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Takada N, Nishida H, Oyama Y, Kusaba T, Kadowaki H, Arakane M, Wada J, Urabe S, Daa T. Immunohistochemical Reactivity of Prostate-Specific Markers for Salivary Duct Carcinoma. Pathobiology 2019; 87:30-36. [PMID: 31865345 DOI: 10.1159/000504810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES NKX3.1, a transcription factor related to androgen expression, has recently been introduced as a diagnostic marker of prostate adenocarcinoma. Salivary duct carcinoma (SDC) is typically positive for androgen receptor (AR). Therefore, we hypothesized that NKX3.1 is a new immunohistochemical marker for SDC and aimed to investigate whether NKX3.1 staining in combination with other immunomarkers of prostate carcinoma could have a diagnostic or prognostic value in SDC. METHODS Materials obtained from 42 resected SDCs were examined by immunohistochemistry using antibodies against AR, NKX3.1, α-methylacyl-CoA racemase (AMACR), prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP), and prostate-specific antigen (PSA). RESULTS In immunoreactivity among SDC cases, 81.0, 35.7, 58.5, 33.3, and 0% were positive for AR, NKX3.1, AMACR, PAP, and PSA, respectively. AMACR and PAP immunoreactivity rates were higher in recurrence cases than in cases with no recurrence. CONCLUSIONS NKX3.1 expression is useful for SDC diagnosis, but decreased NKX3.1 expression was not correlated with SDC progression. The immunoreactivity of AMACR and PAP could be useful for assessing prognosis in SDC, but immunohistochemical staining of prostate-specific markers should be interpreted with caution when determining whether a metastatic tumor is of prostate origin, especially when patients have a history of SDC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nami Takada
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Oita, Japan
| | - Haruto Nishida
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Oita, Japan,
| | - Yuzo Oyama
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Oita, Japan
| | - Takahiro Kusaba
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Oita, Japan
| | - Hiroko Kadowaki
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Oita, Japan
| | - Motoki Arakane
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Oita, Japan
| | - Junpei Wada
- Department of Pathology, Clinical Laboratory, Oita Prefectural Hospital, Oita, Japan
| | - Shogo Urabe
- Department of Pathology, Clinical Laboratory, Oita Prefectural Hospital, Oita, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Daa
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Oita, Japan
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202
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microRNA: The Impact on Cancer Stemness and Therapeutic Resistance. Cells 2019; 9:cells9010008. [PMID: 31861404 PMCID: PMC7016867 DOI: 10.3390/cells9010008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer ranks as the second leading cause of death worldwide, causing a large social and economic burden. However, most anti-cancer treatments face the problems of tumor recurrence and metastasis. Therefore, finding an effective cure for cancer needs to be solved urgently. Recently, the discovery of cancer stem cells (CSCs) provides a new orientation for cancer research and therapy. CSCs share main characteristics with stem cells and are able to generate an entire tumor. Besides, CSCs usually escape from current anti-cancer therapies, which is partly responsible for tumor recurrence and poor prognosis. microRNAs (miRNAs) belong to small noncoding RNA and regulate gene post-transcriptional expression. The dysregulation of miRNAs leads to plenty of diseases, including cancer. The aberrant miRNA expression in CSCs enhances stemness maintenance. In this review, we summarize the role of miRNAs on CSCs in the eight most common cancers, hoping to bridge the research of miRNAs and CSCs with clinical applications. We found that miRNAs can act as tumor promoter or suppressor. The dysregulation of miRNAs enhances cell stemness and contributes to tumor metastasis and therapeutic resistance via the formation of feedback loops and constitutive activation of carcinogenic signaling pathways. More importantly, some miRNAs may be potential targets for diagnosis, prognosis, and cancer treatments.
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203
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Clark E, Morton M, Sharma S, Fisher H, Howel D, Walker J, Wood R, Hancock H, Maier R, Marshall J, Bahl A, Crabb S, Jain S, Pedley I, Jones R, Staffurth J, Heer R. Prostate cancer androgen receptor splice variant 7 biomarker study - a multicentre randomised feasibility trial of biomarker-guided personalised treatment in patients with advanced prostate cancer (the VARIANT trial) study protocol. BMJ Open 2019; 9:e034708. [PMID: 31857319 PMCID: PMC6937062 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2019-034708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Prostate cancer is the most common male cancer with one in four developing non-curable metastatic disease. Initial treatment responses to hormonal therapies are transient and further management options lie between (1) further hormone therapy or (2) a non-hormonal approach involving additional chemotherapy or molecular radiotherapy (radium-223). There is no clear rationale for choosing between these mechanistically different treatment approaches. The biology of hormone resistance is driven through abnormal androgen receptor activity and we can assay this through a blood test measuring androgen receptor variant 7 (AR-V7) expression in circulating tumour cells. Despite increasing evidence supporting AR-V7's role as a prognostic marker, the clinical utility of such measures remains unknown in helping personalise treatment decisions. METHODS AND DESIGN The VARIANT feasibility trial is a pragmatic design, to be run over 18 months with participants randomised into the intervention arm receiving biomarker (AR-V7) guided clinical treatment and participants randomised into the control arm with conventional standard management (no biomarker guidance). AR-V7 positive participants (likely to be insensitive to further hormone treatment) will receive chemotherapy or in other cases radium-223 (where routinely available). Seventy male ≥18 years old participants with metastatic castrate resistant prostate cancer clinically indicated to proceed to further hormone therapy or chemotherapy, will be recruited from three National Health Service Trusts based in England, Scotland and Wales. The feasibility primary outcome is willingness of patients to be randomised and clinicians to recruit to a biomarker-based treatment strategy, with trial data informing the basis of a definitive and appropriately powered randomised control trial. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION Formal ethics review was undertaken with a favourable opinion, through Wales NRES Committee 2 18/WA/0419. Findings to be disseminated through patient and professional organisations that have expressed their support, media outlets and peer-reviewed journal publication. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER ISRCTN10246848; pre-results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Clark
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, NU Cancer, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, Tyne and Wear, UK
| | - Miranda Morton
- Newcastle Clinical Trials Unit, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, Tyne and Wear, UK
| | - Shriya Sharma
- Newcastle Clinical Trials Unit, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, Tyne and Wear, UK
| | - Holly Fisher
- Population Health Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, Tyne and Wear, UK
| | - Denise Howel
- Population Health Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, Tyne and Wear, UK
| | - Jenn Walker
- Newcastle Clinical Trials Unit, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, Tyne and Wear, UK
| | - Ruth Wood
- Newcastle Clinical Trials Unit, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, Tyne and Wear, UK
| | - Helen Hancock
- Newcastle Clinical Trials Unit, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, Tyne and Wear, UK
| | - Rebecca Maier
- Newcastle Clinical Trials Unit, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, Tyne and Wear, UK
| | - John Marshall
- Trial Managment Group, VARIANT Trial, Newcastle-Upon-Tyne, UK
| | - Amit Bahl
- University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | | | - Suneil Jain
- Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Ian Pedley
- Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle Upon Tyne, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Rob Jones
- University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - John Staffurth
- Research, Velindre Cancer Centre, Cardiff, Cardiff, UK
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, Cardiff, UK
| | - Rakesh Heer
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, NU Cancer, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, Tyne and Wear, UK
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Giordano F, Naimo GD, Nigro A, Romeo F, Paolì A, De Amicis F, Vivacqua A, Morelli C, Mauro L, Panno ML. Valproic Acid Addresses Neuroendocrine Differentiation of LNCaP Cells and Maintains Cell Survival. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2019; 13:4265-4274. [PMID: 31908413 PMCID: PMC6927225 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s229930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Neuroendocrine differentiation of prostate cancer, induced by androgen deprivation therapy, is mainly related to advanced disease and poor clinical outcome. Genetic and epigenetic alterations are the key elements of the prostate carcinogenesis. A group of compounds able to induce changes in this sense is inhibitors of histone deacetylase, to which it belongs valproic acid (VPA). In the present paper, we evaluated the role of this molecule on the neuroendocrine differentiation of LNCaP cells together with the effect on proliferation and survival signals. Methods Cell growth was analyzed by MTT and flow cytometry, while expression of proteins through Western blot analysis. Results Our results have documented that VPA in LNCaP cells reduces cell proliferation, decreases the S phase and Cyclin A, and up-regulates the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors p21waf and p27. The acquisition of androgen-independent condition is consistent with an induction of β-III Tubulin and gamma Enolase, both markers of neuroendocrine phenotype. However, all these features cease with the removal of valproate from the culture medium, demonstrating the transitory nature of the epigenetic event. The VPA treatment does not compromise the survival phosphorylated signals of Akt, ERK1/2 and mTOR/p70S6K that remain up-regulated. Consistently, there is an increase of phospho-FOXO3a, to which corresponds the decreased expression of the corresponding oncosuppressor protein. Conclusion Overall, our findings indicate that VPA in LNCaP prostate tumor cells, although it reduces cell proliferation, is able to drive neuroendocrine phenotype and to maintain the survival of these cells. Keeping in mind that neuroendocrine differentiation of prostate cancer appears to be associated with a poor prognosis, it is necessary to develop new treatments that do not induce neurodifferentiation but able to counteract cell survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Giordano
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Cosenza 87036, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Daniela Naimo
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Cosenza 87036, Italy
| | - Alessandra Nigro
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Cosenza 87036, Italy
| | - Francesco Romeo
- Pathologic Anatomy Unit, Annunziata Hospital, Cosenza, Italy
| | - Alessandro Paolì
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Cosenza 87036, Italy
| | - Francesca De Amicis
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Cosenza 87036, Italy
| | - Adele Vivacqua
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Cosenza 87036, Italy
| | - Catia Morelli
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Cosenza 87036, Italy
| | - Loredana Mauro
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Cosenza 87036, Italy
| | - Maria Luisa Panno
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Cosenza 87036, Italy
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205
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Sun Y, Malaer JD, Mathew PA. Lectin-like transcript 1 as a natural killer cell-mediated immunotherapeutic target for triple negative breast cancer and prostate cancer. JOURNAL OF CANCER METASTASIS AND TREATMENT 2019; 2019:80. [PMID: 34322598 PMCID: PMC8315106 DOI: 10.20517/2394-4722.2019.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Breast and prostate cancer are the leading causes of death in females and males, respectively. Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) does not express the estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, or human epidermal growth factor receptor 2, resulting in limited treatment options. Androgen deprivation therapy is the standard care for prostate cancer patients; however, metastasis and recurrence are seen in androgen-independent prostate cancer. Both prostate and breast cancer show higher resistance after recurrence and metastasis, which increases the difficulty of treatment. Natural killer (NK) cells play a critical role during innate immunity and tumor recognition and elimination. NK cell function is determined by a delicate balance of inhibitory signals and activation signals received through cell surface receptors. Lectin-like transcript 1 (LLT1, CLEC2D, OCIL) is a ligand of NK cell inhibitory receptor NKRP1A (CD161). Several studies have that reported higher expression of LLT1 is associated with the development of various tumors. Our studies revealed that TNBC and prostate cancer cells express higher levels of LLT1. In the presence of a monoclonal antibody against LLT1, NK cell-mediated killing of TNBC and prostate cancer cells were greatly enhanced. This review highlights the potential that using monoclonal antibodies to block LLT1 - NKRP1A interactions could be an effective immunotherapeutic approach to treat triple negative breast cancer and prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanhong Sun
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas 76107, USA
| | - Joseph D Malaer
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas 76107, USA
| | - Porunelloor A Mathew
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas 76107, USA
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Obst JK, Wang J, Jian K, Williams DE, Tien AH, Mawji N, Tam T, Yang YC, Andersen RJ, Chi KN, Montgomery B, Sadar MD. Revealing Metabolic Liabilities of Ralaniten To Enhance Novel Androgen Receptor Targeted Therapies. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2019; 2:453-467. [PMID: 32259077 PMCID: PMC7088963 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.9b00065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Inhibition of the androgen receptor (AR) is the mainstay treatment for advanced prostate cancer. Ralaniten (formally EPI-002) prevents AR transcriptional activity by binding to its N-terminal domain (NTD) which is essential for transcriptional activity. Ralaniten acetate (EPI-506) the triacetate pro-drug of ralaniten, remains the only AR-NTD inhibitor to have entered clinical trials (NCT02606123). While well tolerated, the trial was ultimately terminated due to poor pharmacokinetic properties and resulting pill burden. Here we discovered that ralaniten was glucuronidated which resulted in decreased potency. Long-term treatment of prostate cancer cells with ralaniten results in upregulation of UGT2B enzymes with concomitant loss of potency. This has proven to be a useful model with which to facilitate the development of more potent second-generation AR-NTD inhibitors. Glucuronidated metabolites of ralaniten were also detected in the serum of patients in Phase 1 clinical trials. Therefore, we tested an analogue of ralaniten (EPI-045) which was resistant to glucuronidation and demonstrated superiority to ralaniten in our resistant model. These data support that analogues of ralaniten designed to mitigate glucuronidation may optimize clinical responses to AR-NTD inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon K. Obst
- Department
of Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Research
Centre, 675 W 10th Avenue, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1L3, Canada
- Department
of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University
of British Columbia, 2211 Westbrook Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 2B5, Canada
| | - Jun Wang
- Department
of Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Research
Centre, 675 W 10th Avenue, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Kunzhong Jian
- Departments
of Chemistry and Earth, Ocean & Atmospheric Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2306 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - David E. Williams
- Departments
of Chemistry and Earth, Ocean & Atmospheric Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2306 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Amy H. Tien
- Department
of Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Research
Centre, 675 W 10th Avenue, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Nasrin Mawji
- Department
of Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Research
Centre, 675 W 10th Avenue, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Teresa Tam
- Department
of Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Research
Centre, 675 W 10th Avenue, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Yu Chi Yang
- Department
of Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Research
Centre, 675 W 10th Avenue, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Raymond J. Andersen
- Departments
of Chemistry and Earth, Ocean & Atmospheric Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2306 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Kim N. Chi
- BC
Cancer Agency, 600 West
10th Avenue, Vancouver, British
Columbia V5Z 4E6, Canada
| | - Bruce Montgomery
- University
of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Marianne D. Sadar
- Department
of Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Research
Centre, 675 W 10th Avenue, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1L3, Canada
- Department
of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University
of British Columbia, 2211 Westbrook Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 2B5, Canada
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207
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Zhang L, Shan X, Meng X, Gu T, Lu Q, Zhang J, Chen J, Jiang Q, Ning X. The first integrins β3-mediated cellular and nuclear targeting therapeutics for prostate cancer. Biomaterials 2019; 223:119471. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2019.119471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 08/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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208
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Petrie JL, Swan C, Ingram RM, Frame FM, Collins AT, Dumay-Odelot H, Teichmann M, Maitland NJ, White RJ. Effects on prostate cancer cells of targeting RNA polymerase III. Nucleic Acids Res 2019; 47:3937-3956. [PMID: 30820548 PMCID: PMC6486637 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkz128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA polymerase (pol) III occurs in two forms, containing either the POLR3G subunit or the related paralogue POLR3GL. Whereas POLR3GL is ubiquitous, POLR3G is enriched in undifferentiated cells. Depletion of POLR3G selectively triggers proliferative arrest and differentiation of prostate cancer cells, responses not elicited when POLR3GL is depleted. A small molecule pol III inhibitor can cause POLR3G depletion, induce similar differentiation and suppress proliferation and viability of cancer cells. This response involves control of the fate-determining factor NANOG by small RNAs derived from Alu short interspersed nuclear elements. Tumour initiating activity in vivo can be reduced by transient exposure to the pol III inhibitor. Untransformed prostate cells appear less sensitive than cancer cells to pol III depletion or inhibition, raising the possibility of a therapeutic window.
