201
|
Katz MJ, Gándara L, De Lella Ezcurra AL, Wappner P. Hydroxylation and translational adaptation to stress: some answers lie beyond the STOP codon. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:1881-93. [PMID: 26874685 PMCID: PMC11108485 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2160-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Revised: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Regulation of protein synthesis contributes to maintenance of homeostasis and adaptation to environmental changes. mRNA translation is controlled at various levels including initiation, elongation and termination, through post-transcriptional/translational modifications of components of the protein synthesis machinery. Recently, protein and RNA hydroxylation have emerged as important enzymatic modifications of tRNAs, elongation and termination factors, as well as ribosomal proteins. These modifications enable a correct STOP codon recognition, ensuring translational fidelity. Recent studies are starting to show that STOP codon read-through is related to the ability of the cell to cope with different types of stress, such as oxidative and chemical insults, while correlations between defects in hydroxylation of protein synthesis components and STOP codon read-through are beginning to emerge. In this review we will discuss our current knowledge of protein synthesis regulation through hydroxylation of components of the translation machinery, with special focus on STOP codon recognition. We speculate on the possibility that programmed STOP codon read-through, modulated by hydroxylation of components of the protein synthesis machinery, is part of a concerted cellular response to stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M J Katz
- Instituto Leloir, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - L Gándara
- Instituto Leloir, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - P Wappner
- Instituto Leloir, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biología Molecular, y Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| |
Collapse
|
202
|
Svidritskiy E, Madireddy R, Korostelev AA. Structural Basis for Translation Termination on a Pseudouridylated Stop Codon. J Mol Biol 2016; 428:2228-36. [PMID: 27107638 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2016.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2015] [Revised: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Pseudouridylation of messenger RNA emerges as an abundant modification involved in gene expression regulation. Pseudouridylation of stop codons in eukaryotic and bacterial cells results in stop-codon read through. The structural mechanism of this phenomenon is not known. Here we present a 3.1-Å crystal structure of Escherichia coli release factor 1 (RF1) bound to the 70S ribosome in response to the ΨAA codon. The structure reveals that recognition of a modified stop codon does not differ from that of a canonical stop codon. Our in vitro biochemical results support this finding by yielding nearly identical rates for peptide release from E. coli ribosomes programmed with pseudouridylated and canonical stop codons. The crystal structure also brings insight into E. coli RF1-specific interactions and suggests involvement of L27 in bacterial translation termination. Our results are consistent with a mechanism in which read through of a pseudouridylated stop codon in bacteria results from increased decoding by near-cognate tRNAs (miscoding) rather than from decreased efficiency of termination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Egor Svidritskiy
- RNA Therapeutics Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 368 Plantation St., Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Rohini Madireddy
- RNA Therapeutics Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 368 Plantation St., Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Andrei A Korostelev
- RNA Therapeutics Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 368 Plantation St., Worcester, MA 01605, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
203
|
Toompuu M, Kärblane K, Pata P, Truve E, Sarmiento C. ABCE1 is essential for S phase progression in human cells. Cell Cycle 2016; 15:1234-47. [PMID: 26985706 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2016.1160972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
ABCE1 is a highly conserved protein universally present in eukaryotes and archaea, which is crucial for the viability of different organisms. First identified as RNase L inhibitor, ABCE1 is currently recognized as an essential translation factor involved in several stages of eukaryotic translation and ribosome biogenesis. The nature of vital functions of ABCE1, however, remains unexplained. Here, we study the role of ABCE1 in human cell proliferation and its possible connection to translation. We show that ABCE1 depletion by siRNA results in a decreased rate of cell growth due to accumulation of cells in S phase, which is accompanied by inefficient DNA synthesis and reduced histone mRNA and protein levels. We infer that in addition to the role in general translation, ABCE1 is involved in histone biosynthesis and DNA replication and therefore is essential for normal S phase progression. In addition, we analyze whether ABCE1 is implicated in transcript-specific translation via its association with the eIF3 complex subunits known to control the synthesis of cell proliferation-related proteins. The expression levels of a few such targets regulated by eIF3A, however, were not consistently affected by ABCE1 depletion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marina Toompuu
- a Department of Gene Technology , Tallinn University of Technology , Tallinn , Estonia
| | - Kairi Kärblane
- a Department of Gene Technology , Tallinn University of Technology , Tallinn , Estonia
| | - Pille Pata
- a Department of Gene Technology , Tallinn University of Technology , Tallinn , Estonia
| | - Erkki Truve
- a Department of Gene Technology , Tallinn University of Technology , Tallinn , Estonia
| | - Cecilia Sarmiento
- a Department of Gene Technology , Tallinn University of Technology , Tallinn , Estonia
| |
Collapse
|
204
|
