201
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Moore GF, Sharp ID. A Noble-Metal-Free Hydrogen Evolution Catalyst Grafted to Visible Light-Absorbing Semiconductors. J Phys Chem Lett 2013; 4:568-572. [PMID: 26281867 DOI: 10.1021/jz400028z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We report a method for facile connection of a nickel bisdiphosphine-based functional mimic of the active site of hydrogenase to photocathodes that are relevant to artificial photosynthesis. This procedure exploits the UV-induced immobilization chemistry of alkenes to gallium phosphide and silicon surfaces. The photochemical grafting provides a means for patterning molecular linkers with attachment points to catalysts. Successful grafting is characterized by grazing angle attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (GATR-FTIR), which shows catalyst vibrational modes, as well as X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), which confirms the presence of intact Ni complex on the surface. The modular nature of this approach allows independent modification of the light absorber, bridging material, anchoring functionality, or catalyst as new materials and discoveries emerge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary F Moore
- Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis (JCAP), Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Ian D Sharp
- Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis (JCAP), Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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202
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Promoting the photoanode efficiency for water splitting by combining hematite and molecular Ru catalysts. Electrochem commun 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2012.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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203
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Abstract
Demand for energy is projected to increase at least twofold by mid-century relative to the present global consumption because of predicted population and economic growth. This demand could be met, in principle, from fossil energy resources, particularly coal. However, the cumulative nature of carbon dioxide (CO(2)) emissions demands that stabilizing the atmospheric CO(2) levels to just twice their pre-anthropogenic values by mid-century will be extremely challenging, requiring invention, development and deployment of schemes for carbon-neutral energy production on a scale commensurate with, or larger than, the entire present-day energy supply from all sources combined. Among renewable and exploitable energy resources, nuclear fusion energy or solar energy are by far the largest. However, in both cases, technological breakthroughs are required with nuclear fusion being very difficult, if not impossible on the scale required. On the other hand, 1 h of sunlight falling on our planet is equivalent to all the energy consumed by humans in an entire year. If solar energy is to be a major primary energy source, then it must be stored and despatched on demand to the end user. An especially attractive approach is to store solar energy in the form of chemical bonds as occurs in natural photosynthesis. However, a technology is needed which has a year-round average conversion efficiency significantly higher than currently available by natural photosynthesis so as to reduce land-area requirements and to be independent of food production. Therefore, the scientific challenge is to construct an 'artificial leaf' able to efficiently capture and convert solar energy and then store it in the form of chemical bonds of a high-energy density fuel such as hydrogen while at the same time producing oxygen from water. Realistically, the efficiency target for such a technology must be 10 per cent or better. Here, we review the molecular details of the energy capturing reactions of natural photosynthesis, particularly the water-splitting reaction of photosystem II and the hydrogen-generating reaction of hydrogenases. We then follow on to describe how these two reactions are being mimicked in physico-chemical-based catalytic or electrocatalytic systems with the challenge of creating a large-scale robust and efficient artificial leaf technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Barber
- Division of Molecular Biosciences, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK.
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204
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Zhou T, Lin X, Zheng X. First-Principles Study on Structural and Chemical Asymmetry of a Biomimetic Water-Splitting Dimanganese Complex. J Chem Theory Comput 2013; 9:1073-80. [DOI: 10.1021/ct301034j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ting Zhou
- Hefei National Laboratory
for
Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Xiangsong Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular
Reaction Dynamics and Center for Theoretical Computational Chemistry,
Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, China
| | - Xiao Zheng
- Hefei National Laboratory
for
Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory
of Computational Nano-Material Science, Institute of Applied Physics, Guizhou Normal College, Guiyang, Guizhou 550018, China
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205
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Sartorel A, Bonchio M, Campagna S, Scandola F. Tetrametallic molecular catalysts for photochemical water oxidation. Chem Soc Rev 2013; 42:2262-80. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cs35287g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 293] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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206
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Singh A, Chang SLY, Hocking RK, Bach U, Spiccia L. Anodic deposition of NiOx water oxidation catalysts from macrocyclic nickel(ii) complexes. Catal Sci Technol 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cy00017f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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207
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Cowan AJ, Durrant JR. Long-lived charge separated states in nanostructured semiconductor photoelectrodes for the production of solar fuels. Chem Soc Rev 2013; 42:2281-93. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cs35305a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 275] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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208