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Affiliation(s)
- John L Petrie
- Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Caroline Swan
- Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Richard M Ingram
- Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Fiona M Frame
- Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Anne T Collins
- Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Hélène Dumay-Odelot
- Université de Bordeaux, ARNA Laboratory, F-33076 Bordeaux, France INSERM, U1212 - CNRS UMR 5320, ARNA Laboratory, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Martin Teichmann
- Université de Bordeaux, ARNA Laboratory, F-33076 Bordeaux, France INSERM, U1212 - CNRS UMR 5320, ARNA Laboratory, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Norman J Maitland
- Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Robert J White
- Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK
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209
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Andavar S, Vaithilingam M, Selvaraj D, Kumaran AA, Devanathan K. Design, Synthesis and Evaluation of Novel Substituted (5-methyl-1H-pyrazol-3-yl)- 1,3,4-oxadiazole as Potent Androgen Receptor Antagonist. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2019; 20:84-93. [PMID: 31755396 DOI: 10.2174/1871520619666191121095720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Androgen Receptor (AR) is one of the highly explored targets for the treatment of prostate cancer. The emergence of point mutation in the Ligand Binding Domain (LBD) of AR has resulted in the development of resistance against AR antagonist. The point mutation T877A, W741L and F876L confer resistance to flutamide, bicalutamide and enzalutamide respectively. There is no AR antagonist in the present clinical set up without resistance. Hence, our aim in this study is to design a novel molecule to overcome the resistance caused by point mutation. METHODS Here, we developed novel AR antagonist bearing (5-methyl-1H-pyrazol-3-yl)-1, 3,4-oxadiazole core by rational drug design. The test molecules 8a-h were synthesized from the corresponding dihydrazide compounds 7a-h on treatment with phosphorous oxychloride on reflux conditions. The structure of the molecules was confirmed from spectral data such as IR, 1H-NMR, HRMS and 13C-NMR. The synthesized compounds were screened for cytotoxicity in prostate cancer cell lines LNCaP-FGC and PC3. The confirmation of AR mediated activity of the test compounds was confirmed by gene expression study. The interaction of the best active ligands with mutant AR was predicted and drug design was rationalized through docking studies. RESULTS The test compounds 8a-h were synthesized and the structures were conformed using suitable techniques like IR, 1H-NMR, HRMS and 13C-NMR. Among the tested compounds, 8b and 8d showed potent antiproliferative activity against mutant AR cell lines. Further, these compounds significantly decreased the gene expression of prostate cancer biomarkers. CONCLUSION In this study, we have identified a potential hit molecule for AR antagonism that could be further developed to obtain a potent clinical candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sasikumar Andavar
- Anthem Biosciences Pvt. Ltd., #49, Bommasandra Industrial Area, Bommasandra, Bangalore 560 099, Karnataka, India
| | - Mohanasrinivasan Vaithilingam
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamilnadu 632014, India
| | - Divakar Selvaraj
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy (A Constituent College of JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research), Ooty, Tamilnadu 643 001, India
| | - Ajeeshkumar A Kumaran
- Anthem Biosciences Pvt. Ltd., #49, Bommasandra Industrial Area, Bommasandra, Bangalore 560 099, Karnataka, India
| | - Krishnaswamy Devanathan
- Anthem Biosciences Pvt. Ltd., #49, Bommasandra Industrial Area, Bommasandra, Bangalore 560 099, Karnataka, India
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210
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Luo J, Li Y, Zheng W, Xie N, Shi Y, Long Z, Xie L, Fazli L, Zhang D, Gleave M, Dong X. Characterization of a Prostate- and Prostate Cancer-Specific Circular RNA Encoded by the Androgen Receptor Gene. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2019; 18:916-926. [PMID: 31760376 PMCID: PMC6883311 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2019.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 09/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The linear mRNAs transcribed under alternative RNA splicing and overexpression/amplification of the androgen receptor (AR) gene are poor prognostic biomarkers of castrate-resistant prostate cancer (PCa). Whether the AR gene also transcribes non-coding circular RNAs that are associated with PCa development and tumor progression remains unclear. Here, we identified and characterized an AR circular RNA, called circAR3, that is widely expressed in PCa cell models and prostate tumors. circAR3 can be secreted into culture media of PCa cell lines and is detectable in the serum from mice bearing PCa xenografts. In PCa patient tissues, circAR3 is highly expressed in benign prostate and hormone naive PCa but downregulated when tumors were treated with neoadjuvant hormone therapy and further reduced when tumors progressed to the castrate-resistant stage. However, circAR3 levels in plasma are extremely low in patients with benign prostate, are upregulated in PCa patients with high Gleason scores and lymph node metastasis, and become undetectable in men after radical prostatectomy. circAR3 does not affect AR signaling, PCa cell proliferation, and invasion rates. Our results demonstrated that the origin of the detectable plasma circAR3 is from the prostate/PCa. Plasma circAR3 may be developed to be a PCa biomarker to monitor PCa development and tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jindan Luo
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Yinan Li
- Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Vascular Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Wei Zheng
- Department of Urology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Ning Xie
- Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Yao Shi
- Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Zhi Long
- Department of Urology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Liping Xie
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Ladan Fazli
- Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Dahong Zhang
- Department of Urology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Martin Gleave
- Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Xuesen Dong
- Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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Lee GT, Rosenfeld JA, Kim WT, Kwon YS, Palapattu G, Mehra R, Kim WJ, Kim IY. TCF4 induces enzalutamide resistance via neuroendocrine differentiation in prostate cancer. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0213488. [PMID: 31536510 PMCID: PMC6752758 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0213488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In treating patients with castration resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), enzalutamide, the second-generation androgen receptor (AR) antagonist, is an accepted standard of care. However, clinical benefits are limited to a median time of 4.8 months because resistance inevitably emerges. To determine the mechanism of treatment resistance, we carried out a RNA sequence analysis and found increased expression levels of neuroendocrine markers in the enzalutamide-resistant LNCaP human prostate cancer (CaP) cell line when compared to the parental cell line. Subsequent studies demonstrated that Transcription Factor-4 (TCF4), a transcription factor implicated in WNT signaling, mediated neuroendocrine differentiation (NED) in response to enzalutamide treatment and was elevated in the enzalutamide-resistant LNCaP. In addition, we observed that PTHrP mediated enzalutamide resistance in tissue culture and inducible TCF4 overexpression resulted in enzalutamide-resistance in a mouse xenograft model. Finally, small molecule inhibitors of TCF4 or PTHrP partially reversed enzalutamide resistance in CaP cells. When tissues obtained from men who died of metastatic CaP were examined, a positive correlation was found between the expression levels of TCF4 and PTHrP. Taken together, the current results indicate that TCF4 induces enzalutamide resistance via NED in CaP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geun Taek Lee
- Section of Urologic Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, and Division of Urology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey A. Rosenfeld
- Section of Urologic Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, and Division of Urology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, United States of America
| | - Won Tae Kim
- Section of Urologic Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, and Division of Urology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, United States of America
- Department of Urology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Young Suk Kwon
- Section of Urologic Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, and Division of Urology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, United States of America
| | - Ganesh Palapattu
- Department of Urology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
| | - Rohit Mehra
- Department of Urology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
| | - Wun-Jae Kim
- Department of Urology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Isaac Yi Kim
- Section of Urologic Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, and Division of Urology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, United States of America
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212
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Chohan MO, Kahn S, Cederquist G, Reiner AS, Schwab J, Laufer I, Bilsky M. Surgical Decompression of High-Grade Spinal Cord Compression from Hormone Refractory Metastatic Prostate Cancer. Neurosurgery 2019; 82:670-677. [PMID: 28541420 DOI: 10.1093/neuros/nyx292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spine and nonspine skeletal metastases occur in more than 80% of patients with prostate cancer. OBJECTIVE To examine the characteristics of the patient population undergoing surgery for the treatment of prostate cancer metastatic to the spine. METHODS A retrospective chart review was performed on all patients treated at our institution from June 1993 to August 2014 for surgical management of metastatic spine disease from prostate cancer. RESULTS During the study period, 139 patients with 157 surgical lesions underwent surgery for metastatic spine disease. Decompression for high-grade epidural spinal cord compression was required for 126 patients with 143 lesions. Preoperatively, 69% had a motor deficit and 21% were nonambulatory, with 32% due to motor weakness. At surgery, 87% of patients had hormone-refractory prostate cancer (HRPC) and 61% failed prior radiation. Median overall survival for HRPC patients was 6.6 mo (95% confidence interval [CI]: 5.6-8.6) while the median overall survival for hormone-sensitive patients was 16.3 mo (95% CI: 4.0-26.6). CONCLUSION The majority of patients undergoing surgery for prostate cancer metastases to the spine were refractory to hormone therapy, indicating that patients with hormone-sensitive prostate cancer are unlikely to develop symptomatic spinal cord compression or spinal instability. A significant number of HRPC patients presented with neurological deficits attributable to spinal cord compression. Vigilant monitoring for the development of signs and symptoms of epidural spinal cord compression and spinal instability in hormone-refractory patients is recommended. Surgical decision making may be affected by the much shorter postoperative survival for HRPC patients as compared to patients with hormone-sensitive cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Omar Chohan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Sweena Kahn
- Department of Neurosurgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Gustav Cederquist
- Joan and Sanford I. Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York
| | - Anne S Reiner
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Joseph Schwab
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ilya Laufer
- Department of Neurosurgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York.,Joan and Sanford I. Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York
| | - Mark Bilsky
- Department of Neurosurgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York.,Joan and Sanford I. Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York
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213
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Kothari V, Goodwin JF, Zhao SG, Drake JM, Yin Y, Chang SL, Evans JR, Wilder-Romans K, Gabbara K, Dylgjeri E, Chou J, Sun G, Tomlins SA, Mehra R, Hege K, Filvaroff EH, Schaeffer EM, Karnes RJ, Quigley DA, Rathkopf DE, He HH, Speers C, Spratt DE, Gilbert LA, Ashworth A, Chinnaiyan AM, Raj GV, Knudsen KE, Feng FY. DNA-Dependent Protein Kinase Drives Prostate Cancer Progression through Transcriptional Regulation of the Wnt Signaling Pathway. Clin Cancer Res 2019; 25:5608-5622. [PMID: 31266829 PMCID: PMC6744969 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-18-2387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 04/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Protein kinases are known to play a prominent role in oncogenic progression across multiple cancer subtypes, yet their role in prostate cancer progression remains underexplored. The purpose of this study was to identify kinases that drive prostate cancer progression.Experimental Design: To discover kinases that drive prostate cancer progression, we investigated the association between gene expression of all known kinases and long-term clinical outcomes in tumor samples from 545 patients with high-risk disease. We evaluated the impact of genetic and pharmacologic inhibition of the most significant kinase associated with metastatic progression in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNAPK) was identified as the most significant kinase associated with metastatic progression in high-risk prostate cancer. Inhibition of DNAPK suppressed the growth of both AR-dependent and AR-independent prostate cancer cells. Gene set enrichment analysis nominated Wnt as the top pathway associated with DNAPK. We found that DNAPK interacts with the Wnt transcription factor LEF1 and is critical for LEF1-mediated transcription. CONCLUSIONS Our data show that DNAPK drives prostate cancer progression through transcriptional regulation of Wnt signaling and is an attractive therapeutic target in aggressive prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishal Kothari
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California at San Francisco, CA
| | - Jonathan F Goodwin
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Shuang G Zhao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Justin M Drake
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Yi Yin
- Department of Urology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - S Laura Chang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Joseph R Evans
- Department of Radiation Oncology, OSF Healthcare, Peoria, Illinois
| | - Kari Wilder-Romans
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Kristina Gabbara
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Emanuela Dylgjeri
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jonathan Chou
- Department of Medicine, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Grace Sun
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Scott A Tomlins
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Rohit Mehra
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | | | | | - Edward M Schaeffer
- Department of Urology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | | | - David A Quigley
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | | | - Housheng H He
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Corey Speers
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Daniel E Spratt
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Luke A Gilbert
- Department of Urology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Alan Ashworth
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Arul M Chinnaiyan
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Department of Urology, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Ganesh V Raj
- Department of Urology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Karen E Knudsen
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
- Department of Urology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Felix Y Feng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California at San Francisco, CA.
