor kinase by binding the N-terminal lobe of a receiver or acceptor kinase and stabilizing its active conformation. ErbB extracellular regions are also thought to form active asymmetric dimers in which only one subunit binds ligand. The observation that the unliganded ErbB2 kinase preferentially serves as the activator kinase when paired with EGFR/ErbB1 implied that extracellular asymmetry in ErbB proteins might be coupled to intracellular asymmetry with unliganded partners favoring the activator kinase position. Using cell-based stimulation assays and chimeric ErbB proteins, we show that extracellular asymmetry is not coupled to intracellular asymmetry and that ErbB intracellular regions are sufficient to determine relative kinase activator-receiver orientation. We further show a hierarchy of activator-receiver preferences among ErbB proteins, with EGFR/ErbB1 being the strongest receiver, followed by ErbB2 and then ErbB4, and that cis-phosphorylation of EGFR and ErbB2 appears to be negligible. This hierarchy shapes the nature of signaling responses to different ligands in cells expressing multiple ErbB proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Ward
- From the Department of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - Daniel J Leahy
- From the Department of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
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224
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RETRACTED: Silencing EGFR/HER3 signaling with a novel anti-EGFR domain II/IV antibody. Cancer Lett 2014; 357:374-383. [PMID: 25434797 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2014.11.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Revised: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Dysfunction of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) family, is the key process in tumorigenesis, and anti-EGFR therapeutic strategies such as cetuximab therapy now are used in the treatment of cancer. However, resistance to cetuximab is commonly reported. Comprehensive blockade of EGFR signaling using different antibodies might be critical to treat cancer effectively and limit drug resistance with potent novel mechanisms. Here, we launch a screen of a phage display library to isolate a novel anti-EGFR antibody, YAH627. YAH627 exhibits superior efficacy in inhibiting EGFR activation, particularly by blocking EGF/HRG-induced EGFR/HER3 heterodimerization and signaling, verifying it as an impressive candidate for clinical translation as a therapeutic antibody. Moreover, we use epitope analysis validates that the epitope of this antibody is within domains II and IV of EGFR and traps EGFR in a silent conformation. Moreover, combining YAH627 with cetuximab produces synergistic antitumor activity in vitro and in vivo. Taken together, our report establishes that YAH627 possesses a novel mechanism of action that, in combination with cetuximab, may achieve clinical efficacy in EGFR-driven cancers.
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225
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King C, Sarabipour S, Byrne P, Leahy DJ, Hristova K. The FRET signatures of noninteracting proteins in membranes: simulations and experiments. Biophys J 2014; 106:1309-17. [PMID: 24655506 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2014.01.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Revised: 01/08/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) experiments are often used to study interactions between integral membrane proteins in cellular membranes. However, in addition to the FRET of sequence-specific interactions, these experiments invariably record a contribution due to proximity FRET, which occurs when a donor and an acceptor approach each other by chance within distances of ∼100 Å. This effect does not reflect specific interactions in the membrane and is frequently unappreciated, despite the fact that its magnitude can be significant. Here we develop a computational description of proximity FRET, simulating the cases of proximity FRET when fluorescent proteins are used to tag monomeric, dimeric, trimeric, and tetrameric membrane proteins, as well as membrane proteins existing in monomer-dimer equilibria. We also perform rigorous experimental measurements of this effect, by identifying membrane receptors that do not associate in mammalian membranes. We measure the FRET efficiencies between yellow fluorescent protein and mCherry-tagged versions of these receptors in plasma-membrane-derived vesicles as a function of receptor concentration. Finally, we demonstrate that the experimental measurements are well described by our predictions. The work presented here brings additional rigor to FRET-based studies of membrane protein interactions, and should have broad utility in membrane biophysics research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher King
- Program in Molecular Biophysics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Sarvenaz Sarabipour
- Department of Materials Sciences and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Patrick Byrne
- Program in Molecular Biophysics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Daniel J Leahy
- Program in Molecular Biophysics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland; Department of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Kalina Hristova
- Department of Materials Sciences and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland; Program in Molecular Biophysics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland.