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209
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Swierk JR, Mallouk TE. Design and development of photoanodes for water-splitting dye-sensitized photoelectrochemical cells. Chem Soc Rev 2013; 42:2357-87. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cs35246j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 453] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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210
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Bourgeteau T, Tondelier D, Geffroy B, Brisse R, Laberty-Robert C, Campidelli S, de Bettignies R, Artero V, Palacin S, Jousselme B. A H 2-evolving photocathode based on direct sensitization of MoS3 with an organic photovoltaic cell. ENERGY, SUSTAINABILITY AND SOCIETY 2013; 6:2706. [PMID: 24404434 PMCID: PMC3880860 DOI: 10.1039/c3ee41321g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
An organic solar cell based on a poly-3-hexylthiophene (P3HT): phenyl-C61-butyric acid (PCBM) bulk hetero-junction was directly coupled with molybdenum sulfide resulting in the design of a new type of photocathode for the production of hydrogen. Both the light-harvesting system and the catalyst were deposited by low-cost solution-processed methods, i.e. spin coating and spray coating respectively. Spray-coated MoS3 films are catalytically active in strongly acidic aqueous solutions with the best efficiencies for thicknesses of 40 to 90 nm. The photocathodes display photocurrents higher than reference samples, without catalyst or without coupling with a solar cell. Analysis by gas chromatography confirms the light-induced hydrogen evolution. The addition of titanium dioxide in the MoS3 film enhances electron transport and collection within thick films and therefore the performance of the photocathode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiphaine Bourgeteau
- CEA-Saclay, DSM/IRAMIS/SPCSI/Laboratoire de Chimie des Surfaces et Interfaces, 91191 Gif sur Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Denis Tondelier
- Laboratoire de Physique des Interfaces et Couches Minces, Ecole Polytechnique, CNRS, 91128 Palaiseau, France
| | - Bernard Geffroy
- CEA-Saclay, DSM/IRAMIS/SPCSI/Laboratoire de Chimie des Surfaces et Interfaces, 91191 Gif sur Yvette Cedex, France
- Laboratoire de Physique des Interfaces et Couches Minces, Ecole Polytechnique, CNRS, 91128 Palaiseau, France
| | - Romain Brisse
- CEA-Saclay, DSM/IRAMIS/SPCSI/Laboratoire de Chimie des Surfaces et Interfaces, 91191 Gif sur Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Christel Laberty-Robert
- Laboratoire de Chimie de la Matière Condensée de Paris-UMR 7574, Université Paris 6, Collège de France, 11 place Marcelin Berthelot 75005, Paris, France
| | - Stéphane Campidelli
- CEA-Saclay, DSM/IRAMIS/SPCSI/Laboratoire de Chimie des Surfaces et Interfaces, 91191 Gif sur Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Rémi de Bettignies
- INES, CEA-DRT/LITEN/DTS/LMPV, Institut National de l’Energie Solaire, Le Bourget du Lac, France
| | - Vincent Artero
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Biologie des Métaux, Université Grenoble 1, CNRS, CEA, 17 rue des Martyrs 38054, Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Serge Palacin
- CEA-Saclay, DSM/IRAMIS/SPCSI/Laboratoire de Chimie des Surfaces et Interfaces, 91191 Gif sur Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Bruno Jousselme
- CEA-Saclay, DSM/IRAMIS/SPCSI/Laboratoire de Chimie des Surfaces et Interfaces, 91191 Gif sur Yvette Cedex, France
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211
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Hirahara M, Yamazaki H, Yamada S, Matsubara K, Saito K, Yui T, Yagi M. Arrangement effect of the di-μ-oxo dimanganese catalyst and Ru(bpy)32+ photoexcitation centers adsorbed on mica for visible-light-derived water oxidation. Catal Sci Technol 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cy00010a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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212
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Yoshida M, Yomogida T, Mineo T, Nitta K, Kato K, Masuda T, Nitani H, Abe H, Takakusagi S, Uruga T, Asakura K, Uosaki K, Kondoh H. In situ observation of carrier transfer in the Mn-oxide/Nb:SrTiO3 photoelectrode by X-ray absorption spectroscopy. Chem Commun (Camb) 2013; 49:7848-50. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cc43584a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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213
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Baktash E, Zaharieva I, Schröder M, Goebel C, Dau H, Thomas A. Cyanamide route to calcium–manganese oxide foams for water oxidation. Dalton Trans 2013; 42:16920-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c3dt51693h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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214
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Joya KS, Vallés-Pardo JL, Joya YF, Eisenmayer T, Thomas B, Buda F, de Groot HJM. Molecular Catalytic Assemblies for Electrodriven Water Splitting. Chempluschem 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/cplu.201200161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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215
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Muresan NM, Willkomm J, Mersch D, Vaynzof Y, Reisner E. Immobilization of a Molecular Cobaloxime Catalyst for Hydrogen Evolution on a Mesoporous Metal Oxide Electrode. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201207448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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216
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Muresan NM, Willkomm J, Mersch D, Vaynzof Y, Reisner E. Immobilization of a molecular cobaloxime catalyst for hydrogen evolution on a mesoporous metal oxide electrode. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 51:12749-53. [PMID: 23169697 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201207448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicoleta M Muresan
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Sustainable SynGas Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
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217