Sprink T, Ramrath DJF, Yamamoto H, Yamamoto K, Loerke J, Ismer J, Hildebrand PW, Scheerer P, Bürger J, Mielke T, Spahn CMT. Structures of ribosome-bound initiation factor 2 reveal the mechanism of subunit association. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2016; 2:e1501502. [PMID: 26973877 PMCID: PMC4783127 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1501502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Throughout the four phases of protein biosynthesis-initiation, elongation, termination, and recycling-the ribosome is controlled and regulated by at least one specified translational guanosine triphosphatase (trGTPase). Although the structural basis for trGTPase interaction with the ribosome has been solved for the last three steps of translation, the high-resolution structure for the key initiation trGTPase, initiation factor 2 (IF2), complexed with the ribosome, remains elusive. We determine the structure of IF2 complexed with a nonhydrolyzable guanosine triphosphate analog and initiator fMet-tRNAi (Met) in the context of the Escherichia coli ribosome to 3.7-Å resolution using cryo-electron microscopy. The structural analysis reveals previously unseen intrinsic conformational modes of the 70S initiation complex, establishing the mutual interplay of IF2 and initator transfer RNA (tRNA) with the ribsosome and providing the structural foundation for a mechanistic understanding of the final steps of translation initiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thiemo Sprink
- Institut für Medizinische Physik und Biophysik, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - David J F Ramrath
- Institut für Medizinische Physik und Biophysik, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Hiroshi Yamamoto
- Institut für Medizinische Physik und Biophysik, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Kaori Yamamoto
- Institut für Medizinische Physik und Biophysik, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Justus Loerke
- Institut für Medizinische Physik und Biophysik, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jochen Ismer
- Institut für Medizinische Physik und Biophysik, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter W Hildebrand
- Institut für Medizinische Physik und Biophysik, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Patrick Scheerer
- Institut für Medizinische Physik und Biophysik, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jörg Bürger
- Institut für Medizinische Physik und Biophysik, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany.; UltraStrukturNetzwerk, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Ihnestrasse 73, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Thorsten Mielke
- Institut für Medizinische Physik und Biophysik, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany.; UltraStrukturNetzwerk, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Ihnestrasse 73, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian M T Spahn
- Institut für Medizinische Physik und Biophysik, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
205
|
Beznosková P, Gunišová S, Valášek LS. Rules of UGA-N decoding by near-cognate tRNAs and analysis of readthrough on short uORFs in yeast. RNA (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2016; 22:456-66. [PMID: 26759455 PMCID: PMC4748822 DOI: 10.1261/rna.054452.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The molecular mechanism of stop codon recognition by the release factor eRF1 in complex with eRF3 has been described in great detail; however, our understanding of what determines the difference in termination efficiencies among various stop codon tetranucleotides and how near-cognate (nc) tRNAs recode stop codons during programmed readthrough in Saccharomyces cerevisiae is still poor. Here, we show that UGA-C as the only tetranucleotide of all four possible combinations dramatically exacerbated the readthrough phenotype of the stop codon recognition-deficient mutants in eRF1. Since the same is true also for UAA-C and UAG-C, we propose that the exceptionally high readthrough levels that all three stop codons display when followed by cytosine are partially caused by the compromised sampling ability of eRF1, which specifically senses cytosine at the +4 position. The difference in termination efficiencies among the remaining three UGA-N tetranucleotides is then given by their varying preferences for nc-tRNAs. In particular, UGA-A allows increased incorporation of Trp-tRNA whereas UGA-G and UGA-C favor Cys-tRNA. Our findings thus expand the repertoire of general decoding rules by showing that the +4 base determines the preferred selection of nc-tRNAs and, in the case of cytosine, it also genetically interacts with eRF1. Finally, using an example of the GCN4 translational control governed by four short uORFs, we also show how the evolution of this mechanism dealt with undesirable readthrough on those uORFs that serve as the key translation reinitiation promoting features of the GCN4 regulation, as both of these otherwise counteracting activities, readthrough versus reinitiation, are mediated by eIF3.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Petra Beznosková
- Laboratory of Regulation of Gene Expression, Institute of Microbiology ASCR, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, 128 43 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Stanislava Gunišová
- Laboratory of Regulation of Gene Expression, Institute of Microbiology ASCR, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Leoš Shivaya Valášek
- Laboratory of Regulation of Gene Expression, Institute of Microbiology ASCR, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
206
|
