201
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Wilke CM, Bishop K, Fox D, Zou W. Deciphering the role of Th17 cells in human disease. Trends Immunol 2011; 32:603-11. [PMID: 21958759 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2011.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2011] [Revised: 08/07/2011] [Accepted: 08/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Since their identification in 2005, T helper (Th)17 cells have been proposed to play important roles in several human diseases, including various autoimmune conditions, allergy, the development and progression of tumors, and the acceptance or rejection of transplanted organs and bone marrow. Focusing on human studies, here we review recent developments regarding Th17 biology and function in each of these fields. Th17 cells actively participate in the pathogenesis of autoimmune disease, allergy and transplantation rejection. Th17 cells contribute to protective antitumor immunity in human epithelial malignancy, whereas Th17-associated cytokines may also be associated with tumor initiation and growth in the context of chronic inflammation and infection. Also discussed is how the in vivo plasticity of Th17 cells may be an important feature of Th17 cell biology in human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cailin Moira Wilke
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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202
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Motz GT, Coukos G. The parallel lives of angiogenesis and immunosuppression: cancer and other tales. Nat Rev Immunol 2011; 11:702-11. [DOI: 10.1038/nri3064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 332] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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203
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Abstract
The major human antigen-presenting cells (APCs) include monocytes/macrophages, myeloid dendritic cells (mDC), plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC), and B cells. These APC subsets have been observed in ovarian tumor environments. Their phenotypes and functionalities are subjected to alteration by multiple factors in the tumor environment. In this review, we summarize the nature, cellular interactions, and prognostic significance of the main APC populations in ovarian cancer, and discuss the relevance of manipulating APC subsets for patient treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cailin Moira Wilke
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-0669, USA
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204
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Monteagudo C, Pellín-Carcelén A, Martín J, Ramos D. Papel de las quimiocinas en la progresión del melanoma. ACTAS DERMO-SIFILIOGRAFICAS 2011; 102:498-504. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ad.2011.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2011] [Revised: 02/28/2011] [Accepted: 03/08/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
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205
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Monteagudo C, Pellín-Carcelén A, Martín J, Ramos D. Role of Chemokines in Melanoma Progression. ACTAS DERMO-SIFILIOGRAFICAS 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.adengl.2011.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022] Open
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206
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Preston CC, Goode EL, Hartmann LC, Kalli KR, Knutson KL. Immunity and immune suppression in human ovarian cancer. Immunotherapy 2011; 3:539-56. [PMID: 21463194 DOI: 10.2217/imt.11.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Clinical outcomes in ovarian cancer are heterogeneous, independent of common features such as stage, response to therapy and grade. This disparity in outcomes warrants further exploration into tumor and host characteristics. One compelling issue is the response of the patient's immune system to her ovarian cancer. Several studies have confirmed a prominent role for the immune system in modifying disease course. This has led to the identification and evaluation of novel immune-modulating therapeutic approaches such as vaccination and antibody therapy. Antitumor immunity, however, is often negated by immune suppression mechanisms present in the tumor microenvironment. Thus, in the future, research into immunotherapy targeting ovarian cancer will probably become increasingly focused on combination approaches that simultaneously augment immunity while preventing local immune suppression. In this article, we summarize important immunological issues that could influence ovarian cancer outcome, including tumor antigens, endogenous immune responses, immune escape and new and developing immunotherapeutic strategies.
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207
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Veenbergen S, van Spriel AB. Tetraspanins in the immune response against cancer. Immunol Lett 2011; 138:129-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2011.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2011] [Revised: 03/18/2011] [Accepted: 03/30/2011] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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208
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Righi E, Kashiwagi S, Yuan J, Santosuosso M, Leblanc P, Ingraham R, Forbes B, Edelblute B, Collette B, Xing D, Kowalski M, Mingari MC, Vianello F, Birrer M, Orsulic S, Dranoff G, Poznansky MC. CXCL12/CXCR4 blockade induces multimodal antitumor effects that prolong survival in an immunocompetent mouse model of ovarian cancer. Cancer Res 2011; 71:5522-5534. [PMID: 21742774 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-10-3143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The chemokine CXCL12 and its receptor CXCR4 are expressed widely in human cancers, including ovarian cancer, in which they are associated with disease progression at the levels of tumor cell proliferation, invasion, and angiogenesis. Here, we used an immunocompetent mouse model of intraperitoneal papillary epithelial ovarian cancer to show that modulation of the CXCL12/CXCR4 axis in ovarian cancer has multimodal effects on tumor pathogenesis associated with induction of antitumor immunity. siRNA-mediated knockdown of CXCL12 in BR5-1 cells that constitutively express CXCL12 and CXCR4 reduced cell proliferation in vitro, and tumor growth in vivo. Similarly, treatment of BR5-1-derived tumors with AMD3100, a selective CXCR4 antagonist, resulted in increased tumor apoptosis and necrosis, reduction in intraperitoneal dissemination, and selective reduction of intratumoral FoxP3(+) regulatory T cells (Treg). Compared with controls, CXCR4 blockade greatly increased T-cell-mediated antitumor immune responses, conferring a significant survival advantage to AMD3100-treated mice. In addition, the selective effect of CXCR4 antagonism on intratumoral Tregs was associated with both higher CXCR4 expression and increased chemotactic responses to CXCL12, a finding that was also confirmed in a melanoma model. Together, our findings reinforce the concept of a critical role for the CXCL12/CXCR4 axis in ovarian cancer pathogenesis, and they offer a definitive preclinical validation of CXCR4 as a therapeutic target in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elda Righi
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Infectious Diseases Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA
- Department of Experimental Medicine and IST Cancer Research, Genoa University, Italy
| | - Satoshi Kashiwagi
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Infectious Diseases Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA
| | - Jianping Yuan
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Infectious Diseases Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA
| | - Michael Santosuosso
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Infectious Diseases Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA
| | - Pierre Leblanc
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Infectious Diseases Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA
| | - Rachel Ingraham
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Infectious Diseases Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA
| | - Benjamin Forbes
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Infectious Diseases Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA
| | - Beth Edelblute
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Infectious Diseases Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA
| | - Brian Collette
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Infectious Diseases Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA
| | - Deyin Xing
- Molecular Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Magdalena Kowalski
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Infectious Diseases Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA
- Department of Zoology, Clare College, Cambridge, UK
| | | | | | - Michael Birrer
- Gynecological Oncology Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Sandra Orsulic
- Molecular Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Women's Cancer Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Glenn Dranoff
- Department of Medical Oncology and Cancer Vaccine Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
| | - Mark C Poznansky
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Infectious Diseases Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA
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209