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Artero V, Fontecave M. Solar fuels generation and molecular systems: is it homogeneous or heterogeneous catalysis? Chem Soc Rev 2012; 42:2338-56. [PMID: 23165230 DOI: 10.1039/c2cs35334b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 334] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Catalysis is a key enabling technology for solar fuel generation. A number of catalytic systems, either molecular/homogeneous or solid/heterogeneous, have been developed during the last few decades for both the reductive and oxidative multi-electron reactions required for fuel production from water or CO(2) as renewable raw materials. While allowing for a fine tuning of the catalytic properties through ligand design, molecular approaches are frequently criticized because of the inherent fragility of the resulting catalysts, when exposed to extreme redox potentials. In a number of cases, it has been clearly established that the true catalytic species is heterogeneous in nature, arising from the transformation of the initial molecular species, which should rather be considered as a pre-catalyst. Whether such a situation is general or not is a matter of debate in the community. In this review, covering water oxidation and reduction catalysts, involving noble and non-noble metal ions, we limit our discussion to the cases in which this issue has been directly and properly addressed as well as those requiring more confirmation. The methodologies proposed for discriminating homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis are inspired in part by those previously discussed by Finke in the case of homogeneous hydrogenation reaction in organometallic chemistry [J. A. Widegren and R. G. Finke, J. Mol. Catal. A, 2003, 198, 317-341].
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Artero
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Biologie des Métaux (CEA/Université Grenoble 1/CNRS), 17 rue des Martyrs, 38054 Grenoble cedex 09, France.
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218
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Gardner JM, Beyler M, Karnahl M, Tschierlei S, Ott S, Hammarström L. Light-Driven Electron Transfer between a Photosensitizer and a Proton-Reducing Catalyst Co-adsorbed to NiO. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:19322-5. [DOI: 10.1021/ja3082268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James M. Gardner
- Ångström
Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Uppsala University, Box 523, 75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Maryline Beyler
- Ångström
Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Uppsala University, Box 523, 75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Michael Karnahl
- Ångström
Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Uppsala University, Box 523, 75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Stefanie Tschierlei
- Ångström
Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Uppsala University, Box 523, 75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sascha Ott
- Ångström
Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Uppsala University, Box 523, 75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Leif Hammarström
- Ångström
Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Uppsala University, Box 523, 75120 Uppsala, Sweden
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219
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Yusuf S, Jiao F. Effect of the Support on the Photocatalytic Water Oxidation Activity of Cobalt Oxide Nanoclusters. ACS Catal 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/cs300581k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Seif Yusuf
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United
States
| | - Feng Jiao
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United
States
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220
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Berardi S, La Ganga G, Puntoriero F, Sartorel A, Campagna S, Bonchio M. Photo-induced water oxidation: New photocatalytic processes and materials. PHOTOCHEMISTRY 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/9781849734882-00274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
New progress towards artificial photosynthetic methods and solar fuels will depend on the discovery of highly robust multi-electron catalysts and materials enabling light-activated water splitting with high quantum efficiency and low overpotential, thus mimicking the natural process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Berardi
- ITM-CNR and Department of Chemical Sciences University of Padova Via Marzolo, 1, 35131 Padova Italy
| | - Giuseppina La Ganga
- Dipartimento di Chimica Inorganica, Chimica Analitica e Chimica Fisica Università di Messina and Centro Interuniversitario per la Conversione Chimica dell’Energia Solare (Sezione di Messina) Via Sperone 31, 98166 Messina Italy
| | - Fausto Puntoriero
- Dipartimento di Chimica Inorganica, Chimica Analitica e Chimica Fisica Università di Messina and Centro Interuniversitario per la Conversione Chimica dell’Energia Solare (Sezione di Messina) Via Sperone 31, 98166 Messina Italy
| | - Andrea Sartorel
- ITM-CNR and Department of Chemical Sciences University of Padova Via Marzolo, 1, 35131 Padova Italy
| | - Sebastiano Campagna
- Dipartimento di Chimica Inorganica, Chimica Analitica e Chimica Fisica Università di Messina and Centro Interuniversitario per la Conversione Chimica dell’Energia Solare (Sezione di Messina) Via Sperone 31, 98166 Messina Italy
| | - Marcella Bonchio
- ITM-CNR and Department of Chemical Sciences University of Padova Via Marzolo, 1, 35131 Padova Italy
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221
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Wang L, Duan L, Stewart B, Pu M, Liu J, Privalov T, Sun L. Toward Controlling Water Oxidation Catalysis: Tunable Activity of Ruthenium Complexes with Axial Imidazole/DMSO Ligands. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:18868-80. [DOI: 10.1021/ja309805m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Royal Institute of Technology, 10044 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lele Duan
- Department of Chemistry, Royal Institute of Technology, 10044 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Beverly Stewart
- Department of Organic Chemistry,
Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maoping Pu
- Department of Organic Chemistry,
Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jianhui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P.