López-Perrote A, Castaño R, Melero R, Zamarro T, Kurosawa H, Ohnishi T, Uchiyama A, Aoyagi K, Buchwald G, Kataoka N, Yamashita A, Llorca O. Human nonsense-mediated mRNA decay factor UPF2 interacts directly with eRF3 and the SURF complex. Nucleic Acids Res 2016; 44:1909-23. [PMID: 26740584 PMCID: PMC4770235 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkv1527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD) is an mRNA degradation pathway that regulates gene expression and mRNA quality. A complex network of macromolecular interactions regulates NMD initiation, which is only partially understood. According to prevailing models, NMD begins by the assembly of the SURF (SMG1-UPF1-eRF1-eRF3) complex at the ribosome, followed by UPF1 activation by additional factors such as UPF2 and UPF3. Elucidating the interactions between NMD factors is essential to comprehend NMD, and here we demonstrate biochemically and structurally the interaction between human UPF2 and eukaryotic release factor 3 (eRF3). In addition, we find that UPF2 associates with SURF and ribosomes in cells, in an UPF3-independent manner. Binding assays using a collection of UPF2 truncated variants reveal that eRF3 binds to the C-terminal part of UPF2. This region of UPF2 is partially coincident with the UPF3-binding site as revealed by electron microscopy of the UPF2-eRF3 complex. Accordingly, we find that the interaction of UPF2 with UPF3b interferes with the assembly of the UPF2-eRF3 complex, and that UPF2 binds UPF3b more strongly than eRF3. Together, our results highlight the role of UPF2 as a platform for the transient interactions of several NMD factors, including several components of SURF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrés López-Perrote
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (Spanish National Research Council), Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Raquel Castaño
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (Spanish National Research Council), Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Roberto Melero
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (Spanish National Research Council), Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Teresa Zamarro
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (Spanish National Research Council), Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Hitomi Kurosawa
- Department of Molecular Biology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, 3-9, Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-0004, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Ohnishi
- Department of Molecular Biology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, 3-9, Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-0004, Japan
| | - Akiko Uchiyama
- Department of Molecular Biology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, 3-9, Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-0004, Japan
| | - Kyoko Aoyagi
- Department of Molecular Biology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, 3-9, Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-0004, Japan
| | - Gretel Buchwald
- Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Department of Structural Cell Biology, Am Klopferspitz 18, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Naoyuki Kataoka
- Medical Innovation Center, Laboratory for Malignancy Control Research, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 53, Shogoin Kawaharacho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Akio Yamashita
- Department of Molecular Biology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, 3-9, Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-0004, Japan
| | - Oscar Llorca
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (Spanish National Research Council), Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
207
|
Aoto S, Yura K. Case study on the evolution of hetero-oligomer interfaces based on the differences in paralogous proteins. Biophys Physicobiol 2015; 12:103-16. [PMID: 27493859 PMCID: PMC4736837 DOI: 10.2142/biophysico.12.0_103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
We addressed the evolutionary trace of hetero-oligomer interfaces by comparing the structures of paralogous proteins; one of them is a monomer or homo-oligomer and the other is a hetero-oligomer. We found different trends in amino acid conservation pattern and hydrophobicity between homo-oligomer and hetero-oligomer. The degree of amino acid conservation in the interface of homo-oligomer has no obvious difference from that in the surface, whereas the degree of conservation is much higher in the interface of hetero-oligomer. The interface of homo-oligomer has a few very conserved residue positions, whereas the residue conservation in the interface of hetero-oligomer tends to be higher. In addition, the interface of hetero-oligomer has a tendency of being more hydrophobic compared with the one in homo-oligomer. We conjecture that these differences are related to the inherent symmetry in homo-oligomers that cannot exist in hetero-oligomers. Paucity of the structural data precludes statistical tests of these tendencies, yet the trend can be applied to the prediction of the interface of hetero-oligomer. We obtained putative interfaces of the subunits in CPSF (cleavage and polyadenylation specificity factor), one of the human pre-mRNA 3′-processing complexes. The locations of predicted interface residues were consistent with the known experimental data.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saki Aoto
- Graduate School of Humanities and Sciences, Ochanomizu University, Bunkyo, Tokyo 112-8610, Japan
| | - Kei Yura
- Graduate School of Humanities and Sciences, Ochanomizu University, Bunkyo, Tokyo 112-8610, Japan; Centre for Informational Biology, Ochanomizu University, Bunkyo, Tokyo 112-8610, Japan; National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
208
|
Shao S, Hegde RS. Target Selection during Protein Quality Control. Trends Biochem Sci 2015; 41:124-137. [PMID: 26628391 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2015.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Revised: 10/18/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Protein quality control (QC) pathways survey the cellular proteome to selectively recognize and degrade faulty proteins whose accumulation can lead to various diseases. Recognition of the occasional aberrant protein among an abundant sea of similar normal counterparts poses a considerable challenge to the cell. Solving this problem requires protein QC machinery to assay multiple molecular criteria within a spatial and temporal context. Although each QC pathway has unique criteria and mechanisms for distinguishing right from wrong, they appear to share several general concepts. We discuss principles of high-fidelity target recognition, the decisive event of all protein QC pathways, to guide future work in this area.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sichen Shao
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK.
