Swellable matrices for controlled drug delivery: gel-layer behaviour, mechanisms and optimal performance

Influence of compression force on the behavior of mucoadhesive buccal tablets

The purpose of this research was to study the compression force influence on polymers, tablet behavior and drug release rate. Several tablet batches were produced by varying the compression force and by using hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) and Carbopol 940 in the 1:1 ratio as matrix forming polymers. All batches were characterized by DSC and X-ray analyses and in terms of swelling, ex vivo and in vivo mucoadhesive time, ex vivo mucoadhesion force, and in vitro and in vivo release. No significant excipient-excipient or excipient-drug interactions were observed in any of the batches. All the tablets hydrated quickly and their high hydration percentage showed that the compression forces used did not remarkably affect the water penetration and the polymeric chain stretching. Mucoadhesion performances and drug release were mainly influenced by compression force; its increase produced higher ex vivo and in vivo mucoadhesion and the in vitro and in vivo drug releases were seen to decrease with the increase of the compression force. However tablets fabricated by using the lowest compression force showed the best in vivo mucoadhesive time and hydrated faster when compared to the others. Tablets 4 and 5, prepared with the highest forces, caused pain during in vivo application and gave rise to irritation needing to be detached by the volunteers while tablet 1, prepared with the lowest force, gave the best results because it was able to produce the highest drug salivary concentration and no pain. All tablets exhibited an anomalous release mechanism.

Konjac glucomannan/xanthan gum enzyme sensitive binary mixtures for colonic drug delivery

The polysaccharide konjac glucomannan (KGM) is degraded in the colon but not the small intestine, which makes it potentially useful as an excipient for colonic drug delivery. With xanthan gum (XG) KGM forms thermoreversible gels with hitherto unexplored biodegradation properties. In this work, rheological measurements of KGM and KGM/XG systems incubated with and without Aspergillus niger beta-mannanase (used to mimic colonic enzymes) showed that KGM was degraded by the enzyme even when interacting with XG. Tablets with KGM/XG/sucrose matrices that varied in accordance with a simplex design and bore diltiazem as a typical highly soluble drug load were prepared by wet granulation, and in most cases were found to possess satisfactory mechanical strength and exhibit slow, nearly zero-order drug release. Drug release from these tablets remained zero-order, but was accelerated (presumably due to degradation of KGM), in the presence of A. niger beta-mannanase at concentrations equivalent to human colonic conditions. However, marked differences between Japanese and American varieties of KGM as regards degree of acetylation and particle size led to significant differences in swelling rate and drug release between formulations prepared with one and the other KGM: whereas a formulation with Japanese KGM released its entire drug load within 24h in the presence of beta-mannanase, only 60% release was achieved under the same conditions by the corresponding formulation with American KGM, suggesting that with this KGM it will be necessary to optimize technological variables such as compression pressure in order to achieve suitable porosity, swelling rate, and drug release. To sum up, the results of this study suggest that sustained release of water-soluble drugs in the colon from orally administered tablets may be achieved using simple, inexpensive formulations based on combinations of KGM and XG that take the variability of KGM characteristics into account.

Oral pulsatile delivery systems based on swellable hydrophilic polymers

Upon contact with aqueous fluids, swellable hydrophilic polymers undergo typical chain relaxation phenomena that coincide with a glassy-rubbery transition. In the rubbery phase, these polymers may be subject to swelling, dissolution and erosion processes or, alternatively, form an enduring gel barrier when cross-linked networks (hydrogels) are dealt with. Because of the peculiar hydration and biocompatibility properties, such materials are widely exploited in the pharmaceutical field, particularly as far as hydrophilic cellulose derivatives are concerned. In oral delivery, they have for long been employed in the manufacturing of prolonged release matrices and, more recently, for pulsatile (delayed) release devices as well. Pulsatile delivery, which is meant as the liberation of drugs following programmed lag phases, has drawn increasing interest especially in view of emerging chronotherapeutic approaches. In pursuit of pulsatile release, various design strategies have been proposed, chiefly including reservoir, capsular and osmotic formulations. In most cases, water-swellable polymers play a key role in the overall delivery mechanism after being activated by physiological media. Based on these premises, the aim of the present review is to survey the main oral pulsatile delivery systems, for which swelling, dissolution and/or erosion of hydrophilic polymers are primarily involved in the control of release.