R. China
| | - Timofei Privalov
- Department of Organic Chemistry,
Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Licheng Sun
- Department of Chemistry, Royal Institute of Technology, 10044 Stockholm, Sweden
- State Key Laboratory
of Fine
Chemicals, DUT-KTH Joint Education and Research Center on Molecular
Devices, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
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222
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Young KJ, Martini LA, Milot RL, III RCS, Batista VS, Schmuttenmaer CA, Crabtree RH, Brudvig GW. Light-driven water oxidation for solar fuels. Coord Chem Rev 2012; 256:2503-2520. [PMID: 25364029 PMCID: PMC4214930 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2012.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Light-driven water oxidation is an essential step for conversion of sunlight into storable chemical fuels. Fujishima and Honda reported the first example of photoelectrochemical water oxidation in 1972. In their system, TiO2 was irradiated with ultraviolet light, producing oxygen at the anode and hydrogen at a platinum cathode. Inspired by this system, more recent work has focused on functionalizing nanoporous TiO2 or other semiconductor surfaces with molecular adsorbates, including chromophores and catalysts that absorb visible light and generate electricity (i.e., dye-sensitized solar cells) or trigger water oxidation at low overpotentials (i.e., photocatalytic cells). The physics involved in harnessing multiple photochemical events for multielectron reactions, as required in the four-electron water oxidation process, has been the subject of much experimental and computational study. In spite of significant advances with regard to individual components, the development of highly efficient photocatalytic cells for solar water splitting remains an outstanding challenge. This article reviews recent progress in the field with emphasis on water-oxidation photoanodes inspired by the design of functionalized thin film semiconductors of typical dye-sensitized solar cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin J. Young
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, P.O. Box 208107, New Haven, CT 06520-8107, USA
| | - Lauren A. Martini
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, P.O. Box 208107, New Haven, CT 06520-8107, USA
| | - Rebecca L. Milot
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, P.O. Box 208107, New Haven, CT 06520-8107, USA
| | | | - Victor S. Batista
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, P.O. Box 208107, New Haven, CT 06520-8107, USA
| | | | - Robert H. Crabtree
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, P.O. Box 208107, New Haven, CT 06520-8107, USA
| | - Gary W. Brudvig
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, P.O. Box 208107, New Haven, CT 06520-8107, USA
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223
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Najafpour MM, Moghaddam AN, Yang YN, Aro EM, Carpentier R, Eaton-Rye JJ, Lee CH, Allakhverdiev SI. Biological water-oxidizing complex: a nano-sized manganese-calcium oxide in a protein environment. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2012; 114:1-13. [PMID: 22941557 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-012-9778-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2012] [Accepted: 08/20/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The resolution of Photosystem II (PS II) crystals has been improved using isolated PS II from the thermophilic cyanobacterium Thermosynechococcus vulcanus. The new 1.9 Å resolution data have provided detailed information on the structure of the water-oxidizing complex (Umena et al. Nature 473: 55-61, 2011). The atomic level structure of the manganese-calcium cluster is important for understanding the mechanism of water oxidation and to design an efficient catalyst for water oxidation in artificial photosynthetic systems. Here, we have briefly reviewed our knowledge of the structure and function of the cluster.
