201
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Hayashi M, Kawaguchi T, Durcova-Hills G, Imai H. Generation of germ cells from pluripotent stem cells in mammals. Reprod Med Biol 2017; 17:107-114. [PMID: 29692667 PMCID: PMC5902460 DOI: 10.1002/rmb2.12077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The germ cell lineage transmits genetic and epigenetic information to the next generation. Primordial germ cells (PGCs), the early embryonic precursors of sperm or eggs, have been studied extensively. Recently, in vitro models of PGC induction have been established in the mouse. Many attempts are reported to enhance our understanding of PGC development in other mammals, including human. Methods Here, original and review articles that have been published on PubMed are reviewed in order to give an overview of the literature that is focused on PGC development, including the specification of in vivo and in vitro in mice, human, porcine, and bovine. Results Mammalian PGC development, in vivo and in vitro, have been studied primarily by using the mouse model as a template to study PGC specification in other mammals, including human, porcine, and bovine. Conclusion The growing body of published works reveals similarities, as well as differences, in PGC establishment in and between mouse and human.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masafumi Hayashi
- Laboratory of Reproductive Biology Graduate School of Agriculture Kyoto University Kyoto Japan
| | - Takamasa Kawaguchi
- Laboratory of Reproductive Biology Graduate School of Agriculture Kyoto University Kyoto Japan.,The Fukui Research Institute Ono Pharmaceutical Companyy, Ltd. Fukui Japan
| | - Gabriela Durcova-Hills
- Laboratory of Reproductive Biology Graduate School of Agriculture Kyoto University Kyoto Japan
| | - Hiroshi Imai
- Laboratory of Reproductive Biology Graduate School of Agriculture Kyoto University Kyoto Japan
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202
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Ramos-Ibeas P, Nichols J, Alberio R. States and Origins of Mammalian Embryonic Pluripotency In Vivo and in a Dish. Curr Top Dev Biol 2017; 128:151-179. [PMID: 29477162 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2017.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Mouse embryonic stem cells (ESC), derived from preimplantation embryos in 1981, defined mammalian pluripotency for many decades. However, after the derivation of human ESC in 1998, comparative studies showed that different types of pluripotency exist in early embryos and that these can be captured in vitro under various culture conditions. Over the past decade much has been learned about the key signaling pathways, growth factor requirements, and transcription factor profiles of pluripotent cells in embryos, allowing improvement of derivation and culture conditions for novel pluripotent stem cell types. More recently, studies using single-cell transcriptomics of embryos from different species provided an unprecedented level of resolution of cellular interactions and cell fate decisions that are informing new ways to understand the emergence of pluripotency in different organisms. These new approaches enhance knowledge of species differences during early embryogenesis and will be instrumental for improving methodologies for generating intra- and interspecies chimeric animals using pluripotent stem cells. Here, we discuss the recent developments in our understanding of early embryogenesis in different mammalian species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jennifer Nichols
- Wellcome Trust - Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
| | - Ramiro Alberio
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom.
