201
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Petrova E, Matevossian A, Resh MD. Hedgehog acyltransferase as a target in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Oncogene 2015; 34:263-8. [PMID: 24469057 PMCID: PMC4513646 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2013.575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2013] [Revised: 11/20/2013] [Accepted: 11/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) is abnormally expressed in pancreatic cancer and is associated with disease onset and progression. Inhibition of Shh signaling is thus an attractive clinical target for therapeutic intervention. Most efforts to block Shh signaling have focused on inhibitors of Smoothened, which target the canonical Shh signaling pathway. These approaches have met with limited success, in part due to development of resistance-conferring mutations and contributions from non-canonical signaling pathways. Here, we show that Hedgehog acyltransferase (Hhat), the enzyme responsible for the attachment of palmitate onto Shh, is a novel target for inhibition of Shh signaling in pancreatic cancer cells. Depletion of Hhat with lentivirally delivered small hairpin RNA decreased both anchorage-dependent and independent proliferation of human pancreatic cancer cells. In vivo, Hhat knockdown led to reduction of tumor growth in a mouse xenograft model of pancreatic cancer. RU-SKI 43, a small molecule inhibitor of Hhat recently developed by our group, reduced pancreatic cancer cell proliferation and Gli-1 activation through Smoothened-independent non-canonical signaling. In addition, RU-SKI 43 treatment inhibited two key proliferative pathways regulated by Akt and mTOR. This work demonstrates that Hhat has a critical role in pancreatic cancer and that a small molecule inhibitor of Hhat can successfully block pancreatic cancer cell proliferation. It also highlights the importance of developing optimized Hhat inhibitors to be used as therapeutics in pancreatic cancer, as well as in other malignancies characterized by Shh overexpression.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Petrova
- Cell Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Graduate Program in Pharmacology, Weill Graduate School of Medical Sciences of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - A Matevossian
- Cell Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Gerstner Sloan-Kettering Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, New York, NY, USA
| | - MD Resh
- Cell Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Gerstner Sloan-Kettering Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, New York, NY, USA
- Graduate Programs in Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Weill Graduate School of Medical Sciences of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
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202
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Zhao X, Xin M, Huang W, Ren Y, Jin Q, Tang F, Jiang H, Wang Y, Yang J, Mo S, Xiang H. Design, synthesis and evaluation of novel 5-phenylpyridin-2(1H)-one derivatives as potent reversible Bruton’s tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:348-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2014.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Revised: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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203
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Ma H, Lu W, Sun Z, Luo L, Geng D, Yang Z, Li E, Zheng J, Wang M, Zhang H, Yang S, Zhang X. Design, synthesis, and structure–activity-relationship of tetrahydrothiazolopyridine derivatives as potent smoothened antagonists. Eur J Med Chem 2015; 89:721-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Revised: 11/01/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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204
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Shiro T, Fukaya T, Tobe M. The chemistry and biological activity of heterocycle-fused quinolinone derivatives: A review. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 97:397-408. [PMID: 25532473 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Revised: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Among all heterocycles, the heterocycle-fused quinolinone scaffold is one of the privileged structures in drug discovery as heterocycle-fused quinolinone derivatives exhibit various biological activities allowing them to act as anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antidiabetic, and antipsychotic agents. This wide spectrum of biological activity has attracted a great deal of attention in the field of medicinal chemistry. In this review, we provide a comprehensive description of the biological and pharmacological properties of various heterocycle-fused quinolinone scaffolds and discuss the synthetic methods of some of their derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoya Shiro
- Drug Research Division, Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma Co., Ltd., Enoki 33-94, Suita, Osaka 564-0053, Japan
| | - Takayuki Fukaya
- Drug Research Division, Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma Co., Ltd., Enoki 33-94, Suita, Osaka 564-0053, Japan
| | - Masanori Tobe
- Drug Research Division, Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma Co., Ltd., Enoki 33-94, Suita, Osaka 564-0053, Japan.
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205
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Shou Y, Robinson DM, Amakye DD, Rose KL, Cho YJ, Ligon KL, Sharp T, Haider AS, Bandaru R, Ando Y, Geoerger B, Doz F, Ashley DM, Hargrave DR, Casanova M, Tawbi HA, Rodon J, Thomas AL, Mita AC, MacDonald TJ, Kieran MW. A five-gene hedgehog signature developed as a patient preselection tool for hedgehog inhibitor therapy in medulloblastoma. Clin Cancer Res 2014; 21:585-93. [PMID: 25473003 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-13-1711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Distinct molecular subgroups of medulloblastoma, including hedgehog (Hh) pathway-activated disease, have been reported. We identified and clinically validated a five-gene Hh signature assay that can be used to preselect patients with Hh pathway-activated medulloblastoma. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Gene characteristics of the Hh medulloblastoma subgroup were identified through published bioinformatic analyses. Thirty-two genes shown to be differentially expressed in fresh-frozen and formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tumor samples and reproducibly analyzed by RT-PCR were measured in matched samples. These data formed the basis for building a multi-gene logistic regression model derived through elastic net methods from which the five-gene Hh signature emerged after multiple iterations. On the basis of signature gene expression levels, the model computed a propensity score to determine Hh activation using a threshold set a priori. The association between Hh activation status and tumor response to the Hh pathway inhibitor sonidegib (LDE225) was analyzed. RESULTS Five differentially expressed genes in medulloblastoma (GLI1, SPHK1, SHROOM2, PDLIM3, and OTX2) were found to associate with Hh pathway activation status. In an independent validation study, Hh activation status of 25 medulloblastoma samples showed 100% concordance between the five-gene signature and Affymetrix profiling. Further, in medulloblastoma samples from 50 patients treated with sonidegib, all 6 patients who responded were found to have Hh-activated tumors. Three patients with Hh-activated tumors had stable or progressive disease. No patients with Hh-nonactivated tumors responded. CONCLUSIONS This five-gene Hh signature can robustly identify Hh-activated medulloblastoma and may be used to preselect patients who might benefit from sonidegib treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaping Shou
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Inc, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Douglas M Robinson
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Inc, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Dereck D Amakye
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, East Hanover, New Jersey
| | - Kristine L Rose
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, East Hanover, New Jersey
| | - Yoon-Jae Cho
- Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Keith L Ligon
- Pediatric Neuro-Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts. Department of Pathology, Children's Hospital Boston, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts. Department of Medical Oncology and Center for Molecular Oncologic Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Thad Sharp
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Inc, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Asifa S Haider
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, East Hanover, New Jersey
| | - Raj Bandaru
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Inc, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | | | - Birgit Geoerger
- Institut Gustave Roussy, University Paris-Sud, Villejuif, France
| | - François Doz
- Institut Curie and University Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, France
| | | | | | | | - Hussein A Tawbi
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute and University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Jordi Rodon
- Vall d'Hebron Institut d'Oncologia, and Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Alain C Mita
- Cancer Therapy and Research Center, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Tobey J MacDonald
- Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Mark W Kieran
- Pediatric Neuro-Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
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206
