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Salzman GS, Zhang S, Gupta A, Koide A, Koide S, Araç D. Stachel-independent modulation of GPR56/ADGRG1 signaling by synthetic ligands directed to its extracellular region. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:10095-10100. [PMID: 28874577 PMCID: PMC5617296 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1708810114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Adhesion G protein-coupled receptors (aGPCRs) play critical roles in diverse biological processes, including neurodevelopment and cancer progression. aGPCRs are characterized by large and diverse extracellular regions (ECRs) that are autoproteolytically cleaved from their membrane-embedded signaling domains. Although ECRs regulate receptor function, it is not clear whether ECRs play a direct regulatory role in G-protein signaling or simply serve as a protective cap for the activating "Stachel" sequence. Here, we present a mechanistic analysis of ECR-mediated regulation of GPR56/ADGRG1, an aGPCR with two domains [pentraxin and laminin/neurexin/sex hormonebinding globulin-like (PLL) and G protein-coupled receptor autoproteolysis-inducing (GAIN)] in its ECR. We generated a panel of high-affinity monobodies directed to each of these domains, from which we identified activators and inhibitors of GPR56-mediated signaling. Surprisingly, these synthetic ligands modulated signaling of a GPR56 mutant defective in autoproteolysis and hence, in Stachel peptide exposure. These results provide compelling support for a ligand-induced and ECR-mediated mechanism that regulates aGPCR signaling in a transient and reversible manner, which occurs in addition to the Stachel-mediated activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel S Salzman
- Biophysical Sciences Program, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
- Medical Scientist Training Program, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
| | - Shu Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
| | - Ankit Gupta
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016
| | - Akiko Koide
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016
- Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | - Shohei Koide
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016;
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | - Demet Araç
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637;
- Grossman Institute for Neuroscience, Quantitative Biology and Human Behavior, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
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202
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Lu S, Liu S, Wietelmann A, Kojonazarov B, Atzberger A, Tang C, Schermuly RT, Gröne HJ, Offermanns S. Developmental vascular remodeling defects and postnatal kidney failure in mice lacking Gpr116 (Adgrf5) and Eltd1 (Adgrl4). PLoS One 2017; 12:e0183166. [PMID: 28806758 PMCID: PMC5555693 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0183166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
GPR116 (ADGRF5) and ELTD1 (ADGRL4) belong to different subfamilies of the adhesion G-protein-coupled receptor group but are both expressed in endothelial cells. We therefore analyzed their functions in mice lacking these receptors. While loss of GPR116 or ELTD1 alone had no obvious effect on cardiovascular or kidney function, mice lacking both, GPR116 and ELTD1, showed malformations of the aortic arch arteries and the cardiac outflow tract leading to perinatal lethality in about 50% of the mutants. In addition to cardiovascular malformations, surviving mice developed renal thrombotic microangiopathy as well as hemolysis and splenomegaly, and their lifespan was significantly reduced. Loss of GPR116 and ELTD1 specifically in endothelial cells or neural crest-derived cells did not recapitulate any of the phenotypes observed in GPR116-ELTD1 double deficient mice, indicating that loss of GPR116 and ELTD1 expressed by other cells accounts for the observed cardiovascular and renal defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun Lu
- Department of Pharmacology, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
- * E-mail: (SL); (SO)
| | - Shuya Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Astrid Wietelmann
- Scientific Service Group Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Baktybek Kojonazarov
- Department of Internal Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany
| | - Ann Atzberger
- Flow Cytometry Service Facility, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Cong Tang
- Department of Pharmacology, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Ralph Theo Schermuly
- Department of Internal Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany
| | - Hermann-Josef Gröne
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stefan Offermanns
- Department of Pharmacology, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
- Medical Faculty, J.W. Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
- * E-mail: (SL); (SO)
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203
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Scholz N, Guan C, Nieberler M, Grotemeyer A, Maiellaro I, Gao S, Beck S, Pawlak M, Sauer M, Asan E, Rothemund S, Winkler J, Prömel S, Nagel G, Langenhan T, Kittel RJ. Mechano-dependent signaling by Latrophilin/CIRL quenches cAMP in proprioceptive neurons. eLife 2017; 6. [PMID: 28784204 PMCID: PMC5548486 DOI: 10.7554/elife.28360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Adhesion-type G protein-coupled receptors (aGPCRs), a large molecule family with over 30 members in humans, operate in organ development, brain function and govern immunological responses. Correspondingly, this receptor family is linked to a multitude of diverse human diseases. aGPCRs have been suggested to possess mechanosensory properties, though their mechanism of action is fully unknown. Here we show that the Drosophila aGPCR Latrophilin/dCIRL acts in mechanosensory neurons by modulating ionotropic receptor currents, the initiating step of cellular mechanosensation. This process depends on the length of the extended ectodomain and the tethered agonist of the receptor, but not on its autoproteolysis, a characteristic biochemical feature of the aGPCR family. Intracellularly, dCIRL quenches cAMP levels upon mechanical activation thereby specifically increasing the mechanosensitivity of neurons. These results provide direct evidence that the aGPCR dCIRL acts as a molecular sensor and signal transducer that detects and converts mechanical stimuli into a metabotropic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Scholz
- Department of Neurophysiology, Institute of Physiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.,Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Division of General Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Chonglin Guan
- Department of Neurophysiology, Institute of Physiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Nieberler
- Department of Neurophysiology, Institute of Physiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Alexander Grotemeyer
- Department of Neurophysiology, Institute of Physiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Isabella Maiellaro
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.,Rudolf Virchow Center, DFG-Research Center for Experimental Biomedicine, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Shiqiang Gao
- Department of Biology, Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, University of Würzburg Biocenter, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Beck
- Department of Biology, Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, University of Würzburg Biocenter, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Pawlak
- Department of Neurophysiology, Institute of Physiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Markus Sauer
- Department of Biotechnology and Biophysics, University of Würzburg Biocenter, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Esther Asan
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sven Rothemund
- Core Unit Peptide Technologies, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jana Winkler
- Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Division of Molecular Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Simone Prömel
- Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Division of Molecular Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Georg Nagel
- Department of Biology, Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, University of Würzburg Biocenter, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Langenhan
- Department of Neurophysiology, Institute of Physiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.,Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Division of General Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Robert J Kittel
- Department of Neurophysiology, Institute of Physiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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204
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205
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Identification of two novel chicken GPR133 variants and their expression in different tissues. Funct Integr Genomics 2017; 17:687-696. [DOI: 10.1007/s10142-017-0564-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Revised: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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206
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Scholz N, Monk KR, Kittel RJ, Langenhan T. Adhesion GPCRs as a Putative Class of Metabotropic Mechanosensors. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2017; 234:221-247. [PMID: 27832490 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-41523-9_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Adhesion GPCRs as mechanosensors. Different aGPCR homologs and their cognate ligands have been described in settings, which suggest that they function in a mechanosensory capacity. For details, see text G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) constitute the most versatile superfamily of biosensors. This group of receptors is formed by hundreds of GPCRs, each of which is tuned to the perception of a specific set of stimuli a cell may encounter emanating from the outside world or from internal sources. Most GPCRs are receptive for chemical compounds such as peptides, proteins, lipids, nucleotides, sugars, and other organic compounds, and this capacity is utilized in several sensory organs to initiate visual, olfactory, gustatory, or endocrine signals. In contrast, GPCRs have only anecdotally been implicated in the perception of mechanical stimuli. Recent studies, however, show that the family of adhesion GPCRs (aGPCRs), which represents a large panel of over 30 homologs within the GPCR superfamily, displays molecular design and expression patterns that are compatible with receptivity toward mechanical cues (Fig. 1). Here, we review physiological and molecular principles of established mechanosensors, discuss their relevance for current research of the mechanosensory function of aGPCRs, and survey the current state of knowledge on aGPCRs as mechanosensing molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Scholz
- Department of Neurophysiology, Institute of Physiology, University of Würzburg, Röntgenring 9, Würzburg, 97070, Germany.
| | - Kelly R Monk
- Department of Developmental Biology, Hope Center for Neurologic Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, 63110, MO, USA
| | - Robert J Kittel
- Department of Neurophysiology, Institute of Physiology, University of Würzburg, Röntgenring 9, Würzburg, 97070, Germany
| | - Tobias Langenhan
- Department of Neurophysiology, Institute of Physiology, University of Würzburg, Röntgenring 9, Würzburg, 97070, Germany.