- Department of Medicine, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California
- Department of Urology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California
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214
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Feng Q, He B. Androgen Receptor Signaling in the Development of Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer. Front Oncol 2019; 9:858. [PMID: 31552182 PMCID: PMC6738163 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Most prostate cancers are androgen-sensitive malignancies whose growths depend on the transcriptional activity of the androgen receptor (AR). In the 1940s, Charles Huggins demonstrated that the surgical removal of testes in men can result in a dramatic improvement in symptoms and can induce prostate cancer regression. Since then, androgen deprivation therapies have been the standard first-line treatment for advanced prostate cancer, including: surgical castration, medical castration, antiandrogens, and androgen biosynthesis inhibitors. These therapies relieve symptoms, reduce tumor burden, and prolong patient survival, while having relatively modest side effects. Unfortunately, hormone deprivation therapy rarely cures the cancer itself. Prostate cancer almost always recurs, resulting in deadly castration-resistant prostate cancer. The underlying escape mechanisms include androgen receptor gene/enhancer amplification, androgen receptor mutations, androgen receptor variants, coactivator overexpression, intratumoral de novo androgen synthesis, etc. Whereas, the majority of the castration-resistant prostate cancers continuously rely on the androgen axis, a subset of recurrent cancers have completely lost androgen receptor expression, undergone divergent clonal evolution or de-differentiation, and become truly androgen receptor-independent small-cell prostate cancers. There is an urgent need for the development of novel targeted and immune therapies for this subtype of prostate cancer, when more deadly small-cell prostate cancers are induced by thorough androgen deprivation and androgen receptor ablation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Feng
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Bin He
- Departments of Surgery and Urology, Immunobiology & Transplant Science Center, Houston Methodist Cancer Center, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
- Department of Medicine-Cancer Biology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, United States
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215
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Ishii K, Matsuoka I, Sasaki T, Nishikawa K, Kanda H, Imai H, Hirokawa Y, Iguchi K, Arima K, Sugimura Y. Loss of Fibroblast-Dependent Androgen Receptor Activation in Prostate Cancer Cells is Involved in the Mechanism of Acquired Resistance to Castration. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8091379. [PMID: 31484364 PMCID: PMC6780155 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8091379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Loss of androgen receptor (AR) dependency in prostate cancer (PCa) cells is associated with progression to castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). The tumor stroma is enriched in fibroblasts that secrete AR-activating factors. To investigate the roles of fibroblasts in AR activation under androgen deprivation, we used three sublines of androgen-sensitive LNCaP cells (E9 and F10 cells: low androgen sensitivity; and AIDL cells: androgen insensitivity) and original fibroblasts derived from patients with PCa. We performed in vivo experiments using three sublines of LNCaP cells and original fibroblasts to form homotypic tumors. The volume of tumors derived from E9 cells plus fibroblasts was reduced following androgen deprivation therapy (ADT), whereas that of F10 or AIDL cells plus fibroblasts was increased even after ADT. In tumors derived from E9 cells plus fibroblasts, serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) decreased rapidly after ADT, but was still detectable. In contrast, serum PSA was increased even in F10 cells inoculated alone. In indirect cocultures with fibroblasts, PSA production was increased in E9 cells. Epidermal growth factor treatment stimulated Akt and p44/42 mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphorylation in E9 cells. Notably, AR splice variant 7 was detected in F10 cells. Overall, we found that fibroblast-secreted AR-activating factors modulated AR signaling in E9 cells after ADT and loss of fibroblast-dependent AR activation in F10 cells may be responsible for CRPC progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenichiro Ishii
- Department of Nephro-Urologic Surgery and Andrology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan.
- Department of Oncologic Pathology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan.
| | - Izumi Matsuoka
- Department of Nephro-Urologic Surgery and Andrology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan.
| | - Takeshi Sasaki
- Department of Nephro-Urologic Surgery and Andrology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan.
| | - Kohei Nishikawa
- Department of Nephro-Urologic Surgery and Andrology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan.
| | - Hideki Kanda
- Department of Nephro-Urologic Surgery and Andrology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan.
| | - Hiroshi Imai
- Pathology Division, Mie University Hospital, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan.
| | - Yoshifumi Hirokawa
- Department of Oncologic Pathology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan.
| | - Kazuhiro Iguchi
- Laboratory of Community Pharmacy, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Gifu 501-1196, Japan.
| | - Kiminobu Arima
- Department of Nephro-Urologic Surgery and Andrology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan.
| | - Yoshiki Sugimura
- Department of Nephro-Urologic Surgery and Andrology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan.
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216
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Li XC, Huang CX, Wu SK, Yu L, Zhou GJ, Chen LJ. Biological roles of filamin a in prostate cancer cells. Int Braz J Urol 2019; 45:916-924. [PMID: 31268639 PMCID: PMC6844337 DOI: 10.1590/s1677-5538.ibju.2018.0535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aims to investigate the association of filamin A with the function and morphology of prostate cancer (PCa) cells, and explore the role of filamin A in the development of PCa, in order to analyze its significance in the evolvement of PCa. MATERIALS AND METHODS A stably transfected cell line, in which filamin A expression was suppressed by RNA interference, was first established. Then, the effects of the suppression of filamin A gene expression on the biological characteristics of human PCa LNCaP cells were observed through cell morphology, in vitro cell growth curve, soft agar cloning assay, and scratch test. RESULTS A cell line model with a low expression of filamin A was successfully constructed on the basis of LNCaP cells. The morphology of cells transfected with plasmid pSilencer-filamin A was the following: Cells were loosely arranged, had less connection with each other, had fewer tentacles, and presented a fibrous look. The growth rate of LNCap cells was faster than cells transfected with plasmid pSilencer-filamin A (P<0.05). The clones of LNCap cells in the soft agar cloning assay was significantly fewer than that of cells stably transfected with plasmid pSilencer-filamin A (P<0.05). Cells stably transfected with plasmid pSilencer-filamin A presented with a stronger healing and migration ability compared to LNCap cells (healing rate was 32.2% and 12.1%, respectively; P<0.05). CONCLUSION The expression of the filamin A gene inhibited the malignant development of LNCap cells. Therefore, the filamin A gene may be a tumor suppressor gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Chao Li
- Department of Urologythe Fifth Medical CenterChinese PLA General HospitalBeijingChinaDepartment of Urology, the Fifth Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China;
| | - Chuan-Xi Huang
- College of Life ScienceHebei UniversityHebeiChinaCollege of Life Science, Hebei University, Hebei, China;
| | - Shi-Kui Wu
- Department of Urologythe Fifth Medical CenterChinese PLA General HospitalBeijingChinaDepartment of Urology, the Fifth Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China;
| | - Lan Yu
- Laboratory of Medical Molecular BiologyBeijing Institute of BiotechnologyBeijingChinaLaboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
| | - Guang-Jian Zhou
- Laboratory of Medical Molecular BiologyBeijing Institute of BiotechnologyBeijingChinaLaboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
| | - Li-Jun Chen
- Department of Urologythe Fifth Medical CenterChinese PLA General HospitalBeijingChinaDepartment of Urology, the Fifth Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China;
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217
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Ogunwobi OO, Kumar A. Chemoresistance Mediated by ceRNA Networks Associated With the PVT1 Locus. Front Oncol 2019; 9:834. [PMID: 31508377 PMCID: PMC6718704 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Competitive endogenous RNA (ceRNA) networks have emerged as critical regulators of carcinogenesis. Their activity is mediated by various non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), including long non-coding RNAs and microRNAs, which competitively bind to targets, thereby modulating gene expression and activity of proteins. Of particular interest, ncRNAs encoded by the 8q24 chromosomal region are associated with the development and progression of several human cancers, most prominently lncPVT1. Chemoresistance presents a significant obstacle in the treatment of cancer and is associated with dysregulation of normal cell processes, including abnormal proliferation, differentiation, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition. CeRNA networks have been shown to regulate these processes via both direct sponging/repression and epigenetic mechanisms. Here we present a review of recent literature examining the contribution of ncRNAs encoded by the PVT1 locus and their associated ceRNA networks to the development of resistance to common chemotherapeutic agents used to treat human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olorunseun O. Ogunwobi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Hunter College of the City University of New York, New York, NY, United States
- Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Adithya Kumar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Hunter College of the City University of New York, New York, NY, United States
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218
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[Inhibitors of the androgen receptor N‑terminal domain : Therapies targeting the Achilles' heel of various androgen receptor molecules in advanced prostate cancer]. Urologe A 2019; 57:148-154. [PMID: 29147733 DOI: 10.1007/s00120-017-0541-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Although prostate cancer responds well to primary endocrine therapies, tumor progression with castration resistant tumor cells almost invariably occurs within a few years. Unfortunately, some CRPC patients do not respond to second-line therapies with abiraterone or enzalutamide. Moreover, patients who initially responded well to second-line hormone therapy develop resistance to abiraterone and/or enzalutamide within a short period of time. Besides an increase of intracellular androgen receptor (AR) levels, the predominant resistance mechanisms include AR aberrations (point mutations, AR splice variants) occurring predominantly at the androgen or ligand binding domain of the AR. The following review delineates recent progress in the development of AR inhibitors that do not depend on androgen binding and represent a putative third generation of AR inhibitors.
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219
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Kuo YY, Huo C, Lin CY, Lin HP, Liu JS, Wang WC, Chang CR, Chuu CP. Caffeic acid phenethyl ester suppresses androgen receptor signaling and stability via inhibition of phosphorylation on Ser81 and Ser213. Cell Commun Signal 2019; 17:100. [PMID: 31429764 PMCID: PMC6700801 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-019-0404-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Androgen receptor (AR) plays important role in the development, progression, and metastasis of prostate cancer (PCa). Caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) is the main component of honey bee propolis. We determined if CAPE affects the signaling and stability of AR in PCa cells. Methods Effects of CAPE on AR transcriptional activity and localization were determined by reporter gene assay and immunofluorescent microscopy. Western blotting, fluorescent polarization, computer simulation, and animal experiment were performed to investigate the molecular mechanism how CAPE reduces the stability of AR. Results CAPE treatment dose-dependently suppressed the transcriptional activity of AR as well as the protein levels of AR and its target gene PSA. Cyclohexamide treatment revealed that androgen stabilized AR protein, but AR stability was diminished by CAPE. Fluorescence microscopy demonstrated that androgen promoted the nucleus translocation of AR in PCa cells, while treatment with CAPE reduced protein level of AR in both nucleus and cytoplasm. CAPE treatment suppressed the phosphorylation of Ser81 and Ser213 on AR, which regulates the stability of AR. CDK1 and AKT are the kinases phosphorylating Ser81 and Ser213 on AR, respectively. CAPE treatment significantly reduced the protein level and activity of CDK1 and AKT in PCa cells. Overexpression of CDK1 or AKT rescued the AR protein level under CAPE treatment. Conclusions Our results suggested that CAPE treatment reduced AR stability and AR transcriptional activity in PCa cells, implying the possibility of using CAPE as a treatment for advanced PCa. Graphical abstract ![]()
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12964-019-0404-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Yu Kuo
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Room R2-2021, 35, Keyan Road, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County, 35053, Taiwan.,Institute of Biotechnology, National Tsing Hua University, Room 506, LS Bldg. II, Hsinchu City, 30013, Taiwan
| | - Chieh Huo
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Room R2-2021, 35, Keyan Road, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County, 35053, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Yu Lin
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Room R2-2021, 35, Keyan Road, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County, 35053, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Ping Lin
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Room R2-2021, 35, Keyan Road, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County, 35053, Taiwan
| | - Jai-Shin Liu
- Department of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Technology, Yuanpei University of Medical Technology, Hsinchu City, 30015, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Ching Wang
- Institute of Molecular & Cellular Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu City, 30013, Taiwan
| | - Chuang-Rung Chang
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Tsing Hua University, Room 506, LS Bldg. II, Hsinchu City, 30013, Taiwan.
| | - Chih-Pin Chuu
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Room R2-2021, 35, Keyan Road, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County, 35053, Taiwan. .,PhD Program for Aging and Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung City, 40402, Taiwan. .,Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung City, 40227, Taiwan.