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Kumari A, Ermilov AN, Allen BL, Bradley RM, Dlugosz AA, Mistretta CM. Hedgehog pathway blockade with the cancer drug LDE225 disrupts taste organs and taste sensation. J Neurophysiol 2014; 113:1034-40. [PMID: 25392175 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00822.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Taste sensation on the anterior tongue requires chorda tympani nerve function and connections with continuously renewing taste receptor cells. However, it is unclear which signaling pathways regulate the receptor cells to maintain chorda tympani sensation. Hedgehog (HH) signaling controls cell proliferation and differentiation in numerous tissues and is active in taste papillae and taste buds. In contrast, uncontrolled HH signaling drives tumorigenesis, including the common skin cancer, basal cell carcinoma. Systemic HH pathway inhibitors (HPIs) lead to basal cell carcinoma regression, but these drugs cause severe taste disturbances. We tested the hypothesis that taste disruption by HPIs reflects a direct requirement for HH signaling in maintaining taste organs and gustatory sensation. In mice treated with the HPI LDE225 up to 28 days, HH-responding cells were lost in fungiform papilla epithelium, and papillae acquired a conical apex. Taste buds were either absent or severely reduced in size in more than 90% of aberrant papillae. Taste bud remnants expressed the taste cell marker keratin 8, and papillae retained expression of nerve markers, neurofilament and P2X3. Chorda tympani nerve responses to taste stimuli were markedly reduced or absent in LDE225-treated mice. Responses to touch were retained, however, whereas cold responses were retained after 16 days of treatment but lost after 28 days. These data identify a critical, modality-specific requirement for HH signaling in maintaining taste papillae, taste buds and neurophysiological taste function, supporting the proposition that taste disturbances in HPI-treated patients are an on-target response to HH pathway blockade in taste organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Archana Kumari
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Alexandre N Ermilov
- Department of Dermatology, Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Benjamin L Allen
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Robert M Bradley
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; and
| | - Andrzej A Dlugosz
- Department of Dermatology, Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Charlotte M Mistretta
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan;
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207
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Zhu W, Wang J, Wang S, Gu Z, Aceña JL, Izawa K, Liu H, Soloshonok VA. Recent advances in the trifluoromethylation methodology and new CF3-containing drugs. J Fluor Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2014.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 325] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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208
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Dreier J, Cheng P, Bogdan Alleman I, Gugger A, Hafner J, Tschopp A, Goldinger S, Levesque M, Dummer R. Basal cell carcinomas in a tertiary referral centre: a systematic analysis. Br J Dermatol 2014; 171:1066-72. [DOI: 10.1111/bjd.13217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Dreier
- Department of Dermatology University Hospital Zurich Zurich Switzerland
| | - P.F. Cheng
- Department of Dermatology University Hospital Zurich Zurich Switzerland
| | - I. Bogdan Alleman
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery University Hospital Zurich Zurich Switzerland
| | - A. Gugger
- Department of Dermatology University Hospital Zurich Zurich Switzerland
| | - J. Hafner
- Department of Dermatology University Hospital Zurich Zurich Switzerland
| | - A. Tschopp
- Division of Biostatistics Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine University of Zurich Zurich Switzerland
| | - S.M. Goldinger
- Department of Dermatology University Hospital Zurich Zurich Switzerland
| | - M.P. Levesque
- Department of Dermatology University Hospital Zurich Zurich Switzerland
| | - R. Dummer
- Department of Dermatology University Hospital Zurich Zurich Switzerland
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209
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Brun SN, Markant SL, Esparza LA, Garcia G, Terry D, Huang JM, Pavlyukov MS, Li XN, Grant GA, Crawford JR, Levy ML, Conway EM, Smith LH, Nakano I, Berezov A, Greene MI, Wang Q, Wechsler-Reya RJ. Survivin as a therapeutic target in Sonic hedgehog-driven medulloblastoma. Oncogene 2014; 34:3770-9. [PMID: 25241898 PMCID: PMC4369477 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2014.304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Revised: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Medulloblastoma (MB) is a highly malignant brain tumor that occurs primarily in children. Although surgery, radiation and high-dose chemotherapy have led to increased survival, many MB patients still die from their disease, and patients who survive suffer severe long-term side effects as a consequence of treatment. Thus, more effective and less toxic therapies for MB are critically important. Development of such therapies depends in part on identification of genes that are necessary for growth and survival of tumor cells. Survivin is an inhibitor of apoptosis protein that regulates cell cycle progression and resistance to apoptosis, is frequently expressed in human MB and when expressed at high levels predicts poor clinical outcome. Therefore, we hypothesized that Survivin may have a critical role in growth and survival of MB cells and that targeting it may enhance MB therapy. Here we show that Survivin is overexpressed in tumors from patched (Ptch) mutant mice, a model of Sonic hedgehog (SHH)-driven MB. Genetic deletion of survivin in Ptch mutant tumor cells significantly inhibits proliferation and causes cell cycle arrest. Treatment with small-molecule antagonists of Survivin impairs proliferation and survival of both murine and human MB cells. Finally, Survivin antagonists impede growth of MB cells in vivo. These studies highlight the importance of Survivin in SHH-driven MB, and suggest that it may represent a novel therapeutic target in patients with this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- S N Brun
- 1] Tumor Initiation and Maintenance Program, National Cancer Institute (NCI)-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute (SBMRI), La Jolla, CA, USA [2] Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA [3] Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - S L Markant
- 1] Tumor Initiation and Maintenance Program, National Cancer Institute (NCI)-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute (SBMRI), La Jolla, CA, USA [2] Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA [3] Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - L A Esparza
- 1] Tumor Initiation and Maintenance Program, National Cancer Institute (NCI)-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute (SBMRI), La Jolla, CA, USA [2] Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - G Garcia
- Histopathology Core SBMRI, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - D Terry
- Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics, SBMRI, Lake Nona, FL, USA
| | - J-M Huang
- Cedars-Sinai Women's Cancer Program at the Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - M S Pavlyukov
- 1] Department of Neurological Surgery, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA [2] James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - X-N Li
- Brain Tumor Program, Texas Children's Cancer Center, and Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - G A Grant
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University/Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - J R Crawford
- 1] Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA [2] Departments of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA [3] Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - M L Levy
- 1] Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, CA, USA [2] Department of Neurosurgery, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - E M Conway
- Centre for Blood Research, Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia (UBC), Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - L H Smith
- 1] Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics, SBMRI, Lake Nona, FL, USA [2] Cardiopathobiology Program, Sanford Burnham Medical Research Institute, Lake Nona, FL, USA
| | - I Nakano
- 1] Department of Neurological Surgery, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA [2] James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - A Berezov
- Department of Biomedical Sciences at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - M I Greene
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Q Wang
- Cedars-Sinai Women's Cancer Program at the Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - R J Wechsler-Reya
- 1] Tumor Initiation and Maintenance Program, National Cancer Institute (NCI)-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute (SBMRI), La Jolla, CA, USA [2] Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA [3] Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
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210
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Five-membered heteroaromatic ring fused-pyrimidine derivatives: Design, synthesis, and hedgehog signaling pathway inhibition study. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:3486-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.05.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Revised: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 05/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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211
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Banerjee U, Hadden MK. Recent advances in the design of Hedgehog pathway inhibitors for the treatment of malignancies. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2014; 9:751-71. [PMID: 24850423 DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2014.920817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway is known to be dysregulated in several forms of cancer. Hence, specifically targeting this signaling cascade is a valid and promising strategy for successful therapeutic intervention. Several components within the Hh pathway have been proven to be druggable; however, challenges in the discovery and development process for small molecules targeting this pathway have been identified. AREAS COVERED This review details both the current state and future potential of Hh pathway inhibitors as anticancer chemotherapeutics that target a variety of human malignancies. EXPERT OPINION The initial development of Hh pathway inhibitors focused on small-molecule antagonists of Smoothened, a transmembrane protein that is a key regulator of pathway signaling. More recently, efforts to identify and develop inhibitors of pathway signaling that function through alternate mechanisms have been increasing. However, none of these have advanced into clinical trials. Further, early evidence suggesting the broad application of Hh pathway inhibitors as a monotherapy in a wide range of human cancers has not been validated. The potential for Hh pathway inhibitors as combination therapy has demonstrated promising preclinical results. However, more research to identify rational drug combinations to fully explore the potential of this anticancer drug class is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Upasana Banerjee
