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Pueschel RF, Ferry GV, Snetsinger KG, Goodman J, Dye JE, Baumgardner D, Gandrud BW. A case of Type I polar stratospheric cloud formation by heterogeneous nucleation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1029/91jd02352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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203
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Granier C, Brasseur G. Impact of heterogeneous chemistry on model predictions of ozone changes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1029/92jd02021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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204
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Dye JE, Baumgardner D, Gandrud BW, Kawa SR, Kelly KK, Loewenstein M, Ferry GV, Chan KR, Gary BL. Particle size distributions in Arctic polar stratospheric clouds, growth and freezing of sulfuric acid droplets, and implications for cloud formation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1029/91jd02740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Fiocco G, Cacciani M, Di Girolamo P, Fuà D, Deluisi J. Stratospheric clouds at south pole during 1988 1. Results of lidar observations and their relationship to temperature. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1029/91jd03124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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206
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Wahner A, Schiller C. Twilight variation of vertical column abundances of OClO and BrO in the north polar region. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1029/91jd01513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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207
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Lin NH, Saxena VK. Characteristics of Antarctic stratospheric aerosols during the 1987 ozone depletion episode based on SAGE II satellite observations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1029/92jd00413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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208
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Cicerone RJ, Elliott S, Turco RP. Reduced Antarctic Ozone Depletions in a Model with Hydrocarbon Injections. Science 1991; 254:1191-4. [PMID: 17776410 DOI: 10.1126/science.254.5035.1191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Motivated by increased losses of Antarctic stratospheric ozone and by improved understanding of the mechanism, a concept is suggested for action to arrest this ozone loss: injecting the alkanes ethane or propane (E or P) into the Antarctic stratosphere. A numerical model of chemical processes was used to explore the concept. The model results suggest that annual injections of about 50,000 tons of E or P could suppress ozone loss, but there are some scenarios where smaller E or P injections could increase ozone depletion. Further, key uncertainties must be resolved, induding initial concentrations of nitrogen-oxide species in austral spring, and several poorly defined physical and chemical processes must be quantifed. There would also be major difficulties in delivering and distributing the needed alkanes.
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209
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Nicovich J, Kreutter K, Shackelford C, Wine P. Thermochemistry and kinetics of the Cl + O2 association reaction. Chem Phys Lett 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/0009-2614(91)85168-v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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210
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Granier C, Brasseur G. Ozone and other trace gases in the Arctic and Antarctic regions: Three-dimensional model simulations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1991. [DOI: 10.1029/90jd01779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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211
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213
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Brasseur GP, Granier C, Walters S. Future changes in stratospheric ozone and the role of heterogeneous chemistry. Nature 1990. [DOI: 10.1038/348626a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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214
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215
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Albritton DL, Fehsenfeld FC, Tuck AF. Instrumental Requirements for Global Atmospheric Chemistry. Science 1990; 250:75-81. [PMID: 17808237 DOI: 10.1126/science.250.4977.75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The field of atmospheric chemistry is data-limited, primarily because of the challenge of measuring the key chemical constituents in the global environment. Several recent advances, however, in rugged, portable, remotesensing, ground-based instrumentation and accurate, fast-response airborne instrumentation have provided powerful tools for the understanding of stratospheric ozone, particularly in polar regions. Current discoveries of the role of heterogeneous chemical processes point to the need for better techniques for characterization of stratospheric aerosols. In the troposphere, advances in in situ, sensitive methods for detecting reactive nitrogen compounds have demonstrated the role that these compounds have in controlling global oxidation processes, but better measurements of the reservoir species by which the long-ranged transport of pollutant-reactive nitrogen compounds is thought to occur are urgently needed. The role of hydrocarbons, particularly those of natural origin, in ozone formation in rural areas has focused attention on the requirement for better speciation of these ubiquitous compounds. Lastly, rigorous instrument intercomparison experiments have provided unbiased estimates of measurement capabilities.