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Gaudin F, Nasreddine S, Donnadieu AC, Emilie D, Combadière C, Prévot S, Machelon V, Balabanian K. Identification of the chemokine CX3CL1 as a new regulator of malignant cell proliferation in epithelial ovarian cancer. PLoS One 2011; 6:e21546. [PMID: 21750716 PMCID: PMC3131275 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0021546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2011] [Accepted: 06/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Little is known about the molecules that contribute to the growth of epithelial ovarian carcinomas (EOC), which remain the most lethal gynecological cancer in women. The chemokine Fractalkine/CX3CL1 has been widely reported to play a biologically relevant role in tumor growth and spread. We report here the first investigation of the expression and role of CX3CL1 in EOC. Results Epithelial cells from the surface of the ovary and the Fallopian tubes and from benign, borderline and malignant tumors all stained positive for CX3CL1. In tumor specimens from 54 women who underwent surgical treatment for EOC diagnosis, CX3CL1 immunoreactivity was unevenly distributed in epithelial tumor cells, and ranged from strong (33%) to absent (17%). This uneven distribution of CX3CL1 did not reflect the morphological heterogeneity of EOC. It was positively correlated with the proliferation index Ki-67 and with GILZ (glucocorticoid-induced leucine zipper), previously identified as an activator of the proliferation of malignant EOC cells. Hierarchical clustering analysis, including age at diagnosis, tumor grade, FIGO stage, Ki-67 index, CX3CL1, SDF-1/CXCL12 and GILZ immunostaining scores, distinguished two major clusters corresponding to low and high levels of proliferation and differing in terms of GILZ and CX3CL1 expression. GILZ overexpression in the carcinoma-derived BG1 cell line resulted in parallel changes in CX3CL1 products. Conversely, CX3CL1 promoted through its binding to CX3CR1 AKT activation and proliferation in BG1 cells. In a mouse subcutaneous xenograft model, the overexpression of GILZ was associated with higher expression of CX3CL1 and faster tumor growth. Conclusion Our findings highlight the previously unappreciated constitutive expression of CX3CL1 preceding tumorigenesis in ovarian epithelial cells. Together with GILZ, this chemokine emerges as a regulator of cell proliferation, which may be of potential clinical relevance for the selection of the most appropriate treatment for EOC patients.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Animals
- Blotting, Western
- Carcinoma, Ovarian Epithelial
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Proliferation
- Chemokine CX3CL1/genetics
- Chemokine CX3CL1/metabolism
- Epithelial Cells/metabolism
- Epithelial Cells/pathology
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Humans
- Immunohistochemistry
- Ki-67 Antigen/metabolism
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Nude
- Middle Aged
- Neoplasms, Glandular and Epithelial/genetics
- Neoplasms, Glandular and Epithelial/metabolism
- Neoplasms, Glandular and Epithelial/pathology
- Ovarian Neoplasms/genetics
- Ovarian Neoplasms/metabolism
- Ovarian Neoplasms/pathology
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Transcription Factors/genetics
- Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Transplantation, Heterologous
- Tumor Burden
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Dominique Emilie
- UMR_S996, INSERM/Université Paris-Sud 11, Clamart, France
- Service de Microbiologie-Immunologie Biologique, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris/Hôpital Antoine-Béclère, Clamart, France
| | - Christophe Combadière
- UMR_S945, INSERM/Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris/Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Sophie Prévot
- Service d'Anatomie et de Cytologie Pathologiques, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris/Hôpital Antoine-Béclère, Clamart, France
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210
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Vermi W, Soncini M, Melocchi L, Sozzani S, Facchetti F. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells and cancer. J Leukoc Biol 2011; 90:681-90. [PMID: 21730085 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0411190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer develops in a complex microenvironment comprising cancer cells, stromal cells, and host immune cells with their soluble products. The counteracting host-protective and tumor-promoting roles of different immune cell populations have been elegantly clarified in the last decade by pertinent genetically modified mouse models. Among cells with a potential role in cancer immunity, PDCs might represent important players as a result of their capacity to bring together innate and adaptive immunity. This review summarizes current knowledge about the role of PDCs in cancer immunity. PDCs have been documented in primary and metastatic human neoplasms; however, the clinical significance of this finding is still unknown. Once into the tumor bed, PDCs can be hijacked by the tumor microenvironment and lose their propensity to produce the required amount of endogenous I-IFN. However, when properly reprogrammed (i.e., by TLR agonists), PDCs might mediate tumor rejection in a clinical setting. Tumor rejection, at least partially, is driven by I-IFN and seems to require a cross-talk with other innate immune cells, including IFN DCs. The latter evidence, although still limited to skin cancers, can provide a leading model for developing adjuvant immune therapy for other neoplasms. To this end, the generation of appropriate mouse models to modulate the frequency and activation state of murine PDCs will also be of remarkable importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Vermi
- Department of Pathology, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy.
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211
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Capietto AH, Martinet L, Fournié JJ. How tumors might withstand γδ T-cell attack. Cell Mol Life Sci 2011; 68:2433-42. [PMID: 21547501 PMCID: PMC11115001 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-011-0705-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2011] [Revised: 04/19/2011] [Accepted: 04/20/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Several clinical trials are currently assessing the therapeutic activity of human TCRVγ9Vδ2(+) lymphocytes in cancer. Growing tumors usually follow a triphasic "Elimination, Equilibrium, Escape" evolution in patients. Thus, at diagnostic, most tumors have already developed some means to escape to immune protection. We review here the conventional immunoescape mechanisms which might also protect against cytolytic TCRVγ9Vδ2(+) lymphocytes activated by phosphoantigens. Neutralization of these deleterious processes might prove highly valuable to improve the efficacy of ongoing γδ cell-based cancer immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aude-Hélène Capietto
- INSERM UMR1037, Cancer Research Center of Toulouse, Toulouse, France
- CNRS ERL5294, BP3028, CHU Purpan, 31300 Toulouse, France
- Université Toulouse III Paul-Sabatier, 31300 Toulouse, France
- Present Address: Department of Orthopedics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
| | - Ludovic Martinet
- Université Toulouse III Paul-Sabatier, 31300 Toulouse, France
- Institut De Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Unité Mixte de Recherches (UMR) 5089, 31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Jean-Jacques Fournié
- INSERM UMR1037, Cancer Research Center of Toulouse, Toulouse, France
- CNRS ERL5294, BP3028, CHU Purpan, 31300 Toulouse, France
- Université Toulouse III Paul-Sabatier, 31300 Toulouse, France
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212
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Laoui D, Van Overmeire E, Movahedi K, Van den Bossche J, Schouppe E, Mommer C, Nikolaou A, Morias Y, De Baetselier P, Van Ginderachter JA. Mononuclear phagocyte heterogeneity in cancer: different subsets and activation states reaching out at the tumor site. Immunobiology 2011; 216:1192-202. [PMID: 21803441 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2011.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2011] [Revised: 05/25/2011] [Accepted: 06/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Mononuclear phagocytes are amongst the most versatile cells of the body, contributing to tissue genesis and homeostasis and safeguarding the balance between pro- and anti-inflammatory reactions. Accordingly, these cells are notoriously heterogeneous, functioning in distinct differentiation forms (monocytes, MDSC, macrophages, DC) and adopting different activation states in response to a changing microenvironment. Accumulating evidence exists that mononuclear phagocytes contribute to all phases of the cancer process. These cells orchestrate the inflammatory events during de novo carcinogenesis, participate in tumor immunosurveillance, and contribute to the progression of established tumors. At the tumor site, cells such as tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) are confronted with different tumor microenvironments, leading to TAM subsets with specialized functions. A better refinement of the molecular and functional heterogeneity of tumor-associated mononuclear phagocytes might pave the way for novel cancer therapies that directly target these tumor-supporting cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damya Laoui
- Lab of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
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213
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Labidi-Galy SI, Sisirak V, Meeus P, Gobert M, Treilleux I, Bajard A, Combes JD, Faget J, Mithieux F, Cassignol A, Tredan O, Durand I, Ménétrier-Caux C, Caux C, Blay JY, Ray-Coquard I, Bendriss-Vermare N. Quantitative and functional alterations of plasmacytoid dendritic cells contribute to immune tolerance in ovarian cancer. Cancer Res 2011; 71:5423-34. [PMID: 21697280 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-11-0367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In ovarian cancer, the immune system fails to eradicate established tumors partly due to the induction of immune tolerance within tumor microenvironment. In this study, we investigated the contribution of plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC) in the establishment of immune tolerance in a cohort of 44 ovarian cancer patients. In the tumor and malignant ascites, CD4(+)CD123(+)BDCA2(+) pDC were the most abundant dendritic cell subset; however, they were profoundly depleted in peripheral blood. The presence of pDC in primary ovarian cancer, but not ascites, was an independent prognostic factor associated with early relapse. Following chemotherapy, we observed a partial restoration of blood pDC levels in patients in complete remission. These findings show preferential recruitment of pDC into tumors where they express a partially mature phenotype that may reflect an in situ activation. Importantly, compared with pDC found in ascites or blood, tumor-associated pDC (TApDC) produced less IFN-α, TNF-α, IL-6, macrophage inflammatory protein-1β, and RANTES in response to toll-like receptor stimulation, and alterations in pDC functions were mainly mediated through tumor-derived TNF-α and TGF-β. Unlike ascites-derived pDC, TApDC induced IL-10 production from allogeneic naive CD4(+) T lymphocytes, suggesting the existence of a paracrine immunosuppressive loop. Taken together, our findings indicate that both local and systemic dysfunction of pDC play a critical role in the progression of ovarian cancer via induction of immune tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sana Intidhar Labidi-Galy
- Departments of Medical Oncology, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France.