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220
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Larsson P, Syed Khaja AS, Semenas J, Wang T, Sarwar M, Dizeyi N, Simoulis A, Hedblom A, Wai SN, Ødum N, Persson JL. The functional interlink between AR and MMP9/VEGF signaling axis is mediated through PIP5K1α/pAKT in prostate cancer. Int J Cancer 2019; 146:1686-1699. [PMID: 31381135 PMCID: PMC7004098 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.32607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Currently, no effective targeted therapeutics exists for treatment of metastatic prostate cancer (PCa). Given that matrix metalloproteinases 9 (MMP9) and its associated vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) are critical for tumor vascularization and invasion under castration-resistant condition, it is therefore of great importance to define the functional association and interplay between androgen receptor (AR) and MMP9 and their associated key survival and invasion pathways in PCa cells. Here, we found that there was a significant correlation between MMP9 and AR protein expression in primary and metastatic PCa tissues, and a trend that high level of MMP9 expression was associated with poor prognosis. We demonstrated that constitutive activation of AR increased expression of MMP9 and VEGF/VEGF receptors. We further showed that AR exerts its effect on MMP9/VEGF signaling axis through PIP5K1α/AKT. We showed that MMP9 physically interacted with PIP5K1α via formation of protein-protein complexes. Furthermore, elevated expression of MMP9 enhanced ability of AR to activate its target gene cyclin A1. The elevated sequential activation of AR/PIP5K1α/AKT/MMP9/VEGF signaling axis contributed to increased invasiveness and growth of metastatic tumors. Conversely, treatment with PIP5K1α inhibitor significantly suppressed invasiveness of PCa cells expressing constitutively activated AR, this was coincident with its inhibitory effect of this inhibitor on AR/MMP9/VEGF pathways. Our results suggest that AR and MMP9-associated network proteins may be effectively targeted by blocking PIP5K1α/AKT pathways using PIP5K1α inhibitor in metastatic PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Per Larsson
- Division of Experimental Cancer Research, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Clinical Research Centre, Malmö, Sweden.,Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | | | - Julius Semenas
- Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Tianyan Wang
- Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Martuza Sarwar
- Division of Experimental Cancer Research, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Clinical Research Centre, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Nishtman Dizeyi
- Division of Experimental Cancer Research, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Clinical Research Centre, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Athanasios Simoulis
- Department of Clinical Pathology and Cytology, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Andreas Hedblom
- Division of Experimental Cancer Research, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Clinical Research Centre, Malmö, Sweden.,Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Sun Nyunt Wai
- Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Niels Ødum
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jenny L Persson
- Division of Experimental Cancer Research, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Clinical Research Centre, Malmö, Sweden.,Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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221
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Discovery and biological evaluation of darolutamide derivatives as inhibitors and down-regulators of wild-type AR and the mutants. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 182:111608. [PMID: 31437779 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.111608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Androgen receptor (AR) has been a target of prostate cancer (PC) for nearly six decades. Recently, downregulating or degrading AR and the mutants especially the splice variant 7 (AR-V7) lacking ligand binding domain (LBD) emerged as an advantageous therapeutic approach to overcome drug resistance. Here, the structural modification of darolutamide resulted in the discovery of dual-action AR inhibitors and down-regulators. Unlike other traditional AR antagonists targeting the AR-LBD, compounds 4k and 4b not only inhibit the activities of wt-AR and AR-F876L mutant but also downregulate the protein expression of full-length (AR-full) and AR variant 7 (AR-V7) at mRNA level. In cell proliferation assays, compounds 4k and 4b exhibited better antiproliferative activities than darolutamide and enzalutamide against AR-V7-positive 22Rv1 cells and VCaP cells. In addition, 4k demonstrated better antitumor activity than clinically used enzalutamide in castration-resistant VCaP xenograft model. Collectively, combining the activities of AR inhibition and downregulation, compound 4k is proposed as an advantageous lead compound to disrupt AR signaling and overcome resistance.
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222
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Lolli C, De Lisi D, Conteduca V, Gurioli G, Scarpi E, Schepisi G, Ravaglia G, Menna C, Farolfi A, Altavilla A, Burgio SL, Tonini G, Santini D, De Giorgi U. Testosterone levels and androgen receptor copy number variations in castration-resistant prostate cancer treated with abiraterone or enzalutamide. Prostate 2019; 79:1211-1220. [PMID: 31251826 DOI: 10.1002/pros.23804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Our study aims to investigate the association between copy number of the androgen receptor (AR) and testosterone levels in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) treated with second-generation antiandrogen therapies. MATERIALS AND METHODS We retrospectively collected data from mCRPC treated with abiraterone acetate and enzalutamide. Serum testosterone levels were collected at baseline, at 3 months since the start of therapy and at disease progression. A cohort of cases treated with docetaxel was also used to evaluate the impact of testosterone levels. RESULTS Patients treated with abiraterone with AR copy number aberrations and basal testosterone levels below 0.09 nmol/L had worse progression-free survival (PFS) compared to patients with no AR copy number abnormalities (8.5 vs 2.9 months, P = 0.005). No relevant differences were observed in the enzalutamide group with a PFS of 3.9 months (no AR gain) vs 2.7 months ( AR gain, P = 0.004) for patients with below 0.09 nmol/L testosterone levels. Similar results are obtained for univariate analysis for overall survival (OS). The negative prognostic role of AR copy number gain in OS for both treatment groups (25.5 vs 10.6 months, P = 0.0002 for abiraterone and 14.1 vs 8.3 months, P = 0.031 for enzalutamide) was confirmed, and it was recognized the negative prognostic impact of testosteronemia below 0.09 only for patients treated with enzalutamide (8.8 vs 42.8 months, P = 0.016). On multivariate analysis for patients treated with abiraterone, low testosterone levels below 0.09 and plasma AR gain were significantly associated with worse PFS and OS. These data are confirmed in the enzalutamide group for PFS. CONCLUSIONS Testosterone levels and the AR copy number alterations were considered as independent prognostic factors. The results of this study show that serum testosteronemia associated with changes in copy number of AR gene could represent a noninvasive biomarker useful to identify a subgroup of patients with worse prognosis that can benefit less from second-generation antiandrogen therapies in the mCRPC setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Lolli
- Department of Medical Oncology, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Meldola, Italy
| | - Delia De Lisi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Vincenza Conteduca
- Department of Medical Oncology, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Meldola, Italy
| | - Giorgia Gurioli
- Biosciences Laboratory Division, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Meldola, Italy
| | - Emanuela Scarpi
- Biostatistics and Clinical Trials Division, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Meldola, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Schepisi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Meldola, Italy
| | - Giorgia Ravaglia
- Biostatistics and Clinical Trials Division, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Meldola, Italy
| | - Cecilia Menna
- Department of Medical Oncology, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Meldola, Italy
| | - Alberto Farolfi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Meldola, Italy
| | - Amelia Altavilla
- Department of Medical Oncology, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Meldola, Italy
| | - Salvatore Luca Burgio
- Department of Medical Oncology, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Meldola, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Tonini
- Department of Medical Oncology, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Daniele Santini
- Department of Medical Oncology, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Ugo De Giorgi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Meldola, Italy
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223
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Search for Novel Diagnostic Biomarkers of Prostate Inflammation-Related Disorders: Role of Transglutaminase Isoforms as Potential Candidates. Mediators Inflamm 2019; 2019:7894017. [PMID: 31360119 PMCID: PMC6652054 DOI: 10.1155/2019/7894017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Investigations on prostate inflammation-related disorders, including acute and chronic prostatitis, chronic pelvic pain syndrome, benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH), and prostate cancer (PCa), are still ongoing to find new, accurate, and noninvasive biomarkers for a differential diagnosis of those pathological conditions sharing some common macroscopic features. Moreover, an ideal biomarker should be useful for risk assessment of prostate inflammation progression to more severe disorders, like BPH or PCa, as well as for monitoring of treatment response and prognosis establishment in carcinoma cases. Recent literature evidence highlighted that changes in the expression of transglutaminases, enzymes that catalyze transamidation reactions leading to posttranslational modifications of soluble proteins, occur in prostate inflammation-related disorders. This review focuses on the role specifically played by transglutaminases 4 (TG4) and 2 (TG2) and suggests that both isoenzymes hold a potential to be included in the list of candidates as novel diagnostic biomarkers for the above-cited prostate pathological conditions.