Design and evaluation of matrix-based controlled release tablets of diclofenac sodium and chondroitin sulphate

The purpose of the present study was to develop and characterize an oral controlled release drug delivery system for concomitant administration of diclofenac sodium (DS) and chondroitin sulfate (CS). A hydrophilic matrix-based tablet using different concentrations of hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC) was developed using wet granulation technique to contain 100 mg of DS and 400 mg of CS. Formulations prepared were evaluated for the release of DS and CS over a period of 9 hours in pH 6.8 phosphate buffer using United States Pharmacopeia (USP) type II dissolution apparatus. Along with usual physical properties, the dynamics of water uptake and erosion degree of tablet were also investigated. The in vitro drug release study revealed that HPMC K100CR at a concentration of 40% of the dosage form weight was able to control the simultaneous release of both DS and CS for 9 hours. The release of DS matched with the marketed CR tablet of DS with similarity factor (f(2)) above 50. Water uptake and erosion study of tablets indicated that swelling followed by erosion could be the mechanism of drug release. The in vitro release data of CS and DS followed Korsmeyer-Peppas and zero-order kinetics, respectively. In conclusion, the in vitro release profile and the mathematical models indicate that release of CS and DS can be effectively controlled from a single tablet using HPMC matrix system.

Investigation of the Influence of Particle Size on the Excipient Percolation Thresholds of HPMC Hydrophilic Matrix Tablets

In previous papers of our research group, a linear relationship between the drug percolation threshold and the relative drug particle size (drug/excipient) has been found, in the case of the inert matrices. The objective of the present paper is to investigate the influence of the particle size on the excipient percolation threshold in the case of hydrophilic matrices. This influence can have important consequences on the release behaviour of these controlled release devices. Matrix tablets have been prepared using KCl/Lobenzarit Disodium as drugs and HPMC K4M as matrix forming material, employing six different excipient/drug particle size ratios (ranging from 0.42 to 4.16). The formulations studied contain a drug loading in the range of 20-90% (w/w). In order to estimate the percolation threshold, the behaviour of the kinetic parameters with respect to the volumetric fraction of each component at time zero, was studied. The obtained results support the existence of a linear relationship between a component percolation threshold (drug or excipient) and its relative particle size (drug/excipient in the case of the drug percolation threshold or excipient/drug in the case of the excipient percolation threshold). This relationship is valid for different drugs, excipients and systems (inert or hydrophilic matrix tablets).

Compressed matrix core tablet as a quick/slow dual-component delivery system containing ibuprofen

The purpose of the present research was to produce a quick/slow biphasic delivery system for ibuprofen. A dual-component tablet made of a sustained release tableted core and an immediate release tableted coat was prepared by direct compression. Both the core and the coat contained a model drug (ibuprofen). The sustained release effect was achieved with a polymer (hydroxypropyl methylcellulose [HPMC] or ethylcellulose) to modulate the release of the drug. The in vitro drug release profile from these tablets showed the desired biphasic release behavior: the ibuprofen contained in the fast releasing component was dissolved within 2 minutes, whereas the drug in the core tablet was released at different times (approximately 16 or >24 hours), depending on the composition of the matrix tablet. Based on the release kinetic parameters calculated, it can be concluded that the HPMC core was suitable for providing a constant and controlled release (zero order) for a long period of time.