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224
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Kärkäs MD, Åkermark T, Johnston EV, Karim SR, Laine TM, Lee BL, Åkermark T, Privalov T, Åkermark B. Water Oxidation by Single-Site Ruthenium Complexes: Using Ligands as Redox and Proton Transfer Mediators. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 51:11589-93. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201205018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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225
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Kärkäs MD, Åkermark T, Johnston EV, Karim SR, Laine TM, Lee BL, Åkermark T, Privalov T, Åkermark B. Water Oxidation by Single-Site Ruthenium Complexes: Using Ligands as Redox and Proton Transfer Mediators. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201205018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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226
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Castillo CE, Romain S, Retegan M, Leprêtre JC, Chauvin J, Duboc C, Fortage J, Deronzier A, Collomb MN. Visible-Light-Driven Generation of High-Valent Oxo-Bridged Dinuclear and Tetranuclear Manganese Terpyridine Entities Linked to Photoactive Ruthenium Units of Relevance to Photosystem II. Eur J Inorg Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201200924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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227
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Achey D, Ardo S, Meyer GJ. Increase in the Coordination Number of a Cobalt Porphyrin after Photo-Induced Interfacial Electron Transfer into Nanocrystalline TiO2. Inorg Chem 2012; 51:9865-72. [DOI: 10.1021/ic301300h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Darren Achey
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Shane Ardo
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Gerald J. Meyer
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
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228
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Kondaveeti SK, Vaddypally S, Lam C, Hirai D, Ni N, Cava RJ, Zdilla MJ. Synthesis, Structure, and Magnetic Studies of Manganese–Oxygen Clusters of Reduced Coordination Number, Featuring an Unchelated, 5-Coordinate Octanuclear Manganese Cluster with Water-Derived Oxo Ligands. Inorg Chem 2012; 51:10095-104. [DOI: 10.1021/ic202448c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep K. Kondaveeti
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, 1901 N. 13th Street, Philadelphia,
Pennsylvania 19122, United States
| | - Shivaiah Vaddypally
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, 1901 N. 13th Street, Philadelphia,
Pennsylvania 19122, United States
| | - Carol Lam
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, 1901 N. 13th Street, Philadelphia,
Pennsylvania 19122, United States
| | - Daigorou Hirai
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544,
United States
| | - Ni Ni
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544,
United States
| | - Robert J. Cava
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544,
United States
| | - Michael J. Zdilla
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, 1901 N. 13th Street, Philadelphia,
Pennsylvania 19122, United States
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230
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Hetterscheid DGH, Reek JNH. Mononuclear Water Oxidation Catalysts. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 51:9740-7. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201202948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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231
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Glasson CRK, Song W, Ashford DL, Vannucci A, Chen Z, Concepcion JJ, Holland PL, Meyer TJ. Self-Assembled Bilayers on Indium–Tin Oxide (SAB-ITO) Electrodes: A Design for Chromophore–Catalyst Photoanodes. Inorg Chem 2012; 51:8637-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ic300636w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R. K. Glasson
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel
Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
| | - Wenjing Song
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel
Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
| | - Dennis L. Ashford
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel
Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
| | - Aaron Vannucci
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel
Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
| | - Zuofeng Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel
Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
| | - Javier J. Concepcion
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel
Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
| | - Patrick L. Holland
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester,
New York 14618, United States
| | - Thomas J. Meyer
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel
Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
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232
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233
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Najafpour MM, Rahimi F, Aro EM, Lee CH, Allakhverdiev SI. Nano-sized manganese oxides as biomimetic catalysts for water oxidation in artificial photosynthesis: a review. J R Soc Interface 2012; 9:2383-95. [PMID: 22809849 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2012.0412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
There has been a tremendous surge in research on the synthesis of various metal compounds aimed at simulating the water-oxidizing complex (WOC) of photosystem II (PSII). This is crucial because the water oxidation half reaction is overwhelmingly rate-limiting and needs high over-voltage (approx. 1 V), which results in low conversion efficiencies when working at current densities required for hydrogen production via water splitting. Particular attention has been given to the manganese compounds not only because manganese has been used by nature to oxidize water but also because manganese is cheap and environmentally friendly. The manganese-calcium cluster in PSII has a dimension of about approximately 0.5 nm. Thus, nano-sized manganese compounds might be good structural and functional models for the cluster. As in the nanometre-size of the synthetic models, most of the active sites are at the surface, these compounds could be more efficient catalysts than micrometre (or bigger) particles. In this paper, we focus on nano-sized manganese oxides as functional and structural models of the WOC of PSII for hydrogen production via water splitting and review nano-sized manganese oxides used in water oxidation by some research groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Mahdi Najafpour
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS), Zanjan, Iran.