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224
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Mani J, Neuschäfer J, Resch C, Rutz J, Maxeiner S, Roos F, Chun FKH, Juengel E, Blaheta RA. Amygdalin Modulates Prostate Cancer Cell Adhesion and Migration In Vitro. Nutr Cancer 2019; 72:528-537. [DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2019.1637442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jens Mani
- Department of Urology, Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jens Neuschäfer
- Department of Urology, Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Christian Resch
- Department of Urology, Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jochen Rutz
- Department of Urology, Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | | | - Frederik Roos
- Department of Urology, Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Felix K.-H. Chun
- Department of Urology, Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Eva Juengel
- Department of Urology, Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Roman A. Blaheta
- Department of Urology, Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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225
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Kim Y, Jang HH. The Role of Peroxiredoxin Family in Cancer Signaling. J Cancer Prev 2019; 24:65-71. [PMID: 31360686 PMCID: PMC6619859 DOI: 10.15430/jcp.2019.24.2.65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 06/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxiredoxins (Prxs) are antioxidant enzymes that protect cells from oxidative stress by reducing intracellular accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). In mammalian cells, the six Prx isoforms are ubiquitously expressed in diverse intracellular locations. They are involved in the regulation of various physiological processes including cell growth, differentiation, apoptosis, immune response and metabolism as well as intracellular ROS homeostasis. Although there are increasing evidences that Prxs are involved in carcinogenesis of many cancers, their role in cancer is controversial. The ROS levels in cancer cells are increased compared to normal cells, thus promoting cancer development. Nevertheless, for various cancer types, an overexpression of Prxs has been found to be associated with poor patient prognosis, and an increasing number of studies have reported that tumorigenesis is either facilitated or inhibited by regulation of cancer-associated signaling pathways. This review summarizes Prx isoforms and their basic functions, the relationship between the expression level and the physiological role of Prxs in cancer cells, and their roles in regulating cancer-associated signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosup Kim
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Graduate School of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, Korea
| | - Ho Hee Jang
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Graduate School of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, Korea.,Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, Korea
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226
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Aripaka K, Gudey SK, Zang G, Schmidt A, Åhrling SS, Österman L, Bergh A, von Hofsten J, Landström M. TRAF6 function as a novel co-regulator of Wnt3a target genes in prostate cancer. EBioMedicine 2019; 45:192-207. [PMID: 31262711 PMCID: PMC6642315 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.06.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Revised: 06/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tumour necrosis factor receptor associated factor 6 (TRAF6) promotes inflammation in response to various cytokines. Aberrant Wnt3a signals promotes cancer progression through accumulation of β-Catenin. Here we investigated a potential role for TRAF6 in Wnt signaling. Methods TRAF6 expression was silenced by siRNA in human prostate cancer (PC3U) and human colorectal SW480 cells and by CRISPR/Cas9 in zebrafish. Several biochemical methods and analyses of mutant phenotype in zebrafish were used to analyse the function of TRAF6 in Wnt signaling. Findings Wnt3a-treatment promoted binding of TRAF6 to the Wnt co-receptors LRP5/LRP6 in PC3U and LNCaP cells in vitro. TRAF6 positively regulated mRNA expression of β-Catenin and subsequent activation of Wnt target genes in PC3U cells. Wnt3a-induced invasion of PC3U and SW480 cells were significantly reduced when TRAF6 was silenced by siRNA. Database analysis revealed a correlation between TRAF6 mRNA and Wnt target genes in patients with prostate cancer, and high expression of LRP5, TRAF6 and c-Myc correlated with poor prognosis. By using CRISPR/Cas9 to silence TRAF6 in zebrafish, we confirm TRAF6 as a key molecule in Wnt3a signaling for expression of Wnt target genes. Interpretation We identify TRAF6 as an important component in Wnt3a signaling to promote activation of Wnt target genes, a finding important for understanding mechanisms driving prostate cancer progression. Fund KAW 2012.0090, CAN 2017/544, Swedish Medical Research Council (2016-02513), Prostatacancerförbundet, Konung Gustaf V:s Frimurarestiftelse and Cancerforskningsfonden Norrland. The funders did not play a role in manuscript design, data collection, data analysis, interpretation nor writing of the manuscript. TRAF6 positively regulated mRNA expression of b-Catenin and subsequent activation of Wnt target genes in prostate cancer cells in vitro. High expression of LRP5, TRAF6 and c-Myc correlated with poor prognosis for patients with prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Anders Bergh
- Medical Biosciences, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Jonas von Hofsten
- Umeå Centre for Molecular Medicine (UCMM), Umeå, Sweden; Integrative Medical Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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227
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Naveja JJ, Stumpfe D, Medina-Franco JL, Bajorath J. Exploration of Target Synergy in Cancer Treatment by Cell-Based Screening Assay and Network Propagation Analysis. J Chem Inf Model 2019; 59:3072-3079. [PMID: 31013082 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.9b00036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Computational approaches have previously been introduced to predict compounds with activity against multiple targets or compound combinations with synergistic functional effects. By contrast, there are no computational studies available that explore combinations of targets that might act synergistically upon small molecule treatment. Herein, we introduce an approach designed to identify synergistic target pairs on the basis of cell-based screening data and compounds with known target annotations. The targets involved in forming synergistic pairs were analyzed through a novel network propagation algorithm for rationalizing possible common synergy mechanisms. This algorithm enabled further analysis of each synergistic target pair and the identification of "interactors", i.e., proteins with higher propagation scores than would be expected by adding the individual contributions of each target in the synergistic pair. We detected 137 synergistic target pairs including 51 unique targets. A global network analysis of these 51 targets made it possible to derive a subnetwork of proteins with significant synergy. Furthermore, interactors were identified for 87 synergistic target pairs upon individual analysis of the network propagation of each pair. These interactors were associated with pathways related to cancer and apoptosis, membrane transport, and steroid metabolism and provided possible explanations of synergistic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Jesús Naveja
- Department of Life Science Informatics, B-IT, LIMES Program Unit Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry , Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität , Endenicher Allee 19c , D-53115 Bonn , Germany.,PECEM, Faculty of Medicine , Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México , Mexico City , 04510 , Mexico.,Department of Pharmacy, School of Chemistry , Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México , Mexico City , 04510 , Mexico
| | - Dagmar Stumpfe
- Department of Life Science Informatics, B-IT, LIMES Program Unit Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry , Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität , Endenicher Allee 19c , D-53115 Bonn , Germany
| | - José L Medina-Franco
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Chemistry , Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México , Mexico City , 04510 , Mexico
| | - Jürgen Bajorath
- Department of Life Science Informatics, B-IT, LIMES Program Unit Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry , Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität , Endenicher Allee 19c , D-53115 Bonn , Germany
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228
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Nakanishi A, Hirata Y. Practically scheduling hormone therapy for prostate cancer using a mathematical model. J Theor Biol 2019; 478:48-57. [PMID: 31202792 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2019.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Hormone therapy is one of the popular therapeutic methods for prostate cancer. Intermittent androgen suppression (IAS) is the method which stops and resumes hormone therapy repeatedly. The efficacy of IAS differs depending on patients; both the cases have been reported where the relapse of cancer happened and did not happen, for the patients who had undergone IAS. For the patients who cannot avoid the relapse of cancer by IAS, we should delay the relapse of cancer as later as possible. Here we compared some practical methods of determining when to stop and restart hormone therapy for IAS using an existing mathematical model of prostate cancer. The method we suggest is to determine the ratio of on-treatment period and off-treatment period sparsely for each cycle, namely the "sparse search." We also compared the performance of the sparse search with the exhaustive search and the model predictive control. We found that the sparse search can find a good treatment schedule without failure, and the computational cost is not so high compared to the exhaustive method. In addition, we focus on the model predictive control (MPC) method which has been applied to the scheduling of IAS in some existing studies. The MPC is computationary efficient, although it does not always find an optimal schedule in the numerical experiments here. We believe that the MPC method might be also promising because of its reasonable computational costs and its possibility of expanding of the model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayako Nakanishi
- Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan.
| | - Yoshito Hirata
- Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan; Mathematics and Informatics Center, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
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229
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Feng Z, Wang H, Yi M, Lo CY, Sallee A, Hsieh JT, Xu B. Instructed-Assembly of Small Peptides Inhibits Drug-Resistant Prostate Cancer Cells. Pept Sci (Hoboken) 2019; 112. [PMID: 32104754 DOI: 10.1002/pep2.24123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Despite multiple new-drug approvals in recent years, prostate cancer remains a global health challenge because of the prostate cancers are resistant to androgen deprivation therapy. Here we show that a small D-phosphopeptide undergoes prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP)-instructed self-assembly for inhibiting castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) cells. Specifically, the installation of phosphate at the C-terminal of a D-tripeptide results in the D-phosphopeptide. Dephosphorylating the D-phosphopeptide by PAP forms uniform nanofibers that inhibit VCaP, a castration-resistant prostate cancer cell. A non-hydrolyzable phosphate analogue of the D-phosphopeptide, which shares similar self-assembling properties with the D-phosphopeptide, confirms that PAP-instructed assembly is critical for the inhibition of VCaP. This work, for the first time, demonstrates PAP-instructed self-assembly of peptides for selective inhibiting castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoqianqi Feng
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02454, USA
| | - Huaimin Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02454, USA
| | - Meihui Yi
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02454, USA
| | - Chieh-Yun Lo
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02454, USA
| | - Ashanti Sallee
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02454, USA
| | - Jer-Tsong Hsieh
- Department of Urology, Southwestern Medical Center, University of Texas, Dallas, TX 75235, USA
| | - Bing Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02454, USA
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230
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Fararjeh AS, Liu YN. ZBTB46, SPDEF, and ETV6: Novel Potential Biomarkers and Therapeutic Targets in Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E2802. [PMID: 31181727 PMCID: PMC6600524 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20112802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 05/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is the second most common killer among men in Western countries. Targeting androgen receptor (AR) signaling by androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) is the current therapeutic regime for patients newly diagnosed with metastatic PCa. However, most patients relapse and become resistant to ADT, leading to metastatic castration-resistant PCa (CRPC) and eventually death. Several proposed mechanisms have been proposed for CRPC; however, the exact mechanism through which CRPC develops is still unclear. One possible pathway is that the AR remains active in CRPC cases. Therefore, understanding AR signaling networks as primary PCa changes into metastatic CRPC is key to developing future biomarkers and therapeutic strategies for PCa and CRPC. In the current review, we focused on three novel biomarkers (ZBTB46, SPDEF, and ETV6) that were demonstrated to play critical roles in CRPC progression, epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor (EGFR TKI) drug resistance, and the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) for patients treated with ADT or AR inhibition. In addition, we summarize how these potential biomarkers can be used in the clinic for diagnosis and as therapeutic targets of PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- AbdulFattah Salah Fararjeh
- PhD Program for Cancer Molecular Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
| | - Yen-Nien Liu
- PhD Program for Cancer Molecular Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Molecular Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
- TMU Research Center of Cancer Translational Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
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231
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Min K, Chung JW, Ha YS, Lee JN, Kim BS, Kim HT, Kim TH, Yoo ES, Kwon TG, Chung SK, Tanaka M, Egawa S, Kimura T, Choi SH. Efficacy of Androgen Deprivation Therapy in Patients with Metastatic Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer Receiving Docetaxel-Based Chemotherapy. World J Mens Health 2019; 38:226-235. [PMID: 31190487 PMCID: PMC7076308 DOI: 10.5534/wjmh.190029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to determine the comparative effectiveness of androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) combined with docetaxel (DTX)-based chemotherapy in Korean and Japanese castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) patient cohorts. MATERIALS AND METHODS Metastatic CRPC patients who underwent more than three DTX-based chemotherapy cycles in Korea and Japan between 2002 and 2017 were retrospectively analyzed and divided into the DTX-only (DTX, n=30) and combination (DTX+ADT, n=46) groups. Progression-free survival (PFS) was calculated as the time from the start of chemotherapy to the occurrence of either disease progression (prostate-specific antigen [PSA] progression or radiographic progression) or death. The primary end point was PFS and the secondary end point was overall survival (OS). RESULTS In the DTX and DTX+ADT groups, the median PFS was 6.0 and 11.0 months (log-rank p=0.053). The multivariate Cox regression analysis revealed that the significant predicting factors of PFS were ADT administration (hazard ratio [HR], 0.478; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.284-0.804; p=0.005) and number of DTX-based chemotherapy cycles (HR, 0.934; 95% CI, 0.899-0.970; p<0.001). In the DTX and DTX+ADT groups, the median OS was 16.0 and 19.5 months (log-rank p=0.825). Through multiple Cox regression analysis, we found that the significant predicting factors of OS were the PSA nadir level (HR, 1.001; 95% CI, 1.000-1.002; p<0.001) and number of DTX-based chemotherapy cycles (HR, 0.932; 95% CI, 0.876-0.991; p=0.024). CONCLUSIONS Concurrent DTX-based chemotherapy and ADT may be beneficial compared with DTX-based chemotherapy alone in chemotherapy-naïve metastatic CRPC patients in terms of the PFS, but not the OS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyungchan Min
- Department of Urology, Kyungpook National University Chilgok Hospital, Daegu, Korea
| | - Jae Wook Chung
- Department of Urology, Kyungpook National University Chilgok Hospital, Daegu, Korea
| | - Yun Sok Ha
- Department of Urology, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, Korea
| | - Jun Nyung Lee
- Department of Urology, Kyungpook National University Chilgok Hospital, Daegu, Korea.,Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Bum Soo Kim
- Department of Urology, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, Korea.,Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Hyun Tae Kim
- Department of Urology, Kyungpook National University Chilgok Hospital, Daegu, Korea.,Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Tae Hwan Kim
- Department of Urology, Kyungpook National University Chilgok Hospital, Daegu, Korea.,Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Eun Sang Yoo
- Department of Urology, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, Korea.,Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Tae Gyun Kwon
- Department of Urology, Kyungpook National University Chilgok Hospital, Daegu, Korea.,Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Sung Kwang Chung
- Department of Urology, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, Korea.,Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Masatoshi Tanaka
- Department of Urology, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shin Egawa
- Department of Urology, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takahiro Kimura
- Department of Urology, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Seock Hwan Choi
- Department of Urology, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, Korea.,Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea.