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214
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Wertel I, Nowicka A, Rogala E, Kotarski J. Peritoneal Immune System in Patients with Advance Epithelial Ovarian Cancer. Int Rev Immunol 2011; 30:87-101. [DOI: 10.3109/08830185.2011.569902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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215
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Watkins SK, Zhu Z, Riboldi E, Shafer-Weaver KA, Stagliano KER, Sklavos MM, Ambs S, Yagita H, Hurwitz AA. FOXO3 programs tumor-associated DCs to become tolerogenic in human and murine prostate cancer. J Clin Invest 2011; 121:1361-72. [PMID: 21436588 DOI: 10.1172/jci44325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2010] [Accepted: 01/26/2011] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The limited success of cancer immunotherapy is often attributed to the loss of antigen-specific T cell function in situ. However, the mechanism for this loss of function is unknown. In this study, we describe a population of tumor-associated DCs (TADCs) in both human and mouse prostate cancer that tolerizes and induces suppressive activity in tumor-specific T cells. In tumors from human prostate cancer patients and transgenic adenocarcinoma of the mouse prostate (TRAMP) mice, TADCs expressed elevated levels of FOXO3 and Foxo3, respectively, which correlated with expression of suppressive genes that negatively regulate T cell function. Silencing FOXO3 and Foxo3 with siRNAs abrogated the ability of human and mouse TADCs, respectively, to tolerize and induce suppressive activity by T cells. Silencing Foxo3 in mouse TADCs was also associated with diminished expression of tolerogenic mediators, such as indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase, arginase, and TGF-β, and upregulated expression of costimulatory molecules and proinflammatory cytokines. Importantly, transfer of tumor-specific CD4+ Th cells into TRAMP mice abrogated TADC tolerogenicity, which was associated with reduced Foxo3 expression. These findings demonstrate that FOXO3 may play a critical role in mediating TADC-induced immune suppression. Moreover, our results identify what we believe to be a novel target for preventing CTL tolerance and enhancing immune responses to cancer by modulating the immunosuppressive activity of TADCs found in the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie K Watkins
- Tumor Immunity and Tolerance Section, Laboratory of Molecular Immunoregulation, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA
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216
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Machelon V, Gaudin F, Camilleri-Broët S, Nasreddine S, Bouchet-Delbos L, Pujade-Lauraine E, Alexandre J, Gladieff L, Arenzana-Seisdedos F, Emilie D, Prévot S, Broët P, Balabanian K. CXCL12 expression by healthy and malignant ovarian epithelial cells. BMC Cancer 2011; 11:97. [PMID: 21410972 PMCID: PMC3070683 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-11-97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2010] [Accepted: 03/16/2011] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background CXCL12 has been widely reported to play a biologically relevant role in tumor growth and spread. In epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC), CXCL12 enhances tumor angiogenesis and contributes to the immunosuppressive network. However, its prognostic significance remains unclear. We thus compared CXCL12 status in healthy and malignant ovaries, to assess its prognostic value. Methods Immunohistochemistry was used to analyze CXCL12 expression in the reproductive tracts, including the ovaries and fallopian tubes, of healthy women, in benign and borderline epithelial tumors, and in a series of 183 tumor specimens from patients with advanced primary EOC enrolled in a multicenter prospective clinical trial of paclitaxel/carboplatin/gemcitabine-based chemotherapy (GINECO study). Univariate COX model analysis was performed to assess the prognostic value of clinical and biological variables. Kaplan-Meier methods were used to generate progression-free and overall survival curves. Results Epithelial cells from the surface of the ovary and the fallopian tubes stained positive for CXCL12, whereas the follicles within the ovary did not. Epithelial cells in benign, borderline and malignant tumors also expressed CXCL12. In EOC specimens, CXCL12 immunoreactivity was observed mostly in epithelial tumor cells. The intensity of the signal obtained ranged from strong in 86 cases (47%) to absent in 18 cases (<10%). This uneven distribution of CXCL12 did not reflect the morphological heterogeneity of EOC. CXCL12 expression levels were not correlated with any of the clinical parameters currently used to determine EOC prognosis or with HER2 status. They also had no impact on progression-free or overall survival. Conclusion Our findings highlight the previously unappreciated constitutive expression of CXCL12 on healthy epithelia of the ovary surface and fallopian tubes, indicating that EOC may originate from either of these epithelia. We reveal that CXCL12 production by malignant epithelial cells precedes tumorigenesis and we confirm in a large cohort of patients with advanced EOC that CXCL12 expression level in EOC is not a valuable prognostic factor in itself. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT00052468
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217
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Kim S, Karin M. Role of TLR2-dependent inflammation in metastatic progression. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2011; 1217:191-206. [PMID: 21276007 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2010.05882.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation is a part of the host defense system, which provides protection against invading pathogens. However, it has become increasingly clear that inflammation can be evoked by endogenous mediators through Toll-like receptors (TLRs) to enhance tumor progression and metastasis. Here, we discuss the roles of TLR-mediated inflammation in tumor progression and the mechanisms through which it accomplishes this pathogenic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunhwa Kim
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
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218
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Raman D, Sobolik-Delmaire T, Richmond A. Chemokines in health and disease. Exp Cell Res 2011; 317:575-89. [PMID: 21223965 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2011.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 262] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2010] [Accepted: 01/03/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Chemokines and their receptors play a key role in development and homeostasis as well as in the pathogenesis of tumors and autoimmune diseases. Chemokines are involved in the implantation of the early conceptus, the migration of subsets of cells during embryonic development, and the overall growth of the embryo. Chemokines also have an important role in the development and maintenance of innate and adaptive immunity. In addition, they play a significant role in wound healing and angiogenesis. When the physiological role of chemokines is subverted or chronically amplified, disease often follows. Chemokines are involved in the pathobiology of chronic inflammation, tumorigenesis and metastasis, as well as autoimmune diseases. This article reviews the role of chemokines and their receptors in normal and disease processes and the potential for using chemokine antagonists for appropriate targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dayanidhi Raman
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, USA
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219
