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Silvestris E, Paradiso AV, Minoia C, Daniele A, Cormio G, Tinelli R, D’Oronzo S, Cafforio P, Loizzi V, Dellino M. Fertility preservation techniques in cervical carcinoma. Medicine (Baltimore) 2022; 101:e29163. [PMID: 35512072 PMCID: PMC9276378 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000029163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The usefulness of this review is to highlight how a fertility preservation (FP) approach is currently feasible for patients diagnosed with uterine cervical cancer. To this regard, a fertility sparing surgery has just overcome its traditional limits, gained acceptance within the major gynecologic oncology societies thanks to the ability to identify the "ideal" candidates to this conservative treatment. On the other hand, the use of other FPs for oocyte and ovarian cortex cryopreservation is still extremely debated. In fact, the existing risk of tumor spreading during oocyte retrieval necessary for oocyte cryostorage for patients' candidates for neo-adjuvant therapy, as well as the potential hazard of cancer cell dissemination after ovarian tissue replacement in cases of non-squamous type cervical carcinomas should not be underestimated. Therefore, in consideration of the encountered limitations and the need to ensure adequate reproductive health for young uterine cervical cancer survivors, translational research regarding the FP has progressively collected innovative insights into the employment of stemness technology. In this context, the property of ovarian stem cells obtained from the ovarian cortex to generate functional oocytes in women could represent a promising therapeutic alternative to the current procedures for a novel and safer FP approach in cancer survivors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Silvestris
- Gynecologic Oncology Unit, IRCCS Istituto Tumori “Giovanni Paolo II” Bari, Italy
| | - Angelo Virgilio Paradiso
- Institutional BioBank, Experimental Oncology and Biobank Management Unit, IRCCS Istituto Tumori “Giovanni Paolo II,” Bari, Italy
| | - Carla Minoia
- Unit of Hematology and Cell Therapy, Laboratory of Hematological Diagnostics and Cell Characterization, Bari, Italy
| | - Antonella Daniele
- Experimental Oncology, Center for Study of Heredo-Familial Tumors, IRCCS Istituto Tumori ”Giovanni Paolo II“ Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Gennaro Cormio
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Unit of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Raffaele Tinelli
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, ”Valle d’Itria" Hospital, Martina Franca, Italy
| | - Stella D’Oronzo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Section of Internal Medicine and Clinical Oncology, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Paola Cafforio
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Section of Internal Medicine and Clinical Oncology, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Vera Loizzi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Unit of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Miriam Dellino
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, “San Paolo” Hospital, Bari, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Unit of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
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202
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Yu L, Majerciak V, Zheng ZM. HPV16 and HPV18 Genome Structure, Expression, and Post-Transcriptional Regulation. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23094943. [PMID: 35563334 PMCID: PMC9105396 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Human papillomaviruses (HPV) are a group of small non-enveloped DNA viruses whose infection causes benign tumors or cancers. HPV16 and HPV18, the two most common high-risk HPVs, are responsible for ~70% of all HPV-related cervical cancers and head and neck cancers. The expression of the HPV genome is highly dependent on cell differentiation and is strictly regulated at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels. Both HPV early and late transcripts differentially expressed in the infected cells are intron-containing bicistronic or polycistronic RNAs bearing more than one open reading frame (ORF), because of usage of alternative viral promoters and two alternative viral RNA polyadenylation signals. Papillomaviruses proficiently engage alternative RNA splicing to express individual ORFs from the bicistronic or polycistronic RNA transcripts. In this review, we discuss the genome structures and the updated transcription maps of HPV16 and HPV18, and the latest research advances in understanding RNA cis-elements, intron branch point sequences, and RNA-binding proteins in the regulation of viral RNA processing. Moreover, we briefly discuss the epigenetic modifications, including DNA methylation and possible APOBEC-mediated genome editing in HPV infections and carcinogenesis.