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216
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Laverdet G, Le Bras G, Mellouki A, Poulet G. The Br+HO2 reaction revisited: Absolute determination of the rate constant at 298 K. Chem Phys Lett 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/s0009-2614(90)87138-h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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217
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218
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Yung YL, Allen M, Crisp D, Zurek RW, Sander SP. Spatial variation of ozone depletion rates in the springtime Antarctic polar vortex. Science 1990; 248:721-4. [PMID: 11538181 DOI: 10.1126/science.11538181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
An area-mapping technique, designed to filter out synoptic perturbations of the Antarctic polar vortex such as distortion or displacement away from the pole, was applied to the Nimbus-7 TOMS (Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer) data. This procedure reveals the detailed morphology of the temporal evolution of column O3. The results for the austral spring of 1987 suggest the existence of a relatively stable collar region enclosing an interior that is undergoing large variations. There is tentative evidence for quasi-periodic (15 to 20 days) O3 fluctuations in the collar and for upwelling of tropospheric air in late spring. A simplified photochemical model of O3 loss and the temporal evolution of the area-mapped polar O3 are used to constrain the chlorine monoxide (ClO) concentrations in the springtime Antarctic vortex. The concentrations required to account for the observed loss of O3 are higher than those previously reported by Anderson et al. but are comparable to their recently revised values. However, the O3 loss rates could be larger than deduced here because of underestimates of total O3 by TOMS near the terminator. This uncertainty, together with the uncertainties associated with measurements acquired during the Airborne Antarctic Ozone Experiment, suggests that in early spring, closer to the vortex center, there may be even larger ClO concentrations than have yet been detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y L Yung
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena 91125, USA
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219
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Moore SB, Keyser LF, Leu MT, Turco RP, Smith RH. Heterogeneous reactions on nitric acid trihydrate. Nature 1990. [DOI: 10.1038/345333a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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220
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Prather MJ, Watson RT. Stratospheric ozone depletion and future levels of atmospheric chlorine and bromine. Nature 1990. [DOI: 10.1038/344729a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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221
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Nicovich JM, Kreutter KD, Wine PH. Kinetics of the reactions of Cl(2PJ) and Br(2P3/2) with O3. INT J CHEM KINET 1990. [DOI: 10.1002/kin.550220407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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222
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Danis F, Caralp F, Masanet J, Lesclaux R. Kinetics of the reaction BrO+NO2+M→BrONO2+M in the temperature range 263–343 K. Chem Phys Lett 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/0009-2614(90)85029-c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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223
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Henderson GS, Evans WFJ, McConnell JC. Effects of initial active chlorine concentrations on the Antarctic ozone spring depletion. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1029/jd095id02p01899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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224
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Reihs CM, Golden DM, Tolbert MA. Nitric acid uptake by sulfuric acid solutions under stratospheric conditions: Determination of Henry's law solubility. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1029/jd095id10p16545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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225
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Legrand MR, Kirchner S. Origins and variations of nitrate in south polar precipitation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1029/jd095id04p03493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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226
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Bowman KP. Evolution of the total ozone field during the breakdown of the Antarctic circumpolar vortex. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1029/jd095id10p16529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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227
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Li SM, Winchester JW, Kahl JD, Oltmans SJ, Schnell RC, Sheridan PJ. Arctic boundary layer ozone variations associated with nitrate, bromine, and meteorology: A case study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1029/jd095id13p22433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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228
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Prather M, Garcia MM, Suozzo R, Rind D. Global impact of the Antarctic ozone hole: Dynamical dilution with a three-dimensional chemical transport model. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1029/jd095id04p03449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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229
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Solomon S, Sanders RW, Miller HL. Visible and near-ultraviolet spectroscopy at McMurdo Station, Antarctica 7. OClO diurnal photochemistry and implications for ozone destruction. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1029/jd095id09p13807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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230