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Oosterhoff D, Sluijter BJR, Hangalapura BN, de Gruijl TD. The dermis as a portal for dendritic cell-targeted immunotherapy of cutaneous melanoma. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2011; 351:181-220. [PMID: 21681685 DOI: 10.1007/82_2011_136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Complete surgical excision at an early stage remains the only curative treatment for cutaneous melanoma with few available adjuvant therapy options. Nevertheless, melanoma is a relatively immunogenic tumor type and particularly amenable to immunotherapeutic approaches. A dense network of cutaneous dendritic cells (DC) may account for the reported efficacy of vaccination through the skin and provide an attractive target for the immunotherapy of melanoma. Several phenotypically distinct DC subsets are discernable in the skin, among others, epidermal Langerhans cells and dermal DC. Upon appropriate activation both subsets can efficiently migrate to melanoma-draining lymph nodes (LN) to prime T cell-mediated responses. Unfortunately, from an early stage, melanoma development is characterized by strong immune suppression, facilitating unchecked tumor growth and spread. Particularly the primary tumor site and the first-line tumor-draining LN, the so-called sentinel LN, bear the brunt of this melanoma-induced immune suppression-and these are exactly the sites where anti-melanoma effector T cell responses should be primed by DC in order to prevent early metastasis. Through local immunopotentiation or through DC-targeted vaccination, the dermis may be utilized as a portal to activate DC and kick-start or boost effective T cell-mediated anti-melanoma immunity, even in the face of this immune suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Oosterhoff
- Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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220
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Swiecki M, Colonna M. Accumulation of plasmacytoid DC: Roles in disease pathogenesis and targets for immunotherapy. Eur J Immunol 2010; 40:2094-8. [PMID: 20853492 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201040602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Plasmacytoid DC (pDC) secrete type I IFN in response to viruses and RNA/DNA/immunocomplexes. Type I IFN confer resistance to viral infections and promote innate and adaptive immune responses. pDC also produce cytokines and chemokines that influence recruitment and function of T cells and differentiation of B cells. Thus, pDC have been implicated both in protective immune responses and in induction of tolerance. In this Viewpoint, we discuss how the recruitment and accumulation of pDC may impact pathogenesis of several diseases and how pDC can be targeted for therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Swiecki
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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221
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Björck P, Leong HX, Engleman EG. Plasmacytoid dendritic cell dichotomy: identification of IFN-α producing cells as a phenotypically and functionally distinct subset. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 186:1477-85. [PMID: 21172865 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1000454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC) produce large amounts of type I IFN in response to invading pathogens, but can also suppress immune responses and promote tolerance. In this study, we show that in mice, these functions are attributable to two distinct pDC subsets, one of which gives rise to the other. CD9(pos)Siglec-H(low) pDC secrete IFN-α when stimulated with TLR agonists, induce CTLs, and promote protective antitumor immunity. By contrast, CD9(neg)Siglec-H(high) pDC secrete negligible amounts of IFN-α, induce Foxp3(+) CD4(+) T cells, and fail to promote antitumor immunity. Although newly formed pDC in the bone marrow are CD9(pos) and are capable of producing IFN-α, after these cells traffic to peripheral tissues, they lose CD9 expression and the ability to produce IFN-α. We propose that newly generated pDC mobilized from the bone marrow, rather than tissue-resident pDC, are the major source of IFN-α in infected hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pia Björck
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
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222
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Abstract
Plasmacytoid DC (pDC) are type-I IFN-producing cells known for their capacity to promote anti-viral innate and adaptive immune responses. Despite their potent anti-viral function, when compared with conventional DC, pDC exhibit poor immunostimulatory ability and their interaction with T cells often favors the generation of Treg. pDC are activated primarily in response to ssRNA and ssDNA through TLR7 and TLR9, respectively, but also through TLR-independent mechanisms. Non-lymphoid tissue pDC, such as those residing in the airways, gut, and liver, play a significant role in regulating mucosal immunity and are critical for the development of tolerance to inhaled or ingested antigens. Herein we discuss properties that define tolerogenic pDC and how their unique characteristics translate into an ability to regulate immunity and promote the development of tolerance. We cover the importance of pDC during intrathymic Treg development and the maintenance of peripheral tolerance, as well as their regulatory role in transplantation, autoimmunity, and cancer. We highlight recent findings regarding danger-associated molecular pattern and PAMP signaling in the regulation of pDC function, and how the ability of pDC to promote tolerance translates into the potential clinical applications of these cells as therapeutic targets to regulate immune reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin M Matta
- Starzl Transplantation Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
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223
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CXCL12 Mediates Immunosuppression in the Lymphoma Microenvironment after Allogeneic Transplantation of Hematopoietic Cells. Cancer Res 2010; 70:10170-81. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-10-1943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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224
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Williams P, Bouchentouf M, Rafei M, Romieu-Mourez R, Hsieh J, Boivin MN, Yuan S, Forner KA, Birman E, Galipeau J. A Dendritic Cell Population Generated by a Fusion of GM-CSF and IL-21 Induces Tumor-Antigen–Specific Immunity. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 185:7358-66. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1002201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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225
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Nesbeth Y, Conejo-Garcia JR. Harnessing the effect of adoptively transferred tumor-reactive T cells on endogenous (host-derived) antitumor immunity. Clin Dev Immunol 2010; 2010:139304. [PMID: 21076522 PMCID: PMC2975067 DOI: 10.1155/2010/139304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2010] [Accepted: 08/05/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Adoptive T cell transfer therapy, the ex vivo activation, expansion, and subsequent administration of tumor-reactive T cells, is already the most effective therapy against certain types of cancer. However, recent evidence in animal models and clinical trials suggests that host conditioning interventions tailored for some of the most aggressive and frequent epithelial cancers will be needed to maximize the benefit of this approach. Similarly, the subsets, stage of differentiation, and ex vivo expansion procedure of tumor-reactive T cells to be adoptively transferred influence their in vivo effectiveness and may need to be adapted for different types of cancer and host conditioning interventions. The effects of adoptively transferred tumor-reactive T cells on the mechanisms of endogenous (host-derived) antitumor immunity, and how to maximize their combined effects, are further discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yolanda Nesbeth
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
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226
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How do tumors actively escape from host immunosurveillance? Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2010; 58:435-48. [PMID: 20922572 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-010-0102-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2010] [Accepted: 05/28/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The immunological background for the process of tumor growth is still obscure. However, our understanding of what happens could have important consequences, namely in the context of cancer immunotherapy. A tumor is able to grow in the host environment either because it is recognizable as normal tissue and tolerated by host immune cells, or because it can "escape" from host immunosurveillance. According to the second option the mechanisms of tumor recognition and consequent destruction are actively disturbed by such processes as: change of tumor immunogenicity, production of tumor-derived regulatory molecules, and interaction of cancer cells with tumor-infiltrating immune cells. The results of studies devoted to the problem of immunoregulation in the tumor environment seem to support the "escape" hypothesis.