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203
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Zhang D, Song J, Zhang X, Bi H. The value of p16 INK4a immunostaining for high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions in human papillomavirus-negative patients. BMC Womens Health 2022; 22:138. [PMID: 35477435 PMCID: PMC9044616 DOI: 10.1186/s12905-022-01714-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This study aims to evaluate the value of p16INK4a immunostaining for high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions in human papillomavirus-negative patients in Beijing, China. Methods In this study, we evaluated the value of p16INK4a immunostaining, as well as cytology and colposcopy, for predicting high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSIL) in human papillomavirus (HPV)-negative patients by comparing the methods with the haematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining pathological diagnosis of HPV-negative patients. Results Of 122 patients negative for the high-risk HPV (hrHPV) subtype, 26 (21.3%) underwent colposcopically directed multiple punch cervical biopsies with H&E pathological diagnoses of HSIL and above (HSIL+), 11 patients (9.0%) had cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN)2, nine patients (7.4%) had CIN3 and six patients (4.9%) had infiltrating carcinomas. Cytology, colposcopy and p16INK4a immunostaining had 52.4%, 38.5% and 92.3% sensitivity, respectively, and 76.2%, 94.8% and 99% specificity, respectively. The positive predictive value of the cytology, colposcopy and p16INK4a immunostaining was 31.4%, 66.7% and 96%, respectively, and the negative predictive value was 88.5%, 85.1% and 97.9%, respectively. Compared with H&E staining, the kappa of the cytology, colposcopy and p16INK4a immunostaining was 0.327, 0.323 and 0.926, respectively. Conclusion Positive p16INK4a immunostaining is very strongly consistent with an H&E diagnosis of CIN2+, and it can be used as an objective detection index for HSIL+ diagnoses of HPV-negative patients with CIN2+.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dai Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University First Hospital, No. 8 Xishiku Street, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100034, China
| | - Jie Song
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University First Hospital, No. 8 Xishiku Street, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100034, China.,Department of Gynecology, The First Central Hospital of Baoding City, Baoding, 071000, Hebei, China
| | - Xiaosong Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University First Hospital, No. 8 Xishiku Street, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100034, China
| | - Hui Bi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University First Hospital, No. 8 Xishiku Street, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100034, China.
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204
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Ansorge N, Dannecker C, Jeschke U, Schmoeckel E, Heidegger HH, Vattai A, Burgmann M, Czogalla B, Mahner S, Fuerst S. Regulatory T Cells with Additional COX-2 Expression Are Independent Negative Prognosticators for Vulvar Cancer Patients. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23094662. [PMID: 35563052 PMCID: PMC9099805 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Vulvar cancer incidence numbers have been steadily rising over the past decades. In particular, the number of young patients with vulvar cancer has recently increased. Therefore, the need to identify new prognostic factors and, in addition, therapeutic options for vulvar carcinoma is more apparent. The aim of this study was to analyze the influx of COX-2 positive tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and monocytes and their influence on prognosis. Using subtyping by immunofluorescence, the majority of COX-2 expressing immune cells were identified as FOXP3-positive regulatory T cells. In addition, peri- and intra-tumoral macrophages in the same tumor tissue were detected simultaneously as M2-polarized macrophages. COX-2 positive immune cells were independent negative prognostic markers in long-term overall survival of patients with vulvar cancer. These results show an influence of immune cell infiltration for vulvar carcinoma patients. Immune cell infiltration and immune checkpoint expression may, therefore, become interesting targets for further research on new vulvar cancer treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Ansorge
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Marchioninistrasse 15, 81337 Munich, Germany; (N.A.); (H.H.H.); (A.V.); (M.B.); (B.C.); (S.M.); (S.F.)
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital Augsburg, Stenglinstrasse 2, 86156 Augsburg, Germany;
| | - Christian Dannecker
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital Augsburg, Stenglinstrasse 2, 86156 Augsburg, Germany;
| | - Udo Jeschke
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Marchioninistrasse 15, 81337 Munich, Germany; (N.A.); (H.H.H.); (A.V.); (M.B.); (B.C.); (S.M.); (S.F.)
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital Augsburg, Stenglinstrasse 2, 86156 Augsburg, Germany;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-821-400-165505
| | - Elisa Schmoeckel
- Department of Pathology, LMU Munich, Thalkirchner Str. 36, 80337 Munich, Germany;
| | - Helene Hildegard Heidegger
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Marchioninistrasse 15, 81337 Munich, Germany; (N.A.); (H.H.H.); (A.V.); (M.B.); (B.C.); (S.M.); (S.F.)
| | - Aurelia Vattai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Marchioninistrasse 15, 81337 Munich, Germany; (N.A.); (H.H.H.); (A.V.); (M.B.); (B.C.); (S.M.); (S.F.)
| | - Maximiliane Burgmann
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Marchioninistrasse 15, 81337 Munich, Germany; (N.A.); (H.H.H.); (A.V.); (M.B.); (B.C.); (S.M.); (S.F.)
| | - Bastian Czogalla
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Marchioninistrasse 15, 81337 Munich, Germany; (N.A.); (H.H.H.); (A.V.); (M.B.); (B.C.); (S.M.); (S.F.)
| | - Sven Mahner
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Marchioninistrasse 15, 81337 Munich, Germany; (N.A.); (H.H.H.); (A.V.); (M.B.); (B.C.); (S.M.); (S.F.)
| | - Sophie Fuerst
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Marchioninistrasse 15, 81337 Munich, Germany; (N.A.); (H.H.H.); (A.V.); (M.B.); (B.C.); (S.M.); (S.F.)