Correlation between drug dissolution and polymer hydration: A study using texture analysis

Texture analysis is a new approach in pharmaceutical research and development; this study evaluated the correlation between drug dissolution and polymer hydration from a modified release matrix tablet of pseudoephedrine hydrochloride using a texture analyzer. A series of matrix tablets of pseudoephedrine was designed and prepared. Modified drug release was achieved by combined use of matrix excipients Polyox WSR301 (PEO) and Compritol 888ATO (GB). Dissolution profiles of the tablets were assessed using USP Method II. Polymer swelling behaviors during dissolution were measured using a texture analyzer. Increase in proportion of PEO and GB in the formulation reduced drug dissolution within the first 90 min. However, drug release was complete in 6h due to high aqueous solubility of pseudoephedrine. Linear correlations were observed among drug dissolution, polymer content and parameters of texture analysis including hydrogel thickness and AUC(TA) for formulations that contained hydrophilic PEO. The study demonstrated a unique application of a texture analyzer in characterization of modified release matrix tablets.

Molecular information on the dissolution of polydisperse polymers: Mixtures of long and short poly(ethylene oxide)

A systematic study of the dissolution of dry, polydisperse poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) samples, obtained from mixtures of low-molecular-weight and high-molecular-weight PEO, was made. During the dissolution process, the individual release of the low- and high-molecular-weight fractions was monitored. The high-molecular-weight/low-molecular-weight ratio controls the release rate, and the fraction of high-molecular-weight polymers dominates the effect on the overall release rate in mixed PEO tablets. Both fractions are released at the same rate during the main part of the dissolution process; however, during the initial dissolution period a fractionation occurs. The release rate is not a unique function of the average molecular weight of the polymer, but also depends on the polydispersity. By contrast, the average dimension of a polymer coil, as given by the intrinsic viscosity, gives a good prediction of the release rate irrespective of the polydispersity or details of the molecular weight distribution.

Drug–polymer microparticles produced by supercritical assisted atomization

The supercritical assisted atomization (SAA) was proposed as a new technique to produce composite microparticles for drug controlled release. Ampicillin trihydrate and chitosan were selected as model drug and carrier, respectively, and 1% v/v acetic acid aqueous solution was used as solvent. The effect of the polymer/drug ratio on particle morphology and drug release rate was evaluated. SEM analysis indicated that non-coalescing spherical microparticles formed by chitosan/ampicillin were produced by SAA. All coprecipitates produced have a sharp particle distribution, with diameters ranging between about 0.1 and 6 microm. SAA composite microparticles were characterized by X-ray, DSC, EDX and UV-vis analysis. A solid solution of the chitosan and ampicillin was produced and a stabilizing effect of the polymer on the drug has resulted that protects ampicillin from thermal degradation. A prolonged release from SAA coprecipitates with respect to raw drug and physical mixtures of chitosan and ampicillin was obtained; moreover, the polymer/drug ratio has revealed to be a controlling parameter for drug release. Drug release mechanisms characteristic of swelling-controlled systems were observed, with ampicillin release depending on both relaxation and diffusive mechanisms. An empirical binomial equation was used to describe experimental data, showing a fair good agreement with ampicillin release data if both the relaxational and the diffusional parameters are function of the polymer/drug ratio.

Assemblage of novel release modules for the development of adaptable drug delivery systems

The aim of this paper was to study the applicability of the release module assemblage technology for an adaptable control of drug delivery rate and site. The elementary release module was a swellable matrix having one base convex and the other concave, named Dome Matrix. The swelling and release behavior of the release module was studied. The presence of the convex and concave bases in the swellable matrix slightly changed the overall drug delivery kinetics exhibited by a flat base cylindrical matrix having the same weight and composition. The swelling and drug release of the individual bases of the matrix was also studied to investigate the effect of the surface shape. The concave, convex and flat bases exhibited different swelling and release kinetics. The convex base released drug at faster rate than the concave base, whereas the flat base was intermediate. The release mechanisms of convex and concave bases were significantly different. The Dome Matrix module was selected for assembling several modules in a delivery system obtained by a guided insertion of the convex base into the concave base or by concave/concave base sticking. The module assemblage shows different drug release behavior depending on the geometry of assembled systems.