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226
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Mujoo K, Choi BK, Huang Z, Zhang N, An Z. Regulation of ERBB3/HER3 signaling in cancer. Oncotarget 2014; 5:10222-36. [PMID: 25400118 PMCID: PMC4279368 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 11/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
ERBB3/HER3 is emerging as a molecular target for various cancers. HER3 is overexpressed and activated in a number of cancer types under the conditions of acquired resistance to other HER family therapeutic interventions such as tyrosine kinase inhibitors and antibody therapies. Regulation of the HER3 expression and signaling involves numerous HER3 interacting proteins. These proteins include PI3K, Shc, and E3 ubiquitin ligases NEDD4 and Nrdp1. Furthermore, recent identification of a number of HER3 oncogenic mutations in colon and gastric cancers elucidate the role of HER3 in cancer development. Despite the strong evidence regarding the role of HER3 in cancer, the current understanding of the regulation of HER3 expression and activation requires additional research. Moreover, the lack of biomarkers for HER3-driven cancer poses a big challenge for the clinical development of HER3 targeting antibodies. Therefore, a better understanding of HER3 regulation should improve the strategies to therapeutically target HER3 for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalpana Mujoo
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
- Current address: Department of Radiation Oncology, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX
| | - Byung-Kwon Choi
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Zhao Huang
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Ningyan Zhang
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Zhiqiang An
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
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D’Souza JW, Reddy S, Goldsmith LE, Shchaveleva I, Marks JD, Litwin S, Robinson MK. Combining anti-ERBB3 antibodies specific for domain I and domain III enhances the anti-tumor activity over the individual monoclonal antibodies. PLoS One 2014; 9:e112376. [PMID: 25386657 PMCID: PMC4227695 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0112376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2013] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Inappropriate signaling through the epidermal growth factor receptor family (EGFR1/ERBB1, ERBB2/HER2, ERBB3/HER3, and ERBB4/HER4) of receptor tyrosine kinases leads to unregulated activation of multiple downstream signaling pathways that are linked to cancer formation and progression. In particular, ERBB3 plays a critical role in linking ERBB signaling to the phosphoinositide 3-kinase and Akt signaling pathway and increased levels of ERBB3-dependent signaling is also increasingly recognized as a mechanism for acquired resistance to ERBB-targeted therapies. Methods We had previously reported the isolation of a panel of anti-ERBB3 single-chain Fv antibodies through use of phage-display technology. In the current study scFv specific for domain I (F4) and domain III (A5) were converted into human IgG1 formats and analyzed for efficacy. Results Treatment of cells with an oligoclonal mixture of the A5/F4 IgGs appeared more effective at blocking both ligand-induced and ligand-independent signaling through ERBB3 than either single IgG alone. This correlated with improved ability to inhibit the cell growth both as a single agent and in combination with other ERBB-targeted therapies. Treatment of NCI-N87 tumor xenografts with the A5/F4 oligoclonal led to a statistically significant decrease in tumor growth rate that was further enhanced in combination with trastuzumab. Conclusion These results suggest that an oligoclonal antibody mixture may be a more effective approach to downregulate ERBB3-dependent signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimson W. D’Souza
- Molecular Therapeutics Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Smitha Reddy
- Molecular Therapeutics Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Lisa E. Goldsmith
- Molecular Therapeutics Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Irina Shchaveleva
- Molecular Therapeutics Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - James D. Marks
- Department of Anesthesia and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Samuel Litwin
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Facility, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Matthew K. Robinson
- Molecular Therapeutics Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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228
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Kanthala S, Banappagari S, Gokhale A, Liu YY, Xin G, Zhao Y, Jois S. Novel Peptidomimetics for Inhibition of HER2:HER3 Heterodimerization in HER2-Positive Breast Cancer. Chem Biol Drug Des 2014; 85:702-714. [PMID: 25346057 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.12453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2014] [Revised: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The current approach to treating HER2-overexpressed breast cancer is the use of monoclonal antibodies or a combination of antibodies with traditional chemotherapeutic agents or kinase inhibitors. Our approach is to target clinically validated HER2 domain IV with peptidomimetics and inhibit the protein-protein interactions (PPI) of HERs. Unlike antibodies, peptidomimetics have advantages in terms of stability, modification, and molecular size. We have designed peptidomimetics (compounds 5 and 9) that bind to HER2 domain IV, inhibit protein-protein interactions, and decrease cell viability in breast cancer cells with HER2 overexpression. We have shown, using enzyme fragment complementation and proximity ligation assays, that peptidomimetics inhibit the PPI of HER2:HER3. Compounds 5 and 9 suppressed the tumor growth in a xenograft mouse model. Furthermore, we have shown that these compounds inhibit PPI of HER2:HER3 and phosphorylation of HER2 as compared to control in tissue samples derived from in vivo studies. The stability of the compounds was also investigated in mouse serum, and the compounds exhibited stability with a half-life of up to 3 h. These results suggest that the novel peptidomimetics we have developed target the extracellular domain of HER2 protein and inhibit HER2:HER3 interaction, providing a novel method to treat HER2-positive cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanthi Kanthala
- Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe, Monroe LA 71201
| | - Sashikanth Banappagari
- Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe, Monroe LA 71201
| | - Ameya Gokhale
- Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe, Monroe LA 71201
| | - Yong-Yu Liu
- Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe, Monroe LA 71201
| | - Gu Xin
- Department of Pharmacology, LSU Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA 71103
| | - Yunfeng Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology, LSU Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA 71103
| | - Seetharama Jois
- Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe, Monroe LA 71201
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229