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207
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Thomas M, Snead D, Mitchell D. An investigation into the potential role of brain angiogenesis inhibitor protein 3 (BAI3) in the tumorigenesis of small-cell carcinoma: a review of the surrounding literature. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 2017; 37:325-334. [PMID: 28537194 DOI: 10.1080/10799893.2017.1328441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Brain angiogenesis inhibitor protein 3 (BAI3) is from the adhesion group of seven-transmembrane spanning G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and has been identified via gene expression profiling as being upregulated in small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) tumors. It has subsequently been validated as a sensitive and specific immunohistochemical marker for SCLC, helping to differentiate these tumors from morphologically similar large-cell neuroendocrine (LCNEC) malignancies. It is, however, still unclear as to the role BAI3 proteins might play in SCLC and indeed how they might contribute to tumorigenesis. Interestingly, the pattern of staining observed on immunohistochemistry was in fact nuclear as opposed to the membranous staining pattern expected of transmembrane-bound molecules. This fact has lead the authors to believe that the protein receptor is structurally altered in SCLC and that this modification may confer different behavioral properties that contribute toward tumorigenesis. Nuclear localization is not unique to BAI3 and has been reported in a number of GPCRs and frequently correlates with survival outcomes. BAI3 has the potential to act as target for pharmaceutical intervention inline with developing trends in molecular pathology aiming to provide personalized, treatment regimes based on tumor-specific mutation profiles. The adhesion group of the GPCR superfamily is still poorly understood. We present a review of the existing literature regarding the role they play in both physiological and disease states and the mechanisms by which they influence a range of cellular processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Thomas
- a Department of Histopathology , University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire , Coventry , UK
| | - David Snead
- a Department of Histopathology , University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire , Coventry , UK
| | - Daniel Mitchell
- b Department of Translational Medicine , University of Warwick , Coventry , UK
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208
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Kishore A, Hall RA. Disease-associated extracellular loop mutations in the adhesion G protein-coupled receptor G1 (ADGRG1; GPR56) differentially regulate downstream signaling. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:9711-9720. [PMID: 28424266 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.780551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Revised: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations to the adhesion G protein-coupled receptor ADGRG1 (G1; also known as GPR56) underlie the neurological disorder bilateral frontoparietal polymicrogyria. Disease-associated mutations in G1 studied to date are believed to induce complete loss of receptor function through disruption of either receptor trafficking or signaling activity. Given that N-terminal truncation of G1 and other adhesion G protein-coupled receptors has been shown to significantly increase the receptors' constitutive signaling, we examined two different bilateral frontoparietal polymicrogyria-inducing extracellular loop mutations (R565W and L640R) in the context of both full-length and N-terminally truncated (ΔNT) G1. Interestingly, we found that these mutations reduced surface expression of full-length G1 but not G1-ΔNT in HEK-293 cells. Moreover, the mutations ablated receptor-mediated activation of serum response factor luciferase, a classic measure of Gα12/13-mediated signaling, but had no effect on G1-mediated signaling to nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) luciferase. Given these differential signaling results, we sought to further elucidate the pathway by which G1 can activate NFAT luciferase. We found no evidence that ΔNT activation of NFAT is dependent on Gαq/11-mediated or β-arrestin-mediated signaling but rather involves liberation of Gβγ subunits and activation of calcium channels. These findings reveal that disease-associated mutations to the extracellular loops of G1 differentially alter receptor trafficking, depending on the presence of the N terminus, and differentially alter signaling to distinct downstream pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayush Kishore
- From the Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Randy A Hall
- From the Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
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209
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I KY, Huang YS, Hu CH, Tseng WY, Cheng CH, Stacey M, Gordon S, Chang GW, Lin HH. Activation of Adhesion GPCR EMR2/ADGRE2 Induces Macrophage Differentiation and Inflammatory Responses via Gα 16/Akt/MAPK/NF-κB Signaling Pathways. Front Immunol 2017; 8:373. [PMID: 28421075 PMCID: PMC5376562 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
EMR2/ADGRE2 is a human myeloid-restricted adhesion G protein-coupled receptor critically implicated in vibratory urticaria, a rare type of allergy caused by vibration-induced mast cell activation. In addition, EMR2 is also highly expressed by monocyte/macrophages and has been linked to neutrophil migration and activation. Despite these findings, little is known of EMR2-mediated signaling and its role in myeloid biology. In this report, we show that activation of EMR2 via a receptor-specific monoclonal antibody promotes the differentiation of human THP-1 monocytic cell line and induces the expression of pro-inflammatory mediators, including IL-8, TNF-α, and MMP-9. Using specific signaling inhibitors and siRNA knockdowns, biochemical and functional analyses reveal that the EMR2-mediated signaling is initiated by Gα16, followed by the subsequent activation of Akt, extracellular signal-regulated kinase, c-Jun N-terminal kinase, and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells. Our results demonstrate a functional role for EMR2 in the differentiation and inflammatory activation of human monocytic cells and provide potential targets for myeloid cell-mediated inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuan-Yu I
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Shu Huang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Hsun Hu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Yi Tseng
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital-Keelung, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Hsin Cheng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Martin Stacey
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Siamon Gordon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Gin-Wen Chang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Hsi-Hsien Lin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Department of Anatomic Pathology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital-Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Chang Gung Immunology Consortium, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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210
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Pei J, Grishin NV. Expansion of divergent SEA domains in cell surface proteins and nucleoporin 54. Protein Sci 2017; 26:617-630. [PMID: 27977898 DOI: 10.1002/pro.3096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2016] [Revised: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
SEA (sea urchin sperm protein, enterokinase, agrin) domains, many of which possess autoproteolysis activity, have been found in a number of cell surface and secreted proteins. Despite high sequence divergence, SEA domains were also proposed to be present in dystroglycan based on a conserved autoproteolysis motif and receptor-type protein phosphatase IA-2 based on structural similarity. The presence of a SEA domain adjacent to the transmembrane segment appears to be a recurring theme in quite a number of type I transmembrane proteins on the cell surface, such as MUC1, dystroglycan, IA-2, and Notch receptors. By comparative sequence and structural analyses, we identified dystroglycan-like proteins with SEA domains in Capsaspora owczarzaki of the Filasterea group, one of the closest single-cell relatives of metazoans. We also detected novel and divergent SEA domains in a variety of cell surface proteins such as EpCAM, α/ε-sarcoglycan, PTPRR, collectrin/Tmem27, amnionless, CD34, KIAA0319, fibrocystin-like protein, and a number of cadherins. While these proteins are mostly from metazoans or their single cell relatives such as choanoflagellates and Filasterea, fibrocystin-like proteins with SEA domains were found in several other eukaryotic lineages including green algae, Alveolata, Euglenozoa, and Haptophyta, suggesting an ancient evolutionary origin. In addition, the intracellular protein Nucleoporin 54 (Nup54) acquired a divergent SEA domain in choanoflagellates and metazoans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nick V Grishin
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute.,Department of Biophysics and Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
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211
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Coleman JLJ, Ngo T, Smith NJ. The G protein-coupled receptor N-terminus and receptor signalling: N-tering a new era. Cell Signal 2017; 33:1-9. [PMID: 28188824 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2017.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are a vast family of membrane-traversing proteins, essential to the ability of eukaryotic life to detect, and mount an intracellular response to, a diverse range of extracellular stimuli. GPCRs have evolved with archetypal features including an extracellular N-terminus and intracellular C-terminus that flank a transmembrane structure of seven sequential helices joined by intracellular and extracellular loops. These structural domains contribute to the ability of a GPCR to be correctly synthesised and inserted into the cell membrane, to interact with its cognate ligand(s) and to couple with signal-transducing heterotrimeric G proteins, allowing the activated receptor to selectively modulate a number of signalling cascades. Whilst well known for its importance in receptor translation and trafficking, the GPCR N-terminus is underexplored as a participant in receptor signalling. This review aims to discuss and integrate recent advances in knowledge of the vital roles of the GPCR N-terminus in receptor signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- James L J Coleman
- Molecular Pharmacology Group, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia; St Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia.
| | - Tony Ngo
- Molecular Pharmacology Group, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia; St Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Nicola J Smith
- Molecular Pharmacology Group, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia; St Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia.
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212
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Demberg LM, Winkler J, Wilde C, Simon KU, Schön J, Rothemund S, Schöneberg T, Prömel S, Liebscher I. Activation of Adhesion G Protein-coupled Receptors: AGONIST SPECIFICITY OF STACHEL SEQUENCE-DERIVED PEPTIDES. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:4383-4394. [PMID: 28154189 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.763656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Revised: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the adhesion G protein-coupled receptor (aGPCR) family carry an agonistic sequence within their large ectodomains. Peptides derived from this region, called the Stachel sequence, can activate the respective receptor. As the conserved core region of the Stachel sequence is highly similar between aGPCRs, the agonist specificity of Stachel sequence-derived peptides was tested between family members using cell culture-based second messenger assays. Stachel peptides derived from aGPCRs of subfamily VI (GPR110/ADGRF1, GPR116/ADGRF5) and subfamily VIII (GPR64/ADGRG2, GPR126/ADGRG6) are able to activate more than one member of the respective subfamily supporting their evolutionary relationship and defining them as pharmacological receptor subtypes. Extended functional analyses of the Stachel sequences and derived peptides revealed agonist promiscuity, not only within, but also between aGPCR subfamilies. For example, the Stachel-derived peptide of GPR110 (subfamily VI) can activate GPR64 and GPR126 (both subfamily VIII). Our results indicate that key residues in the Stachel sequence are very similar between aGPCRs allowing for agonist promiscuity of several Stachel-derived peptides. Therefore, aGPCRs appear to be pharmacologically more closely related than previously thought. Our findings have direct implications for many aGPCR studies, as potential functional overlap has to be considered for in vitro and in vivo studies. However, it also offers the possibility of a broader use of more potent peptides when the original Stachel sequence is less effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilian M Demberg
- From the Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Molecular Biochemistry and
| | - Jana Winkler
- From the Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Molecular Biochemistry and
| | - Caroline Wilde
- From the Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Molecular Biochemistry and
| | - Kay-Uwe Simon
- From the Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Molecular Biochemistry and
| | - Julia Schön
- From the Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Molecular Biochemistry and
| | - Sven Rothemund
- the Core Unit Peptide Technologies, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Torsten Schöneberg
- From the Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Molecular Biochemistry and
| | - Simone Prömel
- From the Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Molecular Biochemistry and
| | - Ines Liebscher
- From the Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Molecular Biochemistry and
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213
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Chang H, Smallwood PM, Williams J, Nathans J. Intramembrane Proteolysis of Astrotactins. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:3506-3516. [PMID: 28100779 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.768077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Revised: 01/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrotactins are vertebrate-specific membrane proteins implicated in neuron-glia interactions during central nervous system development and in hair follicle polarity during skin development. By studying epitope-tagged derivatives of mouse astrotactin-2 (Astn2) produced in transfected cells, we determined that the amino and carboxyl termini reside in the extracellular space and are initially linked by two transmembrane segments and a single cytoplasmic domain. We further show that Astn2 undergoes proteolytic cleavage in the second transmembrane domain (TM2) and that a disulfide bond holds the resulting two fragments together. Recombinant Astn1 also undergoes TM2 cleavage, as does Astn2 isolated from mouse cerebellum. Astn2 intramembrane proteolysis is insensitive to replacement of TM2 by the transmembrane domain of CD74 or by 21 alanines. However, replacement of TM2 by the transmembrane domain of CD4, the asialoglycoprotein receptor, or the transferrin receptor eliminates intramembrane proteolysis, as does leucine substitution of residues that overlap or are immediately upstream of the cleavage site. Replacement of the transmembrane domain of CD74 or the asialoglycoprotein receptor with Astn2 TM2 leads to the appearance of a carboxyl-terminal fragment consistent with intramembrane proteolysis. These experiments define a highly unusual transmembrane topology for the astrotactins, reveal intramembrane proteolysis as a feature of astrotactin maturation, and constrain the substrate sequences that are permissive for cleavage of one type 2 transmembrane segment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Chang
- Departments of Molecular Biology and Genetics
| | | | | | - Jeremy Nathans
- Departments of Molecular Biology and Genetics; Neuroscience; Ophthalmology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205.
