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Abstract
Cell death and inflammation are ancient processes of fundamental biological importance in both normal physiology and human disease pathologies. The recent observation that apoptosis regulatory components have dual roles in cell death and inflammation suggests that these proteins function, not primarily to kill, but to coordinate tissue repair and remodeling. This perspective unifies cell death components as positive regulators of tissue repair that replaces malfunctioning or damaged tissues and enhances the resilience of epithelia to insult. It is now recognized that cells that die by apoptosis do not do so silently, but release a variety of paracrine signals to communicate with their cellular environment to ensure tissue regeneration, and wound healing. Moreover, inflammatory signaling pathways, such as those emanating from the TNF receptor or Toll-related receptors, take part in cell competition to eliminate developmentally aberrant clones. Ubiquitylation has emerged as crucial mediator of signal transduction in cell death and inflammation. Here, we focus on recent advances on ubiquitin-mediated regulation of cell death and inflammation, and how this is used to regulate the defense of homeostasis.
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202
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Ridder DA, Wenzel J, Müller K, Töllner K, Tong XK, Assmann JC, Stroobants S, Weber T, Niturad C, Fischer L, Lembrich B, Wolburg H, Grand'Maison M, Papadopoulos P, Korpos E, Truchetet F, Rades D, Sorokin LM, Schmidt-Supprian M, Bedell BJ, Pasparakis M, Balschun D, D'Hooge R, Löscher W, Hamel E, Schwaninger M. Brain endothelial TAK1 and NEMO safeguard the neurovascular unit. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 212:1529-49. [PMID: 26347470 PMCID: PMC4577837 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20150165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Ridder et al. show that deletion of NEMO, a component of NF-kB signaling, in brain endothelial cells results in increased cerebral vascular permeability and endothelial cell death, and recapitulates the neurological symptoms observed in the genetic disease incontinentia pigmenti. Inactivating mutations of the NF-κB essential modulator (NEMO), a key component of NF-κB signaling, cause the genetic disease incontinentia pigmenti (IP). This leads to severe neurological symptoms, but the mechanisms underlying brain involvement were unclear. Here, we show that selectively deleting Nemo or the upstream kinase Tak1 in brain endothelial cells resulted in death of endothelial cells, a rarefaction of brain microvessels, cerebral hypoperfusion, a disrupted blood–brain barrier (BBB), and epileptic seizures. TAK1 and NEMO protected the BBB by activating the transcription factor NF-κB and stabilizing the tight junction protein occludin. They also prevented brain endothelial cell death in a NF-κB–independent manner by reducing oxidative damage. Our data identify crucial functions of inflammatory TAK1–NEMO signaling in protecting the brain endothelium and maintaining normal brain function, thus explaining the neurological symptoms associated with IP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk A Ridder
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology and Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Jan Wenzel
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology and Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany German Research Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Hamburg/Lübeck/Kiel, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Kristin Müller
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology and Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Kathrin Töllner
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany Center for Systems Neuroscience, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Xin-Kang Tong
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal QC H3A 0G4, Canada
| | - Julian C Assmann
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology and Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Stijn Stroobants
- Laboratory of Biological Psychology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Tobias Weber
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology and Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Cristina Niturad
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology and Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Lisanne Fischer
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology and Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Beate Lembrich
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology and Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Hartwig Wolburg
- Institute of Pathology and Neuropathology, University Hospital Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | | | | | - Eva Korpos
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | | | - Dirk Rades
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology and Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Lydia M Sorokin
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Marc Schmidt-Supprian
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Barry J Bedell
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal QC H3A 0G4, Canada
| | | | - Detlef Balschun
- Laboratory of Biological Psychology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Rudi D'Hooge
- Laboratory of Biological Psychology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Wolfgang Löscher
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany Center for Systems Neuroscience, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Edith Hamel
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal QC H3A 0G4, Canada
| | - Markus Schwaninger
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology and Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany German Research Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Hamburg/Lübeck/Kiel, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
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203