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227
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Schreibelt G, Tel J, Sliepen KHEWJ, Benitez-Ribas D, Figdor CG, Adema GJ, de Vries IJM. Toll-like receptor expression and function in human dendritic cell subsets: implications for dendritic cell-based anti-cancer immunotherapy. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2010; 59:1573-82. [PMID: 20204387 PMCID: PMC11029854 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-010-0833-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2010] [Accepted: 02/08/2010] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are central players of the immune response. To date, DC-based immunotherapy is explored worldwide in clinical vaccination trials with cancer patients, predominantly with ex vivo-cultured monocyte-derived DCs (moDCs). However, the extensive culture period and compounds required to differentiate them into DCs may negatively affect their immunological potential. Therefore, it is attractive to consider alternative DC sources, such as blood DCs. Two major types of naturally occurring DCs circulate in peripheral blood, myeloid DCs (mDCs) and plasmacytoid (pDCs). These DC subsets express different surface molecules and are suggested to have distinct functions. Besides scavenging pathogens and presenting antigens, DCs secrete cytokines, all of which is vital for both the acquired and the innate immune system. These immunological functions relate to Toll-like receptors (TLRs) expressed by DCs. TLRs recognize pathogen-derived products and subsequently provoke DC maturation, antigen presentation and cytokine secretion. However, not every TLR is expressed on each DC subset nor causes the same effects when activated. Considering the large amount of clinical trials using DC-based immunotherapy for cancer patients and the decisive role of TLRs in DC maturation, this review summarizes TLR expression in different DC subsets in relation to their function. Emphasis will be given to the therapeutic potential of TLR-matured DC subsets for DC-based immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerty Schreibelt
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jurjen Tel
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Kwinten H. E. W. J. Sliepen
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Carl G. Figdor
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Gosse J. Adema
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - I. Jolanda M. de Vries
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Medical Oncology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Paedriatric Hemato-Oncology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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miR-155 and its star-form partner miR-155* cooperatively regulate type I interferon production by human plasmacytoid dendritic cells. Blood 2010; 116:5885-94. [PMID: 20852130 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2010-04-280156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent discovery of microRNAs (miRNAs) has revealed a new layer of gene expression regulation, affecting the immune system. Here, we identify their roles in regulating human plasmacytoid dendritic cell (PDC) activation. miRNA profiling showed the significantly differential expression of 19 miRNAs in PDCs after Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) stimulation, among which miR-155* and miR-155 were the most highly induced. Although they were processed from a single precursor and were both induced by TLR7 through the c-Jun N-terminal kinase pathway, miR-155* and miR-155 had opposite effects on the regulation of type I interferon production by PDC. Further study indicated that miR-155* augmented interferon-α/β expression by suppressing IRAKM, whereas miR-155 inhibited their expression by targeting TAB2. Kinetic analysis of miR-155* and miR-155 induction revealed that miR-155* was mainly induced in the early stage of stimulation, and that miR-155 was mainly induced in the later stage, suggesting their cooperative involvement in PDC activation. Finally, we demonstrated that miR-155* and miR-155 were inversely regulated by autocrine/paracrine type I interferon and TLR7-activated KHSRP at the posttranscriptional level, which led to their different dynamic induction by TLR7. Thus, our study identified and validated novel miRNA-protein networks involved in regulating PDC activation.
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229
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Williams SA, Harata-Lee Y, Comerford I, Anderson RL, Smyth MJ, McColl SR. Multiple functions of CXCL12 in a syngeneic model of breast cancer. Mol Cancer 2010; 9:250. [PMID: 20849618 PMCID: PMC3098012 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-9-250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2010] [Accepted: 09/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A growing body of work implicates chemokines, in particular CXCL12 and its receptors, in the progression and site-specific metastasis of various cancers, including breast cancer. Various agents have been used to block the CXCL12-CXCR4 interaction as a means of inhibiting cancer metastasis. However, as a potent chemotactic factor for leukocytes, CXCL12 also has the potential to enhance anti-cancer immunity. To further elucidate its role in breast cancer progression, CXCL12 and its antagonist CXCL12(P2G) were overexpressed in the syngeneic 4T1.2 mouse model of breast carcinoma. Results While expression of CXCL12(P2G) significantly inhibited metastasis, expression of wild-type CXCL12 potently inhibited both metastasis and primary tumor growth. The effects of wild-type CXCL12 were attributed to an immune response characterized by the induction of CD8+ T cell activity, enhanced cell-mediated cytotoxicity, increased numbers of CD11c+ cells in the tumor-draining lymph nodes and reduced accumulation of myeloid-derived suppressor cells in the spleen. Conclusions This study highlights the need to consider carefully therapeutic strategies that block CXCL12 signaling. Therapies that boost CXCL12 levels at the primary tumor site may prove more effective in the treatment of metastatic breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon A Williams
- School of Molecular and Biomedical Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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230
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Abstract
The role of interleukin (IL)-17 and the IL-17-producing T helper (Th)17 cells in cancer has recently become the focus of extensive investigation. An expanding body of literature implicates Th17 cells and their hallmark cytokine in both pro- and anti-tumourigenic processes. In this review we describe their biological activities and outline the reciprocal interactions between Th17 cells and other cells of the immune system. We also discuss the evidence regarding their dual role in the tumour microenvironment. An understanding of the processes that regulate the pro- or anti-tumour activities of Th17 cell and IL-17 will allow the development of more effective means for cancer immunotherapy.
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231
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Abstract
ATP, which has an important proinflammatory action as danger signal, induces the semimaturation of dendritic cells (DCs) that can be associated with immune tolerance. We identified epidermal growth factor receptor ligands as target genes of ATPγS, a slowly hydrolyzed ATP derivative, by a gene profiling approach in DCs. Amphiregulin was the most highly up-regulated gene in response to ATPγS. Human monocyte-derived DCs and mouse bone marrow-derived DCs released amphiregulin (AREG) after purinergic receptor activation, with a contribution of P2Y(11) and A(2B) receptor, respectively. Supernatants of LPS+ATPγS-stimulated DCs induced smooth muscle cell and Lewis Lung Carcinoma (LLC) cell growth in vitro. The coinjection of LPS+ATPγS-stimulated DCs or their supernatants with LLC cells increased tumor weight in mice compared with LPS-treated DCs. The preincubation of LPS+ATPγS-treated DC supernatants with an anti-AREG blocking antibody inhibited their positive effect on smooth muscle cell density and tumor growth. The present study demonstrates for the first time that DCs can be a source of AREG. ATP released from tumor cells might exert a tumorigenic action by stimulating the secretion of AREG from DCs. Antagonists of purinergic receptors expressed on DCs and anti-AREG blocking antibodies could have a therapeutic potential as antitumor agents.
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232
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Wilke CM, Wu K, Zhao E, Wang G, Zou W. Prognostic significance of regulatory T cells in tumor. Int J Cancer 2010; 127:748-58. [PMID: 20473951 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.25464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Since entering the immunological stage several decades ago, regulatory T cell biology has been realized as fundamentally important in the prevention of autoimmune conditions, induction of transplant tolerance and the immune response to cancer. The role of regulatory T cells in tumor immunobiology is still being elucidated. Currently, regulatory T cells are implicated in the dampening of antitumor T-cell responses both through direct and indirect means. A number of investigators have demonstrated that regulatory T cell density and location may serve as independent prognostic factors in several types of cancer and are alternately detrimental or beneficial to patient survival. In this article, we will review the characteristics and functional phenotype of classical regulatory T cells, describe their distribution and quantification in tumor-bearing hosts and summarize recent studies investigating the prognostic significance of regulatory T cell number and locality in various cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cailin Moira Wilke
- Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0669, USA
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233
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Trafficking properties of plasmacytoid dendritic cells in health and disease. Trends Immunol 2010; 31:270-7. [PMID: 20579936 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2010.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2010] [Revised: 05/04/2010] [Accepted: 05/06/2010] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (PDCs) represent a subset of circulating leukocytes characterized by the ability to release high levels of type I interferon (IFN). Under homeostatic conditions PDCs are confined to primary and secondary lymphoid organs. This is consistent with the restricted profile of functional chemotactic receptors expressed by circulating PDCs (i.e. CXCR4 and ChemR23). Accumulation of PDCs in non-lymphoid tissue is, however, observed in certain autoimmune diseases, allergic reactions and tumors. Indeed, PDCs are now considered to be involved in the pathogenesis of diseases characterized by a type I IFN-signature and are considered as a promising target for new intervention strategies. Here, current knowledge of the molecular mechanisms involved in the recruitment of PDCs under homeostatic and pathological conditions are summarized.