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Vilboux T, Malicdan MCV, Roney JC, Cullinane AR, Stephen J, Yildirimli D, Bryant J, Fischer R, Vemulapalli M, Mullikin JC, Steinbach PJ, Gahl WA, Gunay-Aygun M. CELSR2, encoding a planar cell polarity protein, is a putative gene in Joubert syndrome with cortical heterotopia, microophthalmia, and growth hormone deficiency. Am J Med Genet A 2017; 173:661-666. [PMID: 28052552 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.38005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Joubert syndrome is a ciliopathy characterized by a specific constellation of central nervous system malformations that result in the pathognomonic "molar tooth sign" on imaging. More than 27 genes are associated with Joubert syndrome, but some patients do not have mutations in any of these genes. Celsr1, Celsr2, and Celsr3 are the mammalian orthologues of the drosophila planar cell polarity protein, flamingo; they play important roles in neural development, including axon guidance, neuronal migration, and cilium polarity. Here, we report bi-allelic mutations in CELSR2 in a Joubert patient with cortical heterotopia, microophthalmia, and growth hormone deficiency. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thierry Vilboux
- Section of Human Biochemical Genetics, Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
- Inova Translational Medicine Institute, Falls Church, Virginia
| | - May Christine V Malicdan
- Section of Human Biochemical Genetics, Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
- NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program, Common Fund, Office of the Director, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Joseph C Roney
- Section of Human Biochemical Genetics, Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Andrew R Cullinane
- Section of Human Biochemical Genetics, Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
- Department of Anatomy, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington DC
| | - Joshi Stephen
- Section of Human Biochemical Genetics, Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Deniz Yildirimli
- Section of Human Biochemical Genetics, Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Joy Bryant
- Section of Human Biochemical Genetics, Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Roxanne Fischer
- Section of Human Biochemical Genetics, Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Meghana Vemulapalli
- NIH Intramural Sequencing Center (NISC), National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - James C Mullikin
- NIH Intramural Sequencing Center (NISC), National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Peter J Steinbach
- Center for Molecular Modeling, Center for Information Technology, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - William A Gahl
- Section of Human Biochemical Genetics, Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
- NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program, Common Fund, Office of the Director, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
- Office of the Clinical Director, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Meral Gunay-Aygun
- Section of Human Biochemical Genetics, Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
- Office of the Clinical Director, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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Biochemical features of the adhesion G protein-coupled receptor CD97 related to its auto-proteolysis and HeLa cell attachment activities. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2017; 38:56-68. [PMID: 27641734 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2016.89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
CD97 belongs to the adhesion GPCR family characterized by a long ECD linked to the 7TM via a GPCR proteolytic site (GPS) and plays important roles in modulating cell migration and invasion. CD97 (EGF1-5) is a splicing variant of CD97 that recognizes a specific ligand chondroitin sulfate on cell membranes and the extracellular matrix. The aim of this study was to elucidate the extracellular molecular basis of the CD97 EGF1-5 isoform in protein expression, auto-proteolysis and cell adhesion, including epidermal growth factor (EGF)-like domain, GPCR autoproteolysis-inducing (GAIN) domain, as well as GPS mutagenesis and N-glycosylation. Both wild-type (WT) CD97-ECD and its truncated, GPS mutated, PNGase F-deglycosylated, and N-glycosylation site mutated forms were expressed and purified. The auto-proteolysis of the proteins was analyzed with Western blotting and SDS-PAGE. Small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and molecular modeling were used to determine a structural profile of the properly expressed receptor. Potential N-glycosylation sites were identified using MS and were modulated with PNGase F digestion and glyco-site mutations. A flow cytometry-based HeLa cell attachment assay was used for all aforementioned CD97 variants to elucidate the molecular basis of CD97-HeLa interactions. A unique concentration-dependent GPS auto-proteolysis was observed in CD97 EGF1-5 isoform with the highest concentration (4 mg/mL) per sample was self-cleaved much faster than the lower concentration (0.1 mg/mL), supporting an intermolecular mechanism of auto-proteolysis that is distinct to the reported intramolecular mechanism for other CD97 isoforms. N-glycosylation affected the auto-proteolysis of CD97 EGF1-5 isoform in a similar way as the other previously reported CD97 isoforms. SAXS data for WT and deglycosylated CD97ECD revealed a spatula-like shape with GAIN and EGF domains constituting the body and handle, respectively. Structural modeling indicated a potential interaction between the GAIN and EGF5 domains accounting for the absence of expression of the GAIN domain itself, although EGF5-GAIN was expressed similarly in the wild-type protein. For HeLa cell adhesion, the GAIN-truncated forms showed dramatically reduced binding affinity. The PNGase F-deglycosylated and GPS mutated forms also exhibited reduced HeLa attachment compared with WT CD97. However, neither N-glycosylation mutagenesis nor auto-proteolysis inhibition caused by N-glycosylation mutagenesis affected CD97-HeLa cell interactions. A comparison of the HeLa binding affinities of PNGase F-digested, GPS-mutated and N-glycosylation-mutated CD97 samples revealed diverse findings, suggesting that the functions of CD97 ECD were complex, and various technologies for function validation should be utilized to avoid single-approach bias when investigating N-glycosylation and auto-proteolysis of CD97. A unique mechanism of concentration-dependent auto-proteolysis of the CD97 EGF1-5 isoform was characterized, suggesting an intermolecular mechanism that is distinct from that of other previously reported CD97 isoforms. The EGF5 and GAIN domains are likely associated with each other as CD97 expression and SAXS data revealed a potential interaction between the two domains. Finally, the GAIN and EGF domains are also important for CD97-HeLa adhesion, whereas N-glycosylation of the CD97 GAIN domain and GPS auto-proteolysis are not required for HeLa cell attachment.