- University of Connecticut, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , 69 N Eagleville Rd, Unit 3092, Storrs, CT 06269-3092 , USA +1 860 486 8446 ;
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212
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Zollinger M, Lozac'h F, Hurh E, Emotte C, Bauly H, Swart P. Absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) of ¹⁴C-sonidegib (LDE225) in healthy volunteers. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2014; 74:63-75. [PMID: 24817600 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-014-2468-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 04/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of the hedgehog pathway inhibitor sonidegib (LDE225) were determined in healthy male subjects. METHODS Six subjects received a single oral dose of 800 mg ¹⁴C-sonidegib (74 kBq, 2.0 µCi) under fasting conditions. Blood, plasma, urine, and fecal samples were collected predose, postdose in-house (days 1-22), and during 24-h visits (weekly, days 29-43; biweekly, days 57-99). Radioactivity was determined in all samples using accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS). Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was used to determine concentrations of sonidegib and its main circulating metabolite in plasma. Metabolite profiles and structures were determined in pooled plasma, urine, and fecal samples using high-performance LC-AMS and LC-MS/MS, respectively. RESULTS A single dose of ¹⁴C-sonidegib was well tolerated in healthy subjects. Unchanged sonidegib and total radioactivity reached peak concentration in plasma by 2 and 3 h, respectively, and demonstrated similarly long half-lives of 319 and 331 h, respectively. Absorbed sonidegib (estimated 6-7 %) was extensively distributed, and the approximate terminal volume of distribution was 2,500 L. Unchanged sonidegib and a metabolite resulting from amide hydrolysis were the major circulating components (36.4 and 15.4 % of radioactivity area under the curve, respectively). Absorbed sonidegib was eliminated predominantly through oxidative metabolism of the morpholine part and amide hydrolysis. Unabsorbed sonidegib was excreted through the feces. Metabolites in excreta accounted for 4.49 % of the dose (1.20 % in urine, 3.29 % in feces). The recovery of radioactivity in urine and feces was essentially complete (95.3 ± 1.93 % of the dose in five subjects; 56.9 % of the dose in one subject with incomplete feces collection suspected). CONCLUSIONS Sonidegib exhibited low absorption, was extensively distributed, and was slowly metabolized. Elimination of absorbed sonidegib occurred largely by oxidative and hydrolytic metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Zollinger
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (DMPK), Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Fabrikstrasse 14, 4002, Basel, Switzerland,
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213
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Lu W, Geng D, Sun Z, Yang Z, Ma H, Zheng J, Zhang X. Scaffold hopping approach to a new series of smoothened antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:2300-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.03.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2013] [Revised: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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214
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Xin M, Wen J, Tang F, Tu C, Huang W, Shen H, Zhao X, Cheng L, Wang M, Zhang L. Synthesis and evaluation of 4-(2-pyrimidinylamino) benzamides inhibitors of hedgehog signaling pathway. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:983-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.12.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2013] [Revised: 11/10/2013] [Accepted: 12/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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215
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Xin M, Zhang L, Tang F, Tu C, Wen J, Zhao X, Liu Z, Cheng L, Shen H. Design, synthesis, and evaluation of pyrrolo[2,1-f][1,2,4]triazine derivatives as novel hedgehog signaling pathway inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2014; 22:1429-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2013.12.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Revised: 12/11/2013] [Accepted: 12/22/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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216
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Manetti F, Taddei M, Petricci E. Structure–Activity Relationships and Mechanism of Action of Small Molecule Smoothened Modulators Discovered by High-Throughput Screening and Rational Design. TOPICS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/7355_2014_61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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217
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Trinh TN, McLaughlin EA, Gordon CP, McCluskey A. Hedgehog signalling pathway inhibitors as cancer suppressing agents. MEDCHEMCOMM 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3md00334e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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218
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New Chemical Entities Entering Phase III Trials in 2013. ANNUAL REPORTS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800167-7.00026-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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219
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Hu B, Cai J, Chen J, Cao M, Wang P, Zong X, Zhang R, Ji M. An Efficient Synthesis of Erismodegib. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL RESEARCH 2014. [DOI: 10.3184/174751914x13860924330499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A highly efficient synthesis of Erismodegib (LDE225) is described. The chlorine of 2-chloro-5-nitropyridine was displaced by 2,6-dimethylmorpholine and the nitro group reduced to give 3-amino-6-(2’,6'-dimethylmorpholino)pyridine. The Suzuki coupling of methyl 3-bromo-2-methylbenzoate with 4-trifluoromethoxy phenylboronic acid gave methyl-4'-(trifluormethoxy) biphenyl-3-carboxylate. These two fragments were coupled through amide bond formation to give Erismodegib. This synthesis procedure which proceeded in high yield did not require special conditions and is suitable for industrial production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Hu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Institute of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210096, P.R. China
| | - Jin Cai
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Institute of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210096, P.R. China
| | - Junqing Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Institute of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210096, P.R. China
| | - Meng Cao
- School of Biological Science & Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, P.R. China
| | - Peng Wang
- School of Biological Science & Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, P.R. China
| | - Xi Zong
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Institute of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210096, P.R. China
| | - Rui Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Institute of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210096, P.R. China
| | - Min Ji
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Institute of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210096, P.R. China
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220
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Metcalfe C, Alicke B, Crow A, Lamoureux M, Dijkgraaf GJP, Peale F, Gould SE, de Sauvage FJ. PTEN loss mitigates the response of medulloblastoma to Hedgehog pathway inhibition. Cancer Res 2013; 73:7034-42. [PMID: 24154871 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-13-1222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Medulloblastoma is a cancer of the cerebellum, for which there is currently no approved targeted therapy. Recent transcriptomics approaches have demonstrated that medulloblastoma is composed of molecularly distinct subgroups, one of which is characterized by activation of the Hedgehog pathway, which in mouse models is sufficient to drive medulloblastoma development. There is thus considerable interest in targeting the Hedgehog pathway for therapeutic benefit in medulloblastoma, particularly given the recent approval of the Hedgehog pathway inhibitor vismodegib for metastatic and locally advanced basal cell carcinoma. Like other molecularly targeted therapies, however, there have been reports of acquired resistance to vismodegib, driven by secondary Hedgehog pathway mutations and potentially by activation of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway. Given that acquired resistance to vismodegib may occur as a result of inappropriate PI3K pathway activation, we asked if loss of the PI3K pathway regulator, phosphatase and tensin homologue (Pten), which has been reported to occur in patients within the Hedgehog subgroup, would constitute a mechanism of innate resistance to vismodegib in Hedgehog-driven medulloblastoma. We find that Hedgehog pathway inhibition successfully restrains growth of Pten-deficient medulloblastoma in this mouse model, but does not drive tumor regression, as it does in Pten-wild-type medulloblastoma. Combined inhibition of the Hedgehog and PI3K pathways may lead to superior antitumor activity in PTEN-deficient medulloblastoma in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciara Metcalfe
- Authors' Affiliation: Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California
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221