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Kosmidis EK, Moschou V, Ziogas G, Boukovinas I, Albani M, Laskaris NA. Functional aspects of the EGF-induced MAP kinase cascade: a complex self-organizing system approach. PLoS One 2014; 9:e111612. [PMID: 25372488 PMCID: PMC4221048 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0111612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 09/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The EGF-induced MAP kinase cascade is one of the most important and best characterized networks in intracellular signalling. It has a vital role in the development and maturation of living organisms. However, when deregulated, it is involved in the onset of a number of diseases. Based on a computational model describing a "surface" and an "internalized" parallel route, we use systems biology techniques to characterize aspects of the network's functional organization. We examine the re-organization of protein groups from low to high external stimulation, define functional groups of proteins within the network, determine the parameter best encoding for input intensity and predict the effect of protein removal to the system's output response. Extensive functional re-organization of proteins is observed in the lower end of stimulus concentrations. As we move to higher concentrations the variability is less pronounced. 6 functional groups have emerged from a consensus clustering approach, reflecting different dynamical aspects of the network. Mutual information investigation revealed that the maximum activation rate of the two output proteins best encodes for stimulus intensity. Removal of each protein of the network resulted in a range of graded effects, from complete silencing to intense activation. Our results provide a new "vista" of the EGF-induced MAP kinase cascade, from the perspective of complex self-organizing systems. Functional grouping of the proteins reveals an organizational scheme contrasting the current understanding of modular topology. The six identified groups may provide the means to experimentally follow the dynamics of this complex network. Also, the vulnerability analysis approach may be used for the development of novel therapeutic targets in the context of personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efstratios K. Kosmidis
- Laboratory of Physiology, Department of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, University Campus, Thessaloniki, Greece
- * E-mail:
| | - Vasiliki Moschou
- Laboratory of Physiology, Department of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, University Campus, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Georgios Ziogas
- AIIA Laboratory, Department of Informatics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, University Campus, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | | | - Maria Albani
- Laboratory of Physiology, Department of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, University Campus, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Nikolaos A. Laskaris
- AIIA Laboratory, Department of Informatics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, University Campus, Thessaloniki, Greece
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230
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Bessman NJ, Bagchi A, Ferguson KM, Lemmon MA. Complex relationship between ligand binding and dimerization in the epidermal growth factor receptor. Cell Rep 2014; 9:1306-17. [PMID: 25453753 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2014.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Revised: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) plays pivotal roles in development and is mutated or overexpressed in several cancers. Despite recent advances, the complex allosteric regulation of EGFR remains incompletely understood. Through efforts to understand why the negative cooperativity observed for intact EGFR is lost in studies of its isolated extracellular region (ECR), we uncovered unexpected relationships between ligand binding and receptor dimerization. The two processes appear to compete. Surprisingly, dimerization does not enhance ligand binding (although ligand binding promotes dimerization). We further show that simply forcing EGFR ECRs into preformed dimers without ligand yields ill-defined, heterogeneous structures. Finally, we demonstrate that extracellular EGFR-activating mutations in glioblastoma enhance ligand-binding affinity without directly promoting EGFR dimerization, suggesting that these oncogenic mutations alter the allosteric linkage between dimerization and ligand binding. Our findings have important implications for understanding how EGFR and its relatives are activated by specific ligands and pathological mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Bessman
- Graduate Group in Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Atrish Bagchi
- Graduate Group in Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Physiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Kathryn M Ferguson
- Graduate Group in Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Physiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Mark A Lemmon
- Graduate Group in Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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231
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A Meta-Analysis on the Relations between EGFR R521K Polymorphism and Risk of Cancer. Int J Genomics 2014; 2014:312102. [PMID: 25401099 PMCID: PMC4221867 DOI: 10.1155/2014/312102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The EGFR R521K polymorphism has been shown to reduce the activity of EGFR; however, the association between EGFR R521K polymorphism and the risk of cancer remains inconclusive; therefore we performed a meta-analysis to evaluate the relationship between EGFR R521K polymorphism and susceptibility to cancer. Our results suggest that the EGFR R521K polymorphism is not associated with risk of cancer, but the different chemosensitivity to anticancer drugs may need further investigation.
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232
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Emerging concepts in the regulation of the EGF receptor and other receptor tyrosine kinases. Trends Biochem Sci 2014; 39:437-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2014.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Revised: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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233
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF THE REVIEW The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is a receptor tyrosine kinase with a wide implication in tumor biology, wound healing and development. Besides acting as a growth factor receptor activated by ligands such as EGF, the EGFR can also be transactivated and thereby mediate cross-talk with different signaling pathways. The aim of this review is to illustrate the Janus-faced function of the EGFR in the vasculature with its relevance for vascular biology and disease. RECENT FINDINGS Over recent years, the number of identified signaling partners of the EGFR has steadily increased, as have the biological processes in which the EGFR is thought to be involved. Recently, new models have allowed investigation of EGFR effects in vivo, shedding some light on the overall function of the EGFR in the vasculature. At the same time, EGFR inhibitors and antibodies have become increasingly established in cancer therapy, providing potential therapeutic tools for decreasing EGFR signaling. SUMMARY The EGFR is a versatile signaling pathway integrator associated with vascular homeostasis and disease. In addition to modulating basal vascular tone and tissue homeostasis, the EGFR also seems to be involved in proinflammatory, proliferative, migratory and remodeling processes, with enhanced deposition of extracellular matrix components, thereby promoting vascular diseases such as hypertension or atherosclerosis.