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217
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Pablo JL, DeCaen PG, Clapham DE. Progress in ciliary ion channel physiology. J Gen Physiol 2016; 149:37-47. [PMID: 27999145 PMCID: PMC5217089 DOI: 10.1085/jgp.201611696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian cilia are ubiquitous appendages found on the apical surface of cells. Primary and motile cilia are distinct in both morphology and function. Most cells have a solitary primary cilium (9+0), which lacks the central microtubule doublet characteristic of motile cilia (9+2). The immotile primary cilia house unique signaling components and sequester several important transcription factors. In contrast, motile cilia commonly extend into the lumen of respiratory airways, fallopian tubes, and brain ventricles to move their contents and/or produce gradients. In this review, we focus on the composition of putative ion channels found in both types of cilia and in the periciliary membrane and discuss their proposed functions. Our discussion does not cover specialized cilia in photoreceptor or olfactory cells, which express many more ion channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Lorenzo Pablo
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115.,Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115.,Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Paul G DeCaen
- Department of Pharmacology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - David E Clapham
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115 .,Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115.,Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
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218
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Bostaille N, Gauquier A, Twyffels L, Vanhollebeke B. Molecular insights into Adgra2/Gpr124 and Reck intracellular trafficking. Biol Open 2016; 5:1874-1881. [PMID: 27979830 PMCID: PMC5200908 DOI: 10.1242/bio.021287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Adgra2, formerly known as Gpr124, is a key regulator of cerebrovascular development in vertebrates. Together with the GPI-anchored glycoprotein Reck, this adhesion GPCR (aGPCR) stimulates Wnt7-dependent Wnt/β-catenin signaling to promote brain vascular invasion in an endothelial cell-autonomous manner. Adgra2 and Reck have been proposed to assemble a receptor complex at the plasma membrane, but the molecular modalities of their functional synergy remain to be investigated. In particular, as typically found in aGPCRs, the ectodomain of Adgra2 is rich in protein-protein interaction motifs whose contributions to receptor function are unknown. In opposition to the severe ADGRA2 genetic lesions found in previously generated zebrafish and mouse models, the zebrafish ouchless allele encodes an aberrantly-spliced and inactive receptor lacking a single leucine-rich repeat (LRR) unit within its N-terminus. By characterizing this allele we uncover that, in contrast to all other extracellular domains, the precise composition of the LRR domain determines proper receptor trafficking to the plasma membrane. Using CRISPR/Cas9 engineered cells, we further show that Adgra2 trafficking occurs in a Reck-independent manner and that, similarly, Reck reaches the plasma membrane irrespective of Adgra2 expression or localization, suggesting that the partners meet at the plasma membrane after independent intracellular trafficking events. Summary: This work uncovers molecular determinants of Adgra2/Gpr124 and Reck trafficking to the plasma membrane where the partners meet to act as potent Wnt7-specific Wnt/β-catenin signaling co-activators required for brain vascularization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naguissa Bostaille
- Laboratory of Neurovascular Signaling, Department of Molecular Biology, ULB Neuroscience Institute, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Gosselies B-6041, Belgium
| | - Anne Gauquier
- Laboratory of Neurovascular Signaling, Department of Molecular Biology, ULB Neuroscience Institute, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Gosselies B-6041, Belgium
| | - Laure Twyffels
- Center for Microscopy and Molecular Imaging, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Gosselies B-6041, Belgium
| | - Benoit Vanhollebeke
- Laboratory of Neurovascular Signaling, Department of Molecular Biology, ULB Neuroscience Institute, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Gosselies B-6041, Belgium .,Center for Microscopy and Molecular Imaging, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Gosselies B-6041, Belgium
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219
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Is it Time to Fold the Cysts Away? Trends Mol Med 2016; 22:997-999. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2016.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2016] [Revised: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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220
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Chiang NY, Peng YM, Juang HH, Chen TC, Pan HL, Chang GW, Lin HH. GPR56/ADGRG1 Activation Promotes Melanoma Cell Migration via NTF Dissociation and CTF-Mediated Gα 12/13/RhoA Signaling. J Invest Dermatol 2016; 137:727-736. [PMID: 27818281 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2016.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Revised: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
GPR56/ADGRG1 is a versatile adhesion G protein-coupled receptor with diverse biological functions. GPR56 expression is variably detected in human melanoma cell lines and correlates inversely with the metastatic potential of melanoma lesions. GPR56 associates with the tetraspanins CD9 and CD81 on the melanoma cell surface. GPR56 activation by immobilized CG4 monoclonal antibody facilitates N-terminal fragment dissociation in a CD9/CD81-dependent manner specifically inducing IL-6 production, which promotes cell migration and invasion. Interestingly, expression of GPR56-C-terminal fragment alone recapitulates the antibody-induced receptor function, implicating a major role for the C-terminal fragment in GPR56 activation and signaling. Analysis of site-directed mutant receptors attests the importance of the conserved N-terminal residues of the C-terminal fragment for its self-activation. Finally, we show that the GPR56-induced signaling in melanoma cells is mediated by the Gα12/13/RhoA pathway. In summary, the expression and activation of GPR56 may modulate melanoma progression in part by inducing IL-6 production after N-terminal fragment dissociation and C-terminal fragment self-activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nien-Yi Chiang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Ming Peng
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Horng-Heng Juang
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Department of Urology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital-Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Tse-Ching Chen
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital-Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Hsiao-Lin Pan
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Gin-Wen Chang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Hsi-Hsien Lin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Department of Anatomic Pathology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital-Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Chang Gung Immunology Consortium, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
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221
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Bayin NS, Frenster JD, Kane JR, Rubenstein J, Modrek AS, Baitalmal R, Dolgalev I, Rudzenski K, Scarabottolo L, Crespi D, Redaelli L, Snuderl M, Golfinos JG, Doyle W, Pacione D, Parker EC, Chi AS, Heguy A, MacNeil DJ, Shohdy N, Zagzag D, Placantonakis DG. GPR133 (ADGRD1), an adhesion G-protein-coupled receptor, is necessary for glioblastoma growth. Oncogenesis 2016; 5:e263. [PMID: 27775701 PMCID: PMC5117849 DOI: 10.1038/oncsis.2016.63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Revised: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is a deadly primary brain malignancy with extensive intratumoral hypoxia. Hypoxic regions of GBM contain stem-like cells and are associated with tumor growth and angiogenesis. The molecular mechanisms that regulate tumor growth in hypoxic conditions are incompletely understood. Here, we use primary human tumor biospecimens and cultures to identify GPR133 (ADGRD1), an orphan member of the adhesion family of G-protein-coupled receptors, as a critical regulator of the response to hypoxia and tumor growth in GBM. GPR133 is selectively expressed in CD133+ GBM stem cells (GSCs) and within the hypoxic areas of PPN in human biospecimens. GPR133 mRNA is transcriptionally upregulated by hypoxia in hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (Hif1α)-dependent manner. Genetic inhibition of GPR133 with short hairpin RNA reduces the prevalence of CD133+ GSCs, tumor cell proliferation and tumorsphere formation in vitro. Forskolin rescues the GPR133 knockdown phenotype, suggesting that GPR133 signaling is mediated by cAMP. Implantation of GBM cells with short hairpin RNA-mediated knockdown of GPR133 in the mouse brain markedly reduces tumor xenograft formation and increases host survival. Analysis of the TCGA data shows that GPR133 expression levels are inversely correlated with patient survival. These findings indicate that GPR133 is an important mediator of the hypoxic response in GBM and has significant protumorigenic functions. We propose that GPR133 represents a novel molecular target in GBM and possibly other malignancies where hypoxia is fundamental to pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- N S Bayin
- Department of Neurosurgery, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Kimmel Center for Stem Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - J D Frenster
- Department of Neurosurgery, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Kimmel Center for Stem Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - J R Kane
- Department of Neurosurgery, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - J Rubenstein
- Department of Neurosurgery, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - A S Modrek
- Department of Neurosurgery, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - R Baitalmal
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - I Dolgalev
- Genome Technology Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - K Rudzenski
- Office for Therapeutic Alliances, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | | | | | | | - M Snuderl
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Brain Tumor Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - J G Golfinos
- Department of Neurosurgery, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Brain Tumor Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - W Doyle
- Department of Neurosurgery, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - D Pacione
- Department of Neurosurgery, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - E C Parker
- Department of Neurosurgery, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - A S Chi
- Brain Tumor Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Neurology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - A Heguy
- Genome Technology Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - D J MacNeil
- Office for Therapeutic Alliances, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - N Shohdy
- Office for Therapeutic Alliances, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - D Zagzag
- Department of Neurosurgery, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Brain Tumor Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - D G Placantonakis
- Department of Neurosurgery, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Kimmel Center for Stem Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Brain Tumor Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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222
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Orphan GPR110 (ADGRF1) targeted by N-docosahexaenoylethanolamine in development of neurons and cognitive function. Nat Commun 2016; 7:13123. [PMID: 27759003 PMCID: PMC5075789 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms13123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3) is an omega-3 fatty acid essential for proper brain development. N-docosahexaenoylethanolamine (synaptamide), an endogenous metabolite of DHA, potently promotes neurogenesis, neuritogenesis and synaptogenesis; however, the underlying molecular mechanism is not known. Here, we demonstrate orphan G-protein coupled receptor 110 (GPR110, ADGRF1) as the synaptamide receptor, mediating synaptamide-induced bioactivity in a cAMP-dependent manner. Mass spectrometry-based proteomic characterization and cellular fluorescence tracing with chemical analogues of synaptamide reveal specific binding of GPR110 to synaptamide, which triggers cAMP production with low nM potency. Disruption of this binding or GPR110 gene knockout abolishes while GPR110 overexpression enhances synaptamide-induced bioactivity. GPR110 is highly expressed in fetal brains but rapidly decreases after birth. GPR110 knockout mice show significant deficits in object recognition and spatial memory. GPR110 deorphanized as a functional synaptamide receptor provides a novel target for neurodevelopmental control and new insight into mechanisms by which DHA promotes brain development and function.
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223
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Vetrini F, D'Alessandro LCA, Akdemir ZC, Braxton A, Azamian MS, Eldomery MK, Miller K, Kois C, Sack V, Shur N, Rijhsinghani A, Chandarana J, Ding Y, Holtzman J, Jhangiani SN, Muzny DM, Gibbs RA, Eng CM, Hanchard NA, Harel T, Rosenfeld JA, Belmont JW, Lupski JR, Yang Y. Bi-allelic Mutations in PKD1L1 Are Associated with Laterality Defects in Humans. Am J Hum Genet 2016; 99:886-893. [PMID: 27616478 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2016.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Disruption of the establishment of left-right (L-R) asymmetry leads to situs anomalies ranging from situs inversus totalis (SIT) to situs ambiguus (heterotaxy). The genetic causes of laterality defects in humans are highly heterogeneous. Via whole-exome sequencing (WES), we identified homozygous mutations in PKD1L1 from three affected individuals in two unrelated families. PKD1L1 encodes a polycystin-1-like protein and its loss of function is known to cause laterality defects in mouse and medaka fish models. Family 1 had one fetus and one deceased child with heterotaxy and complex congenital heart malformations. WES identified a homozygous splicing mutation, c.6473+2_6473+3delTG, which disrupts the invariant splice donor site in intron 42, in both affected individuals. In the second family, a homozygous c.5072G>C (p.Cys1691Ser) missense mutation was detected in an individual with SIT and congenital heart disease. The p.Cys1691Ser substitution affects a highly conserved cysteine residue and is predicted by molecular modeling to disrupt a disulfide bridge essential for the proper folding of the G protein-coupled receptor proteolytic site (GPS) motif. Damaging effects associated with substitutions of this conserved cysteine residue in the GPS motif have also been reported in other genes, namely GPR56, BAI3, and PKD1 in human and lat-1 in C. elegans, further supporting the likely pathogenicity of p.Cys1691Ser in PKD1L1. The identification of bi-allelic PKD1L1 mutations recapitulates previous findings regarding phenotypic consequences of loss of function of the orthologous genes in mice and medaka fish and further expands our understanding of genetic contributions to laterality defects in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lisa C A D'Alessandro
- Division of Cardiology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Zeynep C Akdemir
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Alicia Braxton
- Baylor Genetics, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Mahshid S Azamian
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Mohammad K Eldomery
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Yan Ding
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Judy Holtzman
- Genetics Department, Kaiser Permanente Medical Group, San Jose, CA 95123, USA
| | - Shalini N Jhangiani
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Donna M Muzny
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Richard A Gibbs
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Christine M Eng
- Baylor Genetics, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Neil A Hanchard
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Tamar Harel
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jill A Rosenfeld
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - John W Belmont
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - James R Lupski
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Yaping Yang
- Baylor Genetics, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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224
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Ramachandran R, Altier C, Oikonomopoulou K, Hollenberg MD. Proteinases, Their Extracellular Targets, and Inflammatory Signaling. Pharmacol Rev 2016; 68:1110-1142. [PMID: 27677721 DOI: 10.1124/pr.115.010991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Given that over 2% of the human genome codes for proteolytic enzymes and their inhibitors, it is not surprising that proteinases serve many physiologic-pathophysiological roles. In this context, we provide an overview of proteolytic mechanisms regulating inflammation, with a focus on cell signaling stimulated by the generation of inflammatory peptides; activation of the proteinase-activated receptor (PAR) family of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR), with a mechanism in common with adhesion-triggered GPCRs (ADGRs); and by proteolytic ion channel regulation. These mechanisms are considered in the much wider context that proteolytic mechanisms serve, including the processing of growth factors and their receptors, the regulation of matrix-integrin signaling, and the generation and release of membrane-tethered receptor ligands. These signaling mechanisms are relevant for inflammatory, neurodegenerative, and cardiovascular diseases as well as for cancer. We propose that the inflammation-triggering proteinases and their proteolytically generated substrates represent attractive therapeutic targets and we discuss appropriate targeting strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rithwik Ramachandran
- Inflammation Research Network-Snyder Institute for Chronic Disease, Department of Physiology & Pharmacology (R.R., C.A., M.D.H.) and Department of Medicine (M.D.H.),University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (K.O.); and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada (R.R.)