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Chipperfield MP, Pyle JA. Two-dimensional modeling of the northern hemisphere high latitude lower stratosphere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1029/jd095id08p11865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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231
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Michelangeli DV, Allen M, Yung YL. El Chichon volcanic aerosols: impact of radiative, thermal, and chemical perturbations. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH 1989; 94:18429-43. [PMID: 11542195 DOI: 10.1029/jd094id15p18429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
We examine the consequences of the eruption of the El Chichon volcano on the Earth's stratospheric chemistry. Formed after the eruption, the volcanic aerosol cloud, with a peak particle density at 27 km, was very efficient at altering the radiation field. The results of a one-dimensional radiative transfer model show that the total radiation increased by 8% within the aerosol layer longward of 3000 angstroms. At certain altitudes and wavelengths below 3000 angstroms, the total radiation decreased by 15%. Consequently, there are changes in the photolysis rates obtained with a one-dimensional photochemical model: for example, O2 photodissociation rate constants decrease by 10%, while O3 photodissociation rate constants increase by a comparable amount. A combination of this radiation change and the effect of a temperature variation of a few degrees causes the abundance of O3 to decrease by 7% at 24 km, in good agreement with the Solar Backscattered Ultraviolet experiment (SBUV) measurements of a 5-10% decrease. The combined radiative and thermal perturbations on the concentrations of O, O(1 D), OH, HO2, H2O2, NO, NO2, NO3, N2O5, HNO3, HO2NO2, Cl, ClO, ClO2, HOCl, ClNO3, and HCl are computed and presented in detail. However, these changes as calculated are insufficient to explain the observations of significant decreases in NO and NO2 and increases in HCl. A heterogeneous reaction catalyzed by aerosol surfaces which transforms ClNO3 into HCl provides a pathway for sequestering NOx, and at the same time reduces ClNO3 in favor of HCL. The inclusion of this reaction in the model leads to a satisfactory single-step explanation of the otherwise puzzling observations of NO, NO2, and HCl. The observed lack of change in HNO3 cannot be explained by this hypothesis. The effects of a number of heterogeneous reactions, some believed to be important for the Antarctic stratosphere, have been assessed with our model. We also examine the hypothesis of direct injection of gases from the volcano into the stratosphere. Only an unrealistically large injection (60% column increase above 12 km) results in an HCl increase in agreement with observations. An equally large water injection decreases HCl, and decreases the NO and NO2 by as much as 20%, but still does not simulate the observed NOx decrease.
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Affiliation(s)
- D V Michelangeli
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, USA
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232
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233
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Fiocco G, Komhyr WD, Fuà D. Is ozone destroyed during the Antarctic winter in the presence of polar stratospheric clouds? Nature 1989. [DOI: 10.1038/341426a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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234
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Sander SP, Friedl RR, Yung YL. Rate of formation of the ClO dimer in the polar stratosphere: implications for ozone loss. Science 1989; 245:1095-8. [PMID: 11538343 DOI: 10.1126/science.245.4922.1095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The gas-phase recombination of chlorine monoxide (ClO) has been investigated under the conditions of pressure and temperature that prevail in the Antarctic stratosphere during the period of maximum ozone (O3) disappearance. Measured rate constants are less than one-half as great as the previously accepted values. One-dimensional model calculations based on the new rate data indicate that currently accepted chemical mechanisms can quantitatively account for the observed O3 losses in late spring (17 September to 7 October). A qualitative assessment indicates that the existing mechanisms can only account for at most one-half of the measured O3 depletion in the early spring (28 August to 17 September), indicating that there may be additional catalytic cycles, besides those currently recognized, that destroy O3.
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Affiliation(s)
- S P Sander
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena 91109, USA
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235
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Barnes I, Bastian V, Becker KH, Overath R, Tong Z. Rate constants for the reactions of Br atoms with a series of alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes in the presence of O2. INT J CHEM KINET 1989. [DOI: 10.1002/kin.550210703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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236
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Abstract
The current understanding of stratospheric chemistry is reviewed with particular attention to the influence of human activity. Models are in good agreement with measurements for a variety of species in the mid-latitude stratosphere, with the possible exception of ozone (O(3)) at high altitude. Rates calculated for loss of O(3) exceed rates for production by about 40 percent at 40 kilometers, indicating a possible but as yet unidentified source of high-altitude O(3). The rapid loss of O(3) beginning in the mid-1970s at low altitudes over Antarctica in the spring is due primarily to catalytic cycles involving halogen radicals. Reactions on surfaces of polar stratospheric clouds play an important role in regulating the abundance of these radicals. Similar effects could occur in northern polar regions and in cold regions of the tropics. It is argued that the Antarctic phenomenon is likely to persist: prompt drastic reduction in the emission of industrial halocarbons is required if the damage to stratospheric O(3) is to be reversed.