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234
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Wu J, Liao L, Yan W, Xue Y, Sun Y, Yan X, Chen Y, Xie Y. Polyoxometalates immobilized in ordered mesoporous carbon nitride as highly efficient water oxidation catalysts. CHEMSUSCHEM 2012; 5:1207-1212. [PMID: 22619051 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201100809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2011] [Revised: 01/18/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Support with pom poms: A hybrid material ([Co(4)(H(2)O)(2)(PW(9)O(34))(2)](10-)/mesoporous carbon nitride) is prepared as an efficient water oxidation catalyst, and shows excellent catalytic activity for water oxidation. Mesoporous carbon nitride as an immobilization matrix improves the catalytic water oxidation activity and structural durability of the assembled nanostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Wu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, PR China
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235
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Smestad GP, Steinfeld A. Review: Photochemical and Thermochemical Production of Solar Fuels from H2O and CO2 Using Metal Oxide Catalysts. Ind Eng Chem Res 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/ie3007962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Greg P. Smestad
- Solar Energy Materials & Solar Cells, P.O. Box 5729, San José, California 95150, United States
| | - Aldo Steinfeld
- Department of Mechanical
and
Process Engineering, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
- Solar Technology Laboratory, Paul
Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
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236
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Song W, Chen Z, Glasson CRK, Hanson K, Luo H, Norris MR, Ashford DL, Concepcion JJ, Brennaman MK, Meyer TJ. Interfacial dynamics and solar fuel formation in dye-sensitized photoelectrosynthesis cells. Chemphyschem 2012; 13:2882-90. [PMID: 22715164 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201200100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2012] [Revised: 05/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Dye-sensitized photoelectrosynthesis cells (DSPECs) represent a promising approach to solar fuels with solar-energy storage in chemical bonds. The targets are water splitting and carbon dioxide reduction by water to CO, other oxygenates, or hydrocarbons. DSPECs are based on dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) but with photoexcitation driving physically separated solar fuel half reactions. A systematic basis for DSPECs is available based on a modular approach with light absorption/excited-state electron injection, and catalyst activation assembled in integrated structures. Progress has been made on catalysts for water oxidation and CO(2) reduction, dynamics of electron injection, back electron transfer, and photostability under conditions appropriate for water splitting. With added reductive scavengers, as surrogates for water oxidation, DSPECs have been investigated for hydrogen generation based on transient absorption and photocurrent measurements. Detailed insights are emerging which define kinetic and thermodynamic requirements for the individual processes underlying DSPEC performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Song
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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237
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Natali M, Orlandi M, Berardi S, Campagna S, Bonchio M, Sartorel A, Scandola F. Photoinduced water oxidation by a tetraruthenium polyoxometalate catalyst: ion-pairing and primary processes with Ru(bpy)3(2+) photosensitizer. Inorg Chem 2012; 51:7324-31. [PMID: 22686248 DOI: 10.1021/ic300703f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The tetraruthenium polyoxometalate [Ru(4)(μ-O)(4)(μ-OH)(2)(H(2)O)(4)(γ-SiW(10)O(36))(2)](10-) (1) behaves as a very efficient water oxidation catalyst in photocatalytic cycles using Ru(bpy)(3)(2+) as sensitizer and persulfate as sacrificial oxidant. Two interrelated issues relevant to this behavior have been examined in detail: (i) the effects of ion pairing between the polyanionic catalyst and the cationic Ru(bpy)(3)(2+) sensitizer, and (ii) the kinetics of hole transfer from the oxidized sensitizer to the catalyst. Complementary charge interactions in aqueous solution leads to an efficient static quenching of the Ru(bpy)(3)(2+) excited state. The quenching takes place in ion-paired species with an average 1:Ru(bpy)(3)(2+) stoichiometry of 1:4. It occurs by very fast (ca. 2 ps) electron transfer from the excited photosensitizer to the catalyst followed by fast (15-150 ps) charge recombination (reversible oxidative quenching mechanism). This process competes appreciably with the primary photoreaction of the excited sensitizer with the sacrificial oxidant, even in high ionic strength media. The Ru(bpy)(3)(3+) generated by photoreaction of the excited sensitizer with the sacrificial oxidant undergoes primary bimolecular hole scavenging by 1 at a remarkably high rate (3.6 ± 0.1 × 10(9) M(-1) s(-1)), emphasizing the kinetic advantages of this molecular species over, e.g., colloidal oxide particles as water oxidation catalysts. The kinetics of the subsequent steps and final oxygen evolution process involved in the full photocatalytic cycle are not known in detail. An indirect indication that all these processes are relatively fast, however, is provided by the flash photolysis experiments, where a single molecule of 1 is shown to undergo, in 40 ms, ca. 45 turnovers in Ru(bpy)(3)(3+) reduction. With the assumption that one molecule of oxygen released after four hole-scavenging events, this translates into a very high average turnover frequency (280 s(-1)) for oxygen production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirco Natali
- Dipartimento di Chimica and Centro Interuniversitario per la Conversione Chimica dell'Energia Solare (SOLARCHEM), sezione di Ferrara, via Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
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238
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Liu X, Wang F. Transition metal complexes that catalyze oxygen formation from water: 1979–2010. Coord Chem Rev 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2012.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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239
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Improving the efficiency of water splitting in dye-sensitized solar cells by using a biomimetic electron transfer mediator. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:15612-6. [PMID: 22547794 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1118339109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 262] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Photoelectrochemical water splitting directly converts solar energy to chemical energy stored in hydrogen, a high energy density fuel. Although water splitting using semiconductor photoelectrodes has been studied for more than 40 years, it has only recently been demonstrated using dye-sensitized electrodes. The quantum yield for water splitting in these dye-based systems has, so far, been very low because the charge recombination reaction is faster than the catalytic four-electron oxidation of water to oxygen. We show here that the quantum yield is more than doubled by incorporating an electron transfer mediator that is mimetic of the tyrosine-histidine mediator in Photosystem II. The mediator molecule is covalently bound to the water oxidation catalyst, a colloidal iridium oxide particle, and is coadsorbed onto a porous titanium dioxide electrode with a Ruthenium polypyridyl sensitizer. As in the natural photosynthetic system, this molecule mediates electron transfer between a relatively slow metal oxide catalyst that oxidizes water on the millisecond timescale and a dye molecule that is oxidized in a fast light-induced electron transfer reaction. The presence of the mediator molecule in the system results in photoelectrochemical water splitting with an internal quantum efficiency of approximately 2.3% using blue light.