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Singh J, Sohal SS, Lim A, Duncan H, Thachil T, De Ieso P. Cytokines expression levels from tissue, plasma or serum as promising clinical biomarkers in adenocarcinoma of the prostate: a systematic review of recent findings. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2019; 7:245. [PMID: 31317015 DOI: 10.21037/atm.2019.05.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PC) is a common cancer (excluding non-melanoma skin cancer) in men in many parts of the world, although incidence and mortality rates vary significantly by population. In current medical practice, prognostic markers for PC include the presenting serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level, tumour Gleason score (GS) and clinical tumour stage. However, existing pre-treatment factors cannot be used to predict acute radiotherapy (RT)-induced toxicity. Therefore, new protein biomarkers are required in RT oncology to improve decision-making, treatment and therapy monitoring for PC patients. The aim of this systematic review is to the update potential research to address the difference in cytokine expression and their association with RT-induced toxicity and clinical outcomes. Studies were collected after searching three electronic databases: PubMed, Medline, and Google Scholar. An additional search was carried out through cross-check on a bibliography of selected articles. After the selection process made by two of the authors, 19 articles met the inclusion criteria and were included in the systematic review. Results from previous studies identified elevated levels of cytokines have been reported in several types of cancers and have sometimes correlated with disease progression or prognosis. Elevated levels of cytokine were noticed after immediate exposure to RT and their association with RT-induced acute/late toxicity of PC patients. Moreover, above studies also identified overexpression of cytokines on tumour biopsies and correlation with shortening cancer-specific survival and biochemical recurrence. Thus, altered levels of cytokine might be predictive biomarkers for RT-induced and clinical outcomes of PC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jagtar Singh
- College of Health and Human Sciences, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
| | | | - Aijye Lim
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Royal Darwin Hospital, Tiwi, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Henry Duncan
- Darwin Private Hospital, Tiwi, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Thanuja Thachil
- Alan Walker Cancer Care Centre, Royal Darwin Hospital, Tiwi, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Paolo De Ieso
- Alan Walker Cancer Care Centre, Royal Darwin Hospital, Tiwi, Northern Territory, Australia
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Shen Y, Cao J, Liang Z, Lin Q, Wang J, Yang X, Zhang R, Zong J, Du X, Peng Y, Zhang J, Shi J. Estrogen receptor α-NOTCH1 axis enhances basal stem-like cells and epithelial-mesenchymal transition phenotypes in prostate cancer. Cell Commun Signal 2019; 17:50. [PMID: 31122254 PMCID: PMC6533681 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-019-0367-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Prostate cancer (PCa) is the second leading cause of mortality and a leading cause of malignant tumors in males. Prostate cancer stem cells (PCSCs) are likely the responsible cell types for cancer initiation, clinical treatment failure, tumor relapse, and metastasis. Estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) is mainly expressed in the basal layer cells of the normal prostate gland and has key roles in coordinating stem cells to control prostate organ development. Here, we investigated the roles of the estrogen-ERα signaling pathway in regulating PCSCs. Methods Correlation of CD49f and ERα/NOTCH1 was analyzed in human clinical datasets and tissue samples. Flow cytometry was used to sort CD49fHi and CD49fLow cells. EZH2 recruitment by ERα and facilitation of ERα binding to the NOTCH1 promoter was validated by Co-IP and ChIP. Primary tumor growth, tumor metastasis and sensitivity to 17β-estradiol (E2) inhibitor (tamoxifen) were evaluated in castrated mice. Results ERα expression was significantly higher in CD49fHi prostate cancer basal stem-like cells (PCBSLCs), which showed basal and EMT features with susceptibility to E2 treatment. ERα-induced estrogen effects were suggested to drive the NOTCH1 signaling pathway activity via binding to the NOTCH1 promoter. Moreover, EZH2 was recruited by ERα and acted as a cofactor to assist ERα-induced estrogen effects in regulating NOTCH1 in PCa. In vivo, E2 promoted tumor formation and metastasis, which were inhibited by tamoxifen. Conclusions Our results implicated CD49f+/ERα + prostate cancer cells associated with basal stem-like and EMT features, named EMT-PCBSLCs, in heightened potential for promoting metastasis. NOTCH1 was regulated by E2 in CD49fHi EMT-PCBSLCs. These results contribute to insights into the metastatic mechanisms of EMT-PCBSLCs in PCa. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12964-019-0367-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongmei Shen
- College of Life Sciences and Bioactive Materials Key Lab of the Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Jiasong Cao
- College of Life Sciences and Bioactive Materials Key Lab of the Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Zhixian Liang
- College of Life Sciences and Bioactive Materials Key Lab of the Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Qimei Lin
- College of Life Sciences and Bioactive Materials Key Lab of the Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Jianxi Wang
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Xu Yang
- College of Life Sciences and Bioactive Materials Key Lab of the Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Ran Zhang
- College of Life Sciences and Bioactive Materials Key Lab of the Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Jiaojiao Zong
- College of Life Sciences and Bioactive Materials Key Lab of the Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Xiaoling Du
- College of Life Sciences and Bioactive Materials Key Lab of the Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Yanfei Peng
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China
| | - Ju Zhang
- College of Life Sciences and Bioactive Materials Key Lab of the Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China.
| | - Jiandang Shi
- College of Life Sciences and Bioactive Materials Key Lab of the Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China.
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Wu KJ, Pei XQ, Tian G, Wu DP, Fan JH, Jiang YM, He DL. PSA time to nadir as a prognostic factor of first-line docetaxel treatment in castration-resistant prostate cancer: evidence from patients in Northwestern China. Asian J Androl 2019; 20:173-177. [PMID: 28905815 PMCID: PMC5858103 DOI: 10.4103/aja.aja_34_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Docetaxel-based chemotherapy remains the first-line treatment for patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) in China; however, the prognostic factors associated with effects in these patients are still controversial. In this study, we retrospectively reviewed the data from 71 eligible Chinese patients who received docetaxel chemotherapy from 2009 to 2016 in our hospital and experienced a reduction of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level ≥50% during the treatment and investigated the potential role of time to nadir (TTN) of PSA. TTN was defined as the time from start of chemotherapy to the nadir of PSA level during the treatment. Multivariable Cox regression models and Kaplan–Meier analysis were used to predict overall survival (OS). In these patients, the median of TTN was 17 weeks. Patients with TTN ≥17 weeks had a longer response time to chemotherapy compared to TTN <17 weeks (42.83 vs 21.50 weeks, P < 0.001). The time to PSA progression in patients with TTN ≥17 weeks was 11.44 weeks compared to 5.63 weeks when TTN was <17 weeks. We found several factors to be associated with OS, including TTN (hazard ratio [HR]: 3.937, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.502–10.309, P = 0.005), PSA level at the diagnosis of cancer (HR: 4.337, 95% CI: 1.616–11.645, P = 0.004), duration of initial androgen deprivation therapy (HR: 2.982, 95% CI: 1.104–8.045, P = 0.031), neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (HR: 3.963, 95% CI: 1.380–11.384, P = 0.011), and total PSA response (Class 1 [<0 response] compared to Class 2 [0–50% response], HR: 3.978, 95% CI: 1.278–12.387, P = 0.017). In conclusion, TTN of PSA remains an important prognostic marker in predicting therapeutic outcome in Chinese population who receive chemotherapy for mCRPC and have >50% PSA remission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Jie Wu
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Xin-Qi Pei
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Ge Tian
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Da-Peng Wu
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Jin-Hai Fan
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Yu-Mei Jiang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Da-Lin He
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
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Reddy V, Iskander A, Hwang C, Divine G, Menon M, Barrack ER, Reddy GPV, Kim SH. Castration-resistant prostate cancer: Androgen receptor inactivation induces telomere DNA damage, and damage response inhibition leads to cell death. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0211090. [PMID: 31083651 PMCID: PMC6513077 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0211090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2019] [Accepted: 04/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Telomere stability is important for cell viability, as cells with telomere DNA damage that is not repaired do not survive. We reported previously that androgen receptor (AR) antagonist induces telomere DNA damage in androgen-sensitive LNCaP prostate cancer cells; this triggers a DNA damage response (DDR) at telomeres that includes activation of ATM, and blocking ATM activation prevents telomere DNA repair and leads to cell death. Remarkably, AR antagonist induces telomere DNA damage and triggers ATM activation at telomeres also in 22Rv1 castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) cells that are not growth inhibited by AR antagonist. Treatment with AR antagonist enzalutamide (ENZ) or ATM inhibitor (ATMi) by itself had no effect on growth in vitro or in vivo, but combined treatment with ENZ plus ATMi significantly inhibited cell survival in vitro and tumor growth in vivo. By inducing telomere DNA damage and activating a telomere DDR, an opportunity to inhibit DNA repair and promote cell death was created, even in CRPC cells. 22Rv1 cells express both full-length AR and AR splice variant AR-V7, but full-length AR was found to be the predominant form of AR associated with telomeres and required for telomere stability. Although 22Rv1 growth of untreated 22Rv1 cells appears to be driven by AR-V7, it is, ironically, expression of full-length AR that makes them sensitive to growth inhibition by combined treatment with ENZ plus ATMi. Notably, this combined treatment approach to induce telomere DNA damage and inhibit the DDR was effective in inducing cell death also in other CRPC cell lines (LNCaP/AR and C4-2B). Thus, the use of ENZ in combination with a DDR inhibitor, such as ATMi, may be effective in prolonging disease-free survival of patients with AR-positive metastatic CRPC, even those that co-express AR splice variant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vidyavathi Reddy
- Department of Urology, Vattikuti Urology Institute, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, United States of America
| | - Asm Iskander
- Department of Urology, Vattikuti Urology Institute, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, United States of America
| | - Clara Hwang
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, United States of America
| | - George Divine
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, United States of America
| | - Mani Menon
- Department of Urology, Vattikuti Urology Institute, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, United States of America
| | - Evelyn R. Barrack
- Department of Urology, Vattikuti Urology Institute, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, United States of America
| | - G. Prem-Veer Reddy
- Department of Urology, Vattikuti Urology Institute, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, United States of America
| | - Sahn-Ho Kim
- Department of Urology, Vattikuti Urology Institute, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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236
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Fernandes RC, Hickey TE, Tilley WD, Selth LA. Interplay between the androgen receptor signaling axis and microRNAs in prostate cancer. Endocr Relat Cancer 2019; 26:R237-R257. [PMID: 30817318 DOI: 10.1530/erc-18-0571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The androgen receptor (AR) is a ligand-activated transcription factor that drives prostate cancer. Since therapies that target the AR are the mainstay treatment for men with metastatic disease, it is essential to understand the molecular mechanisms underlying oncogenic AR signaling in the prostate. miRNAs are small, non-coding regulators of gene expression that play a key role in prostate cancer and are increasingly recognized as targets or modulators of the AR signaling axis. In this review, we examine the regulation of AR signaling by miRNAs and vice versa and discuss how this interplay influences prostate cancer growth, metastasis and resistance to therapy. Finally, we explore the potential clinical applications of miRNAs implicated in the regulation of AR signaling in this prevalent hormone-driven disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rayzel C Fernandes
- Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories, Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Freemasons Foundation Centre for Men's Health, Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Theresa E Hickey
- Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories, Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Wayne D Tilley
- Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories, Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Freemasons Foundation Centre for Men's Health, Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Luke A Selth
- Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories, Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Freemasons Foundation Centre for Men's Health, Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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237
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Khan ZS, Santos JM, Vaz NG, Hussain F. Enhanced blebbing as a marker for metastatic prostate cancer. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2019; 13:034110. [PMID: 31431812 PMCID: PMC6697032 DOI: 10.1063/1.5085346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Highly metastatic prostate cancer cells flowing through a microfluidic channel form plasma membrane blebs: they form 27% more than normal cells and have a lower stiffness (about 50%). Hypo-osmotic stress assays (with ∼ 50 % osmolarity) show 22% more blebbing of highly metastatic than moderately metastatic and 30% more than normal cells. Plasma membrane blebbing is known to provide important metastatic capabilities to cancer cells by aiding cell detachment from the primary tumor site and increasing cell deformability to promote cell migration through the extracellular matrix. Increased blebbing was attributed by others to decreased phosphorylated ezrin, radixin, and moesin (ERM) (p-ERM) protein expression-p-ERMs bind the plasma membrane to the actin cortex and reduced p-ERM expression can weaken membrane-cortex attachment. Myosin II also influences blebbing as myosin's natural contraction generates tension in the actin cortex. This increases cellular hydrostatic pressure, causes cortex rupture, cytoplasm flow out of the cortex, and hence blebbing. Highly metastatic cells are surprisingly found to express similar ezrin and myosin II levels but higher moesin levels in comparison with lowly metastatic or normal cells-suggesting that their levels, contrary to the literature [G. Charras and E. Paluch, Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 9(9), 730-736 (2008); J.-Y. Tinevez, U. Schulze, G. Salbreux, J. Roensch, J.-F. Joanny, and E. Paluch, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 106(44), 18581-18586 (2009); M. Bergert, S. D. Chandradoss, R. A. Desai, and E. Paluch, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 109(36), 14434-14439 (2012); E. K. Paluch and E. Raz: Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 25(5), 582-590 (2013)], are not important in metastatic prostate cell blebbing. Our results show that reduced F-actin is primarily responsible for increased blebbing in these metastatic cells. Blebbing can thus serve as a simple prognostic marker for the highly incident and lethal metastatic prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeina S Khan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409, USA
| | - Julianna M Santos
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409, USA
| | - Neil G Vaz
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409, USA
| | - Fazle Hussain
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409, USA
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Rice MA, Hsu EC, Aslan M, Ghoochani A, Su A, Stoyanova T. Loss of Notch1 Activity Inhibits Prostate Cancer Growth and Metastasis and Sensitizes Prostate Cancer Cells to Antiandrogen Therapies. Mol Cancer Ther 2019; 18:1230-1242. [PMID: 31028097 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-18-0804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Prostate cancer remains among the leading causes of cancer-related deaths in men. Patients with aggressive disease typically undergo hormone deprivation therapy. Although treatment is initially very successful, these men commonly progress to lethal, castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) in 2 to 3 years. Standard therapies for CRPC include second-generation antiandrogens, which prolong patient lifespan by only several months. It is imperative to advance our understanding of the mechanisms leading to resistance to identify new therapies for aggressive prostate cancer. This study identifies Notch1 as a therapeutic target in prostate cancer. Loss of NOTCH1 in aggressive prostate cancer cells decreases proliferation, invasion, and tumorsphere formation. Therapeutic inhibition of Notch1 activity with gamma secretase inhibitors RO4929097 or DAPT in prostate cancer cells further results in decreased proliferative abilities. Loss of NOTCH1 and treatment of immunocompromised mice bearing prostate cancer xenografts with RO4929097 display significantly impaired tumor growth. Loss of NOTCH1 additionally decreased metastatic potential of prostate cancer cells in invasion assays in vitro as well as in vivo experiments. Moreover, treatment with gamma secretase inhibitors or NOTCH1 gene deletion synergized with antiandrogen therapies, enzalutamide or abiraterone, to decrease the growth of prostate cancer cells. Combination of gamma secretase inhibitors with abiraterone significantly inhibited cell migration and invasion, while combination with enzalutamide reversed enzalutamide-induced migration and invasion. These collective findings suggest loss of NOTCH1 delays growth of CRPC and inhibits metastasis, and inhibition of Notch1 activation in conjunction with second-generation antiandrogen therapies could delay growth and progression of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan A Rice
- Department of Radiology, Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California
| | - En-Chi Hsu
- Department of Radiology, Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California
| | - Merve Aslan
- Department of Radiology, Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California
| | - Ali Ghoochani
- Department of Radiology, Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California
| | - Austin Su
- Department of Radiology, Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California
| | - Tanya Stoyanova
- Department of Radiology, Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California.