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234
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Ko BK, Lee SY, Lee YH, Hwang IS, Persson H, Rockberg J, Borrebaeck C, Park D, Kim KT, Uhlen M, Lee JS. Combination of novel HER2-targeting antibody 1E11 with trastuzumab shows synergistic antitumor activity in HER2-positive gastric cancer. Mol Oncol 2014; 9:398-408. [PMID: 25306393 DOI: 10.1016/j.molonc.2014.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Revised: 08/29/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The synergistic interaction of two antibodies targeting the same protein could be developed as an effective anti-cancer therapy. Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) is overexpressed in 20-25% of breast and gastric cancer patients, and HER2-targeted antibody therapy using trastuzumab is effective in many of these patients. Nonetheless, improving therapeutic efficacy and patient survival is important, particularly in patients with HER2-positive gastric cancer. Here, we describe the development of 1E11, a HER2-targeted humanized monoclonal antibody showing increased efficacy in a highly synergistic manner in combination with trastuzumab in the HER2-overexpressing gastric cancer cell lines NCI-N87 and OE-19. The two antibodies bind to sub-domain IV of the receptor, but have non-overlapping epitopes, allowing them to simultaneously bind HER2. Treatment with 1E11 alone induced apoptosis in HER2-positive cancer cells, and this effect was enhanced by combination treatment with trastuzumab. Combination treatment with 1E11 and trastuzumab reduced the levels of total HER2 protein and those of aberrant HER2 signaling molecules including phosphorylated HER3 and EGFR. The synergistic antitumor activity of 1E11 in combination with trastuzumab indicates that it could be a novel potent therapeutic antibody for the treatment of HER2-overexpressing gastric cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bong-Kook Ko
- AbClon Inc., #1403, Ace Twin Tower 1, 212-1, Guro-dong, Guro-gu, Seoul 152-779, Republic of Korea; School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 152-747, Republic of Korea
| | - Sook-Yeon Lee
- AbClon Inc., #1403, Ace Twin Tower 1, 212-1, Guro-dong, Guro-gu, Seoul 152-779, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Ha Lee
- AbClon Inc., #1403, Ace Twin Tower 1, 212-1, Guro-dong, Guro-gu, Seoul 152-779, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Sik Hwang
- AbClon Inc., #1403, Ace Twin Tower 1, 212-1, Guro-dong, Guro-gu, Seoul 152-779, Republic of Korea
| | - Helena Persson
- Department of Immunotechnology, Lund University, Medicon Village, Lund, Sweden
| | - Johan Rockberg
- School of Biotechnology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Carl Borrebaeck
- Department of Immunotechnology, Lund University, Medicon Village, Lund, Sweden
| | - Dongeun Park
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 152-747, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu-Tae Kim
- AbClon Inc., #1403, Ace Twin Tower 1, 212-1, Guro-dong, Guro-gu, Seoul 152-779, Republic of Korea.
| | - Mathias Uhlen
- School of Biotechnology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jong-Seo Lee
- AbClon Inc., #1403, Ace Twin Tower 1, 212-1, Guro-dong, Guro-gu, Seoul 152-779, Republic of Korea
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235
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Kavran JM, McCabe JM, Byrne PO, Connacher MK, Wang Z, Ramek A, Sarabipour S, Shan Y, Shaw DE, Hristova K, Cole PA, Leahy DJ. How IGF-1 activates its receptor. eLife 2014; 3:03772. [PMID: 25255214 PMCID: PMC4381924 DOI: 10.7554/elife.03772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The type I insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGF1R) is involved in growth and survival of normal and neoplastic cells. A ligand-dependent conformational change is thought to regulate IGF1R activity, but the nature of this change is unclear. We point out an underappreciated dimer in the crystal structure of the related Insulin Receptor (IR) with Insulin bound that allows direct comparison with unliganded IR and suggests a mechanism by which ligand regulates IR/IGF1R activity. We test this mechanism in a series of biochemical and biophysical assays and find the IGF1R ectodomain maintains an autoinhibited state in which the TMs are held apart. Ligand binding releases this constraint, allowing TM association and unleashing an intrinsic propensity of the intracellular regions to autophosphorylate. Enzymatic studies of full-length and kinase-containing fragments show phosphorylated IGF1R is fully active independent of ligand and the extracellular-TM regions. The key step triggered by ligand binding is thus autophosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M Kavran
- Department of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States
| | - Jacqueline M McCabe
- Department of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States
| | - Patrick O Byrne
- Department of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States
| | - Mary Katherine Connacher
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States
| | - Zhihong Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of the Sciences, Philadelphia, United States
| | | | - Sarvenaz Sarabipour
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, United States
| | | | - David E Shaw
- DE Shaw Research, New York, United States.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, United States
| | - Kalina Hristova
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, United States
| | - Philip A Cole
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States
| | - Daniel J Leahy
- Department of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States.,Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States
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236
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Comparative analysis of evolutionarily conserved motifs of epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) predicts novel potential therapeutic epitopes. PLoS One 2014; 9:e106448. [PMID: 25192037 PMCID: PMC4156330 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0106448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Overexpression of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) is associated with tumor aggressiveness and poor prognosis in breast cancer. With the availability of therapeutic antibodies against HER2, great strides have been made in the clinical management of HER2 overexpressing breast cancer. However, de novo and acquired resistance to these antibodies presents a serious limitation to successful HER2 targeting treatment. The identification of novel epitopes of HER2 that can be used for functional/region-specific blockade could represent a central step in the development of new clinically relevant anti-HER2 antibodies. In the present study, we present a novel computational approach as an auxiliary tool for identification of novel HER2 epitopes. We hypothesized that the structurally and linearly evolutionarily conserved motifs of the extracellular domain of HER2 (ECD HER2) contain potential druggable epitopes/targets. We employed the PROSITE Scan to detect structurally conserved motifs and PRINTS to search for linearly conserved motifs of ECD HER2. We found that the epitopes recognized by trastuzumab and pertuzumab are located in the predicted conserved motifs of ECD HER2, supporting our initial hypothesis. Considering that structurally and linearly conserved motifs can provide functional specific configurations, we propose that by comparing the two types of conserved motifs, additional druggable epitopes/targets in the ECD HER2 protein can be identified, which can be further modified for potential therapeutic application. Thus, this novel computational process for predicting or searching for potential epitopes or key target sites may contribute to epitope-based vaccine and function-selected drug design, especially when x-ray crystal structure protein data is not available.