| | - Christophe Altier
- Inflammation Research Network-Snyder Institute for Chronic Disease, Department of Physiology & Pharmacology (R.R., C.A., M.D.H.) and Department of Medicine (M.D.H.),University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (K.O.); and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada (R.R.)
| | - Katerina Oikonomopoulou
- Inflammation Research Network-Snyder Institute for Chronic Disease, Department of Physiology & Pharmacology (R.R., C.A., M.D.H.) and Department of Medicine (M.D.H.),University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (K.O.); and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada (R.R.)
| | - Morley D Hollenberg
- Inflammation Research Network-Snyder Institute for Chronic Disease, Department of Physiology & Pharmacology (R.R., C.A., M.D.H.) and Department of Medicine (M.D.H.),University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (K.O.); and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada (R.R.)
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225
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Mogha A, D'Rozario M, Monk KR. G Protein-Coupled Receptors in Myelinating Glia. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2016; 37:977-987. [PMID: 27670389 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2016.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2016] [Revised: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) superfamily represents the largest class of functionally selective drug targets for disease modulation and therapy. GPCRs have been studied in great detail in central nervous system (CNS) neurons, but these important molecules have been relatively understudied in glia. In recent years, however, exciting new roles for GPCRs in glial cell biology have emerged. We focus here on the key roles of GPCRs in a specialized subset of glia, myelinating glia. We highlight recent work firmly establishing GPCRs as regulators of myelinating glial cell development and myelin repair. These advances expand our understanding of myelinating glial cell biology and underscore the utility of targeting GPCRs to promote myelin repair in human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Mogha
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Mitchell D'Rozario
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Kelly R Monk
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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226
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Fischer L, Wilde C, Schöneberg T, Liebscher I. Functional relevance of naturally occurring mutations in adhesion G protein-coupled receptor ADGRD1 (GPR133). BMC Genomics 2016; 17:609. [PMID: 27516204 PMCID: PMC4982218 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-2937-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A large number of human inherited and acquired diseases and phenotypes are caused by mutations in G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR). Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have shown that variations in the ADGRD1 (GPR133) locus are linked with differences in metabolism, human height and heart frequency. ADGRD1 is a Gs protein-coupled receptor belonging to the class of adhesion GPCRs. RESULTS Analysis of more than 1000 sequenced human genomes revealed approximately 9000 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the human ADGRD1 as listed in public data bases. Approximately 2.4 % of these SNPs are located in exons resulting in 129 non-synonymous SNPs (nsSNPs) at 119 positions of ADGRD1. However, the functional relevance of those variants is unknown. In-depth characterization of these amino acid changes revealed several nsSNPs (A448D, Q600stop, C632fs [frame shift], A761E, N795K) causing full or partial loss of receptor function, while one nsSNP (F383S) significantly increased basal activity of ADGRD1. CONCLUSION Our results show that a broad spectrum of functionally relevant ADGRD1 variants is present in the human population which may cause clinically relevant phenotypes, while being compatible with life when heterozygous.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liane Fischer
- From the Section of Molecular Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Johannisallee 30, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Caroline Wilde
- From the Section of Molecular Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Johannisallee 30, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Torsten Schöneberg
- From the Section of Molecular Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Johannisallee 30, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Ines Liebscher
- From the Section of Molecular Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Johannisallee 30, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
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227
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Kitagaki J, Miyauchi S, Asano Y, Imai A, Kawai S, Michikami I, Yamashita M, Yamada S, Kitamura M, Murakami S. A Putative Association of a Single Nucleotide Polymorphism in GPR126 with Aggressive Periodontitis in a Japanese Population. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0160765. [PMID: 27509131 PMCID: PMC4979892 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0160765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis is an inflammatory disease causing loss of tooth-supporting periodontal tissue. Disease susceptibility to the rapidly progressive form of periodontitis, aggressive periodontitis (AgP), appears to be influenced by genetic risk factors. To identify these in a Japanese population, we performed whole exome sequencing of 41 unrelated generalized or localized AgP patients. We found that AgP is putatively associated with single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs536714306 in the G-protein coupled receptor 126 gene, GPR126 [c.3086 G>A (p.Arg1029Gln)]. Since GPR126 activates the cAMP/PKA signaling pathway, we performed cAMP ELISA analysis of cAMP concentrations, and found that rs536714306 impaired the signal transactivation of GPR126. Moreover, transfection of human periodontal ligament (HPDL) cells with wild-type or mutant GPR126 containing rs536714306 showed that wild-type GPR126 significantly increased the mRNA expression of bone sialoprotein, osteopontin, and Runx2 genes, while mutant GPR126 had no effect on the expression of these calcification-related genes. The increase in expression of these genes was through the GPR126-induced increase of bone morphogenic protein-2, inhibitor of DNA binding (ID) 2, and ID4 expression. These data indicate that GPR126 might be important in maintaining the homeostasis of periodontal ligament tissues through regulating the cytodifferentiation of HPDL cells. The GPR126 SNP rs536714306 negatively influences this homeostasis, leading to the development of AgP, suggesting that it is a candidate genetic risk factor for AgP in the Japanese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jirouta Kitagaki
- Department of Periodontology, Division of Oral Biology and Disease Control, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Shizuka Miyauchi
- Department of Periodontology, Division of Oral Biology and Disease Control, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Asano
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Atsuko Imai
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shinji Kawai
- Challenge to Intractable Oral Diseases, Center for Frontier Oral Science, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ikumi Michikami
- Challenge to Intractable Oral Diseases, Center for Frontier Oral Science, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Motozo Yamashita
- Department of Periodontology, Division of Oral Biology and Disease Control, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Satoru Yamada
- Department of Periodontology, Division of Oral Biology and Disease Control, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masahiro Kitamura
- Department of Periodontology, Division of Oral Biology and Disease Control, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shinya Murakami
- Department of Periodontology, Division of Oral Biology and Disease Control, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka, Japan
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228
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Adhesion GPCRs in immunology. Biochem Pharmacol 2016; 114:88-102. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2016.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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229
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Liebscher
- Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Kelly R Monk
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Torsten Schöneberg
- Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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230
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Langenhan T, Piao X, Monk KR. Adhesion G protein-coupled receptors in nervous system development and disease. Nat Rev Neurosci 2016; 17:550-61. [DOI: 10.1038/nrn.2016.86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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231
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Stoveken HM, Bahr LL, Anders MW, Wojtovich AP, Smrcka AV, Tall GG. Dihydromunduletone Is a Small-Molecule Selective Adhesion G Protein-Coupled Receptor Antagonist. Mol Pharmacol 2016; 90:214-24. [PMID: 27338081 DOI: 10.1124/mol.116.104828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Adhesion G protein-coupled receptors (aGPCRs) have emerging roles in development and tissue maintenance and is the most prevalent GPCR subclass mutated in human cancers, but to date, no drugs have been developed to target them in any disease. aGPCR extracellular domains contain a conserved subdomain that mediates self-cleavage proximal to the start of the 7-transmembrane domain (7TM). The two receptor protomers, extracellular domain and amino terminal fragment (NTF), and the 7TM or C-terminal fragment remain noncovalently bound at the plasma membrane in a low-activity state. We recently demonstrated that NTF dissociation liberates the 7TM N-terminal stalk, which acts as a tethered-peptide agonist permitting receptor-dependent heterotrimeric G protein activation. In many cases, natural aGPCR ligands are extracellular matrix proteins that dissociate the NTF to reveal the tethered agonist. Given the perceived difficulty in modifying extracellular matrix proteins to create aGPCR probes, we developed a serum response element (SRE)-luciferase-based screening approach to identify GPR56/ADGRG1 small-molecule inhibitors. A 2000-compound library comprising known drugs and natural products was screened for GPR56-dependent SRE activation inhibitors that did not inhibit constitutively active Gα13-dependent SRE activation. Dihydromunduletone (DHM), a rotenoid derivative, was validated using cell-free aGPCR/heterotrimeric G protein guanosine 5'-3-O-(thio)triphosphate binding reconstitution assays. DHM inhibited GPR56 and GPR114/ADGRG5, which have similar tethered agonists, but not the aGPCR GPR110/ADGRF1, M3 muscarinic acetylcholine, or β2 adrenergic GPCRs. DHM inhibited tethered peptide agonist-stimulated and synthetic peptide agonist-stimulated GPR56 but did not inhibit basal activity, demonstrating that it antagonizes the peptide agonist. DHM is a novel aGPCR antagonist and potentially useful chemical probe that may be developed as a future aGPCR therapeutic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah M Stoveken
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology (H.M.S., L.L.B., M.W.A., A.P.W., A.V.S.), and Department of Anesthesiology (L.L.B., A.P.W.), University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York; and Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (G.G.T.)