| | - Ramanujan S Hegde
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
209
|
Zhang K. Gctf: Real-time CTF determination and correction. J Struct Biol 2015; 193:1-12. [PMID: 26592709 PMCID: PMC4711343 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2015.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2576] [Impact Index Per Article: 286.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Revised: 11/08/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Accurate estimation of the contrast transfer function (CTF) is critical for a near-atomic resolution cryo electron microscopy (cryoEM) reconstruction. Here, a GPU-accelerated computer program, Gctf, for accurate and robust, real-time CTF determination is presented. The main target of Gctf is to maximize the cross-correlation of a simulated CTF with the logarithmic amplitude spectra (LAS) of observed micrographs after background subtraction. Novel approaches in Gctf improve both speed and accuracy. In addition to GPU acceleration (e.g. 10–50×), a fast ‘1-dimensional search plus 2-dimensional refinement (1S2R)’ procedure further speeds up Gctf. Based on the global CTF determination, the local defocus for each particle and for single frames of movies is accurately refined, which improves CTF parameters of all particles for subsequent image processing. Novel diagnosis method using equiphase averaging (EPA) and self-consistency verification procedures have also been implemented in the program for practical use, especially for aims of near-atomic reconstruction. Gctf is an independent program and the outputs can be easily imported into other cryoEM software such as Relion (Scheres, 2012) and Frealign (Grigorieff, 2007). The results from several representative datasets are shown and discussed in this paper.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Zhang
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Division of Structural Studies, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
210
|
Passos DO, Lyumkis D. Single-particle cryoEM analysis at near-atomic resolution from several thousand asymmetric subunits. J Struct Biol 2015; 192:235-44. [PMID: 26470814 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2015.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Revised: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A single-particle cryoEM reconstruction of the large ribosomal subunit from Saccharomyces cerevisiae was obtained from a dataset of ∼75,000 particles. The gold-standard and frequency-limited approaches to single-particle refinement were each independently used to determine orientation parameters for the final reconstruction. Both approaches showed similar resolution curves and nominal resolution values for the 60S dataset, estimated at 2.9 Å. The amount of over-fitting present during frequency-limited refinement was quantitatively analyzed using the high-resolution phase-randomization test, and the results showed no apparent over-fitting. The number of asymmetric subunits required to reach specific resolutions was subsequently analyzed by refining subsets of the data in an ab initio manner. With our data collection and processing strategies, sub-nanometer resolution was obtained with ∼200 asymmetric subunits (or, equivalently for the ribosomal subunit, particles). Resolutions of 5.6 Å, 4.5 Å, and 3.8 Å were reached with ∼1000, ∼1600, and ∼5000 asymmetric subunits, respectively. At these resolutions, one would expect to detect alpha-helical pitch, separation of beta-strands, and separation of Cα atoms, respectively. Using this map, together with strategies for ab initio model building and model refinement, we built a region of the ribosomal protein eL6, which was missing in previous models of the yeast ribosome. The relevance for more routine high-resolution structure determination is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dario Oliveira Passos
- Laboratory of Genetics and Helmsley Center for Genomic Medicine, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States
| | - Dmitry Lyumkis
- Laboratory of Genetics and Helmsley Center for Genomic Medicine, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States.
| |
Collapse
|