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237
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Exploring the dynamics and interaction of a full ErbB2 receptor and Trastuzumab-Fab antibody in a lipid bilayer model using Martini coarse-grained force field. J Comput Aided Mol Des 2014; 28:1093-107. [DOI: 10.1007/s10822-014-9787-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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238
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Bertelsen V, Stang E. The Mysterious Ways of ErbB2/HER2 Trafficking. MEMBRANES 2014; 4:424-46. [PMID: 25102001 PMCID: PMC4194043 DOI: 10.3390/membranes4030424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Revised: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The EGFR- or ErbB-family of receptor tyrosine kinases consists of EGFR/ErbB1, ErbB2/HER2, ErbB3/HER3 and ErbB4/HER4. Receptor activation and downstream signaling are generally initiated upon ligand-induced receptor homo- or heterodimerization at the plasma membrane, and endocytosis and intracellular membrane transport are crucial for regulation of the signaling outcome. Among the receptors, ErbB2 is special in several ways. Unlike the others, ErbB2 has no known ligand, but is still the favored dimerization partner. Furthermore, while the other receptors are down-regulated either constitutively or upon ligand-binding, ErbB2 is resistant to down-regulation, and also inhibits down-regulation of its partner upon heterodimerization. The reason(s) why ErbB2 is resistant to down-regulation are the subject of debate. Contrary to other ErbB-proteins, mature ErbB2 needs Hsp90 as chaperone. Several data suggest that Hsp90 is an important regulator of factors like ErbB2 stability, dimerization and/or signaling. Hsp90 inhibitors induce degradation of ErbB2, but whether Hsp90 directly makes ErbB2 endocytosis resistant is unclear. Exposure to anti-ErbB2 antibodies can also induce down-regulation of ErbB2. Down-regulation induced by Hsp90 inhibitors or antibodies does at least partly involve internalization and endosomal sorting to lysosomes for degradation, but also retrograde trafficking to the nucleus has been reported. In this review, we will discuss different molecular mechanisms suggested to be important for making ErbB2 resistant to down-regulation, and review how membrane trafficking is involved when down-regulation and/or relocalization of ErbB2 is induced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vibeke Bertelsen
- Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Post Box 4950 Nydalen, 0424 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Espen Stang
- Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Post Box 4950 Nydalen, 0424 Oslo, Norway.
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239
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Guan SS, Chang J, Cheng CC, Luo TY, Ho AS, Wang CC, Wu CT, Liu SH. Afatinib and its encapsulated polymeric micelles inhibits HER2-overexpressed colorectal tumor cell growth in vitro and in vivo. Oncotarget 2014; 5:4868-80. [PMID: 24947902 PMCID: PMC4148106 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 05/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is known as a common malignant neoplasm worldwide. The role of EGFR/HER2 in CRC is unclear. Afatinib is an irreversible EGFR/HER2 inhibitor. There were few studies of afatinib on CRC. Here, we investigated the protein levels/expressions of HER2 in sera and tumors from CRC patients and the therapeutic effect of afatinib on HER2-overexpressed CRC in vitro and in vivo. The increased HER2 levels were detected in the collected sera and tumors of patients with CRC. The serological HER2 levels were correlated with the tumor HER2 expressions in patients. Afatinib also inhibited the HER2-positive tumor cell growth and caused apoptosis in HER2-overexpressed human colorectal cancer HCT-15 cells but not in low HER2 expressed human gastric cancer MKN45 cells. In vivo study showed that afatinib reduced tumor growth in HER2-overexpressed xenografts. Moreover, afatinib-encapsulated micelles displayed higher cytotoxic activity in HCT-15 cells and were more effective for tumor growth suppression in HCT-15-induced tumor xenografts than afatinib performance alone. Taken together, these findings suggest that higher serum HER2 levels reflect the higher HER2 contents in tumors of CRC patients, and the improved afatinib-encapsulated micelles possess high therapeutic efficacy in HER2-overexpressed CRC in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siao-Syun Guan
- Institute of Toxicology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Nuclear Energy Research, Atomic Energy Council, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Jungshan Chang
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Chia Cheng
- Institute of Nuclear Energy Research, Atomic Energy Council, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tsai-Yueh Luo
- Institute of Nuclear Energy Research, Atomic Energy Council, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Ai-Sheng Ho
- Division of Gastroenterology, Cheng Hsin General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Chi Wang
- Division of Hepatology, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation and School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Tien Wu
- Institute of Toxicology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shing-Hwa Liu
- Institute of Toxicology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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240
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Fu W, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Xiong L, Takeda H, Ding L, Xu Q, He L, Tan W, Bethune AN, Zhou L. Insights into HER2 signaling from step-by-step optimization of anti-HER2 antibodies. MAbs 2014; 6:978-90. [PMID: 24838231 PMCID: PMC4171031 DOI: 10.4161/mabs.28786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2014] [Revised: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