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Filbin MG, Dabral SK, Pazyra-Murphy MF, Ramkissoon S, Kung AL, Pak E, Chung J, Theisen MA, Sun Y, Franchetti Y, Sun Y, Shulman DS, Redjal N, Tabak B, Beroukhim R, Wang Q, Zhao J, Dorsch M, Buonamici S, Ligon KL, Kelleher JF, Segal RA. Coordinate activation of Shh and PI3K signaling in PTEN-deficient glioblastoma: new therapeutic opportunities. Nat Med 2013; 19:1518-23. [PMID: 24076665 DOI: 10.1038/nm.3328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2013] [Accepted: 08/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
In glioblastoma, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) signaling is frequently activated by loss of the tumor suppressor phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN). However, it is not known whether inhibiting PI3K represents a selective and effective approach for treatment. We interrogated large databases and found that sonic hedgehog (SHH) signaling is activated in PTEN-deficient glioblastoma. We demonstrate that the SHH and PI3K pathways synergize to promote tumor growth and viability in human PTEN-deficient glioblastomas. A combination of PI3K and SHH signaling inhibitors not only suppressed the activation of both pathways but also abrogated S6 kinase (S6K) signaling. Accordingly, targeting both pathways simultaneously resulted in mitotic catastrophe and tumor apoptosis and markedly reduced the growth of PTEN-deficient glioblastomas in vitro and in vivo. The drugs tested here appear to be safe in humans; therefore, this combination may provide a new targeted treatment for glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariella Gruber Filbin
- 1] Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [2] Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [3] Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [4] Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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222
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Peukert S, He F, Dai M, Zhang R, Sun Y, Miller-Moslin K, McEwan M, Lagu B, Wang K, Yusuff N, Bourret A, Ramamurthy A, Maniara W, Amaral A, Vattay A, Wang A, Guo R, Yuan J, Green J, Williams J, Buonamici S, Kelleher JF, Dorsch M. Discovery of NVP-LEQ506, a Second-Generation Inhibitor of Smoothened. ChemMedChem 2013; 8:1261-5. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201300217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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223
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Targeted therapy for advanced Basal-cell carcinoma: vismodegib and beyond. Dermatol Ther (Heidelb) 2013; 3:17-31. [PMID: 23888252 PMCID: PMC3680638 DOI: 10.1007/s13555-013-0019-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Basal-cell carcinoma is a commonly occurring skin malignancy that has the potential to progress into locally invasive or resistant disease, as well as spread distantly. Due to advances in the molecular understanding of the disease over the last two decades, it has been discovered that the Hedgehog pathway plays an important role in the pathogenesis of this disease and can be exploited as a treatment target. Several agents that inhibit the Hedgehog pathway have reached clinical studies and one drug, vismodegib, has recently been US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved based on clinical activity and tolerability in patients with advanced basal-cell carcinoma. This review will describe the clinical development of vismodegib, as well as the proper application of the drug in clinical practice. Other important clinical questions, such as mechanisms of resistance to vismodegib and the role of other Hedgehog pathway inhibitors currently in development will also be discussed.
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224
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Inhibitors of Hedgehog acyltransferase block Sonic Hedgehog signaling. Nat Chem Biol 2013; 9:247-9. [PMID: 23416332 PMCID: PMC3604071 DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.1184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2012] [Accepted: 01/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Inhibition of Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling is of great clinical interest. Here we exploit Hedgehog acyltransferase (Hhat)-mediated Shh palmitoylation, a modification critical for Shh signaling, as a new target for Shh pathway inhibition. A target-oriented high-throughput screen was used to identify small-molecule inhibitors of Hhat. In cells, these Hhat inhibitors specifically block Shh palmitoylation and inhibit autocrine and paracrine Shh signaling.
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225
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Kim J, Aftab BT, Tang JY, Kim D, Lee AH, Rezaee M, Kim J, Chen B, King EM, Borodovsky A, Riggins GJ, Epstein EH, Beachy PA, Rudin CM. Itraconazole and arsenic trioxide inhibit Hedgehog pathway activation and tumor growth associated with acquired resistance to smoothened antagonists. Cancer Cell 2013; 23:23-34. [PMID: 23291299 PMCID: PMC3548977 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2012.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 265] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2012] [Revised: 08/27/2012] [Accepted: 11/28/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Recognition of the multiple roles of Hedgehog signaling in cancer has prompted intensive efforts to develop targeted pathway inhibitors. Leading inhibitors in clinical development act by binding to a common site within Smoothened, a critical pathway component. Acquired Smoothened mutations, including SMO(D477G), confer resistance to these inhibitors. Here, we report that itraconazole and arsenic trioxide, two agents in clinical use that inhibit Hedgehog signaling by mechanisms distinct from that of current Smoothened antagonists, retain inhibitory activity in vitro in the context of all reported resistance-conferring Smoothened mutants and GLI2 overexpression. Itraconazole and arsenic trioxide, alone or in combination, inhibit the growth of medulloblastoma and basal cell carcinoma in vivo, and prolong survival of mice with intracranial drug-resistant SMO(D477G) medulloblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Kim
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Departments of Biochemistry and of Developmental Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Blake T. Aftab
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
- Department of Oncology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Jean Y. Tang
- Department of Dermatology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Children’s Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, CA 94609, USA
| | - Daniel Kim
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Alex H. Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Children’s Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, CA 94609, USA
| | - Melika Rezaee
- Children’s Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, CA 94609, USA
| | - Jynho Kim
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Departments of Biochemistry and of Developmental Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Baozhi Chen
- Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, TX, 75390-8593
| | - Emily M. King
- Department of Oncology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Alexandra Borodovsky
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Gregory J. Riggins
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Ervin H. Epstein
- Children’s Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, CA 94609, USA
| | - Philip A. Beachy
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Departments of Biochemistry and of Developmental Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Corresponding authors: Philip A. Beachy, PhD, Professor of Biochemistry Lokey Stem Cell Research Building, Rm G3120a, Stanford University School of Medicine, 265 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305-5463, Tel: 650-723-4521, . Charles M. Rudin, MD, PhD, Professor of Oncology, The Johns Hopkins University, Cancer Research Building 2, Room 544, 1550 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD 21231, Tel: 410-502-0678, Fax: 410-502-0677,
| | - Charles M. Rudin
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
- Department of Oncology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
- Corresponding authors: Philip A. Beachy, PhD, Professor of Biochemistry Lokey Stem Cell Research Building, Rm G3120a, Stanford University School of Medicine, 265 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305-5463, Tel: 650-723-4521, . Charles M. Rudin, MD, PhD, Professor of Oncology, The Johns Hopkins University, Cancer Research Building 2, Room 544, 1550 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD 21231, Tel: 410-502-0678, Fax: 410-502-0677,
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226
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Novel molecular targets for the treatment of gastroenteropancreatic endocrine tumors: answers and unsolved problems. Int J Mol Sci 2012; 14:30-45. [PMID: 23344019 PMCID: PMC3565249 DOI: 10.3390/ijms14010030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2012] [Revised: 12/01/2012] [Accepted: 12/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
As more knowledge on molecular alterations favoring carcinogenesis and spreading of gastroenteropancreatic endocrine tumors has become available, a number of targeted agents interfering with key growth and angiogenic pathways have been explored in preclinical and clinical studies. The mTOR inhibitor Everolimus, and the multi-target antiangiogenetic agent Sunitinib, have been shown to be effective and thus have been approved by the FDA for treatment of pancreatic endocrine tumors. However, there is little data on the primary resistance to targeted agents on these tumors. The goals of the present review are to elucidate the possible advantage of combined treatments in overcoming induced resistances, and to identify biomarkers able to predict clinical efficacy. Moreover, the role of interesting targets for which a strong biological rationale exists, and specific inhibitors are available, such as the Src Family Kinases and the Hedgehog Pathway, are discussed. There is now need for more preclinical studies on cell lines and animal models to provide a stronger preclinical background in this field, as well as clinical trials specifically comparing one targeted therapy with another or combining different targeted agents.