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Dondelinger Y, Jouan-Lanhouet S, Divert T, Theatre E, Bertin J, Gough PJ, Giansanti P, Heck AJR, Dejardin E, Vandenabeele P, Bertrand MJM. NF-κB-Independent Role of IKKα/IKKβ in Preventing RIPK1 Kinase-Dependent Apoptotic and Necroptotic Cell Death during TNF Signaling. Mol Cell 2015; 60:63-76. [PMID: 26344099 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2015.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 323] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Revised: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
TNF is a master pro-inflammatory cytokine. Activation of TNFR1 by TNF can result in both RIPK1-independent apoptosis and RIPK1 kinase-dependent apoptosis or necroptosis. These cell death outcomes are regulated by two distinct checkpoints during TNFR1 signaling. TNF-mediated NF-κB-dependent induction of pro-survival or anti-apoptotic molecules is a well-known late checkpoint in the pathway, protecting cells from RIPK1-independent death. On the other hand, the molecular mechanism regulating the contribution of RIPK1 to cell death is far less understood. We demonstrate here that the IKK complex phosphorylates RIPK1 at TNFR1 complex I and protects cells from RIPK1 kinase-dependent death, independent of its function in NF-κB activation. We provide in vitro and in vivo evidence that inhibition of IKKα/IKKβ or its upstream activators sensitizes cells to death by inducing RIPK1 kinase-dependent apoptosis or necroptosis. We therefore report on an unexpected, NF-κB-independent role for the IKK complex in protecting cells from RIPK1-dependent death downstream of TNFR1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yves Dondelinger
- Inflammation Research Center, VIB, Technologiepark 927, Zwijnaarde-Ghent 9052, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, Zwijnaarde-Ghent 9052, Belgium
| | - Sandrine Jouan-Lanhouet
- Inflammation Research Center, VIB, Technologiepark 927, Zwijnaarde-Ghent 9052, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, Zwijnaarde-Ghent 9052, Belgium
| | - Tatyana Divert
- Inflammation Research Center, VIB, Technologiepark 927, Zwijnaarde-Ghent 9052, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, Zwijnaarde-Ghent 9052, Belgium
| | - Emilie Theatre
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Signal Transduction, GIGA-Research, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - John Bertin
- Pattern Recognition Receptor Discovery Performance Unit, Immuno-inflammation Therapeutic Area, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
| | - Peter J Gough
- Pattern Recognition Receptor Discovery Performance Unit, Immuno-inflammation Therapeutic Area, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
| | - Piero Giansanti
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Centre for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Utrecht, 3584 CH Utrecht, the Netherlands; Netherlands Proteomics Centre, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Albert J R Heck
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Centre for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Utrecht, 3584 CH Utrecht, the Netherlands; Netherlands Proteomics Centre, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Emmanuel Dejardin
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Signal Transduction, GIGA-Research, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Peter Vandenabeele
- Inflammation Research Center, VIB, Technologiepark 927, Zwijnaarde-Ghent 9052, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, Zwijnaarde-Ghent 9052, Belgium; Methusalem Program, Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, Zwijnaarde-Ghent 9052, Belgium
| | - Mathieu J M Bertrand
- Inflammation Research Center, VIB, Technologiepark 927, Zwijnaarde-Ghent 9052, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, Zwijnaarde-Ghent 9052, Belgium.
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204
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Kurmyshkina OV, Bogdanova AA, Volkova TO, Poltorak AN. Septic shock: innate molecular genetic mechanisms of the development of generalized inflammation. Russ J Dev Biol 2015. [DOI: 10.1134/s1062360415040062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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205
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Rodriguez DA, Weinlich R, Brown S, Guy C, Fitzgerald P, Dillon CP, Oberst A, Quarato G, Low J, Cripps JG, Chen T, Green DR. Characterization of RIPK3-mediated phosphorylation of the activation loop of MLKL during necroptosis. Cell Death Differ 2015; 23:76-88. [PMID: 26024392 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2015.70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 278] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Revised: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mixed lineage kinase domain-like pseudokinase (MLKL) mediates necroptosis by translocating to the plasma membrane and inducing its rupture. The activation of MLKL occurs in a multimolecular complex (the 'necrosome'), which is comprised of MLKL, receptor-interacting serine/threonine kinase (RIPK)-3 (RIPK3) and, in some cases, RIPK1. Within this complex, RIPK3 phosphorylates the activation loop of MLKL, promoting conformational changes and allowing the formation of MLKL oligomers, which migrate to the plasma membrane. Previous studies suggested that RIPK3 could phosphorylate the murine MLKL activation loop at Ser345, Ser347 and Thr349. Moreover, substitution of the Ser345 for an aspartic acid creates a constitutively active MLKL, independent of RIPK3 function. Here we examine the role of each of these residues and found that the phosphorylation of Ser345 is critical for RIPK3-mediated necroptosis, Ser347 has a minor accessory role and Thr349 seems to be irrelevant. We generated a specific monoclonal antibody to detect phospho-Ser345 in murine cells. Using this antibody, a series of MLKL mutants and a novel RIPK3 inhibitor, we demonstrate that the phosphorylation of Ser345 is not required for the interaction between RIPK3 and MLKL in the necrosome, but is essential for MLKL translocation, accumulation in the plasma membrane, and consequent necroptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Rodriguez