HER2, a ligand-free tyrosine kinase receptor of the HER family, is frequently overexpressed in breast cancer. The anti-HER2 antibody trastuzumab has shown significant clinical benefits in metastatic breast cancer; however, resistance to trastuzumab is common. The development of monoclonal antibodies that have complementary mechanisms of action results in a more comprehensive blockade of ErbB2 signaling, especially HER2/HER3 signaling. Use of such antibodies may have clinical benefits if these antibodies can become widely accepted. Here, we describe a novel anti-HER2 antibody, hHERmAb-F0178C1, which was isolated from a screen of a phage display library. A step-by-step optimization method was employed to maximize the inhibitory effect of this anti-HER2 antibody. Crystallographic analysis was used to determine the three-dimensional structure to 3.5 Å resolution, confirming that the epitope of this antibody is in domain III of HER2. Moreover, this novel anti-HER2 antibody exhibits superior efficacy in blocking HER2/HER3 heterodimerization and signaling, and its use in combination with pertuzumab has a synergistic effect. Characterization of this antibody revealed the important role of a ligand binding site within domain III of HER2. The results of this study clearly indicate the unique potential of hHERmAb-F0178C1, and its complementary inhibition effect on HER2/HER3 signaling warrants its consideration as a promising clinical treatment.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/genetics
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/pharmacology
- Antibodies, Neoplasm/genetics
- Antibodies, Neoplasm/immunology
- Antibodies, Neoplasm/pharmacology
- Antineoplastic Agents/immunology
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Breast Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Breast Neoplasms/immunology
- Breast Neoplasms/pathology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Female
- Humans
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Nude
- Protein Engineering/methods
- Receptor, ErbB-2/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptor, ErbB-2/immunology
- Receptor, ErbB-3/immunology
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- Trastuzumab
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyan Fu
- Central Laboratory; Navy General Hospital; Beijing, PR China
- Cancer Center; PLA General Hospital; PLA Postgraduate School of Medicine; Beijing, PR China
| | - Yuxiao Wang
- Central Laboratory; Navy General Hospital; Beijing, PR China
| | - Yunshan Zhang
- Department of Ultrasound in Medicine; Navy General Hospital; Beijing, PR China
| | - Lijuan Xiong
- Central Laboratory; Navy General Hospital; Beijing, PR China
| | - Hiroaki Takeda
- Department of Biochemistry; Norman Institute for Cancer Research; Toronto, ON CA
| | - Li Ding
- Central Laboratory; Navy General Hospital; Beijing, PR China
| | - Qunfang Xu
- The Department of Laboratory Medicine; State Grid Beijing Electric Power Hospital; Beijing, PR China
| | - Lidong He
- Central Laboratory; Navy General Hospital; Beijing, PR China
| | - Wenlong Tan
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine; Beijing, PR China
| | - Augus N. Bethune
- Department of Molecular Oncology; Norman Institute for Cancer Research; Toronto, ON CA
| | - Lijun Zhou
- Central Laboratory; Navy General Hospital; Beijing, PR China
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241
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Tural D, Akar E, Mutlu H, Kilickap S. P95 HER2 fragments and breast cancer outcome. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2014; 14:1089-96. [DOI: 10.1586/14737140.2014.929946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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242
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Roskoski R. ErbB/HER protein-tyrosine kinases: Structures and small molecule inhibitors. Pharmacol Res 2014; 87:42-59. [PMID: 24928736 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2014.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Revised: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) family consists of four members that belong to the ErbB lineage of proteins (ErbB1-4). These receptors consist of an extracellular domain, a single hydrophobic transmembrane segment, and an intracellular portion with a juxtamembrane segment, a protein kinase domain, and a carboxyterminal tail. The ErbB proteins function as homo and heterodimers. Growth factor binding to EGFR induces a large conformational change in the extracellular domain. Two ligand-EGFR complexes unite to form a back-to-back dimer in which the ligands are on opposite sides of the aggregate. Following ligand binding, EGFR intracellular kinase domains form an asymmetric dimer. The carboxyterminal lobe of the activator kinase of the dimer interacts with the amino-terminal lobe of the receiver kinase thereby leading to its allosteric stimulation. Several malignancies are associated with the mutation or increased expression of members of the ErbB family including lung, breast, stomach, colorectal, head and neck, and pancreatic carcinomas. Gefitinib, erlotinib, and afatinib are orally effective protein-kinase targeted quinazoline derivatives that are used in the treatment of ERBB1-mutant lung cancer and lapatinib is an orally effective quinazoline derivative used in the treatment of ErbB2-overexpressing breast cancer. Moreover, monoclonal antibodies that target the extracellular domain of ErbB2 are used for the treatment of ErbB2-positive breast cancer and monoclonal antibodies that target ErbB1 and are used for the treatment of colorectal cancer. Cancers treated with these targeted drugs eventually become resistant to them, and a current goal of research is to develop drugs that are effective against drug-resistant tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Roskoski
- Blue Ridge Institute for Medical Research, 3754 Brevard Road, Suite 116, Box 19, Horse Shoe, NC 28742, USA.