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234
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Charles J, Di Domizio J, Salameire D, Bendriss-Vermare N, Aspord C, Muhammad R, Lefebvre C, Plumas J, Leccia MT, Chaperot L. Characterization of Circulating Dendritic Cells in Melanoma: Role of CCR6 in Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cell Recruitment to the Tumor. J Invest Dermatol 2010; 130:1646-56. [DOI: 10.1038/jid.2010.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Karin N. The multiple faces of CXCL12 (SDF-1alpha) in the regulation of immunity during health and disease. J Leukoc Biol 2010; 88:463-73. [PMID: 20501749 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0909602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemokines are a group of small, structurally related molecules that regulate the trafficking of various types of leukocytes through interactions with a subset of 7-transmembrane G-protein-coupled receptors. As key chemoattractants of inflammatory leukocytes, chemokines have been marked as potential targets for neutralization in autoimmune diseases. Cancer cells also express chemokines, where they function as survival/growth factors and/or angiogenic factors that promote tumor development and angiogenesis. Accordingly, these functions make them attractive targets for therapy of these diseases. Recently, we reported that one of these chemokines CXCL12 (SDF-1alpha) functions as an anti-inflammatory chemokine during autoimmune inflammatory responses and explored the mechanistic basis of this function. As a pleiotropic chemokine, CXCL12 participates in the regulation of tissue homeostasis, immune surveillance, autoimmunity, and cancer. This chemokine is constitutively expressed in the BM and various tissues, which enables it to regulate the trafficking and localization of immature and maturing leukocytes, including BM stem cells, neutrophils, T cells, and monocytic cells. We have shown recently that CXCL12 increases immunological tolerance in autoimmune diseases by polarizing Tregs and by doing so, restrains the progression of these diseases. This finding suggests a possible use of stabilized rCXCL12 as a potential drug for therapy of these diseases and targeted neutralization of CXCL12 for therapy of cancer diseases. The current review explores the different biological properties of CXCL12 and discusses the implications of CXCL12-based therapies for autoimmunity and cancer diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Karin
- Department of Immunology, Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine and Rappaport Family Institute for Research in the Medical Sciences, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, 1 Efron St., Haifa 31096, Israel.
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Aspord C, Charles J, Leccia MT, Laurin D, Richard MJ, Chaperot L, Plumas J. A novel cancer vaccine strategy based on HLA-A*0201 matched allogeneic plasmacytoid dendritic cells. PLoS One 2010; 5:e10458. [PMID: 20454561 PMCID: PMC2864288 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0010458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2009] [Accepted: 04/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The development of effective cancer vaccines still remains a challenge. Despite the crucial role of plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) in anti-tumor responses, their therapeutic potential has not yet been worked out. We explored the relevance of HLA-A*0201 matched allogeneic pDCs as vectors for immunotherapy. Methods and Findings Stimulation of PBMC from HLA-A*0201+ donors by HLA-A*0201 matched allogeneic pDCs pulsed with tumor-derived peptides triggered high levels of antigen-specific and functional cytotoxic T cell responses (up to 98% tetramer+ CD8 T cells). The pDC vaccine demonstrated strong anti-tumor therapeutic in vivo efficacy as shown by the inhibition of tumor growth in a humanized mouse model. It also elicited highly functional tumor-specific T cells ex-vivo from PBMC and TIL of stage I-IV melanoma patients. Responses against MelA, GP100, tyrosinase and MAGE-3 antigens reached tetramer levels up to 62%, 24%, 85% and 4.3% respectively. pDC vaccine-primed T cells specifically killed patients' own autologous melanoma tumor cells. This semi-allogeneic pDC vaccine was more effective than conventional myeloid DC-based vaccines. Furthermore, the pDC vaccine design endows it with a strong potential for clinical application in cancer treatment. Conclusions These findings highlight HLA-A*0201 matched allogeneic pDCs as potent inducers of tumor immunity and provide a promising immunotherapeutic strategy to fight cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Aspord
- Etablissement Français du Sang Rhone-Alpes, R&D Laboratory, La Tronche, France
- University Joseph Fourier, Grenoble, France
- INSERM, U823, Immunobiology & Immunotherapy of Cancers, La Tronche, France
- * E-mail: (CA); (JP)
| | - Julie Charles
- Etablissement Français du Sang Rhone-Alpes, R&D Laboratory, La Tronche, France
- University Joseph Fourier, Grenoble, France
- INSERM, U823, Immunobiology & Immunotherapy of Cancers, La Tronche, France
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Grenoble, Michallon Hospital, Dermatology, pole pluridisciplinaire de medecine, Grenoble, France
| | - Marie-Therese Leccia
- University Joseph Fourier, Grenoble, France
- INSERM, U823, Immunobiology & Immunotherapy of Cancers, La Tronche, France
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Grenoble, Michallon Hospital, Dermatology, pole pluridisciplinaire de medecine, Grenoble, France
| | - David Laurin
- Etablissement Français du Sang Rhone-Alpes, R&D Laboratory, La Tronche, France
- University Joseph Fourier, Grenoble, France
- INSERM, U823, Immunobiology & Immunotherapy of Cancers, La Tronche, France
| | - Marie-Jeanne Richard
- University Joseph Fourier, Grenoble, France
- INSERM, U823, Immunobiology & Immunotherapy of Cancers, La Tronche, France
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Grenoble, Michallon Hospital, Cancerology and Biotherapy, Grenoble, France
| | - Laurence Chaperot
- Etablissement Français du Sang Rhone-Alpes, R&D Laboratory, La Tronche, France
- University Joseph Fourier, Grenoble, France
- INSERM, U823, Immunobiology & Immunotherapy of Cancers, La Tronche, France
| | - Joel Plumas
- Etablissement Français du Sang Rhone-Alpes, R&D Laboratory, La Tronche, France
- University Joseph Fourier, Grenoble, France
- INSERM, U823, Immunobiology & Immunotherapy of Cancers, La Tronche, France
- * E-mail: (CA); (JP)
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237
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Mougiakakos D, Choudhury A, Lladser A, Kiessling R, Johansson CC. Regulatory T cells in cancer. Adv Cancer Res 2010; 107:57-117. [PMID: 20399961 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-230x(10)07003-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 278] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
At the present time, regulatory T cells (Tregs) are an integral part of immunology but the route from discovery of "suppressive" lymphocytes in the 1980s to the current established concept of Tregs almost 20 years later has been a rollercoaster ride. Tregs are essential for maintaining self-tolerance as defects in their compartment lead to severe autoimmune diseases. This vitally important function exists alongside the detrimental effects on tumor immunosurveillance and antitumor immunity. Beginning with the identification of CD4(+)CD25(+) Tregs in 1995, the list of Treg subsets, suppressive mechanisms, and knowledge about their various origins is steadily growing. Increase in Tregs within tumors and circulation of cancer patients, observed in early studies, implied their involvement in pathogenesis and disease progression. Several mechanisms, ranging from proliferation to specific trafficking networks, have been identified to account for their systemic and/or local accumulation. Since various immunotherapeutic approaches are being utilized for cancer therapy, various strategies to overcome the antagonistic effects exerted by Tregs are being currently explored. An overview on the biology of Tregs present in cancer patients, their clinical impact, and methods for modulating them is given in this review. Despite the extensive studies on Tregs in cancer many questions still remain unanswered. Even the paradigm that Tregs generally are disadvantageous for the control of malignancies is now under scrutiny. Insight into the specific role of Tregs in different types of neoplasias is the key for targeting them in a way that is beneficial for the clinical outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Mougiakakos
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska University Hospital, Cancer Center Karolinska R8:01, Stockholm, Sweden
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238