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227
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Dockendorff C, Nagiec MM, Weïwer M, Buhrlage S, Ting A, Nag PP, Germain A, Kim HJ, Youngsaye W, Scherer C, Bennion M, Xue L, Stanton BZ, Lewis TA, MacPherson L, Palmer M, Foley MA, Perez JR, Schreiber SL. Macrocyclic Hedgehog Pathway Inhibitors: Optimization of Cellular Activity and Mode of Action Studies. ACS Med Chem Lett 2012; 3:808-813. [PMID: 23074541 PMCID: PMC3469069 DOI: 10.1021/ml300172p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2012] [Accepted: 08/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
![]()
Macrocyclic Hedgehog (Hh) pathway inhibitors have been
discovered
with improved potency and maximal inhibition relative to the previously
reported macrocycle robotnikinin. Analogues were prepared using a
modular and efficient build-couple-pair (BCP) approach, with a ring-closing
metathesis step to form the macrocyclic ring. Varying the position
of the macrocycle nitrogen and oxygen atoms provided inhibitors with
improved activity in cellular assays; the most potent analogue was 29 (BRD-6851), with an IC50 of 0.4 μM against
C3H10T1/2 cells undergoing Hh-induced activation, as measured by Gli1 transcription and alkaline phosphatase induction. Studies
with Patched knockout (Ptch–/–) cells and competition studies with the Smoothened (Smo) agonists
SAG and purmorphamine demonstrate that in contrast to robotnikinin,
select analogues are Smo antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Dockendorff
- Chemical
Biology Platform and Probe Development Center and ‡Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT,
7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Marek M. Nagiec
- Chemical
Biology Platform and Probe Development Center and ‡Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT,
7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Michel Weïwer
- Chemical
Biology Platform and Probe Development Center and ‡Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT,
7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Sara Buhrlage
- Chemical
Biology Platform and Probe Development Center and ‡Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT,
7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Amal Ting
- Chemical
Biology Platform and Probe Development Center and ‡Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT,
7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Partha P. Nag
- Chemical
Biology Platform and Probe Development Center and ‡Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT,
7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Andrew Germain
- Chemical
Biology Platform and Probe Development Center and ‡Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT,
7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Han-Je Kim
- Chemical
Biology Platform and Probe Development Center and ‡Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT,
7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Willmen Youngsaye
- Chemical
Biology Platform and Probe Development Center and ‡Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT,
7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Christina Scherer
- Chemical
Biology Platform and Probe Development Center and ‡Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT,
7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Melissa Bennion
- Chemical
Biology Platform and Probe Development Center and ‡Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT,
7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Linlong Xue
- Chemical
Biology Platform and Probe Development Center and ‡Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT,
7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Benjamin Z. Stanton
- Chemical
Biology Platform and Probe Development Center and ‡Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT,
7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Timothy A. Lewis
- Chemical
Biology Platform and Probe Development Center and ‡Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT,
7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Lawrence MacPherson
- Chemical
Biology Platform and Probe Development Center and ‡Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT,
7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Michelle Palmer
- Chemical
Biology Platform and Probe Development Center and ‡Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT,
7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Michael A. Foley
- Chemical
Biology Platform and Probe Development Center and ‡Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT,
7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - José R. Perez
- Chemical
Biology Platform and Probe Development Center and ‡Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT,
7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Stuart L. Schreiber
- Chemical
Biology Platform and Probe Development Center and ‡Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT,
7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
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228
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Tran PV, Lachke SA, Stottmann RW. Toward a systems-level understanding of the Hedgehog signaling pathway: defining the complex, robust, and fragile. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-SYSTEMS BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2012; 5:83-100. [PMID: 23060005 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway plays a fundamental role in development and tissue homeostasis, governing cell proliferation and differentiation, as well as cell fate. Hh signaling is mediated by an intricate network of proteins that have positive and negative roles that work in concert to fine-tune signaling output. Using feedback loops, redundancy and subcellular compartmentalization, the temporal and spatial dynamics of Hh signaling have evolved to be complex and robust. Yet developmental defects and cancers that arise from perturbation of the Hh pathway reflect specific pathway fragilities. Importantly, these fragile nodes and edges present opportunities for the design of targeted therapies. Despite these significant advances, unconnected molecular links within the Hh pathway still remain, many of which revolve around the dependence of Hh signaling on the primary cilium, an antenna-like sensory organelle. A systems-level understanding of Hh signaling and of ciliary biology will comprehensively define all nodes and edges of the Hh signaling network and will help identify precise therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela V Tran
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA.
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229
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Wang J, Mook RA, Lu J, Gooden DM, Ribeiro A, Guo A, Barak LS, Lyerly HK, Chen W. Identification of a novel Smoothened antagonist that potently suppresses Hedgehog signaling. Bioorg Med Chem 2012; 20:6751-7. [PMID: 23063522 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2012.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2012] [Revised: 08/31/2012] [Accepted: 09/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The Hedgehog signaling pathway plays an essential role in embryo development and adult tissue homeostasis, in regulating stem cells and is abnormally activated in many cancers. Given the importance of this signaling pathway, we developed a novel and versatile high-throughput, cell-based screening platform using confocal imaging, based on the role of β-arrestin in Hedgehog signal transduction, that can identify agonists or antagonist of the pathway by a simple change to the screening protocol. Here we report the use of this assay in the antagonist mode to identify novel antagonists of Smoothened, including a compound (A8) with low nanomolar activity against wild-type Smo also capable of binding the Smo point mutant D473H associated with clinical resistance in medulloblastoma. Our data validate this novel screening approach in the further development of A8 and related congeners to treat Hedgehog related diseases, including the treatment of basal cell carcinoma and medulloblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangbo Wang
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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230
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Design, synthesis, and structure-activity-relationship of phenyl imidazoles as potent Smoothened antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:6573-6. [PMID: 23036954 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2012] [Revised: 09/01/2012] [Accepted: 09/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Through scaffold morphing of a known Smoothened antagonist Antag691, a series of novel phenyl imidazole derivatives were developed. Structure-activity-relationship studies and lead optimization led to the discovery of potent, selective and orally bioavailable Smoothened antagonist 19 that is suitable for in vivo studies.