- Department of Immunology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - R Weinlich
- Department of Immunology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - S Brown
- Department of Immunology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - C Guy
- Department of Immunology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - P Fitzgerald
- Department of Immunology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - C P Dillon
- Department of Immunology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - A Oberst
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - G Quarato
- Department of Immunology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - J Low
- Department Chemical Biology & Therapeutics, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - J G Cripps
- Institute for Cellular Therapeutics, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - T Chen
- Department Chemical Biology & Therapeutics, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - D R Green
- Department of Immunology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
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206
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Methylation-dependent loss of RIP3 expression in cancer represses programmed necrosis in response to chemotherapeutics. Cell Res 2015; 25:707-25. [PMID: 25952668 DOI: 10.1038/cr.2015.56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 338] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Revised: 02/08/2015] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Receptor-interacting protein kinase-3 (RIP3 or RIPK3) is an essential part of the cellular machinery that executes "programmed" or "regulated" necrosis. Here we show that programmed necrosis is activated in response to many chemotherapeutic agents and contributes to chemotherapy-induced cell death. However, we show that RIP3 expression is often silenced in cancer cells due to genomic methylation near its transcriptional start site, thus RIP3-dependent activation of MLKL and downstream programmed necrosis during chemotherapeutic death is largely repressed. Nevertheless, treatment with hypomethylating agents restores RIP3 expression, and thereby promotes sensitivity to chemotherapeutics in a RIP3-dependent manner. RIP3 expression is reduced in tumors compared to normal tissue in 85% of breast cancer patients, suggesting that RIP3 deficiency is positively selected during tumor growth/development. Since hypomethylating agents are reasonably well-tolerated in patients, we propose that RIP3-deficient cancer patients may benefit from receiving hypomethylating agents to induce RIP3 expression prior to treatment with conventional chemotherapeutics.
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207
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Vanden Berghe T, Kaiser WJ, Bertrand MJ, Vandenabeele P. Molecular crosstalk between apoptosis, necroptosis, and survival signaling. Mol Cell Oncol 2015; 2:e975093. [PMID: 27308513 PMCID: PMC4905361 DOI: 10.4161/23723556.2014.975093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Revised: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Our current knowledge of the molecular mechanisms regulating the signaling pathways leading to cell survival, cell death, and inflammation has shed light on the tight mutual interplays between these processes. Moreover, the fact that both apoptosis and necrosis can be molecularly controlled has greatly increased our interest in the roles that these types of cell death play in the control of general processes such as development, homeostasis, and inflammation. In this review, we provide a brief update on the different cell death modalities and describe in more detail the intracellular crosstalk between survival, apoptotic, necroptotic, and inflammatory pathways that are activated downstream of death receptors. An important concept is that the different cell death processes modulate each other by mutual inhibitory mechanisms, serve as alternative back-up death routes in the case of a defect in the first-line cell death response, and are controlled by multiple feedback loops. We conclude by discussing future perspectives and challenges in the field of cell death and inflammation research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Vanden Berghe
- Inflammation Research Center; VIB; Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biological; Ghent University; Ghent, Belgium
| | - William J Kaiser
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology; Emory Vaccine Center; Emory University School of Medicine ; Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Mathieu Jm Bertrand
- Inflammation Research Center; VIB; Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biological; Ghent University; Ghent, Belgium
| | - Peter Vandenabeele
- Inflammation Research Center; VIB; Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biological; Ghent University; Ghent, Belgium; Methusalem Program; Ghent University; Ghent, Belgium
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208
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Abstract
Necrosis is a primary form of cell death in a variety of human pathologies. The deleterious nature of necrosis, including its propensity to promote inflammation, and the relative lack of the cells displaying necrotic morphology under physiologic settings, such as during development, have contributed to the notion that necrosis represents a form of pathologic stress-induced nonspecific cell lysis. However, this notion has been challenged in recent years by the discovery of a highly regulated form of necrosis, termed regulated necrosis or necroptosis. Necroptosis is now recognized by the work of multiple labs, as an important, drug-targetable contributor to necrotic injury in many pathologies, including ischemia-reperfusion injuries (heart, brain, kidney, liver), brain trauma, eye diseases, and acute inflammatory conditions. In this review, we describe the methods to analyze cellular necroptosis and activity of its key mediator, RIP1 kinase.