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240
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Lee SHA, Zhao Y, Hernandez-Pagan EA, Blasdel L, Youngblood WJ, Mallouk TE. Electron transfer kinetics in water splitting dye-sensitized solar cells based on core-shell oxide electrodes. Faraday Discuss 2012; 155:165-76; discussion 207-22. [PMID: 22470973 DOI: 10.1039/c1fd00083g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Photoelectrochemical water splitting occurs in a dye-sensitized solar cell when a [Ru(bpy)3]2+-based dye covalently links a porous TiO2 anode film to IrO2 x nH2O nanoparticles. The quantum yield for oxygen evolution is low because of rapid back electron transfer between TiO2 and the oxidized dye, which occurs on a timescale of hundreds of microseconds, When iodide is added as an electron donor, the photocurrent increases, confirming that the initial charge injection efficiency is high. When the porous TiO2 film is coated with a 1-2 nm thick layer of ZrO2 or Nb2O5, both the charge injection rate and back electron transfer rate decrease. The efficiency of the cell increases and then decreases with increasing film thickness, consistent with the trends in charge injection and recombination rates. The current efficiency for oxygen evolution, measured electrochemically in a generator-collector geometry, is close to 100%. The factors that lead to polarization of the photoanode and possible ways to re-design the system for higher efficiency are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Hyun Anna Lee
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
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241
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Higashi M, Domen K, Abe R. Highly Stable Water Splitting on Oxynitride TaON Photoanode System under Visible Light Irradiation. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:6968-71. [DOI: 10.1021/ja302059g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 351] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masanobu Higashi
- Catalysis Research Center, Hokkaido University, North 21, West 10, Sapporo 001-0021,
Japan
- JST-CREST, Sanbancho 5, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0075, Japan
| | - Kazunari Domen
- Department of Chemical System
Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1
Hongo, Tokyo 113-8565, Japan
| | - Ryu Abe
- Catalysis Research Center, Hokkaido University, North 21, West 10, Sapporo 001-0021,
Japan
- JST-CREST, Sanbancho 5, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0075, Japan
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242
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Huang Z, Geletii YV, Musaev DG, Hill CL, Lian T. Spectroscopic Studies of Light-driven Water Oxidation Catalyzed by Polyoxometalates. Ind Eng Chem Res 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/ie202950h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhuangqun Huang
- Department of Chemistry, and Cherry
L. Emerson Center
for Scientific Computation, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Yurii V. Geletii
- Department of Chemistry, and Cherry
L. Emerson Center
for Scientific Computation, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Djamaladdin G. Musaev
- Department of Chemistry, and Cherry
L. Emerson Center
for Scientific Computation, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Craig L. Hill
- Department of Chemistry, and Cherry
L. Emerson Center
for Scientific Computation, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Tianquan Lian
- Department of Chemistry, and Cherry
L. Emerson Center
for Scientific Computation, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
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243
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Bensaid S, Centi G, Garrone E, Perathoner S, Saracco G. Towards artificial leaves for solar hydrogen and fuels from carbon dioxide. CHEMSUSCHEM 2012; 5:500-521. [PMID: 22431486 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201100661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The development of an "artificial leaf" that collects energy in the same way as a natural one is one of the great challenges for the use of renewable energy and a sustainable development. To avoid the problem of intermittency in solar energy, it is necessary to design systems that directly capture CO(2) and convert it into liquid solar fuels that can be easily stored. However, to be advantageous over natural leaves, it is necessary that artificial leaves have a higher solar energy-to-chemical fuel conversion efficiency, directly provide fuels that can be used in power-generating devices, and finally be robust and of easy construction, for example, smart, cheap and robust. This review discusses the recent progress in this field, with particular attention to the design and development of 'artificial leaf' devices and some of their critical components. This is a very active research area with different concepts and ideas under investigation, although often the validity of the considered solutions it is still not proven or the many constrains are not fully taken into account, particularly from the perspective of system engineering, which considerably limits some of the investigated solutions. It is also shown how system design should be included, at least at a conceptual level, in the definition of the artificial leaf elements to be investigated (catalysts, electrodes, membranes, sensitizers) and that the main relevant aspects of the cell engineering (mass/charge transport, fluid dynamics, sealing, etc.) should be also considered already at the initial stage because they determine the design and the choice between different options. For this reason, attention has been given to the system-design ideas under development instead of the molecular aspects of the O(2) - or H(2) -evolution catalysts. However, some of the recent advances in these catalysts, and their use in advanced electrodes, are also reported to provide a more complete picture of the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samir Bensaid