Study of the critical points of HPMC hydrophilic matrices for controlled drug delivery

The knowledge of the percolation thresholds of a system results in a clear improvement of the design of controlled release dosage forms such as inert matrices. Despite hydrophilic matrices are one of the most used controlled delivery systems in the world, but actuality, the mechanisms of drug release from these systems continue to be a matter of debate nowadays. The objective of the present paper is to apply the percolation theory to study the release and hydration rate of hydrophilic matrices. Matrix tablets have been prepared using KCl as a drug model and HPMC K4M as matrix-forming material, employing five different excipient/drug particle size ratios (ranging from 0.42 to 2.33). The formulations studied containing a drug loading in the range of 20-90% (w/w). Dissolution studies were carried out using the paddle method and the water uptake measurements were performed using a modified Enslin apparatus. In order to estimate the percolation threshold, the behaviour of the kinetic parameters with respect to the volumetric fraction of each component at time zero, was studied. The percolation theory has been applied for the first time to the study of matrix type controlled delivery systems. The application of this theory allowed to explain changes in the release and hydration kinetics of these matrices. The critical points observed in dissolution and water uptake studies can be attributed to the excipient percolation threshold, being this threshold one of the main factors governing the gel layer formation and consequently, the drug release control from hydrophilic matrices.

Study of the Critical Points in Lobenzarit Disodium Hydrophilic Matrices for Controlled Drug Delivery

Percolation theory is a multidisciplinary theory that studies chaotic systems. It has been applied in the pharmaceutical field since 1987. The application of this theory to study the release and hydration rate of hydrophilic matrices allowed for first time to explain the changes in release and hydration kinetic of swellable matrices type controlled delivery systems. The objective of the present paper is to estimate the percolation threshold of HPMC K4M in matrices of lobenzarit disodium and to apply the obtained result to the design of hydrophilic matrices for the controlled delivery of this drug. The materials used to prepare the tablets were Lobenzarit disodium (LBD) and HPMC of viscosity grade K4M. The drug mean particle size was 42+/-0.61 mum and the polymer was sieved and 150-200 microm granulometric fraction was selected. The formulations studied were prepared with different excipient contents in the range of 10-80% w/w. Dissolution studies were carried out using the paddle method and the water uptake measurements were performed using a modified Enslin apparatus. In order to estimate the percolation threshold, the behaviour of the kinetic parameters with respect to the volumetric fraction of each component at time zero, was studied. According to percolation theory, the critical points observed in dissolution and water uptake studies are attributed to the existence of an excipient percolation threshold. This threshold was situated between (18.58 to 24.33% v/v of HPMC). Therefore, the LBD-HPMC K4M matrices with a relative HPMC particle size of should be formulated with an excipient content above 24.33% v/v of HPMC, to obtain a control of the drug release from these systems.

Spontaneously forming hydrogel from water-soluble random- and block-type phospholipid polymers

The mixed aqueous solutions of two water-soluble phospholipid polymers, such as poly[2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine(MPC)-co-methacrylic acid(MA)] (rPMA) and poly[MPC-co-n-butyl methacrylate(BMA)] (PMB), spontaneously form a hydrogel at room temperature without any chemical treatment due to hydrogen bonding formation between the carboxyl groups. With the objective of enhancing the hydrogen bonding efficiency, we have focused on the density of the carboxyl groups by controlling the chemical structure and monomer unit sequence. Thus, a random and an ABA-block-type MPC copolymer having carboxylic acids, poly[MPC-co-4-(2-methacryloyloxyethyl) trimellitic acid(MET)] (rPMT) and poly(MA)-poly(MPC)-poly(MA) (bPMA), have been designed. The purpose of this study is to investigate the gelation mechanism and physical properties of a hydrogel composed of rPMA and PMB (ABgel), one of bPMA and PMB (bABgel), and one of rPMT and poly(MPC-co-benzyl methacrylate) (PMBz) (TZgel). The Raman spectroscopic analysis and the rheological study of the dissolution behaviors indicated that the TZgel formation occurred due to inter- and intra-molecular hydrogen bonding formation between the carboxyl groups in the rPMT. The gelation mechanism of the bABgel was investigated by the dynamic light scattering measurement, the scanning electron microscopy observation and the rheological study. The results showed that the bPMA chains aggregate in the aqueous medium and transform into a hydrogel network structure. The bPMA needed much more gelation time than the rPMA due to this transformation. There was no difference between the gelation periods of the ABgel and the TZgel. The compression strengths of the ABgel and the bABgel showed no significant difference, while that of TZgel was lower than ABgel. The reason for this is that the polymer chains and bulky side chains of rPMT inhibit rearranging into a planar conformation and forming hydrogen bondings. These results lead to the conclusion that the properties of these MPC polymer hydrogels can be controlled by not only the chemical structure of the polymer but also the monomer unit sequence containing carboxyl groups.