| | - Laura L Bahr
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology (H.M.S., L.L.B., M.W.A., A.P.W., A.V.S.), and Department of Anesthesiology (L.L.B., A.P.W.), University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York; and Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (G.G.T.)
| | - M W Anders
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology (H.M.S., L.L.B., M.W.A., A.P.W., A.V.S.), and Department of Anesthesiology (L.L.B., A.P.W.), University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York; and Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (G.G.T.)
| | - Andrew P Wojtovich
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology (H.M.S., L.L.B., M.W.A., A.P.W., A.V.S.), and Department of Anesthesiology (L.L.B., A.P.W.), University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York; and Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (G.G.T.)
| | - Alan V Smrcka
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology (H.M.S., L.L.B., M.W.A., A.P.W., A.V.S.), and Department of Anesthesiology (L.L.B., A.P.W.), University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York; and Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (G.G.T.)
| | - Gregory G Tall
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology (H.M.S., L.L.B., M.W.A., A.P.W., A.V.S.), and Department of Anesthesiology (L.L.B., A.P.W.), University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York; and Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (G.G.T.)
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232
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Abstract
Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is a signalopathy of renal tubular epithelial cells caused by naturally occurring mutations in two distinct genes, polycystic kidney disease 1 (PKD1) and 2 (PKD2). Genetic variants in PKD1, which encodes the polycystin-1 (PC-1) protein, remain the predominant factor associated with the pathogenesis of nearly two-thirds of all patients diagnosed with PKD. Although the relationship between defective PC-1 with renal cystic disease initiation and progression remains to be fully elucidated, there are numerous clinical studies that have focused upon the control of effector systems involving heterotrimeric G protein regulation. A major regulator in the activation state of heterotrimeric G proteins are G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), which are defined by their seven transmembrane-spanning regions. PC-1 has been considered to function as an unconventional GPCR, but the mechanisms by which PC-1 controls signal processing, magnitude, or trafficking through heterotrimeric G proteins remains to be fully known. The diversity of heterotrimeric G protein signaling in PKD is further complicated by the presence of non-GPCR proteins in the membrane or cytoplasm that also modulate the functional state of heterotrimeric G proteins within the cell. Moreover, PC-1 abnormalities promote changes in hormonal systems that ultimately interact with distinct GPCRs in the kidney to potentially amplify or antagonize signaling output from PC-1. This review will focus upon the canonical and noncanonical signaling pathways that have been described in PKD with specific emphasis on which heterotrimeric G proteins are involved in the pathological reorganization of the tubular epithelial cell architecture to exacerbate renal cystogenic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taketsugu Hama
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Frank Park
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
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233
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Chang GW, Hsiao CC, Peng YM, Vieira Braga F, Kragten N, Remmerswaal E, van de Garde M, Straussberg R, König G, Kostenis E, Knäuper V, Meyaard L, van Lier R, van Gisbergen K, Lin HH, Hamann J. The Adhesion G Protein-Coupled Receptor GPR56/ADGRG1 Is an Inhibitory Receptor on Human NK Cells. Cell Rep 2016; 15:1757-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.04.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Revised: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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234
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Super-complexes of adhesion GPCRs and neural guidance receptors. Nat Commun 2016; 7:11184. [PMID: 27091502 PMCID: PMC4838878 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms11184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Latrophilin adhesion-GPCRs (Lphn1–3 or ADGRL1–3) and Unc5 cell guidance receptors (Unc5A–D) interact with FLRT proteins (FLRT1–3), thereby promoting cell adhesion and repulsion, respectively. How the three proteins interact and function simultaneously is poorly understood. We show that Unc5D interacts with FLRT2 in cis, controlling cell adhesion in response to externally presented Lphn3. The ectodomains of the three proteins bind cooperatively. Crystal structures of the ternary complex formed by the extracellular domains reveal that Lphn3 dimerizes when bound to FLRT2:Unc5, resulting in a stoichiometry of 1:1:2 (FLRT2:Unc5D:Lphn3). This 1:1:2 complex further dimerizes to form a larger ‘super-complex' (2:2:4), using a previously undescribed binding motif in the Unc5D TSP1 domain. Molecular dynamics simulations, point-directed mutagenesis and mass spectrometry demonstrate the stability and molecular properties of these complexes. Our data exemplify how receptors increase their functional repertoire by forming different context-dependent higher-order complexes. FLRT proteins are known to interact with Lphns and Unc5s, mediating cell adhesion and repulsion respectively. Here the authors use crystallography, native mass spectrometry, molecular dynamics simulations and cell-based assays to show that these three proteins form large super-complexes with functions distinct from their smaller subcomplexes.
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235
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Chiang NY, Chang GW, Huang YS, Peng YM, Hsiao CC, Kuo ML, Lin HH. Heparin interacts with the adhesion GPCR GPR56, reduces receptor shedding, and promotes cell adhesion and motility. J Cell Sci 2016; 129:2156-69. [PMID: 27068534 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.174458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
GPR56 is an adhesion-class G-protein-coupled receptor responsible for bilateral frontoparietal polymicrogyria (BFPP), a severe disorder of cortical formation. Additionally, GPR56 is involved in biological processes as diverse as hematopoietic stem cell generation and maintenance, myoblast fusion, muscle hypertrophy, immunoregulation and tumorigenesis. Collagen III and tissue transglutaminase 2 (TG2) have been revealed as the matricellular ligands of GPR56 involved in BFPP and melanoma development, respectively. In this study, we identify heparin as a glycosaminoglycan interacting partner of GPR56. Analyses of truncated and mutant GPR56 proteins reveal two basic-residue-rich clusters, R(26)GHREDFRFC(35) and L(190)KHPQKASRRP(200), as the major heparin-interacting motifs that overlap partially with the collagen III- and TG2-binding sites. Interestingly, the GPR56-heparin interaction is modulated by collagen III but not TG2, even though both ligands are also heparin-binding proteins. Finally, we show that the interaction with heparin reduces GPR56 receptor shedding, and enhances cell adhesion and motility. These results provide novel insights into the interaction of GPR56 with its multiple endogenous ligands and have functional implications in diseases such as BFPP and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nien-Yi Chiang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Gin-Wen Chang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Shu Huang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Ming Peng
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Chih Hsiao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Ling Kuo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan 333, Taiwan Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan 333, Taiwan Chang Gung Immunology Consortium, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan 333, Taiwan Division of Allergy, Asthma, and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital-Linkou, Tao-Yuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Hsi-Hsien Lin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan 333, Taiwan Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan 333, Taiwan Chang Gung Immunology Consortium, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan 333, Taiwan Department of Anatomic Pathology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital-Linkou, Tao-Yuan 333, Taiwan
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236
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Liu Y, An S, Ward R, Yang Y, Guo XX, Li W, Xu TR. G protein-coupled receptors as promising cancer targets. Cancer Lett 2016; 376:226-39. [PMID: 27000991 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2016.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Revised: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) regulate an array of fundamental biological processes, such as growth, metabolism and homeostasis. Specifically, GPCRs are involved in cancer initiation and progression. However, compared with the involvement of the epidermal growth factor receptor in cancer, that of GPCRs have been largely ignored. Recent findings have implicated many GPCRs in tumorigenesis, tumor progression, invasion and metastasis. Moreover, GPCRs contribute to the establishment and maintenance of a microenvironment which is permissive for tumor formation and growth, including effects upon surrounding blood vessels, signaling molecules and the extracellular matrix. Thus, GPCRs are considered to be among the most useful drug targets against many solid cancers. Development of selective ligands targeting GPCRs may provide novel and effective treatment strategies against cancer and some anticancer compounds are now in clinical trials. Here, we focus on tumor related GPCRs, such as G protein-coupled receptor 30, the lysophosphatidic acid receptor, angiotensin receptors 1 and 2, the sphingosine 1-phosphate receptors and gastrin releasing peptide receptor. We also summarize their tissue distributions, activation and roles in tumorigenesis and discuss the potential use of GPCR agonists and antagonists in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Liu
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Su An
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Richard Ward
- Molecular Pharmacology Group, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Yang Yang
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Xiao-Xi Guo
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Wei Li
- Kidney Cancer Research, Diagnosis and Translational Technology Center of Yunnan Province, Department of Urology, The People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan 650032, China.
| | - Tian-Rui Xu
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China.