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209
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RIPK3 promotes cell death and NLRP3 inflammasome activation in the absence of MLKL. Nat Commun 2015; 6:6282. [PMID: 25693118 PMCID: PMC4346630 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms7282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 469] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
RIPK3 and its substrate MLKL are essential for necroptosis, a lytic cell death proposed to cause inflammation via the release of intracellular molecules. Whether and how RIPK3 might drive inflammation in a manner independent of MLKL and cell lysis remains unclear. Here we show that following LPS treatment, or LPS-induced necroptosis, the TLR adaptor protein TRIF and inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (IAPs: X-linked IAP, cellular IAP1 and IAP2) regulate RIPK3 and MLKL ubiquitylation. Hence, when IAPs are absent, LPS triggers RIPK3 to activate caspase-8, promoting apoptosis and NLRP3-caspase-1 activation, independent of RIPK3 kinase activity and MLKL. In contrast, in the absence of both IAPs and caspase-8, RIPK3 kinase activity and MLKL are essential for TLR-induced NLRP3 activation. Consistent with in vitro experiments, interleukin-1 (IL-1)-dependent autoantibody-mediated arthritis is exacerbated in mice lacking IAPs, and is reduced by deletion of RIPK3, but not MLKL. Therefore RIPK3 can promote NLRP3 inflammasome and IL-1β inflammatory responses independent of MLKL and necroptotic cell death.
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210
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Newton K. RIPK1 and RIPK3: critical regulators of inflammation and cell death. Trends Cell Biol 2015; 25:347-53. [PMID: 25662614 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2015.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Revised: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
RIPK1 and RIPK3 (receptor-interacting serine/threonine protein kinases 1/3) interact by virtue of their RIP homotypic interaction motifs to mediate a form of cell death called necroptosis, although mice lacking these kinases have very different phenotypes. RIPK1-deficient mice die soon after birth, whereas RIPK3-deficient mice are healthy. Necroptosis involves cell rupture and is triggered by tumor necrosis factor (TNF), Toll-like receptors (TLRs), or the T cell receptor (TCR) when pro-apoptotic caspase-8 is inhibited. Various mouse models of disease are ameliorated by RIPK3 deficiency, suggesting that necroptosis contributes to pathology. Genetic rescue experiments now reveal why RIPK3-deficient are viable but RIPK1-deficient mice are not. These and other experiments indicate unexpected complexity in the regulation of both apoptosis and necroptosis by RIPK1 and RIPK3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Newton
- Physiological Chemistry Department, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
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211
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Pasparakis M, Vandenabeele P. Necroptosis and its role in inflammation. Nature 2015; 517:311-20. [PMID: 25592536 DOI: 10.1038/nature14191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1435] [Impact Index Per Article: 159.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Regulated cell death has essential functions in development and in adult tissue homeostasis. Necroptosis is a newly discovered pathway of regulated necrosis that requires the proteins RIPK3 and MLKL and is induced by death receptors, interferons, toll-like receptors, intracellular RNA and DNA sensors, and probably other mediators. RIPK1 has important kinase-dependent and scaffolding functions that inhibit or trigger necroptosis and apoptosis. Mouse-model studies have revealed important functions for necroptosis in inflammation and suggested that it could be implicated in the pathogenesis of many human inflammatory diseases. We discuss the mechanisms regulating necroptosis and its potential role in inflammation and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manolis Pasparakis
- Institute for Genetics, Centre for Molecular Medicine and Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases, University of Cologne, 50674 Cologne, Germany
| | - Peter Vandenabeele
- 1] VIB Inflammation Research Center, Ghent University, UGhent-VIB Research Building FSVM, 9052 Ghent, Belgium [2] Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium. [3] Methusalem program, Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
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Pasparakis M, Vandenabeele P. Necroptosis and its role in inflammation. Nature 2015. [DOI: 10.1038/nature14191 having 1479=1479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Pasparakis M, Vandenabeele P. Necroptosis and its role in inflammation. Nature 2015. [DOI: 10.1038/nature14191 order by 1-- ocnp] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Necroptosis and its role in inflammation. Nature 2015. [DOI: 10.1038/nature14191 and 2810=2810-- wbae] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Necroptosis and its role in inflammation. Nature 2015. [DOI: 10.1038/nature14191 and make_set(6705=6705,9963)-- tutl] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Pasparakis M, Vandenabeele P. Necroptosis and its role in inflammation. Nature 2015. [DOI: 10.1038/nature14191 having 6610=1325-- ftul] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Pasparakis M, Vandenabeele P. Necroptosis and its role in inflammation. Nature 2015. [DOI: 10.1038/nature14191 order by 1-- qnpz] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Necroptosis and its role in inflammation. Nature 2015. [DOI: 10.1038/nature14191 and 9718=9916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Necroptosis and its role in inflammation. Nature 2015. [DOI: 10.1038/nature14191 having 5375=9999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Necroptosis and its role in inflammation. Nature 2015. [DOI: 10.1038/nature14191 and make_set(6705=6705,9963)] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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