Assessment of the feasibility of oral controlled release in an exploratory development setting

Controlled release (CR) formulations have generally been considered as follow-ons to conventional immediate release formulations to manage the life cycle of a product. Although significant opportunities exist to use CR as an enabling technology for certain exploratory drug candidates, they have not been fully exploited. However, progress made in assessing CR feasibility based on the physicochemical and biopharmaceutical properties of the drug, together with advances made in understanding the various CR technologies and developing formulations in a fast and efficient manner, have increasingly made it possible to consider CR in an exploratory development setting.

Compound transfer efficiency from polystyrene surfaces: application to microarrayed compound screening

In microarrayed compound screening (microARCS), compounds are spotted and dried onto a polystyrene sheet (ChemCard)ata high density and introduced into the assay by contacting with agarose gels that contain reagents for the assay. The authors have conducted studies to characterize the compound transfer process using 59 compounds of diverse properties. The amount of compounds remaining on the ChemCard was determined by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry after incubation with agarose gels for predetermined time periods. The results showed good correlation with kinetics of compound transfer to phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) buffer, but only moderate correlation with equilibrium solubility of compounds in PBS buffer. These observations indicate that the major factor determining compound transfer efficiency is the kinetics of dissolution of compounds, rather than equilibrium solubility and diffusion of compounds in the gel. Compounds of lower ClogP showed a higher rate of transfer to agarose gels and vice versa. Other compound properties such as molecular weight, size, acid-base, and H-bonding properties did not significantly affect compound transfer. Importantly, the majority of the compounds studied show greater than 20% transfer after a 10-min incubation with agarose gels, providing sufficient amounts of compounds for screening purposes.

Imaging of High-Amylose Starch Tablets. 3. Initial Diffusion and Temperature Effects

The penetration of water into cross-linked high amylose starch tablets was studied at different temperatures by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) imaging, which follows the changes occurring at the surface and inside the starch tablets during swelling. It was found that the swelling was anisotropic, whereas water diffusion was almost isotropic. The water proton image profiles at the initial stage of water penetration were used to calculate the initial diffusion coefficient. The swelling and water concentration gradients in this controlled release system show significant temperature dependence. Diffusion behavior changed from Fickian to Case II diffusion with increasing temperature. The observed phenomena are attributed to the gelatinization of starch and the pseudo-cross-linking effect of double helix formation.

Water vapor sorption of hot-melt extruded hydroxypropyl cellulose films: effect on physico-mechanical properties, release characteristics, and stability