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237
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Rodriguez JM, Ko MKW, Sze ND, Pierce SD, Anderson JG, Fahey DW, Kelly K, Farmer CB, Toon GC, Coffey MT, Heidt LE, Mankin WG, Chan KR, Starr WL, Vedder JF, McCormick MP. Nitrogen and chlorine species in the spring Antarctic stratosphere: Comparison of models With Airborne Antarctic Ozone Experiment observations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1989. [DOI: 10.1029/jd094id14p16683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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238
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Komhyr WD, Grass RD, Reitelbach PJ, Kuester SE, Franchois PR, Fanning ML. Total ozone, ozone vertical distributions, and stratospheric temperatures at South Pole, Antarctica, in 1986 and 1987. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1989. [DOI: 10.1029/jd094id09p11429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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239
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Wahner A, Jakoubek RO, Mount GH, Ravishankara AR, Schmeltekopf AL. Remote sensing observations of daytime column NO2during the Airborne Antarctic Ozone Experiment, August 22 to October 2, 1987. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1989. [DOI: 10.1029/jd094id14p16619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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240
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Proffitt MH, Powell JA, Tuck AF, Fahey DW, Kelly KK, Krueger AJ, Schoeberl MR, Gary BL, Margitan JJ, Chan KR, Loewenstein M, Podolske JR. A chemical definition of the boundary of the Antarctic ozone hole. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1989. [DOI: 10.1029/jd094id09p11437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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241
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Anderson JG, Brune WH, Lloyd SA, Toohey DW, Sander SP, Starr WL, Loewenstein M, Podolske JR. Kinetics of O3destruction by ClO and BrO within the Antarctic vortex: An analysis based on in situ ER-2 data. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1989. [DOI: 10.1029/jd094id09p11480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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242
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Brune WH, Anderson JG, Chan KR. In situ observations of ClO in the Antarctic: ER-2 aircraft results from 54°S to 72°S latitude. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1989. [DOI: 10.1029/jd094id14p16649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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243
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McCormick MP, Trepte CR, Pitts MC. Persistence of polar stratospheric clouds in the southern polar region. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1989. [DOI: 10.1029/jd094id09p11241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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244
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Turco RP, Toon OB, Hamill P. Heterogeneous physicochemistry of the polar ozone hole. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1989. [DOI: 10.1029/jd094id14p16493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 248] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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245
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Tuck AF, Watson RT, Condon EP, Margitan JJ, Toon OB. The planning and execution of ER-2 and DC-8 aircraft flights over Antarctica, August and September 1987. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1989. [DOI: 10.1029/jd094id09p11181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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246
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Brune WH, Anderson JG, Chan KR. In situ observations of BrO over Antarctica: ER-2 aircraft results From 54°S to 72°S latitude. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1989. [DOI: 10.1029/jd094id14p16639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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247
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Sanders RW, Solomon S, Carroll MA, Schmeltekopf AL. Visible and near-ultraviolet spectroscopy at McMurdo Station, Antarctica: 4. Overview and daily measurements of NO2, O3, and OClO during 1987. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1989. [DOI: 10.1029/jd094id09p11381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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248
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Coffey MT, Mankin WG, Goldman A. Airborne measurements of stratospheric constituents over Antarctica in the Austral Spring, 1987: 2. Halogen and nitrogen trace gases. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1989. [DOI: 10.1029/jd094id14p16597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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249
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Jones RL, Austin J, McKenna DS, Anderson JG, Fahey DW, Farmer CB, Heidt LE, Kelly KK, Murphy DM, Proffitt MH, Tuck AF, Vedder JF. Lagrangian photochemical modeling studies of the 1987 Antarctic spring vortex: 1. Comparison with AAOE observations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1989. [DOI: 10.1029/jd094id09p11529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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250
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Solomon S, Sanders RW, Carroll MA, Schmeltekopf AL. Visible and near-ultraviolet spectroscopy at McMurdo Station, Antarctica: 5. Observations of the diurnal variations of BrO and OClO. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1989. [DOI: 10.1029/jd094id09p11393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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