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231
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Yun JI, Kim HR, Park H, Kim SK, Lee J. Small molecule inhibitors of the hedgehog signaling pathway for the treatment of cancer. Arch Pharm Res 2012; 35:1317-33. [PMID: 22941475 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-012-0801-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2012] [Revised: 06/05/2012] [Accepted: 06/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Over the past decade, the Hedgehog signaling pathway has attracted considerable interest because the pathway plays important roles in the tumorigenesis of several types of cancer as well as developmental processes. It has also been observed that Hedgehog signaling regulates the proliferation and self-renewal of cancer stem cells. A great number of Hedgehog pathway inhibitors have been discovered through small molecule screens and subsequent medicinal chemistry efforts. Among the inhibitors, several Smo antagonists have reached the clinical trial phase. It has been proved that the inhibition of Hedgehog signaling with Smo antagonists is beneficial to cancer patients with basal cell carcinoma and medulloblastoma. In this review, we provide an overview of Hedgehog pathway inhibitors with focusing on the preclinical and/or clinical efficacy and molecular mechanisms of these inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong In Yun
- Division of Drug Discovery Research, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Deajeon, 305-600, Korea
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232
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Discovery of pyrrolo[3,2-c]quinoline-4-one derivatives as novel hedgehog signaling inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2012; 20:5496-506. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2012.07.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2012] [Revised: 07/17/2012] [Accepted: 07/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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233
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Abstract
The Hedgehog (Hh) pathway is required for cell-fate determination during the embryonic life, as well as cell growth and differentiation in the adult organism, where the inappropriate activation has been implicated in several cancers. Here we demonstrate that Hh signaling plays a significant role in growth and survival of multiple myeloma (MM) cells. We observed that CD138(+) MM cells express Hh genes and confirmed Smoothened (Smo)-dependent Hh signaling in MM using a novel synthetic Smo inhibitor, NVP-LDE225 (Novartis), which decreased MM cell viability by inducing specific down-regulation of Gli1 and Ptch1, hallmarks of Hh activity. In addition, we detected a nuclear localization of Gli1 in MM cells, which is completely abrogated by Forskolin, a Gli1-modulating compound, confirming Smo-independent mechanisms leading to Hh activation in MM. Finally, we identified that bone marrow stromal cells are a source of the Shh ligand, although they are resistant to the Hh inhibitor because of defective Smo expression and Ptch1 up-regulation. Further in vitro as well as in vivo studies showed antitumor efficacy of NVP-LDE225 in combination with bortezomib. Altogether, our data demonstrate activation of both canonical and noncanonical Hh pathway in MM, thus providing the rationale for testing Hh inhibitors in clinical trials to improve MM patient outcome.
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234
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Abstract
The Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway regulates embryonic development and may be aberrantly activated in a wide variety of human cancers. Efforts to target pathogenic Hh signaling have steadily progressed from the laboratory to the clinic, and the recent approval of the Hh pathway inhibitor vismodegib for patients with advanced basal cell carcinoma represents an important milestone. On the other hand, Hh pathway antagonists have failed to show significant clinical activity in other solid tumors. The reasons for these negative results are not precisely understood, but it is possible that the impact of Hh pathway inhibition has not been adequately measured by the clinical endpoints used thus far or that aberrancies in Hh signal transduction limits the activity of currently available pathway antagonists. Further basic and correlative studies to better understand Hh signaling in human tumors and validate putative antitumor mechanisms in the clinical setting may ultimately improve the success of Hh pathway inhibition to other tumor types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross McMillan
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, CRB245, 1650 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
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235
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Lau J, Schmidt C, Markant SL, Taylor MD, Wechsler-Reya RJ, Weiss WA. Matching mice to malignancy: molecular subgroups and models of medulloblastoma. Childs Nerv Syst 2012; 28:521-32. [PMID: 22315164 PMCID: PMC3515664 DOI: 10.1007/s00381-012-1704-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2011] [Accepted: 01/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Medulloblastoma, the largest group of embryonal brain tumors, has historically been classified into five variants based on histopathology. More recently, epigenetic and transcriptional analyses of primary tumors have subclassified medulloblastoma into four to six subgroups, most of which are incongruous with histopathological classification. DISCUSSION Improved stratification is required for prognosis and development of targeted treatment strategies, to maximize cure and minimize adverse effects. Several mouse models of medulloblastoma have contributed both to an improved understanding of progression and to developmental therapeutics. In this review, we summarize the classification of human medulloblastoma subtypes based on histopathology and molecular features. We describe existing genetically engineered mouse models, compare these to human disease, and discuss the utility of mouse models for developmental therapeutics. Just as accurate knowledge of the correct molecular subtype of medulloblastoma is critical to the development of targeted therapy in patients, we propose that accurate modeling of each subtype of medulloblastoma in mice will be necessary for preclinical evaluation and optimization of those targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine Lau
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA. Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA. Department of Neurological Surgery and Brain Tumor Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA. Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Christin Schmidt
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA. Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA. Department of Neurological Surgery and Brain Tumor Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA. Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Shirley L. Markant
- Tumor Development Program, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA. Department of Pharmacology & Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Michael D. Taylor
- Division of Neurosurgery, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada. Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Robert J. Wechsler-Reya
- Tumor Development Program, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA. Department of Pharmacology & Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - William A. Weiss
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA. Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA. Department of Neurological Surgery and Brain Tumor Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA. Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Solinas A, Faure H, Roudaut H, Traiffort E, Schoenfelder A, Mann A, Manetti F, Taddei M, Ruat M. Acylthiourea, Acylurea, and Acylguanidine Derivatives with Potent Hedgehog Inhibiting Activity. J Med Chem 2012; 55:1559-71. [DOI: 10.1021/jm2013369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Solinas
- Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tecnologico, Università degli Studi di Siena, Via A. Moro
2, I-53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Hélène Faure
- CNRS, UPR-3294, Laboratoire de Neurobiologie et Développement, Institut de Neurobiologie Alfred Fessard IFR2118, Signal
Transduction and Developmental Neuropharmacology Team, 1 Avenue de
la Terrasse, F-91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Hermine Roudaut
- CNRS, UPR-3294, Laboratoire de Neurobiologie et Développement, Institut de Neurobiologie Alfred Fessard IFR2118, Signal
Transduction and Developmental Neuropharmacology Team, 1 Avenue de
la Terrasse, F-91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Elisabeth Traiffort
- CNRS, UPR-3294, Laboratoire de Neurobiologie et Développement, Institut de Neurobiologie Alfred Fessard IFR2118, Signal
Transduction and Developmental Neuropharmacology Team, 1 Avenue de
la Terrasse, F-91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Angèle Schoenfelder
- Laboratoire d’Innovation Thérapeutique,
UMR-7200, CNRS—Université de Strasbourg, 74 Route du Rhin, F-67401 Illkirch, France
| | - André Mann
- Laboratoire d’Innovation Thérapeutique,
UMR-7200, CNRS—Université de Strasbourg, 74 Route du Rhin, F-67401 Illkirch, France
| | - Fabrizio Manetti
- Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tecnologico, Università degli Studi di Siena, Via A. Moro
2, I-53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Maurizio Taddei
- Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tecnologico, Università degli Studi di Siena, Via A. Moro
2, I-53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Martial Ruat
- CNRS, UPR-3294, Laboratoire de Neurobiologie et Développement, Institut de Neurobiologie Alfred Fessard IFR2118, Signal
Transduction and Developmental Neuropharmacology Team, 1 Avenue de
la Terrasse, F-91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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237