Hot-melt extrusion technology was used to prepare thin polymer films containing hydroxypropyl cellulose and clotrimazole (CT). Films containing hydroxypropyl celluloses of different molecular weight and the drug were investigated for moisture-sorption, mechanical properties, and release characteristics. Stability of the films was also studied at 25 degrees C/60% relative humidity (RH) and 40 degrees C/75% RH for up to 3 months. To study the moisture-sorption of the hot-melt extruded films, a rapid dynamic vapor sorption technique was used. Mechanical properties were evaluated using the Texture Analyzer. The molecular weight of the polymer had a significant effect on the mechanical and release characteristics of the films but did not influence the equilibrium moisture content in the films stored at RHs ranging from 0 to 90%. However, the time to reach equilibrium was longer for the higher molecular weight polymers. The drug release rate was dependent on the rate of erosion, which in turn depended on the molecular weight of the polymer. The films were stable at 25 degrees C/60% RH for up to 3 months with no significant degradation or recrystallization of CT. However, recrystallization of the drug was observed within the films stored in accelerated stability conditions at the end of 3 months in which only 92.9% (+/-1.9) CT remained.

Tuning the Polymer Release from Hydrophilic Matrix Tablets by Mixing Short and Long Matrix Polymers

In this work a rotating disc method was developed for studying the dissolution process of "bimodal" polymer tablets, whose dissolution rates have been tuned by mixing low-molecular weight and high-molecular weight samples of poly(ethylene oxide) in various proportions. The tablets were prepared along different routes, by mixing the polymer fractions as powders or by mixing on a molecular level so that the effect of tablet heterogeneity could be assessed, but also by purifying the original powders so the effect of additives could be determined. When the mixed tablet was dominated by the low-molecular weight fraction, a faster dissolution was observed for the tablet mixed at the powder level. In those cases small gel pieces were released from the tablet during the whole dissolution process. As long as no gel piece erosion was observed, it did not matter if the two polymer fractions were blended on the molecular level or on the powder level, the steady-state dissolution rate was the same. The presence of small amounts of additives in the nonpurified commercial samples had no significant effect on the tablet dissolution within the uncertainty of the experiment.

Polysaccharide matrices for microbially triggered drug delivery to the colon

Matrix tablets were prepared using xanthan gum (XG) and guar gum (GG) in varying proportions, and the suitability of the prepared tablets was evaluated for colon specific drug delivery. Indomethacin was used as a model drug. The ability of the prepared matrices to retard drug release in the upper gastrointestinal tract (GIT) and to undergo enzymatic hydrolysis by the colonic bacteria was evaluated. For this, drug release studies were carried out in the presence of rat cecal content. Further cecal content of rats with induced enzymatic activity were used. To ascertain the role of bacterial flora in carrying out the hydrolysis of the tablet, cecal content of rats treated with antibiotics were used in the dissolution media. Presence of XG in combination with GG in the tablets could retard drug release in the conditions of the upper GIT. However, the presence of GG and starch made these matrices microbially degradable. Guar gum alone as a drug release-retarding excipient in the matrices does not achieve the desired retardation. Presence of XG in the tablets not only retards the initial drug release from the tablets, but due to high swelling, makes them more vulnerable to digestion by the microbial enzymes in the colon.

Cross-linked high amylose starch derivatives for drug release

Acetate (Ac-), aminoethyl (AE-), and carboxymethyl (CM-) high amylose starch cross-linked 6 (HASCL-6) derivatives were previously shown to control the release of drugs over 20 h from monolithic tablets highly loaded (up to 60% drug). This report describes the swelling characteristics, which allow a better understanding of the mechanisms involved in the control of the drug release from the said polymeric matrices. The tablet swelling of HASCL-6, Ac-HASCL-6, and AE-HASCL-6 was found to not be affected by the ionic strength and by the pH between 1.2 (gastric) and 7 (intestinal), whereas the swelling of CM-HASCL-6 was shown to depend on both ionic strength and pH of the release medium. For all the studied polymers the drug loading did not change the equilibrium swelling ratio but affected the initial swelling velocity, seemingly due to the competition between drug and polymer for water uptake, a phenomenon probably influenced by the loading and the drug solubility. It was also shown that the increase of ionic strength would slightly increase the drug release time probably by decreasing the amount of free water still available to solubilize the drug present into the matrix.