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243
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Modjtahedi H, Cho BC, Michel MC, Solca F. A comprehensive review of the preclinical efficacy profile of the ErbB family blocker afatinib in cancer. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2014; 387:505-21. [PMID: 24643470 PMCID: PMC4019832 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-014-0967-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2013] [Accepted: 02/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Afatinib (also known as BIBW 2992) has recently been approved in several countries for the treatment of a distinct type of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-mutated non-small cell lung cancer. This manuscript comprehensively reviews the preclinical data on afatinib, an irreversible inhibitor of the tyrosine kinase activity of members of the epidermal growth factor receptor family (ErbB) including EGFR, HER2 and ErbB4. Afatinib covalently binds to cysteine 797 of the EGFR and the corresponding cysteines 805 and 803 in HER2 and ErbB4, respectively. Such covalent binding irreversibly inhibits the tyrosine kinase activity of these receptors, resulting in reduced auto- and transphosphorylation within the ErbB dimers and inhibition of important steps in the signal transduction of all ErbB receptor family members. Afatinib inhibits cellular growth and induces apoptosis in a wide range of cells representative for non-small cell lung cancer, breast cancer, pancreatic cancer, colorectal cancer, head and neck squamous cell cancer and several other cancer types exhibiting abnormalities of the ErbB network. This translates into tumour shrinkage in a variety of in vivo rodent models of such cancers. Afatinib retains inhibitory effects on signal transduction and in vitro and in vivo cancer cell growth in tumours resistant to reversible EGFR inhibitors, such as those exhibiting the T790M mutations. Several combination treatments have been explored to prevent and/or overcome development of resistance to afatinib, the most promising being those with EGFR- or HER2-targeted antibodies, other tyrosine kinase inhibitors or inhibitors of downstream signalling molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helmout Modjtahedi
- School of Life Science, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Computing, Kingston University London, Kingston upon Thames, UK
| | - Byoung Chul Cho
- Division of Medical Oncology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Martin C. Michel
- Department of Pharmacology, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
- Department of Regional Medicine and Scientific Affairs, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Ingelheim, Germany
| | - Flavio Solca
- Department of Pharmacology, Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co. KG, Doktor-Böhringer Gasse 5-11, 1120 Vienna, Austria
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244
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Fabi A, Mottolese M, Segatto O. Therapeutic targeting of ERBB2 in breast cancer: understanding resistance in the laboratory and combating it in the clinic. J Mol Med (Berl) 2014; 92:681-95. [PMID: 24861025 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-014-1169-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Revised: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
ERBB2 gene amplification occurs in about one quarter of breast carcinomas (BCs) and identifies a distinct clinical subset of BC. The introduction in the clinic of Trastuzumab, a humanized monoclonal antibody (mAb) directed to the ERBB2 extracellular domain, has had a great impact on the therapeutic management of ERBB2+ BC. Yet, not all patients respond to Trastuzumab and resistance develops also among patients that initially benefit from Trastuzumab-based regimens. Pre-clinical studies have discovered several mechanisms through which tumor cells may escape from Trastuzumab-mediated ERBB2 inhibition. These include rewiring of the ErbB signaling network, loss of ERBB2 expression, expression of ERBB2 isoforms refractory to Trastuzumab inhibition, vicarious signaling by non-ErbB tyrosine kinases and constitutive activation of downstream signaling routes, such as the PI3K pathway. While the relative contribution of each of these mechanisms to establishing Trastuzumab resistance in the clinical setting is not fully understood, much attention has been focused on abating resistance by achieving complete blockade of ERBB2-containing dimers. This approach, propelled by the development of novel anti-ERBB2 therapeutics, has led to the recent approval of Lapatinib, Pertuzumab and T-DM1 as additional anti-ERBB2 therapeutics in BC. However, full success is far from being achieved and resistance to ERBB2 targeting remains a relevant problem in the clinical management of BC. Herein, we provide an overview of biological and molecular bases underpinning resistance to ERBB2 therapeutics in BC, discuss outstanding issues in the field of ERBB2 therapeutic targeting and elaborate on future directions of translational research on ERBB2+ breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Fabi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
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245
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Yang Y, Zhao W, Xu QW, Wang XS, Zhang Y, Zhang J. IQGAP3 promotes EGFR-ERK signaling and the growth and metastasis of lung cancer cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e97578. [PMID: 24849319 PMCID: PMC4029748 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0097578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 04/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteins of the IQGAP family display complicated and often contradictory activities in tumorigenesis. IQGAP1 has well documented oncogenic potential and IQGAP2 has putative tumor-suppressive function. IQGAP3 is the latest addition to this family and its role in cancer development remains to be defined. Here we demonstrate IQGAP3 expression is markedly increased in lung cancer tissues at both mRNA and protein levels. Overexpression of IQGAP3 promoted tumor cell growth, and migration and invasion, whereas knockdown of IQGAP3 exhibited opposite effects. Moreover, suppression of IQGAP3 in a lung cancer cell line caused a reduction in the tumorigenicity of these cells in lung tissue after intravenous injection. Furthermore, we showed that IQGAP3 is able to interact with ERK1 and enhance its phosphorylation following treatment with EGF. These data suggest that IQGAP3 may contribute to the pathogenesis of lung cancer by modulating EGFR-ERK signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Yang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology of Ministry of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Wei Zhao
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology of Ministry of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Qing-Wen Xu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology of Ministry of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Song Wang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology of Ministry of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology of Ministry of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, P. R. China
- * E-mail: (YZ); (JZ)
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology of Ministry of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, P. R. China
- * E-mail: (YZ); (JZ)
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246
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Ma J, Lyu H, Huang J, Liu B. Targeting of erbB3 receptor to overcome resistance in cancer treatment. Mol Cancer 2014; 13:105. [PMID: 24886126 PMCID: PMC4022415 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-13-105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The erbB receptors, including the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), erbB2 (also known as HER2/neu), erbB3 (or HER3), and erbB4 (or HER4), are often aberrantly activated in a wide variety of human cancers. They are excellent targets for selective anti-cancer therapies because of their transmembrane location and pro-oncogenic activity. While several therapeutic agents against erbB2 and/or EGFR have been used in the treatment of human cancers with efficacy, there has been relatively less emphasis on erbB3 as a molecular target. Elevated expression of erbB3 is frequently observed in various malignancies, where it promotes tumor progression via interactions with other receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) due to its lack of or weak intrinsic kinase activity. Studies on the underlying mechanisms implicate erbB3 as a major cause of treatment failure in cancer therapy, mainly through activation of the PI-3 K/Akt, MEK/MAPK, and Jak/Stat signaling pathways as well as Src kinase. It is believed that inhibition of erbB3 signaling may be required to overcome therapeutic resistance and effectively treat cancers. To date, no erbB3-targeted therapy has been approved for cancer treatment. Targeting of erbB3 receptor with a monoclonal antibody (Ab) is the only strategy currently under preclinical study and clinical evaluation. In this review, we focus on the role of erbB3-initiated signaling in the development of cancer drug resistance and discuss the latest advances in identifying therapeutic strategies inactivating erbB3 to overcome the resistance and enhance efficacy of cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Bolin Liu
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.