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, Torino, Italy
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244
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Yamazaki H, Igarashi S, Nagata T, Yagi M. Substituent Effects on Core Structures and Heterogeneous Catalytic Activities of MnIII(μ-O)2MnIV Dimers with 2,2′:6′,2″-Terpyridine Derivative Ligands for Water Oxidation. Inorg Chem 2012; 51:1530-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ic201797h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hirosato Yamazaki
- Department of Materials
Science
and Technology, Faculty of Engineering and Center for Transdisciplinary
Research, Niigata University, 8050 Ikarashi-2,
Niigata 950-2181, Japan
| | - Satoshi Igarashi
- Faculty of Education, Niigata University, 8050 Ikarashi-2, Niigata 950-2181,
Japan
| | - Toshi Nagata
- Institute for Molecular Science, Myodaiji, Okazaki 444-8787, Japan
| | - Masayuki Yagi
- Department of Materials
Science
and Technology, Faculty of Engineering and Center for Transdisciplinary
Research, Niigata University, 8050 Ikarashi-2,
Niigata 950-2181, Japan
- PRESTO (Precursory Research
for Embryonic Science and Technology), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi,
Saitama 332-0012, Japan
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245
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Gardner GP, Go YB, Robinson DM, Smith PF, Hadermann J, Abakumov A, Greenblatt M, Dismukes GC. Structural Requirements in Lithium Cobalt Oxides for the Catalytic Oxidation of Water. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201107625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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246
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Gardner GP, Go YB, Robinson DM, Smith PF, Hadermann J, Abakumov A, Greenblatt M, Dismukes GC. Structural Requirements in Lithium Cobalt Oxides for the Catalytic Oxidation of Water. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 51:1616-9. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201107625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2011] [Revised: 12/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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247
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Conrad F, Bauer M, Sheptyakov D, Weyeneth S, Jaeger D, Hametner K, Car PE, Patscheider J, Günther D, Patzke GR. New spinel oxide catalysts for visible-light-driven water oxidation. RSC Adv 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ra20169k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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248
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Li L, Duan L, Wen F, Li C, Wang M, Hagfeldt A, Sun L. Visible light driven hydrogen production from a photo-active cathode based on a molecular catalyst and organic dye-sensitized p-type nanostructured NiO. Chem Commun (Camb) 2012; 48:988-90. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cc16101j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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249
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Hocking RK, Chang SLY, MacFarlane DR, Spiccia L. Preparation and Characterization of Catalysts for Clean Energy: A Challenge for X-rays and Electrons. Aust J Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1071/ch12016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
One of the most promising approaches to addressing the challenges of securing cheap and renewable energy sources is to design catalysts from earth abundant materials capable of promoting key chemical reactions including splitting water into hydrogen and oxygen (2H2O → 2H2 + O2) as well as both the oxidation (H2 → 2H+) and reduction (2H+ → H2) of hydrogen. Key to elucidating the origin of catalytic activity and improving catalyst design is determining molecular-level structure, in both the ‘resting state’ and in the functioning ‘active state’ of the catalysts. Herein, we explore some of the analytical challenges important for designing and studying new catalytic materials for making and using hydrogen. We discuss a case study that used the combined approach of X-ray absorption spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy to understand the fate of the molecular cluster, [Mn4O4L6]+, in Nafion.
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250
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La Ganga G, Puntoriero F, Campagna S, Bazzan I, Berardi S, Bonchio M, Sartorel A, Natali M, Scandola F. Light-driven wateroxidation with a molecular tetra-cobalt(iii) cubanecluster. Faraday Discuss 2012; 155:177-90; discussion 207-22. [DOI: 10.1039/c1fd00093d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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