Colonic drug delivery of 5-fluorouracil: an in vitro evaluation

Compression coating has been found to be useful for colonic drug delivery. The aim of the present investigation was to design a formulation with a considerably reduced coat weight and gum concentration for colonic delivery of 5-fluorouracil for the treatment of colorectal cancer. Rapidly disintegrating core tablets containing 50 mg of 5-fluorouracil were prepared and compression coating with 175 mg of granules containing a mixture of xanthan gum (XG) and guar gum (GG) in varying proportions was done. With this coat weight, a highly retarded drug release was observed. After 24h of dissolution the mean percent drug release from the compression coated XG:GG 20:20, 20:10 and 10:20 tablets were found to be around 18+/-1.23%, 20+/-1.54% and 30+/-1.77%, respectively. So, the coat weight was further reduced to 150 mg. It was observed that reduction of coat weight did not affect the initial drug release rate in simulated upper gastrointestinal tract (GIT) conditions. At the end of 24h of dissolution the amount of drug released increased to 25+/-1.22%, 36.6+/-1.89% and 42.6+/-2.22%, respectively in XG:GG 20:20, 20:10 and 10:20 tablets. Studies of XG:GG (10:20) tablets in presence of colonic contents showed an increased cumulative percent drug release of 67.2+/-5.23% in presence of 2% cecal content and 80.34+/-3.89% in presence of 4% cecal content after 19 h of incubation.

A study on the release mechanism of drugs from hydrophilic partially coated perforated matrices

Partially coated perforated systems (PCPS) based on low-viscosity hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) as the polymeric material were formerly designed, prepared and evaluated in terms of in vitro behaviour. These systems proved to afford the pursued linear release with model drugs (metoprolol tartrate and benfluorex) of different solubility. To the aim of exploring the mechanisms concurring in the definition of zero-order kinetics, studies of drug release, polymer dissolution and medium penetration were performed on PCPS and constant release area systems (CRAS). According to the obtained results, PCPS release kinetics has to be mainly attributed to the progressive outward erosion of the core and to the related variation of the release area. The special geometry of the system, in fact, involves a gradual increase in the release surface, which allows the diffusional path lengthening to be offset. By properly selecting the shape and dimensions of the device as well as the physico-chemical characteristics of the hydrophilic polymer, the advantage of a zero-order release kinetics with programmable rate can be achieved.

Double-layered mucoadhesive tablets containing nystatin

The objective of this work was to design a mucoadhesive tablet with a potential use in the treatment of oral candidosis. A 2-layered tablet containing nystatin was formulated. Lactose CD (direct compression), carbomer (CB), and hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC) were used as excipients. Tablets were obtained through direct compression. Properties such as in vitro mucoadhesion, water uptake, front movements, and drug release were evaluated. The immediate release layer was made of lactose CD (100 mg) and nystatin (30 mg). The CB:HPMC 9:1 mixture showed the best mucoadhesion properties and was selected as excipient for the mucoadhesive polymeric layer (200 mg). The incorporation of nystatin (33.3 mg) in this layer affected the water uptake, which, in turn, modified the erosion front behavior. Nystatin showed a first-order release. The polymeric layer presented an anomalous kinetic (n = 0.82) when this layer was individually evaluated. The mucoadhesive tablet formulated in this work releases nystatin quickly from the lactose layer and then in a sustained way, during approximately 6 hours, from the polymeric layer. The mixture CB:HPMC 9:1 showed good in vitro mucoadhesion. A swelling-diffusion process modulates the release of nystatin from this layer. A non-Fickian (anomalous) kinetic was observed.