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Guan C, Zhang L, Wang S, Long L, Zhou H, Qian S, Ma M, Bai F, Meng QH, Lyu J. Upregulation of MicroRNA-21 promotes tumorigenesis of prostate cancer cells by targeting KLF5. Cancer Biol Ther 2019; 20:1149-1161. [PMID: 31002531 DOI: 10.1080/15384047.2019.1599659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is the second frequently newly diagnosed cancer in men. Androgen deprivation therapy has been widely used to inhibit PCa growth but eventually fails in many patients. Androgen receptor and its downstream molecules like microRNAs could be promising therapeutic targets. We aimed to investigate the involvement of miR-21 in PCa tumorigenesis. We found that miR-21 was an unfavorable factor and correlated positively with tumor grade in PCa patients from TCGA database. MiR-21 was more highly expressed in androgen-independent PCa cells than in androgen-dependent PCa cells. Overexpression of miR-21 promoted androgen-dependent and -independent PCa cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and resistance to apoptosis. Furthermore, increased miR-21 expression promoted mouse xenograft growth. We identified nine genes differentially expressed in PCa tumors and normal tissue which could be potential targets of miR-21 by bioinformatic analyses. We demonstrate that miR-21 directly targeted KLF5 and inhibited KLF5 mRNA and protein levels in PCa. STRING and functional enrichment analysis results suggest that GSK3B might be regulated by KLF5. Our findings demonstrate that miR-21 promotes the tumorigenesis of PCa cells by directly targeting KLF5. These biological effects are mediated through upregulation of GSK3B and activation of the AKT signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Guan
- a Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education of China, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences , Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou , Zhejiang , China
| | - Lingling Zhang
- a Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education of China, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences , Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou , Zhejiang , China
| | - Sixuan Wang
- a Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education of China, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences , Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou , Zhejiang , China
| | - Luye Long
- a Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education of China, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences , Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou , Zhejiang , China
| | - Huaibin Zhou
- a Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education of China, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences , Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou , Zhejiang , China
| | - Shihan Qian
- a Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education of China, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences , Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou , Zhejiang , China
| | - Mengni Ma
- a Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education of China, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences , Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou , Zhejiang , China
| | - Fumao Bai
- a Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education of China, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences , Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou , Zhejiang , China
| | - Qing H Meng
- b Department of Laboratory Medicine , The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center , Houston , TX , USA
| | - Jianxin Lyu
- a Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education of China, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences , Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou , Zhejiang , China
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Tran LNK, Kichenadasse G, Morel KL, Lavranos TC, Klebe S, Lower KM, Ormsby RJ, Elliot DJ, Sykes PJ. The Combination of Metformin and Valproic Acid Has a Greater Anti-tumoral Effect on Prostate Cancer Growth In Vivo than Either Drug Alone. In Vivo 2019; 33:99-108. [PMID: 30587609 DOI: 10.21873/invivo.11445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM The hypoglycemic drug metformin (MET) and the anti-epileptic drug valproic acid (VPA) have individually shown anti-tumor effects in prostate cancer in vitro. The present study intended to investigate the efficacy of the combination of MET and VPA in prostate cancer treatment in a pre-clinical xenograft model. MATERIALS AND METHODS Prostate cancer cell lines (LNCaP and PC-3) were inoculated under the skin of BALB/c nude mice. The mice were treated with 200 μl/ml MET and/or 0.4% (w/v) VPA diluted in drinking water, or with vehicle control, and were monitored until the tumor volume reached 2,000 mm3 Evaluation of toxicity of the drug combination was determined in liver and kidney by histology. RESULTS In both LNCaP and PC-3 xenografts, MET combined with VPA significantly reduced tumor growth during the first 4 weeks following treatment, and delayed the time-to-tumor volume of 2,000 mm3 by 90 days, as compared to MET or to VPA alone, and to vehicle control. There was no significant difference in total mouse weight, liver or kidney morphology in response to combination treatment (MET+VPA) compared to MET or VPA alone and vehicle control. CONCLUSION The combination treatment of MET with VPA is more effective at slowing prostate tumor growth in vivo compared to either drug alone, in mouse xenografts. These pre-clinical results support previous in vitro data and also demonstrate the low toxicity of the combination of these drugs, suggesting that this may be a potential new therapy to be investigated in clinical trials for prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linh N K Tran
- Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, Flinders University and Medical Centre, Adelaide, South Australia .,University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam
| | - Ganessan Kichenadasse
- Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, Flinders University and Medical Centre, Adelaide, South Australia
| | - Katherine L Morel
- Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, Flinders University and Medical Centre, Adelaide, South Australia
| | | | - Sonja Klebe
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Flinders University and Medical Centre, Adelaide, South Australia
| | - Karen M Lower
- Molecular Medicine and Pathology, Flinders University and Medical Centre, Adelaide, South Australia
| | - Rebecca J Ormsby
- Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, Flinders University and Medical Centre, Adelaide, South Australia
| | - David J Elliot
- Clinical Pharmacology, Flinders University and Medical Centre, Bedford Park, Adelaide, South Australia
| | - Pamela J Sykes
- Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, Flinders University and Medical Centre, Adelaide, South Australia
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Snelder N, Drenth HJ, Riber Bergmann K, Wood ND, Hibberd M, Scott G. Population pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modelling of the relationship between testosterone and prostate specific antigen in patients with prostate cancer during treatment with leuprorelin. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2019; 85:1247-1259. [PMID: 30731514 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.13891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS This investigation aimed to quantitatively characterize the relationship between the gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist leuprorelin, testosterone (T) and prostate specific antigen (PSA) concentrations over time, to aid identification of a target T concentration that optimises the balance of the benefits of T suppression whilst reducing the risk of side effects related to futile over-suppression. METHODS Data from a single dose study to investigate the effect of leuprorelin in a 6-month depot formulation on T and PSA in prostate cancer patients were analysed using a population pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modelling approach. The developed model was qualified using external data from 3 studies, in which the effect of different formulations of leuprorelin on T and PSA was evaluated in prostate cancer patients. RESULTS The effect of leuprorelin on the relationship between T and PSA was adequately characterized by the Romero model with minor modifications, combined with a turnover model to describe the delay in response between T and PSA. The data were significantly better described when assuming a minimum PSA level that is independent on the treatment-related reduction in T, as compared to a model with a proportional reduction in PSA and T. CONCLUSIONS The model-based analysis suggests that on a population level, reducing T concentrations below 35 ng/dL does not result in a further decrease in PSA levels (>95% of the minimal PSA level is reached). More data are required to support this relationship in the lower T and PSA range.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Mark Hibberd
- Takeda Development Centre Europe Ltd, London, UK
| | - Graham Scott
- Takeda Development Centre Europe Ltd, London, UK
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Mateus PAM, Kido LA, Silva RS, Cagnon VHA, Montico F. Association of anti-inflammatory and antiangiogenic therapies negatively influences prostate cancer progression in TRAMP mice. Prostate 2019; 79:515-535. [PMID: 30585351 DOI: 10.1002/pros.23758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic inflammation has been implicated in cancer etiology and angiogenesis is stimulated in this disease. In prostate, the crosstalk between malignant epithelial cells and their microenvironment is an essential step of tumorigenesis during which glandular stroma undergo changes designated as reactive stroma. Thus, the aim herewith was to evaluate the effects of associating anti-inflammatory and antiangiogenic therapies on cancer progression, correlating them with steroid hormone receptor (AR and ERα), reactive stroma (vimentin, αSMA, and TGF-β), and cell proliferation (PCNA) markers expression in the Transgenic Adenocarcinoma of Mouse Prostate (TRAMP) model. METHODS TRAMP mice (12-week old) were divided into the groups: Control (TRCON): received the vehicles used for drug dilution; Celecoxib (TRCEL): received oral doses of the anti-inflammatory drug celecoxib (15 mg/kg) twice daily; Nintedanib (TRNTB): received oral doses of the antiangiogenic drug nintedanib (10 mg/kg) daily; Nintedanib+Celecoxib (TRNTCEL): received the combination of drugs. After 6 weeks, mice were euthanized and ventral prostate samples were harvested for morphological, immunohistochemical, and Western blotting analyses. RESULTS While celecoxib led to fibromuscular hypertrophy attenuation, nintedanib significantly reduced the incidence of well-differentiated adenocarcinoma (WDAC) foci in relation to controls, both when administered per se or in association to celecoxib. Furthermore, drug combination was associated with unique effects, including lower incidence of HGPIN lesions; lower AR stromal distribution; changes in ERα localization from epithelial nuclei to stroma as well as significant decrease of TGF-β levels and associated angiogenesis. In parallel, all treatments applied resulted in reduced inflammatory marker and vimentin (VIM) expression. CONCLUSIONS Celecoxib plus nintedanib is an effective antitumor combination against prostate cancer progression in TRAMP mice, showing remarkable efficacy in relation to isolated therapies. Importantly, this efficacy might be due to drug association effect on driving AR and mainly ERα distribution in the prostatic tissue towards benign patterns. In addition, celecoxib and nintedanib impaired the development of a stromal reaction by reducing the recruitment of reactive stroma cells and maintaining a normal smooth muscle cell-rich prostate stroma in TRAMP mice. Collectively, these findings pointed to the beneficial effects of combining anti-inflammatory and antiangiogenic strategies to prevent or delay prostatic tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Augusto Marischka Mateus
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Larissa Akemi Kido
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Food and Nutrition, School of Food Engineering, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rafael Sauce Silva
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Valéria Helena Alves Cagnon
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fabio Montico
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
- School of Medicine, University of Western São Paulo (UNOESTE), Jaú, São Paulo, Brazil
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243
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Barata PC, Sartor AO. Metastatic castration‐sensitive prostate cancer: Abiraterone, docetaxel, or…. Cancer 2019; 125:1777-1788. [DOI: 10.1002/cncr.32039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Revised: 01/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Pedro C. Barata
- Tulane Cancer Center, Tulane University New Orleans Louisiana
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244
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Barbosa GO, Silva JAF, Siqueira‐Berti A, Nishan U, Rosa‐Ribeiro R, Oliveira SBP, Baratti MO, Ferrucci D, Santana JCO, Damas‐Souza DM, Bruni‐Cardoso A, Augusto TM, Corrêa‐da‐Silva F, Moraes‐Vieira PM, Stach‐Machado DR, Felisbino SL, Menezes GB, Cesar CL, Carvalho HF. Castration‐induced prostate epithelial cell apoptosis results from targeted oxidative stress attack of M1
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‐macrophages. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:19048-19058. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2018] [Revised: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme O. Barbosa
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology State University of Campinas Campinas Sao Paulo Brazil
| | - Juliete A. F. Silva
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology State University of Campinas Campinas Sao Paulo Brazil
| | - Aline Siqueira‐Berti
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology State University of Campinas Campinas Sao Paulo Brazil
| | - Umar Nishan
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology State University of Campinas Campinas Sao Paulo Brazil
| | - Rafaela Rosa‐Ribeiro
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology State University of Campinas Campinas Sao Paulo Brazil
| | - Silvia B. P. Oliveira
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology State University of Campinas Campinas Sao Paulo Brazil
| | - Mariana O. Baratti
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology State University of Campinas Campinas Sao Paulo Brazil
- National Institute for Science and Technology of Photonics Applied to Cell Biology (INFABiC) Campinas Sao Paulo Brazil
| | - Danilo Ferrucci
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology State University of Campinas Campinas Sao Paulo Brazil
| | - Julio C. O. Santana
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology State University of Campinas Campinas Sao Paulo Brazil
| | - Danilo M. Damas‐Souza
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology State University of Campinas Campinas Sao Paulo Brazil
| | | | - Taize M. Augusto
- Department of Pathology Jundiai Medical School Jundiai São Paulo Brazil
| | - Felipe Corrêa‐da‐Silva
- Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology, and Immunology State University of Campinas Campinas São Paulo Brazil
| | - Pedro M. Moraes‐Vieira
- Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology, and Immunology State University of Campinas Campinas São Paulo Brazil
| | - Dagmar R. Stach‐Machado
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology State University of Campinas Campinas Sao Paulo Brazil
| | - Sergio L. Felisbino
- National Institute for Science and Technology of Photonics Applied to Cell Biology (INFABiC) Campinas Sao Paulo Brazil
- Department of Morphology São Paulo State University Botucatu São Paulo Brazil
| | - Gustavo B. Menezes
- Department of Morphology Federal University of Minas Gerais Belo Horizonte Minas Gerais Brazil
| | - Carlos L. Cesar
- National Institute for Science and Technology of Photonics Applied to Cell Biology (INFABiC) Campinas Sao Paulo Brazil
- Department of Quantum Electronics State University of Campinas Campinas São Paulo Brazil
| | - Hernandes F. Carvalho
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology State University of Campinas Campinas Sao Paulo Brazil
- National Institute for Science and Technology of Photonics Applied to Cell Biology (INFABiC) Campinas Sao Paulo Brazil