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Higham EM, Shen CH, Wittrup KD, Chen J. Cutting edge: delay and reversal of T cell tolerance by intratumoral injection of antigen-loaded dendritic cells in an autochthonous tumor model. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 184:5954-8. [PMID: 20427765 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1000265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The tumor environment exerts a powerful suppressive influence on infiltrating tumor-reactive T cells. It induces tolerance of adoptively transferred effector T cells as they enter tumors and maintains the tolerance of persisting tumor-infiltrating T cells. In an autochthonous prostate cancer model, in which tumor-reactive CD8 T cells are trackable, we demonstrate that both depletion of endogenous dendritic cells (DCs) and intratumoral injection of Ag-loaded mature DCs delayed the tolerization of tumor-infiltrating effector CD8 T cells. Intratumoral injection of Ag-loaded DCs also reactivated tolerized CD8 T cells in the tumor tissue. The observed effects lasted as long as the injected DCs persisted. These findings are consistent with a critical role of DCs in modulating T cell reactivity in the tumor environment. They also suggest new potential strategies to extend the functionality of transferred effector T cells and to restore function to tolerized tumor-infiltrating T cells for cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eileen M Higham
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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239
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Kalinski P, Okada H. Polarized dendritic cells as cancer vaccines: directing effector-type T cells to tumors. Semin Immunol 2010; 22:173-82. [PMID: 20409732 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2010.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2009] [Accepted: 03/15/2010] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Ex vivo generation and antigen loading of dendritic cells (DCs) from cancer patients helps to bypass the dysfunction of endogenous DCs. It also allows to control the process of DC maturation and to imprint in maturing DCs several functions essential for induction of effective forms of cancer immunity. Recent reports from several groups including ours demonstrate that distinct conditions of DC generation and maturation can prime DCs for preferential interaction with different (effector versus regulatory) subsets of immune cells. Moreover, differentially-generated DCs have been shown to imprint different effector mechanisms in CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells (delivery of "signal three") and to induce their different homing properties (delivery of "signal four"). These developments allow for selective induction of tumor-specific T cells with desirable effector functions and tumor-relevant homing properties and to direct the desirable types of immune cells to tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawel Kalinski
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States.
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240
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Abstract
T helper 17 (T(H)17) cells have well-described roles in autoimmune disease. Recent evidence suggests that this effector T cell subset is also involved in tumour immunology and may be a target for cancer therapy. In this Review, we summarize recent findings regarding the nature and relevance of T(H)17 cells in mouse models of cancer and human disease. We describe the interplay between T(H)17 cells and other immune cells in the tumour microenvironment, and we assess both the potential antitumorigenic and pro-tumorigenic activities of T(H)17 cells and their associated cytokines. Understanding the nature of T(H)17 cell responses in the tumour microenvironment will be important for the design of more efficacious cancer immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiping Zou
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan School of Medicine C560B MSRB II, 1150 West Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-0669, USA
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241
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Cao W, Bover L. Signaling and ligand interaction of ILT7: receptor-mediated regulatory mechanisms for plasmacytoid dendritic cells. Immunol Rev 2010; 234:163-76. [PMID: 20193018 PMCID: PMC2919054 DOI: 10.1111/j.0105-2896.2009.00867.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) are specialized dendritic cells (DCs) that produce large amounts of type I interferon (IFN) after Toll-like receptor (TLR) activation. Human pDCs preferentially express immunoglobulin-like transcript 7 (ILT7; LILRA4), which couples with a signaling adapter to activate a prominent immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM)-mediated signaling pathway. ILT7 protein directly binds to and can be activated by bone marrow stromal cell antigen 2 (BST2; CD317) protein, the expression of which is found on cells pre-exposed to IFN or on the surface of human cancer cells. The interaction between ILT7 and BST2 functions to assure an appropriate TLR response by pDCs during viral infection and likely participates in pDC-tumor crosstalk. Two opposing modes of receptor-mediated regulatory mechanisms work jointly to fine tune the innate immunity of pDCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Cao
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA.
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242
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Swiecki M, Colonna M. Unraveling the functions of plasmacytoid dendritic cells during viral infections, autoimmunity, and tolerance. Immunol Rev 2010; 234:142-62. [PMID: 20193017 PMCID: PMC3507434 DOI: 10.1111/j.0105-2896.2009.00881.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 293] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) are bone marrow-derived cells that secrete large amounts of type I interferon (IFN) in response to viruses. Type I IFNs are pleiotropic cytokines with antiviral activity that also enhance innate and adaptive immune responses. Viruses trigger activation of pDCs and type I IFN responses mainly through the Toll-like receptor pathway. However, a variety of activating and inhibitory pDC receptors fine tune the amplitude of type I IFN responses. Chronic activation and secretion of type I IFN in the absence of infection can promote autoimmune diseases. Furthermore, while activated pDCs promote immunity and autoimmunity, resting or alternatively activated pDCs may be tolerogenic. The various roles of pDCs have been extensively studied in vitro and in vivo with depleting antibodies. However, depleting antibodies cross-react with other cell types that are critical for eliciting protective immunity, potentially yielding ambiguous phenotypes. Here we discuss new approaches to assess pDC functions in vivo and provide preliminary data on their potential roles during viral infections. Such approaches would also prove useful in the more specific evaluation of how pDCs mediate tolerance and autoimmunity. Finally, we discuss the emergent role of pDCs and one of their receptors, tetherin, in human immunodeficiency virus pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Swiecki
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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243
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Bekeredjian-Ding I, Schäfer M, Hartmann E, Pries R, Parcina M, Schneider P, Giese T, Endres S, Wollenberg B, Hartmann G. Tumour-derived prostaglandin E and transforming growth factor-beta synergize to inhibit plasmacytoid dendritic cell-derived interferon-alpha. Immunology 2010; 128:439-50. [PMID: 20067543 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2009.03134.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In previous studies we reported that plasmacytoid dendritic cells (PDC) infiltrating head and neck cancer tissue are functionally impaired, but the molecular basis for the functional deficiency remained unclear. Here we demonstrate that tumour-derived prostaglandin E2 (PGE(2)) and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) increase interleukin-8 (IL-8) but synergistically inhibit interferon-alpha (IFN-alpha) and tumour necrosis factor (TNF) production of Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7)- and Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9)-stimulated PDC. The inhibitory effect of PGE(2) could be mimicked by the induction of cyclic AMP (cAMP) and by inhibitors of cyclooxygenase. The contribution of tumour-derived TGF-beta was confirmed by the TGF-beta antagonist SB-431542. Suppression of tumour-derived PGE(2) and TGF-beta restored TLR-induced IFN-alpha production of PDC. Additionally, PGE(2)- and TGF-beta-treated PDC display a 'tolerogenic' phenotype because of a downregulation of CD40 accompanied by an upregulation of CD86. Finally, in TLR-stimulated PDC, PGE(2) and TGF-beta reduce the CCR7:CXCR4 ratio, suggesting that PDC are impaired in their ability to migrate to tumour-draining lymph nodes but are retained in stromal cell-derived factor 1 (SDF-1)-expressing tissues. Based on these data, cyclooxygenase inhibitors and TGF-beta antagonists may improve TLR7- and TLR9-based tumour immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Bekeredjian-Ding