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237
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Kishore A, Purcell RH, Nassiri-Toosi Z, Hall RA. Stalk-dependent and Stalk-independent Signaling by the Adhesion G Protein-coupled Receptors GPR56 (ADGRG1) and BAI1 (ADGRB1). J Biol Chem 2016; 291:3385-94. [PMID: 26710850 PMCID: PMC4751382 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.689349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Revised: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The adhesion G protein-coupled receptors (aGPCRs) are a large yet poorly understood family of seven-transmembrane proteins. A defining characteristic of the aGPCR family is the conserved GAIN domain, which has autoproteolytic activity and can cleave the receptors near the first transmembrane domain. Several aGPCRs, including ADGRB1 (BAI1 or B1) and ADGRG1 (GPR56 or G1), have been found to exhibit significantly increased constitutive activity when truncated to mimic GAIN domain cleavage (ΔNT). Recent reports have suggested that the new N-terminal stalk, which is revealed by GAIN domain cleavage, can directly activate aGPCRs as a tethered agonist. We tested this hypothesis in studies on two distinct aGPCRs, B1 and G1, by engineering mutant receptors lacking the entire NT including the stalk (B1- and G1-SL, with "SL" indicating "stalkless"). These receptors were evaluated in a battery of signaling assays and compared with full-length wild-type and cleavage-mimicking (ΔNT) forms of the two receptors. We found that B1-SL, in multiple assays, exhibited robust signaling activity, suggesting that the membrane-proximal stalk region is not necessary for its activation. For G1, however, the results were mixed, with the SL mutant exhibiting robust activity in several signaling assays (including TGFα shedding, activation of NFAT luciferase, and β-arrestin recruitment) but reduced activity relative to ΔNT in a distinct assay (activation of SRF luciferase). These data support a model in which the activation of certain pathways downstream of aGPCRs is stalk-dependent, whereas signaling to other pathways is stalk-independent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayush Kishore
- From the Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Ryan H Purcell
- From the Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Zahra Nassiri-Toosi
- From the Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Randy A Hall
- From the Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
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238
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Trudel M, Yao Q, Qian F. The Role of G-Protein-Coupled Receptor Proteolysis Site Cleavage of Polycystin-1 in Renal Physiology and Polycystic Kidney Disease. Cells 2016; 5:cells5010003. [PMID: 26805887 PMCID: PMC4810088 DOI: 10.3390/cells5010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Revised: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Polycystin-1 (PC1) plays an essential role in renal tubular morphogenesis, and PC1 dysfunction causes human autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. A fundamental characteristic of PC1 is post-translational modification via cleavage at the juxtamembrane GPCR proteolysis site (GPS) motif that is part of the larger GAIN domain. Given the considerable biochemical complexity of PC1 molecules generated in vivo by this process, GPS cleavage has several profound implications on the intracellular trafficking and localization in association with their particular function. The critical nature of GPS cleavage is further emphasized by the increasing numbers of PKD1 mutations that significantly affect this cleavage process. The GAIN domain with the GPS motif therefore represents the key structural element with fundamental importance for PC1 and might be polycystic kidney disease’s (PKD) Achilles’ heel in a large spectrum of PKD1 missense mutations. We highlight the central roles of PC1 cleavage for the regulation of its biogenesis, intracellular trafficking and function, as well as its significance in polycystic kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Trudel
- Molecular Genetics and Development, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montreal, Universite de Montreal, Faculte de Medecine, Montréal, Québec H2W 1R7, Canada.
| | - Qin Yao
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
| | - Feng Qian
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
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Emerging Roles of BAI Adhesion-GPCRs in Synapse Development and Plasticity. Neural Plast 2016; 2016:8301737. [PMID: 26881134 PMCID: PMC4736325 DOI: 10.1155/2016/8301737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Revised: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Synapses mediate communication between neurons and enable the brain to change in response to experience, which is essential for learning and memory. The sites of most excitatory synapses in the brain, dendritic spines, undergo rapid remodeling that is important for neural circuit formation and synaptic plasticity. Abnormalities in synapse and spine formation and plasticity are associated with a broad range of brain disorders, including intellectual disabilities, autism spectrum disorders (ASD), and schizophrenia. Thus, elucidating the mechanisms that regulate these neuronal processes is critical for understanding brain function and disease. The brain-specific angiogenesis inhibitor (BAI) subfamily of adhesion G-protein-coupled receptors (adhesion-GPCRs) has recently emerged as central regulators of synapse development and plasticity. In this review, we will summarize the current knowledge regarding the roles of BAIs at synapses, highlighting their regulation, downstream signaling, and physiological functions, while noting the roles of other adhesion-GPCRs at synapses. We will also discuss the relevance of BAIs in various neurological and psychiatric disorders and consider their potential importance as pharmacological targets in the treatment of these diseases.
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240
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Abstract
Schematic presentation of the overall adhesion G Protein-Coupled Receptor (aGPCR) structure and functional domains, covering an extracellular N-terminal fragment (NTF), a membrane-spanning C-terminal fragment (CTF) and a GPCR proteolysis site (GPS). (Left side) aGPCR model constructed based on the seven-transmembrane (7TM) structure (blue) of secretin family glucagon receptor (GCGR) (PDB, 4L6R) [11] and the GPCR autoproteolysis inducing (GAIN) domain (magenta) structure of latrophilin 1 (PDB, 4DLQ) [9]. The β-13 strand residues are depicted in green. (Right side) The experimentally validated full-length secretin family GCGR structure combining structural and experimental information from the GCGR 7TM crystal structure (PDB, 4L6R) (blue), the GCGR extracellular domain (ECD) structure (PDB, 4ERS) (magenta) and the ECD structure of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1)-bound glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) (PDB, 3IOL) (green), complemented by site-directed mutagenesis, electron microscopy (EM), hydrogen-deuterium exchange (HDX) and cross-linking studies [11-13]) Despite the recent breakthroughs in the elucidation of the three-dimensional structures of the seven transmembrane (7TM) domain of the G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) superfamily, a corresponding structure of a member of the adhesion GPCR (aGPCR) family has not yet been solved. In this chapter, we give an overview of the current knowledge of the 7TM domain of aGPCRs by comparative structure-based sequence similarity analyses between aGPCRs and GPCRs with known crystal structure. Of the GPCR superfamily, only the secretin family shares some sequence similarity with aGPCRs. This chapter will therefore emphasize on the comparison of these two GPCR families. Two 7TM domain structures of secretin family GPCRs are known that provide insight into the structure-function relationships of conserved sequence motifs that play important roles and are also present in most aGPCRs. This suggests that the 7TM domains of aGPCRs and secretin family GPCRs share a similar structural fold and that the conserved residues in both families may be involved in similar intermolecular interaction networks and facilitate similar conformational changes. Comparison of the residues that line the large peptide hormone binding pocket in the 7TM domain of secretin family GPCRs with corresponding residues in aGPCRs indicates that in the latter, the corresponding pocket in the 7TM domain is relatively hydrophobic and may be even larger. Improved knowledge on these conserved sequence motifs will help to understand the interactions of the aGPCR 7TM domain with ligands and gain insight into the activation mechanism of aGPCRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris de Graaf
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1081HV, The Netherlands.
| | - Saskia Nijmeijer
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1081HV, The Netherlands
| | - Steffen Wolf
- Department of Biophysics, CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, P.R. China
- Institute of Physics, Albert Ludwigs University, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Oliver P Ernst
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5S 1A8
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5S 1A8
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241
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Abstract
The adhesion G protein-coupled receptors (aGPCRs) are a family of 33 receptors in humans that are widely expressed in various tissues and involved in many diverse biological processes. These receptors possess extremely large N-termini (NT) containing a variety of adhesion domains. A distinguishing feature of these receptors is the presence within the NT of a highly conserved GPCR autoproteolysis-inducing (GAIN) domain, which mediates autoproteolysis of the receptors into N-terminal and C-terminal fragments that stay non-covalently associated. The downstream signaling pathways and G protein-coupling preferences of many aGPCRs have recently been elucidated, and putative endogenous ligands for some aGPCRs have also been discovered and characterized in recent years. A pivotal observation for aGPCRs has been that deletion or removal of the NT up the point of GAIN cleavage results in constitutive receptor activation. For at least some aGPCRs, this activation is dependent on the unmasking of specific agonistic peptide sequences within the N-terminal stalk region (i.e., the region between the site of GAIN domain cleavage and the first transmembrane domain). However, the specific peptide sequences involved and the overall importance of the stalk region for activation can vary greatly from receptor to receptor. An emerging theme of work in this area is that aGPCRs are capable of versatile signaling activity that may be fine-tuned to suit the specific physiological roles played by the various members of this family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayush Kishore
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, 1510 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Randy A Hall
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, 1510 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
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242
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Krishnan A, Nijmeijer S, de Graaf C, Schiöth HB. Classification, Nomenclature, and Structural Aspects of Adhesion GPCRs. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2016; 234:15-41. [PMID: 27832482 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-41523-9_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Representation of the nine distinct aGPCR subfamilies and their unique N-terminal domain architecture. The illustration also shows the extracellular structural feature shared by all aGPCRs (except ADGRA1), known as the GPCR autoproteolysis-inducing (GAIN) domain, that mediates autoproteolysis and subsequent attachment of the cleaved NTF and CTF fragments The adhesion family of G protein-coupled receptors (aGPCRs) is unique among all GPCR families with long N-termini and multiple domains that are implicated in cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions. Initially, aGPCRs in the human genome were phylogenetically classified into nine distinct subfamilies based on their 7TM sequence similarity. This phylogenetic grouping of genes into subfamilies was found to be in congruence in closely related mammals and other vertebrates as well. Over the years, aGPCR repertoires have been mapped in many species including model organisms, and, currently, there is a growing interest in exploring the pharmacological aspects of aGPCRs. Nonetheless, the aGPCR nomenclature has been highly diverse because experts in the field have used different names for different family members based on their characteristics (e.g., epidermal growth factor-seven-span transmembrane (EGF-TM7)), but without harmonization with regard to nomenclature efforts. In order to facilitate naming of orthologs and other genetic variants in different species in the future, the Adhesion-GPCR Consortium, together with the International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology Committee on Receptor Nomenclature and Drug Classification, proposed a unified nomenclature for aGPCRs. Here, we review the classification and the most recent/current nomenclature of aGPCRs and as well discuss the structural topology of the extracellular domain (ECD)/N-terminal fragment (NTF) that is comparable with this 7TM subfamily classification. Of note, we systematically describe the structural domains in the ECD of aGPCR subfamilies and highlight their role in aGPCR-protein interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arunkumar Krishnan
- Department of Neuroscience, Functional Pharmacology, Uppsala University, Biomedical Center, 593, Uppsala, 75 124, Sweden
| | - Saskia Nijmeijer
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1081HV, The Netherlands
| | - Chris de Graaf
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1081HV, The Netherlands
| | - Helgi B Schiöth
- Department of Neuroscience, Functional Pharmacology, Uppsala University, Biomedical Center, 593, Uppsala, 75 124, Sweden.