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247
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Maruyama IN. Mechanisms of activation of receptor tyrosine kinases: monomers or dimers. Cells 2014; 3:304-30. [PMID: 24758840 PMCID: PMC4092861 DOI: 10.3390/cells3020304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2014] [Revised: 04/10/2014] [Accepted: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) play essential roles in cellular processes, including metabolism, cell-cycle control, survival, proliferation, motility and differentiation. RTKs are all synthesized as single-pass transmembrane proteins and bind polypeptide ligands, mainly growth factors. It has long been thought that all RTKs, except for the insulin receptor (IR) family, are activated by ligand-induced dimerization of the receptors. An increasing number of diverse studies, however, indicate that RTKs, previously thought to exist as monomers, are present as pre-formed, yet inactive, dimers prior to ligand binding. The non-covalently associated dimeric structures are reminiscent of those of the IR family, which has a disulfide-linked dimeric structure. Furthermore, recent progress in structural studies has provided insight into the underpinnings of conformational changes during the activation of RTKs. In this review, I discuss two mutually exclusive models for the mechanisms of activation of the epidermal growth factor receptor, the neurotrophin receptor and IR families, based on these new insights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ichiro N Maruyama
- Information Processing Biology Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Kunigami, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan.
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248
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Kozer N, Barua D, Henderson C, Nice EC, Burgess AW, Hlavacek WS, Clayton AHA. Recruitment of the adaptor protein Grb2 to EGFR tetramers. Biochemistry 2014; 53:2594-604. [PMID: 24697349 PMCID: PMC4010257 DOI: 10.1021/bi500182x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Adaptor
protein Grb2 binds phosphotyrosines in the epidermal growth
factor (EGF) receptor (EGFR) and thereby links receptor activation
to intracellular signaling cascades. Here, we investigated how recruitment
of Grb2 to EGFR is affected by the spatial organization and quaternary
state of activated EGFR. We used the techniques of image correlation
spectroscopy (ICS) and lifetime-detected Förster resonance
energy transfer (also known as FLIM-based FRET or FLIM–FRET)
to measure ligand-induced receptor clustering and Grb2 binding to
activated EGFR in BaF/3 cells. BaF/3 cells were stably transfected
with fluorescently labeled forms of Grb2 (Grb2–mRFP) and EGFR
(EGFR–eGFP). Following stimulation of the cells with EGF, we
detected nanometer-scale association of Grb2–mRFP with EGFR–eGFP
clusters, which contained, on average, 4 ± 1 copies of EGFR–eGFP
per cluster. In contrast, the pool of EGFR–eGFP without Grb2–mRFP
had an average cluster size of 1 ± 0.3 EGFR molecules per punctum.
In the absence of EGF, there was no association between EGFR–eGFP
and Grb2–mRFP. To interpret these data, we extended our recently
developed model for EGFR activation, which considers EGFR oligomerization
up to tetramers, to include recruitment of Grb2 to phosphorylated
EGFR. The extended model, with adjustment of one new parameter (the
ratio of the Grb2 and EGFR copy numbers), is consistent with a cluster
size distribution where 2% of EGFR monomers, 5% of EGFR dimers, <1%
of EGFR trimers, and 94% of EGFR tetramers are associated with Grb2.
Together, our experimental and modeling results further implicate
tetrameric EGFR as the key signaling unit and call into question the
widely held view that dimeric EGFR is the predominant signaling unit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noga Kozer
- Centre for Micro-Photonics, Faculty of Engineering and Industrial Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology , Hawthorn, Victoria 3122, Australia
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249
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Poger D, Mark AE. Activation of the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor: A Series of Twists and Turns. Biochemistry 2014; 53:2710-21. [DOI: 10.1021/bi401632z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David Poger
- School
of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Alan E. Mark
- School
of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
- Institute
for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
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250
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Pertuzumab: a review of its use for first-line combination treatment of HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer. Drugs 2014; 73:1491-502. [PMID: 23982598 DOI: 10.1007/s40265-013-0109-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Pertuzumab (Perjeta®) is a humanized anti-HER2 monoclonal antibody that binds to the extracellular dimerization subdomain of the HER2 receptor and reduces HER2 intracellular signalling by preventing HER2 from forming heterodimers with other HER receptors. Inhibition of HER2 signalling results in a reduction of tumour cell proliferation, invasiveness and survival. Pertuzumab and trastuzumab bind to different sites on the HER2 receptor and have complementary antitumour activities; they act synergistically in inhibiting the growth of HER2-overexpressing breast cancer cell lines in vitro. The efficacy of intravenous pertuzumab (840 mg loading dose, then 420 mg every 3 weeks) in combination with trastuzumab plus docetaxel in the first-line treatment of HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer was demonstrated in the randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multinational, phase III CLEOPATRA trial. Pertuzumab in combination with trastuzumab and docetaxel significantly increased independently assessed median progression-free survival (primary endpoint), objective response rate and overall survival compared with placebo in combination with trastuzumab and docetaxel. Pertuzumab had an acceptable tolerability profile when added to trastuzumab and docetaxel in the pivotal CLEOPATRA trial. Thus, pertuzumab is a valuable addition to the growing list of anti-HER2 targeted therapies for breast cancer.
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