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Munchhof MJ, Li Q, Shavnya A, Borzillo GV, Boyden TL, Jones CS, LaGreca SD, Martinez-Alsina L, Patel N, Pelletier K, Reiter LA, Robbins MD, Tkalcevic GT. Discovery of PF-04449913, a Potent and Orally Bioavailable Inhibitor of Smoothened. ACS Med Chem Lett 2012; 3:106-11. [PMID: 24900436 DOI: 10.1021/ml2002423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2011] [Accepted: 12/13/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Inhibitors of the Hedgehog signaling pathway have generated a great deal of interest in the oncology area due to the mounting evidence of their potential to provide promising therapeutic options for patients. Herein, we describe the discovery strategy to overcome the issues inherent in lead structure 1 that resulted in the identification of Smoothened inhibitor 1-((2R,4R)-2-(1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)-1-methylpiperidin-4-yl)-3-(4-cyanophenyl)urea (PF-04449913, 26), which has been advanced to human clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Munchhof
- Michael J. Munchhof LLC, 266 West Road, Salem, Connecticut 06420, United
States
| | - Qifang Li
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Andrei Shavnya
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Gary V. Borzillo
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Tracey L. Boyden
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | | | | | - Luis Martinez-Alsina
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Nandini Patel
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Kathleen Pelletier
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Larry A. Reiter
- Reiter.MedChem, 32 West Mystic Avenue,
Mystic, Connecticut 06355, United States
| | | | - George T. Tkalcevic
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
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Hedgehog inhibition with the orally bioavailable Smo antagonist LDE225 represses tumor growth and prolongs survival in a transgenic mouse model of islet cell neoplasms. Ann Surg 2012; 254:818-23; discussion 823. [PMID: 22042473 DOI: 10.1097/sla.0b013e318236bc0f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study was designed to evaluate the role of the hedgehog pathway in tumor progression of murine islet cell tumors. Blockade of aberrant hedgehog activation has recently been proposed as a therapeutic target, but effects in models of islet cell tumors with a new orally bioavailable Smoothened (Smo) antagonist LDE225 have not been examined. MATERIAL AND METHODS To assess in vivo effects, transgenic Rip1Tag2 mice, which develop islet cell neoplasms, were treated with vehicle or LDE225 (80 mg/kg/d) from week 5 until death. The resected pancreata were evaluated macroscopically and microscopically by iummohistochemsistry. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction was performed for hedgehog target genes with RNA from islet, isolated from treated and untreated Rip1Tag2 mice. RESULTS LDE225 significantly reduced tumor volume by 95% compared with untreated control mice. Hedgehog inhibition with LDE225 significantly prolonged median survival in the used transgenic mouse model (105 vs 116 days; P = 0.02). Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction for downstream hedgehog target genes demonstrated significant downregulation in the islet cell tumors of Rip1Tag2 mice treated with LDE225, confirming the ability to achieve effective pharmacologic levels of LDE225 within the desired tissue site, in vivo. CONCLUSION This is the first study to show that the orally bioavailable Smo antagonist LDE225 may provide a new option for therapy of islet cell neoplasms.
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239
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A crucial requirement for Hedgehog signaling in small cell lung cancer. Nat Med 2011; 17:1504-8. [PMID: 21983857 DOI: 10.1038/nm.2473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2010] [Accepted: 08/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) is an aggressive neuroendocrine subtype of lung cancer for which there is no effective treatment. Using a mouse model in which deletion of Rb1 and Trp53 in the lung epithelium of adult mice induces SCLC, we found that the Hedgehog signaling pathway is activated in SCLC cells independently of the lung microenvironment. Constitutive activation of the Hedgehog signaling molecule Smoothened (Smo) promoted the clonogenicity of human SCLC in vitro and the initiation and progression of mouse SCLC in vivo. Reciprocally, deletion of Smo in Rb1 and Trp53-mutant lung epithelial cells strongly suppressed SCLC initiation and progression in mice. Furthermore, pharmacological blockade of Hedgehog signaling inhibited the growth of mouse and human SCLC, most notably following chemotherapy. These findings show a crucial cell-intrinsic role for Hedgehog signaling in the development and maintenance of SCLC and identify Hedgehog pathway inhibition as a therapeutic strategy to slow the progression of disease and delay cancer recurrence in individuals with SCLC.
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240
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Tao H, Jin Q, Koo DI, Liao X, Englund NP, Wang Y, Ramamurthy A, Schultz PG, Dorsch M, Kelleher J, Wu X. Small molecule antagonists in distinct binding modes inhibit drug-resistant mutant of smoothened. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 18:432-7. [PMID: 21513879 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2011.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2010] [Revised: 01/11/2011] [Accepted: 01/13/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Several small molecule antagonists for Smoothened (Smo) have been developed, and achieved promising preclinical efficacy in cancers that are dependent on Hedgehog (Hh) signaling. However, in a recent clinical study, a drug-resistant D473H SMO mutant was identified that is thought to be responsible for cancer relapse in a patient with medulloblastoma. Here, we report two Smo antagonists that bind to distinct sites, as compared to known antagonists and agonists, and inhibit both wild-type and mutant Smo. These findings provide an insight of the ligand-binding sites of Smo and a basis for the development of potential therapeutics for tumors with drug-resistant Smo mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Tao
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
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241
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N-(2-alkylaminoethyl)-4-(1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl)piperazine-1-carboxamides as highly potent smoothened antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:5283-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2011] [Revised: 06/29/2011] [Accepted: 07/06/2011] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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242
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Identification of MK-5710 ((8aS)-8a-methyl-1,3-dioxo-2-[(1S,2R)-2-phenylcyclopropyl]-N-(1-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)hexahydroimid azo[1,5-a]pyrazine-7(1H)-carboxamide), a potent smoothened antagonist for use in Hedgehog pathway dependent malignancies, Part 1. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:4422-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2011] [Revised: 06/05/2011] [Accepted: 06/07/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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243
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Abstract
Hedgehog (Hh) is a developmental signaling pathway in which Hh ligands bind Patched (Ptch), which relieves its inhibition of Smoothened (Smo), allowing the Gli family of transcription factors to translocate to the nucleus and activate Hh target genes. The role of Hh signaling in hematopoiesis is controversial and ill defined. Although some groups observed self-renewal defects with decreased replating and reduced efficiency of secondary murine transplants, other groups reported no hematopoietic phenotypes, which may be related to the timing of Hh abrogation. In malignant hematopoiesis, most attention has been focused on the role of Hh signaling in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), considered by many to be a stem cell disorder that bears the constitutively active BCR-ABL tyrosine kinase. Despite the elimination of most leukemia cells through BCR-ABL inhibition, most patients remain PCR positive, suggesting that the putative CML stem cell may be resistant to kinase antagonism. Groups are now exploring the Hh pathway as an alternate pathway supporting CML stem cell survival. Knockdown or inhibition of Smo abrogates or delays the appearance of CML in several in vitro and in vivo models. These data have lead to clinical trials using BCR-ABL kinase and novel Smo inhibitors in combination.
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244
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Topical treatment of Basal cell carcinomas in nevoid Basal cell carcinoma syndrome with a smoothened inhibitor. J Invest Dermatol 2011; 131:1735-44. [PMID: 21430703 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2011.48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is a distinctive manifestation in nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome (NBCCS) patients. Both inherited and acquired mutations of patched 1 (PTCH1), a tumor-suppressor gene controlling the activity of Smoothened (SMO), are the primary cause of the constitutive activation of the Hedgehog (HH) pathway, leading to the emergence of BCCs in NBCCS. LDE225, a distinct, selective antagonist of SMO, showed potent inhibition of basaloid tumor nest formation and mediated regression of preformed basaloid tumors in organ cultures of skin derived from Ptch1 heterozygous knockout mice. In a double-blind, randomized, vehicle-controlled, intraindividual study, a total of 8 NBCCS patients presenting 27 BCCs were treated twice daily with 0.75% LDE225 cream or vehicle for 4 weeks. Application of 0.75% LDE225 cream was well tolerated and showed no skin irritation. Of 13 LDE225-treated BCCs, 3 showed a complete, 9 a partial, and only 1 no clinical response. Except for one partial response, the vehicle produced no clinical response in any of the 14 treated BCCs. Treatment with 0.75% LDE225 cream in NBCCS patients was very well tolerated and caused BCC regression, thus potentially offering an attractive therapeutic alternative to currently available therapies for this indication.JID JOURNAL CLUB ARTICLE: For questions, answers, and open discussion about this article, please go to http://www.nature.com/jid/journalclub.