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243
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Abstract
Unlike conventional G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), adhesion GPCRs (aGPCRs) have large extracellular regions that are autoproteolytically cleaved from their membrane-embedded seven-pass transmembrane helices. Autoproteolysis occurs within the conserved GPCR-Autoproteolysis INducing (GAIN) domain that is juxtaposed to the transmembrane domain and cleaves the last beta strand of the GAIN domain. The other domains of the extracellular region are variable and specific to each aGPCR and are likely involved in adhering to various ligands. Emerging evidence suggest that extracellular regions may modulate receptor function and that ligand binding to the extracellular regions may induce receptor activation via multiple mechanisms. Here, we summarize current knowledge about the structural understanding for the extracellular regions of aGPCRs and discuss their possible functional roles that emerge from the available structural information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Demet Araç
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, 929 E. 57th Street, GCIS W210, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.
| | - Norbert Sträter
- Institute for Bioanalytical Chemistry, Leipzig University, Deutscher Platz 5, Leipzig, 04103, Germany
| | - Elena Seiradake
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
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244
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Abstract
Development of the aGPCR scientific field based on PubMed-listed research articles and selected key findings Since the discovery of adhesion G-protein-coupled receptors (aGPCRs) 20 years ago, reverse genetics approaches have dominated the elucidation of their function and work mechanisms. Seminal findings in this field comprise the description of aGPCRs as seven-transmembrane (7TM) molecules with an extended extracellular region, the identification of matricellular ligands that bind to distinct protein folds at the N-terminus, the clarification of an autoproteolytic cleavage event at a juxtamembranous GPCR proteolysis site (GPS), the elucidation of the crystal structure of the GPCR autoproteolysis-inducing (GAIN) domain that embeds the GPS and connects the receptor fragments, the demonstration that a short N-terminal sequence of the seven-transmembrane (7TM) region can serve as a tethered agonist, and, recently, the notification that aGPCRs can serve as mechanosensors. We here discuss how these discoveries have moved forward aGPCR research and, finally, linked the field to the GPCR field. We argue that crucial questions remain to be addressed before we can fully appreciate the biological nature of these fascinating receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Hamann
- Department of Experimental Immunology, K0-144, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Alexander G Petrenko
- Laboratory of Receptor Cell Biology, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, 117997, Moscow, Russia.
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245
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Abstract
Proteolytic processing events in adhesion GPCRs. aGPCRs can undergo multiple autoproteolytic (red asterisks) and proteolytic processing events by exogenous proteases (yellow asterisks) that may be involved in signaling events of the receptors. Proteolytic processing is an unusual property of adhesion family G protein-coupled receptors (aGPCRs) that was observed upon their cloning and biochemical characterization.Ever since, much effort has been dedicated to delineate the mechanisms and requirements for cleavage events in the control of aGPCR function. Most notably, all aGPCRs possess a juxtamembrane protein fold, the GPCR autoproteolysis-inducing (GAIN) domain, which operates as an autoprotease for many aGPCR homologs investigated thus far. Analysis of its autoproteolytic reaction, the consequences for receptor fate and function, and the allocation of physiological effects to this peculiar feature of aGPCRs has occupied the experimental agenda of the aGPCR field and shaped our current understanding of the signaling properties and cell biological effects of aGPCRs. Interestingly, individual aGPCRs may undergo additional proteolytic steps, one of them resulting in shedding of the entire ectodomain that is secreted and can function independently. Here, we summarize the current state of knowledge on GAIN domain-mediated and GAIN domain-independent aGPCR cleavage events and their significance for the pharmacological and cellular actions of aGPCRs. Further, we compare and contrast the proteolytic profile of aGPCRs with known signaling routes that are governed through proteolysis of surface molecules such as the Notch and ephrin pathways.
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246
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Adhesion GPCRs as Novel Actors in Neural and Glial Cell Functions: From Synaptogenesis to Myelination. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2016; 234:275-298. [PMID: 27832492 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-41523-9_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Adhesion G-protein-coupled receptors (aGPCRs) are emerging as key regulators of nervous system development and health. aGPCRs can regulate many aspects of neural development, including cell signaling, cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions, and, potentially, mechanosensation. Here, we specifically focus on the roles of several aGPCRs in synapse biology, dendritogenesis, and myelinating glial cell development. The lessons learned from these examples may be extrapolated to other contexts in the nervous system and beyond.
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247
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Abstract
Adhesion GPCRs harbor a tethered agonist sequence (reproduced from [24]) As the past years have seen a magnificent increase in knowledge on adhesion GPCR (aGPCR) signal transduction, the time had come to fill the gap on how these receptors can be activated. Based on experimental observations that deletion of the ectodomain can induce signaling, the idea arose that aGPCRs, just like other atypical GPCRs, may harbor a tethered agonist sequence. In this chapter, we describe the recent findings and characteristics of this agonist, called the Stachel sequence, and discuss potential mechanisms that cause liberation of this encrypted sequence. Further, we provide perspectives for application of Stachel-derived synthetic peptides in future studies of aGPCR function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Liebscher
- Medical Faculty, Institute of Biochemistry, University Leipzig, Johannisallee 30, Leipzig, 04103, Germany.
| | - Torsten Schöneberg
- Medical Faculty, Institute of Biochemistry, University Leipzig, Johannisallee 30, Leipzig, 04103, Germany
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248
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Abstract
Alterations in the homeostasis of several adhesion GPCRs (aGPCRs) have been observed in cancer. The main cellular functions regulated by aGPCRs are cell adhesion, migration, polarity, and guidance, which are all highly relevant to tumor cell biology. Expression of aGPCRs can be induced, increased, decreased, or silenced in the tumor or in stromal cells of the tumor microenvironment, including fibroblasts and endothelial and/or immune cells. For example, ADGRE5 (CD97) and ADGRG1 (GPR56) show increased expression in many cancers, and initial functional studies suggest that both are relevant for tumor cell migration and invasion. aGPCRs can also impact the regulation of angiogenesis by releasing soluble fragments following the cleavage of their extracellular domain (ECD) at the conserved GPCR-proteolytic site (GPS) or other more distal cleavage sites as typical for the ADGRB (BAI) family. Interrogation of in silico cancer databases suggests alterations in other aGPCR members and provides the impetus for further exploration of their potential role in cancer. Integration of knowledge on the expression, regulation, and function of aGPCRs in tumorigenesis is currently spurring the first preclinical studies to examine the potential of aGPCR or the related pathways as therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Aust
- Department of Surgery, Research Laboratories, University of Leipzig, Liebigstraße 19, Leipzig, 04103, Germany.
| | - Dan Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery and Hematology & Medical Oncology, School of Medicine and Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Erwin G Van Meir
- Department of Neurosurgery and Hematology & Medical Oncology, School of Medicine and Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Lei Xu
- Department of Biomedical Genetics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
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249
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Abstract
Adhesion G protein-coupled receptors (aGPCRs/ADGRs) are unique receptors that combine cell adhesion and signaling functions. Protein networks related to ADGRs exert diverse functions, e.g., in tissue polarity, cell migration, nerve cell function, or immune response, and are regulated via different mechanisms. The large extracellular domain of ADGRs is capable of mediating cell-cell or cell-matrix protein interactions. Their intracellular surface and domains are coupled to downstream signaling pathways and often bind to scaffold proteins, organizing membrane-associated protein complexes. The cohesive interplay between ADGR-related network components is essential to prevent severe disease-causing damage in numerous cell types. Consequently, in recent years, attention has focused on the decipherment of the precise molecular composition of ADGR protein complexes and interactomes in various cellular modules. In this chapter, we discuss the affiliation of ADGR networks to cellular modules and how they can be regulated, pinpointing common features in the networks related to the diverse ADGRs. Detailed decipherment of the composition of protein networks should provide novel targets for the development of novel therapies with the aim to cure human diseases related to ADGRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Knapp
- Cell and Matrix Biology, Institute of Zoology, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Johannes von Muellerweg 6, Mainz, 55099, Germany
| | - Uwe Wolfrum
- Cell and Matrix Biology, Institute of Zoology, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Johannes von Muellerweg 6, Mainz, 55099, Germany.
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250
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The adhesion G protein-coupled receptor G2 (ADGRG2/GPR64) constitutively activates SRE and NFκB and is involved in cell adhesion and migration. Cell Signal 2015; 27:2579-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2015.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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