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203
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Tewary M, Ostblom J, Prochazka L, Zulueta-Coarasa T, Shakiba N, Fernandez-Gonzalez R, Zandstra PW. A stepwise model of reaction-diffusion and positional information governs self-organized human peri-gastrulation-like patterning. Development 2017; 144:4298-4312. [PMID: 28870989 PMCID: PMC5769627 DOI: 10.1242/dev.149658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
How position-dependent cell fate acquisition occurs during embryogenesis is a central question in developmental biology. To study this process, we developed a defined, high-throughput assay to induce peri-gastrulation-associated patterning in geometrically confined human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC) colonies. We observed that, upon BMP4 treatment, phosphorylated SMAD1 (pSMAD1) activity in the colonies organized into a radial gradient. We developed a reaction-diffusion (RD)-based computational model and observed that the self-organization of pSMAD1 signaling was consistent with the RD principle. Consequent fate acquisition occurred as a function of both pSMAD1 signaling strength and duration of induction, consistent with the positional-information (PI) paradigm. We propose that the self-organized peri-gastrulation-like fate patterning in BMP4-treated geometrically confined hPSC colonies arises via a stepwise model of RD followed by PI. This two-step model predicted experimental responses to perturbations of key parameters such as colony size and BMP4 dose. Furthermore, it also predicted experimental conditions that resulted in RD-like periodic patterning in large hPSC colonies, and rescued peri-gastrulation-like patterning in colony sizes previously thought to be reticent to this behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukul Tewary
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering (IBBME), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3E1, Canada
- Collaborative Program in Developmental Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3E1, Canada
- Terrence Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Joel Ostblom
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering (IBBME), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3E1, Canada
- Terrence Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Laura Prochazka
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering (IBBME), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3E1, Canada
- Terrence Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Teresa Zulueta-Coarasa
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering (IBBME), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3E1, Canada
- Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1M1, Canada
| | - Nika Shakiba
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering (IBBME), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3E1, Canada
- Terrence Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Rodrigo Fernandez-Gonzalez
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering (IBBME), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3E1, Canada
- Collaborative Program in Developmental Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3E1, Canada
- Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1M1, Canada
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3G5, Canada
| | - Peter W Zandstra
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering (IBBME), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3E1, Canada
- Collaborative Program in Developmental Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3E1, Canada
- Terrence Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3E1, Canada
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3ES, Canada
- Medicine by Design: A Canada First Research Excellence Fund Program, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3E1, Canada
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204
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Nagamatsu G, Hayashi K. Stem cells, in vitro gametogenesis and male fertility. Reproduction 2017; 154:F79-F91. [PMID: 29133304 DOI: 10.1530/rep-17-0510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Revised: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Reconstitution in culture of biological processes, such as differentiation and organization, is a key challenge in regenerative medicine, and one in which stem cell technology plays a central role. Pluripotent stem cells and spermatogonial stem cells are useful materials for reconstitution of germ cell development in vitro, as they are capable of differentiating into gametes. Reconstitution of germ cell development, termed in vitro gametogenesis, will provide an experimental platform for a better understanding of germ cell development, as well as an alternative source of gametes for reproduction, with the potential to cure infertility. Since germ cells are the cells for 'the next generation', both the culture system and its products must be carefully evaluated. In this issue, we summarize the progress in in vitro gametogenesis, most of which has been made using mouse models, as well as the future challenges in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Go Nagamatsu
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and MedicineGraduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Hayashi
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and MedicineGraduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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205
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Relevance of iPSC-derived human PGC-like cells at the surface of embryoid bodies to prechemotaxis migrating PGCs. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E9913-E9922. [PMID: 29087313 PMCID: PMC5699045 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1707779114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Human primordial germ cell-like cells (hPGCLCs) generated from pluripotent stem cells in vitro hold promise, with broad applications for studies of human germline cells. We show that hPGCLCs generated using several distinct protocols are transcriptomally comparable and that primed pluripotency human iPSCs gain competence to generate hPGCLCs after only 72 hours of reprogramming toward ERK-independent state-naïve pluripotency. hPGCLCs were localized in the outermost surface layer of embryoid bodies and strongly expressed CXCR4. Live cell imaging showed active migratory activity of hPGCLCs, and their exposure to the CXCR4 ligand CXCL12/SDF-1 induced enriched expression of promigratory genes and antiapoptotic genes. These results support the resemblance of hPGCLCs to prechemotaxis human embryonic primordial germ cells migrating in the midline region of embryos. Pluripotent stem cell-derived human primordial germ cell-like cells (hPGCLCs) provide important opportunities to study primordial germ cells (PGCs). We robustly produced CD38+ hPGCLCs [∼43% of FACS-sorted embryoid body (EB) cells] from primed-state induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) after a 72-hour transient incubation in the four chemical inhibitors (4i)-naïve reprogramming medium and showed transcriptional consistency of our hPGCLCs with hPGCLCs generated in previous studies using various and distinct protocols. Both CD38+ hPGCLCs and CD38− EB cells significantly expressed PRDM1 and TFAP2C, although PRDM1 mRNA in CD38− cells lacked the 3′-UTR harboring miRNA binding sites regulating mRNA stability. Genes up-regulated in hPGCLCs were enriched for cell migration genes, and their promoters were enriched for the binding motifs of TFAP2 (which was identified in promoters of T, NANOS3, and SOX17) and the RREB-1 cell adhesion regulator. In EBs, hPGCLCs were identified exclusively in the outermost surface monolayer as dispersed cells or cell aggregates with strong and specific expression of POU5F1/OCT4 protein. Time-lapse live cell imaging revealed active migration of hPGCLCs on Matrigel. Whereas all hPGCLCs strongly expressed the CXCR4 chemotaxis receptor, its ligand CXCL12/SDF1 was not significantly expressed in the whole EBs. Exposure of hPGCLCs to CXCL12/SDF1 induced cell migration genes and antiapoptosis genes. Thus, our study shows that transcriptionally consistent hPGCLCs can be readily produced from hiPSCs after transition of their pluripotency from the primed state using various methods and that hPGCLCs resemble the early-stage PGCs randomly migrating in the midline region of human embryos before initiation of the CXCL12/SDF1-guided chemotaxis.