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
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244
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Kim BJ, Jones HP. Implications of corticotropin releasing factor in targeted anticancer therapy. J Pharm Pract 2010; 23:86-90. [PMID: 21507800 DOI: 10.1177/0897190009360023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
There is a need to develop novel anticancer therapies that eliminate adverse side effects produced by current treatments. Corticotropin releasing factor (CRF), an endogenous neuroedocrine factor, which typically regulates biological and psychological indicators of stress, has recently been found to be expressed by tumor malignancies. Here, we discuss the implications of CRF as a target for antitumor therapy through regulation of tumor immune escape mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byung-Jin Kim
- Department of Molecular Biology and Immunology, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
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245
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Lande R, Gilliet M. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells: key players in the initiation and regulation of immune responses. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2010; 1183:89-103. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.05152.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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246
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Lee H. The Clinical Impact of the Dendritic Cell-based Cancer Vaccine: the Role in the Inflammatory Tumor Micro-environment. Chonnam Med J 2010. [DOI: 10.4068/cmj.2010.46.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hyunah Lee
- Clinical Research Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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247
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Jaafar F, Righi E, Lindstrom V, Linton C, Nohadani M, Van Noorden S, Lloyd T, Poznansky J, Stamp G, Dina R, Coleman DV, Poznansky MC. Correlation of CXCL12 expression and FoxP3+ cell infiltration with human papillomavirus infection and clinicopathological progression of cervical cancer. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2009; 175:1525-35. [PMID: 19808652 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2009.090295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Human cervical cancer is an immunogenic tumor with a defined pattern of histopathological and clinical progression. Tumor-infiltrating T cells contribute to immune control of this tumor; however, cervical cancer dysregulates this immune response both through its association with human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and by producing cytokines and chemokines. Animal tumor models have revealed associations between overproduction of the chemokine stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1 or CXCL12) and dysregulation of tumor-specific immunity. We therefore proposed that CXCL12 expression by cervical precancerous and cancerous lesions correlates with histopathological progression, loss of immune control of the tumor, and HPV infection. We found a significant association between cancer stage and CXCL12 expression for squamous and glandular lesions as well as with the HPV16+ (high-risk) status of the neoplastic lesions. Cancer progression was correlated with increasing levels of FoxP3 T-cell infiltration in the tumor. FoxP3 and CXCL12 expression significantly correlated for squamous and glandular neoplastic lesions. These observations were supported by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and Western blotting. In addition, we demonstrated CXCL12 expression by dyskaryotic cells in ThinPrep cervical smears. This study robustly links increased CXCL12 expression and FoxP3(+)-cell infiltration to HPV infection and progression of cervical cancer. It supports the detection of CXCL12 in cervical smears and biopsies as an additional biomarker for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatimah Jaafar
- Department of Histopathology and Cytology, Imperial College, Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom
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248
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Abstract
Chemokines are a key component of cancer-related inflammation. Chemokines and chemokine receptors are downstream of genetic events that cause neoplastic transformation and are components of chronic inflammatory conditions, which predispose to cancer. Components of the chemokine system affect in a cell autonomous or non-autonomous way multiple pathways of tumor progression, including: leukocyte recruitment and function; cellular senescence; tumor cell proliferation and survival; invasion and metastasis. Available information in preclinical and clinical settings suggests that the chemokine system represents a valuable target for the development of innovative therapeutic strategies.
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249
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de Souza AP, Bonorino C. Tumor immunosuppressive environment: effects on tumor-specific and nontumor antigen immune responses. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2009; 9:1317-32. [PMID: 19761435 DOI: 10.1586/era.09.88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The interactions between cancer cells and host immune cells in tumoral microenvironments create an immunosuppressive network that promotes tumor growth, protects the tumor from immune attack and attenuates the efficacy of immunotherapeutic approaches. The development of immune tolerance becomes predominant in the immune system of patients with advanced-stage tumors. Several mechanisms have been described by which tumors can suppress the immune system, including secretion of cytokines, alterations in antigen-presenting cell subsets, costimulatory and coinhibitory molecule alterations and altered ratios of Tregs to effector T cells. It is well demonstrated that these mechanisms of immunosuppression can impair tumor specific immune responses. However, it is not well established whether this immunosuppressive environment can affect immune responses to nontumor antigens, specifically in regard to priming and the development of memory. The few existing studies indicate that responses to nontumor antigens seem unaffected, although there is still a deep lack of understanding of this phenomenon. This is an important issue regarding patient endurance and quality of life. Here, we review the existing evidence on immunosuppression promoted by tumors, with particular attention to its impact on specific immune responses. Understanding these interactions can help us subvert tumor-induced tolerance and optimize anti-tumor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paula de Souza
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular (FABIO) and Instituto de Pesquisas Biomédicas, PUCRS. Av. Ipiranga, 6690 2o andar; 90610-90000 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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250
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Abstract
Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (PDCs) have perplexed pathologists for decades, undergoing multiple adjustments in nomenclature as their lineage and functions have been characterized. Although PDCs account for less than 0.1% of peripheral blood mononuclear cells, they serve as a principal source of interferon-alpha and are also known as interferon-I producing cells (IPCs). Upon activation in vitro, they can differentiate into dendritic cells, and recent studies have substantiated a potential role in antigen presentation. Thus, PDCs may act as a link between innate and adaptive immunity. Normally found in small quantities in primary and secondary lymphoid organs, PDCs accumulate in a variety of inflammatory conditions, including Kikuchi-Fujimoto lymphadenopathy, hyaline-vascular Castleman disease, and autoimmune diseases, and in certain malignancies such as classical Hodgkin lymphoma and carcinomas. Demonstrating potential for neoplastic transformation reflective of varying stages of maturation, clonal proliferations range from PDC nodules most commonly associated with chronic myelomonocytic leukemia to the rare but highly aggressive malignancy now known as blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm (BPDCN). Formerly called blastic natural killer cell lymphoma or CD4/CD56 hematodermic neoplasm, BPDCN, unlike natural killer cell lymphomas, is not associated with Epstein-Barr virus infection and is generally not curable with treatment regimens for non-Hodgkin lymphomas. In fact, this entity is no longer considered to be a lymphoma and instead represents a unique precursor hematopoietic neoplasm. Acute leukemia therapy regimens may lead to sustained clinical remission of BPDCN, with bone marrow transplantation in first complete remission potentially curative in adult patients.
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