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245
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Bahmad HF, Samman H, Monzer A, Hadadeh O, Cheaito K, Abdel-Samad R, Hayar B, Pisano C, Msheik H, Liu YN, Darwiche N, Abou-Kheir W. The synthetic retinoid ST1926 attenuates prostate cancer growth and potentially targets prostate cancer stem-like cells. Mol Carcinog 2019; 58:1208-1220. [PMID: 30883933 DOI: 10.1002/mc.23004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Retinoids are vitamin A derivatives that regulate crucial biological processes such as cellular proliferation, apoptosis, and differentiation. The use of natural retinoids in cancer therapy is limited due to their toxicity and the acquired resistance by cancer cells. Therefore, synthetic retinoids were developed, such as the atypical adamantyl retinoid ST1926 that provides enhanced bioavailability and reduced toxicity. We have assessed the in vitro and in vivo antitumor properties and mechanism of action of ST1926 in targeting cancer stem-like cells population of human prostate cancer (PCa) cell lines, DU145 and PC3, and mouse PCa cell lines, PLum-AD and PLum-AI. We demonstrated that ST1926 substantially reduced proliferation of PCa cells and induced cell cycle arrest, p53-independent apoptosis, and early DNA damage. It also decreased migration and invasion of PCa cells and significantly reduced prostate spheres formation ability in vitro denoting sufficient eradication of the self-renewal ability of the highly androgen-resistant cancer stem cells. Importantly, ST1926 potently inhibited PCa tumor growth and progression in vivo. Our results highlight the potential of ST1926 in PCa therapy and warrant its clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisham F Bahmad
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology, and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Houda Samman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Alissar Monzer
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology, and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Ola Hadadeh
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology, and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Katia Cheaito
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology, and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Rana Abdel-Samad
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Berthe Hayar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | | | - Hiba Msheik
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology, and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Yen-Nien Liu
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Nadine Darwiche
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Wassim Abou-Kheir
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology, and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
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Parolia A, Venalainen E, Xue H, Mather R, Lin D, Wu R, Pucci P, Rogalski J, Evans JR, Feng F, Collins CC, Wang Y, Crea F. The long noncoding RNA HORAS5 mediates castration-resistant prostate cancer survival by activating the androgen receptor transcriptional program. Mol Oncol 2019; 13:1121-1136. [PMID: 30776192 PMCID: PMC6487714 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.12471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is driven by the androgen receptor (AR)‐signaling axis. Hormonal therapy often mitigates PCa progression, but a notable number of cases progress to castration‐resistant PCa (CRPC). CRPC retains AR activity and is incurable. Long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) represent an uncharted region of the transcriptome. Several lncRNA have been recently described to mediate oncogenic functions, suggesting that these molecules can be potential therapeutic targets. Here, we identified CRPC‐associated lncRNA by analyzing patient‐derived xenografts (PDXs) and clinical data. Subsequently, we characterized one of the CRPC‐promoting lncRNA,HORAS5, in vitro and in vivo. We demonstrated that HORAS5 is a stable, cytoplasmic lncRNA that promotes CRPC proliferation and survival by maintaining AR activity under androgen‐depleted conditions. Most strikingly, knockdown of HORAS5 causes a significant reduction in the expression of AR itself and oncogenic AR targets such as KIAA0101. Elevated expression of HORAS5 is also associated with worse clinical outcomes in patients. Our results from HORAS5 inhibition in in vivo models further confirm that HORAS5 is a viable therapeutic target for CRPC. Thus, we posit that HORAS5 is a novel, targetable mediator of CRPC through its essential role in the maintenance of oncogenic AR activity. Overall, this study adds to our mechanistic understanding of how lncRNA function in cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhijit Parolia
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | - Hui Xue
- British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, Canada.,Vancouver Prostate Centre, Canada
| | - Rebecca Mather
- School of Life Health and Chemical Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK
| | - Dong Lin
- British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, Canada.,Vancouver Prostate Centre, Canada
| | - Rebecca Wu
- British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Perla Pucci
- School of Life Health and Chemical Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK
| | - Jason Rogalski
- Proteomics Core Facility, Centre for High-Throughput Biology, Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Joseph R Evans
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Felix Feng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | - Yuzhuo Wang
- British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, Canada.,Vancouver Prostate Centre, Canada
| | - Francesco Crea
- British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, Canada.,School of Life Health and Chemical Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK
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247
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Cao R, Ke M, Wu Q, Tian Q, Liu L, Dai Z, Lu S, Liu P. AZGP1 is androgen responsive and involved in AR‐induced prostate cancer cell proliferation and metastasis. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:17444-17458. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Runyi Cao
- Department of Biochemistry, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medicine Biotechnology College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University Nanjing Jiangsu People’s Republic of China
| | - Min Ke
- Department of Biochemistry, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medicine Biotechnology College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University Nanjing Jiangsu People’s Republic of China
| | - Qingxin Wu
- Department of Biochemistry, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medicine Biotechnology College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University Nanjing Jiangsu People’s Republic of China
| | - Qian Tian
- Department of Biochemistry, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medicine Biotechnology College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University Nanjing Jiangsu People’s Republic of China
| | - Li Liu
- Department of Science and Technology, Central Laboratory Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine Nanjing Jiangsu People’s Republic of China
| | - Zao Dai
- Department of Biochemistry, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medicine Biotechnology College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University Nanjing Jiangsu People’s Republic of China
| | - Shan Lu
- Department of Biochemistry, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medicine Biotechnology College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University Nanjing Jiangsu People’s Republic of China
| | - Ping Liu
- Department of Biochemistry, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medicine Biotechnology College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University Nanjing Jiangsu People’s Republic of China
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248
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Hawsawi YM, Al-Zahrani F, Mavromatis CH, Baghdadi MA, Saggu S, Oyouni AAA. Stem Cell Applications for Treatment of Cancer and Autoimmune Diseases: Its Promises, Obstacles, and Future Perspectives. Technol Cancer Res Treat 2019; 17:1533033818806910. [PMID: 30343639 PMCID: PMC6198389 DOI: 10.1177/1533033818806910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the original discovery of stem cells, a new era of promising results has emerged in the clinical application of stem cells for the treatment of several important diseases, including cancer and autoimmune diseases. The plentiful research on stem cells during the past decades has provided significant information on the developmental, morphological, and physiological processes that govern tissue and organ formation, maintenance, and regeneration; cellular differentiation; molecular processes; and tissue homeostasis. In this review, we present the history of the use of stem cells in different clinical applications. Furthermore, we discuss the various therapeutic options for stem cells in cancer, followed by the role of stem cells in the treatment of autoimmune disorders. Additionally, we highlight the risks of and obstacles to the application of stem cells in clinical practice. Ultimately, we show future perspectives in stem cell use, with an aim to improve the clinical usefulness of stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yousef M Hawsawi
- 1 Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.,2 Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science and Arts, King Abdulaziz University, Rabigh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.,3 Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Faisal Al-Zahrani
- 2 Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science and Arts, King Abdulaziz University, Rabigh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Charalampos Harris Mavromatis
- 2 Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science and Arts, King Abdulaziz University, Rabigh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed A Baghdadi
- 1 Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.,3 Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Shalini Saggu
- 4 Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Atif Abdulwahab A Oyouni
- 4 Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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249
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Hepburn AC, Steele RE, Veeratterapillay R, Wilson L, Kounatidou EE, Barnard A, Berry P, Cassidy JR, Moad M, El-Sherif A, Gaughan L, Mills IG, Robson CN, Heer R. The induction of core pluripotency master regulators in cancers defines poor clinical outcomes and treatment resistance. Oncogene 2019; 38:4412-4424. [PMID: 30742096 PMCID: PMC6546609 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-019-0712-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Stem cell characteristics have been associated with treatment resistance and poor prognosis across many cancer types. The ability to induce and regulate the pathways that sustain these characteristic hallmarks of lethal cancers in a novel in vitro model would greatly enhance our understanding of cancer progression and treatment resistance. In this work, we present such a model, based simply on applying standard pluripotency/embryonic stem cell media alone. Core pluripotency stem cell master regulators (OCT4, SOX2 and NANOG) along with epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers (Snail, Slug, vimentin and N-cadherin) were induced in human prostate, breast, lung, bladder, colorectal, and renal cancer cells. RNA sequencing revealed pathways activated by pluripotency inducing culture that were shared across all cancers examined. These pathways highlight a potential core mechanism of treatment resistance. With a focus on prostate cancer, the culture-based induction of core pluripotent stem cell regulators was shown to promote survival in castrate conditions—mimicking first line treatment resistance with hormonal therapies. This acquired phenotype was shown to be mediated through the upregulation of iodothyronine deiodinase DIO2, a critical modulator of the thyroid hormone signalling pathway. Subsequent inhibition of DIO2 was shown to supress expression of prostate specific antigen, the cardinal clinical biomarker of prostate cancer progression and highlighted a novel target for clinical translation in this otherwise fatal disease. This study identifies a new and widely accessible simple preclinical model to recreate and explore underpinning pathways of lethal disease and treatment resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Hepburn
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK.
| | - R E Steele
- Prostate Cancer UK/Movember Centre of Excellence for Prostate Cancer, Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast, BT9 7AE, UK
| | - R Veeratterapillay
- Department of Urology, Freeman Hospital, The Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE7 7DN, UK
| | - L Wilson
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - E E Kounatidou
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - A Barnard
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - P Berry
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - J R Cassidy
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - M Moad
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - A El-Sherif
- Department of Pathology, Royal Victoria Infirmary, The Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 4LP, UK
| | - L Gaughan
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - I G Mills
- Prostate Cancer UK/Movember Centre of Excellence for Prostate Cancer, Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast, BT9 7AE, UK.,Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - C N Robson
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK.
| | - R Heer
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK. .,Department of Urology, Freeman Hospital, The Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE7 7DN, UK.
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250
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Kuroda K, Liu H. The proteasome inhibitor, bortezomib, induces prostate cancer cell death by suppressing the expression of prostate-specific membrane antigen, as well as androgen receptor. Int J Oncol 2019; 54:1357-1366. [PMID: 30720063 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2019.4706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The progression of primary prostate cancer (PC) is dependent on the androgen receptor (AR) and prostate‑specific membrane antigen (PSMA). Furthermore, the growth of PC cells is terminated with the downregulation of both AR and PSMA. In our preliminary experiments, it was also found that bortezomib (BZ; PS‑341) that inhibits 26S proteasome activity, acts as a downregulator of both PSMA and AR. In addition to evaluating the effects of BZ on protein expression, the present study evaluated and compared the anticancer effects of BZ on the growth of cells treated with BZ, docetaxel (DOC), or a combination of both. Western blot analysis was used to examine the expression levels of AR and PSMA. The knockdown effect of small interfering RNA (siRNA) and the drugs on the expression of either AR or PSMA was also evaluated. An MTT assay was performed in order to evaluate the inhibitory effects of the drugs on PC cells. The cell cycles were analyzed, and apoptotic cells were detected. The downregulation of AR and PSMA was observed using siRNA specific to AR or PSMA, and the inhibition of PSMA, as well as that of AR severely suppressed the growth of PC cells. The inhibitory effect of BZ alone on PSMA expression was similar to that of both AR‑ and PSMA‑specific siRNA, and this drug also induced the downregulation of AR and PSMA in PC cells. This phenomenon was confirmed even in cells transfected to overexpress PSMA. The apoptosis‑promoting effect of BZ on the cells was similar to that observed with BZ plus DOC, and more potent than that of DOC alone. BZ had the same inhibitory effect on the expression of AR and PSMA as did siRNA specific to AR or PSMA. On the whole, the findings of this study indicate that BZ may prove to be a promising chemotherapeutic agent and may be used as a molecularly targeted drug in the treatment of PC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Kuroda
- Department of Urology, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Saitama 359-8513, Japan
| | - He Liu
- Laboratory of Urological Oncology, Department of Urology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
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