The effect of polymer blends on release profiles of diclofenac sodium from matrices

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of polymer blends on the in vitro release profile of diclofenac sodium. Several controlled release matrices of diclofenac sodium with different proportions of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC; viscosity grade 60 and 500 mPa.s), carbopol 940 and lactose as a water soluble filler were prepared. The results showed that when HPMC (viscosity grade 60 mPa.s) alone was used as matrix former, diclofenac sodium was released fast but the release rate became slower with HPMC (viscosity grade 500 mPa.s) at higher polymer/drug ratios (more than 0.8:1). However in lower polymer/drug ratios (lower than 0.7:1) the release rate still was fast. The results showed that carbopol can extend the release time appreciably but the release profiles had considerable fluctuations, and drug release in first hours was slow but increased appreciably with time at the end of profiles. When an appropriate blend of HPMC (viscosity grade 60 or 500 mPa.s) and carbopol 940 was used, the drug release became more uniform and its kinetic approached to zero order and release fluctuations were diminished. The results with these polymer blends showed that it is possible to reduce the total amounts of polymer in each formulation. According to kinetic analysis data, drug release from these matrix tablets did not follow Fick's law of diffusion and the results were in agreement with the earlier reports.

Network structure of cellulose ethers used in pharmaceutical applications during swelling and at equilibrium

PURPOSE

The purpose of this work was to investigate the swelling behavior of four cellulose ethers that differ in their type and degree of substitution and to elucidate the network structure of the swollen matrices under dynamic and equilibrium conditions.

METHODS

Dynamic vapor sorption was performed to assess the ability of polymer chains and water molecules to interact. Dynamic and equilibrium swelling studies were performed to calculate molecular parameters of swollen polymers using the Flory-Rehner theory.

RESULTS

We determined the volume-swelling ratio of the polymer matrices and observed that it was dependent on their hydrophilicity. We determined molecular parameters that characterize the swollen hydrogels of cellulose derivatives, such as the polymer volume fraction in the swollen state, u2,S, the effective molecular weight of the polymer chain between physical entanglements, Me, the number of repeating units between two entanglements, u, and the number of entanglements per chain, e. The Me of the cellulose derivatives studied varied significantly depending on the type of cellulose ether and on the swelling time.

CONCLUSIONS

The order of mesh size, an important parameter for predicting drug diffusion and release, taking into account all determined parameters, is: hydroxypropyl cellulose < hydroxyethyl cellulose < hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose K100M < hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose K4M.

Evaluation of controlled-release polar lipid microparticles

The aim of the present study was to prepare controlled-release tablets of poorly-soluble drug, felodipine, and various erodable lipophilic excipients. Spray chilling was used to formulate the drug and the excipients into solid dispersion microparticles, which were then compressed. The microparticles were characterised by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, hot-stage microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and image analysis. The amine and the carbonyl groups of felodipine formed hydrogen bonds with the carriers. The shape of the particles was spherical with the median particle diameter ranging from 25 to 35 microm. Surprisingly, the degree of crystallinity in felodipine and the ease of tablet disintegration played a more significant role on the felodipine dissolution rate than the matrix lipophilicity. Felodipine release rate was slowest from the least lipophilic tablets.

Double-layered mucoadhesive tablets containing nystatin

The objective of this work was to design a mucoadhesive tablet with a potential use in the treatment of oral candidosis. A 2-layered tablet containing nystatin was formulated. Lactose CD (direct compression), carbomer (CB), and hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC) were used as excipients. Tablets were obtained through direct compression. Properties such as in vitro mucoadhesion, water uptake, front movements, and drug release were evaluated. The immediate release layer was made of lactose CD (100 mg) and nystatin (30 mg). The CB:HPMC 9:1 mixture showed the best mucoadhesion properties and was selected as excipient for the mucoadhesive polymeric layer (200 mg). The incorporation of nystatin (33.3 mg) in this layer affected the water uptake, which, in turn, modified the erosion front behavior. Nystatin showed a first-order release. The polymeric layer presented an anomalous kinetic (n = 0.82) when this layer was individually evaluated. The mucoadhesive tablet formulated in this work releases nystatin quickly from the lactose layer and then in a sustained way, during approximately 6 hours, from the polymeric layer. The mixture CB:HPMC 9:1 showed good in vitro mucoadhesion. A swelling-diffusion process modulates the release of nystatin from this layer. A non-Fickian (anomalous) kinetic was observed.