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245
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Buonamici S, Williams J, Morrissey M, Wang A, Guo R, Vattay A, Hsiao K, Yuan J, Green J, Ospina B, Yu Q, Ostrom L, Fordjour P, Anderson DL, Monahan JE, Kelleher JF, Peukert S, Pan S, Wu X, Maira SM, García-Echeverría C, Briggs KJ, Watkins DN, Yao YM, Lengauer C, Warmuth M, Sellers WR, Dorsch M. Interfering with resistance to smoothened antagonists by inhibition of the PI3K pathway in medulloblastoma. Sci Transl Med 2011; 2:51ra70. [PMID: 20881279 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3001599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 385] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The malignant brain cancer medulloblastoma is characterized by mutations in Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway genes, which lead to constitutive activation of the G protein (heterotrimeric guanosine triphosphate-binding protein)-coupled receptor Smoothened (Smo). The Smo antagonist NVP-LDE225 inhibits Hh signaling and induces tumor regression in animal models of medulloblastoma. However, evidence of resistance was observed during the course of treatment. Molecular analysis of resistant tumors revealed several resistance mechanisms. We noted chromosomal amplification of Gli2, a downstream effector of Hh signaling, and, more rarely, point mutations in Smo that led to reactivated Hh signaling and restored tumor growth. Analysis of pathway gene expression signatures also, unexpectedly, identified up-regulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) signaling in resistant tumors as another potential mechanism of resistance. Probing the relevance of increased PI3K signaling, we demonstrated that addition of the PI3K inhibitor NVP-BKM120 or the dual PI3K-mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin) inhibitor NVP-BEZ235 to the initial treatment with the Smo antagonist markedly delayed the development of resistance. Our findings may be useful in informing treatment strategies for medulloblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Buonamici
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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Lyssiotis CA, Lairson LL, Boitano AE, Wurdak H, Zhu S, Schultz PG. Chemical Control of Stem Cell Fate and Developmental Potential. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010; 50:200-42. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201004284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Costas A. Lyssiotis
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037 (USA), Fax: (+1) 858‐784‐9440
| | - Luke L. Lairson
- The Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, CA 92121 (USA)
| | - Anthony E. Boitano
- The Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, CA 92121 (USA)
| | - Heiko Wurdak
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037 (USA), Fax: (+1) 858‐784‐9440
| | - Shoutian Zhu
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037 (USA), Fax: (+1) 858‐784‐9440
| | - Peter G. Schultz
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037 (USA), Fax: (+1) 858‐784‐9440
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Lyssiotis CA, Lairson LL, Boitano AE, Wurdak H, Zhu S, Schultz PG. Chemische Kontrolle des Schicksals und Entwicklungspotenzials von Stammzellen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201004284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Costas A. Lyssiotis
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037 (USA), Fax: (+1) 858‐784‐9440
| | - Luke L. Lairson
- The Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, CA 92121 (USA)
| | - Anthony E. Boitano
- The Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, CA 92121 (USA)
| | - Heiko Wurdak
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037 (USA), Fax: (+1) 858‐784‐9440
| | - Shoutian Zhu
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037 (USA), Fax: (+1) 858‐784‐9440
| | - Peter G. Schultz
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037 (USA), Fax: (+1) 858‐784‐9440
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248
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Mimeault M, Batra SK. Frequent deregulations in the hedgehog signaling network and cross-talks with the epidermal growth factor receptor pathway involved in cancer progression and targeted therapies. Pharmacol Rev 2010; 62:497-524. [PMID: 20716670 DOI: 10.1124/pr.109.002329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The hedgehog (Hh)/glioma-associated oncogene (GLI) signaling network is among the most important and fascinating signal transduction systems that provide critical functions in the regulation of many developmental and physiological processes. The coordinated spatiotemporal interplay of the Hh ligands and other growth factors is necessary for the stringent control of the behavior of diverse types of tissue-resident stem/progenitor cells and their progenies. The activation of the Hh cascade might promote the tissue regeneration and repair after severe injury in numerous organs, insulin production in pancreatic beta-cells, and neovascularization. Consequently, the stimulation of the Hh pathway constitutes a potential therapeutic strategy to treat diverse human disorders, including severe tissue injuries; diabetes mellitus; and brain, skin, and cardiovascular disorders. In counterbalance, a deregulation of the Hh signaling network might lead to major tissular disorders and the development of a wide variety of aggressive and metastatic cancers. The target gene products induced through the persistent Hh activation can contribute to the self-renewal, survival, migration, and metastasis of cancer stem/progenitor cells and their progenies. Moreover, the pivotal role mediated through the Hh/GLI cascade during cancer progression also implicates the cooperation with other oncogenic products, such as mutated K-RAS and complex cross-talk with different growth factor pathways, including tyrosine kinase receptors, such as epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), Wnt/beta-catenin, and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta)/TGF-beta receptors. Therefore, the molecular targeting of distinct deregulated gene products, including Hh and EGFR signaling components and other signaling elements that are frequently deregulated in highly tumorigenic cancer-initiating cells and their progenies, might constitute a potential therapeutic strategy to eradicate the total cancer cell mass. Of clinical interest is that these multitargeted approaches offer great promise as adjuvant treatments for improving the current antihormonal therapies, radiotherapies, and/or chemotherapies against locally advanced and metastatic cancers, thereby preventing disease relapse and the death of patients with cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murielle Mimeault
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer, and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5870, USA
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249
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Jagani Z, Mora-Blanco EL, Sansam CG, McKenna ES, Wilson B, Chen D, Klekota J, Tamayo P, Nguyen PTL, Tolstorukov M, Park PJ, Cho YJ, Hsiao K, Buonamici S, Pomeroy SL, Mesirov JP, Ruffner H, Bouwmeester T, Luchansky SJ, Murtie J, Kelleher JF, Warmuth M, Sellers WR, Roberts CWM, Dorsch M. Loss of the tumor suppressor Snf5 leads to aberrant activation of the Hedgehog-Gli pathway. Nat Med 2010; 16:1429-33. [PMID: 21076395 DOI: 10.1038/nm.2251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2010] [Accepted: 09/30/2010] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Aberrant activation of the Hedgehog (Hh) pathway can drive tumorigenesis. To investigate the mechanism by which glioma-associated oncogene family zinc finger-1 (GLI1), a crucial effector of Hh signaling, regulates Hh pathway activation, we searched for GLI1-interacting proteins. We report that the chromatin remodeling protein SNF5 (encoded by SMARCB1, hereafter called SNF5), which is inactivated in human malignant rhabdoid tumors (MRTs), interacts with GLI1. We show that Snf5 localizes to Gli1-regulated promoters and that loss of Snf5 leads to activation of the Hh-Gli pathway. Conversely, re-expression of SNF5 in MRT cells represses GLI1. Consistent with this, we show the presence of a Hh-Gli-activated gene expression profile in primary MRTs and show that GLI1 drives the growth of SNF5-deficient MRT cells in vitro and in vivo. Therefore, our studies reveal that SNF5 is a key mediator of Hh signaling and that aberrant activation of GLI1 is a previously undescribed targetable mechanism contributing to the growth of MRT cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zainab Jagani
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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