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206
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Ilic D, Ogilvie C, Noli L, Kolundzic N, Khalaf Y. Human embryos from induced pluripotent stem cell-derived gametes: ethical and quality considerations. Regen Med 2017; 12:681-691. [PMID: 28976837 DOI: 10.2217/rme-2017-0052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Protocols for successful differentiation of male and female gametes from induced pluripotent stem cells have been published. Although culture of precursor cells in a natural microenvironment remains necessary to achieve terminal differentiation, the creation of human preimplantation embryos from induced pluripotent stem cell-derived gametes is technically feasible. Such embryos could provide a solution to the scarcity of human cleavage-stage embryos donated for research. Here, we discuss current technology, major research-related ethical concerns and propose the norms that would assure the quality and reliability of such embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dusko Ilic
- Division of Women's Health, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London and Assisted Conception Unit, Guy's Hospital, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | | | - Laila Noli
- Division of Women's Health, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London and Assisted Conception Unit, Guy's Hospital, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Nikola Kolundzic
- Division of Women's Health, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London and Assisted Conception Unit, Guy's Hospital, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Yacoub Khalaf
- Division of Women's Health, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London and Assisted Conception Unit, Guy's Hospital, London SE1 9RT, UK
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207
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Evolutionarily Distinctive Transcriptional and Signaling Programs Drive Human Germ Cell Lineage Specification from Pluripotent Stem Cells. Cell Stem Cell 2017; 21:517-532.e5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2017.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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208
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Chen D, Liu W, Lukianchikov A, Hancock GV, Zimmerman J, Lowe MG, Kim R, Galic Z, Irie N, Surani MA, Jacobsen SE, Clark AT. Germline competency of human embryonic stem cells depends on eomesodermin. Biol Reprod 2017; 97:850-861. [PMID: 29091993 PMCID: PMC5803789 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/iox138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In humans, germline competency and the specification of primordial germ cells (PGCs) are thought to occur in a restricted developmental window during early embryogenesis. Despite the importance of specifying the appropriate number of PGCs for human reproduction, the molecular mechanisms governing PGC formation remain largely unexplored. Here, we compared PGC-like cell (PGCLC) differentiation from 18 independently derived human embryonic stem cell (hESC) lines, and discovered that the expression of primitive streak genes were positively associated with hESC germline competency. Furthermore, we show that chemical inhibition of TGFβ and WNT signaling, which are required for primitive streak formation and CRISPR/Cas9 deletion of Eomesodermin (EOMES), significantly impacts PGCLC differentiation from hESCs. Taken together, our results suggest that human PGC formation involves signaling and transcriptional programs associated with somatic germ layer induction and expression of EOMES.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Chen
- Department of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Wanlu Liu
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Anastasia Lukianchikov
- Department of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Grace V Hancock
- Department of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Jill Zimmerman
- Department of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Matthew G Lowe
- Department of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Rachel Kim
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Zoran Galic
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Naoko Irie
- Wellcome Trust Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - M Azim Surani
- Wellcome Trust Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Steven E Jacobsen
- Department of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Amander T Clark
- Department of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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