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205
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Yang Z, Zhang C, Luo P, Ye M, Gong Q, Mei B. Genetic variability of E6 and E7 genes of human papillomavirus type 58 in Jingzhou, Hubei Province of central China. Virol J 2022; 19:71. [PMID: 35459244 PMCID: PMC9034476 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-022-01801-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cervical cancer is a common malignant tumor in women, with a high mortality rate, has great harm to women's health. Long-term and persistent infection of high-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) is the main reason of the occurrence and development of cervical cancer. METHODS The infection rate of HPV-58 is higher in the Jingzhou area. In this study, 172 complete HPV-58 E6-E7 sequences were amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), the amplified products were sequenced, and the gene variations of HPV-58 E6-E7 were analyzed. A Neighbor-Joining phylogenetic tree was constructed by MEGA 11. The secondary structure of E6 and E7 protein was investigated. PAML X was used to analyze the selective pressure. The B cell epitopes of E6 and E7 proteins in HPV-58 were predicted by ABCpred server. RESULTS In E6 sequences, 10 single nucleotide variants were observed, including 7 synonymous and 3 non-synonymous variants. In E7 sequences, 12 single nucleotide variants were found, including 3 synonymous variants and 9 non-synonymous variants. There are 5 novel variants. The phylogenetic analysis showed that all the E6-E7 sequences were distributed in A lineage. No positively selected site was found in E6 sequence, but G63 in E7 sequences was identified as positively selected site. Some amino acid substitutions affected multiple B cell epitopes. CONCLUSION Various E6 and E7 mutational data may prove useful for development of better diagnostic and vaccines for the region of Jingzhou, Hubei province of central China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiping Yang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Jingzhou Hospital, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434020, China
| | - Chunlin Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Jingzhou Hospital, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434020, China
| | - Ping Luo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Jingzhou Hospital, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434020, China
| | - Mengxia Ye
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Jingzhou Hospital, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434020, China
| | - Quan Gong
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Bing Mei
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Jingzhou Hospital, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434020, China.
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206
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Burmeister CA, Khan SF, Schäfer G, Mbatani N, Adams T, Moodley J, Prince S. Cervical cancer therapies: current challenges and future perspectives. Tumour Virus Res 2022; 13:200238. [PMID: 35460940 PMCID: PMC9062473 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvr.2022.200238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cervical cancer is the fourth most common female cancer worldwide and results in over 300 000 deaths globally. The causative agent of cervical cancer is persistent infection with high-risk subtypes of the human papillomavirus and the E5, E6 and E7 viral oncoproteins cooperate with host factors to induce and maintain the malignant phenotype. Cervical cancer is a largely preventable disease and early-stage detection is associated with significantly improved survival rates. Indeed, in high-income countries with established vaccination and screening programs it is a rare disease. However, the disease is a killer for women in low- and middle-income countries who, due to limited resources, often present with advanced and untreatable disease. Treatment options include surgical interventions, chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy either alone or in combination. This review describes the initiation and progression of cervical cancer and discusses in depth the advantages and challenges faced by current cervical cancer therapies, followed by a discussion of promising and efficacious new therapies to treat cervical cancer including immunotherapies, targeted therapies, combination therapies, and genetic treatment approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carly A Burmeister
- Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory, 7925, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Saif F Khan
- Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory, 7925, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Georgia Schäfer
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB) Cape Town, Observatory, 7925, Cape Town, South Africa; Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory 7925, South Africa; Division of Medical Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory 7925, South Africa
| | - Nomonde Mbatani
- South African Medical Research Council Gynaecology Cancer Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology. Faculty of Health Sciences. University of Cape Town,Observatory. Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Tracey Adams
- South African Medical Research Council Gynaecology Cancer Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology. Faculty of Health Sciences. University of Cape Town,Observatory. Cape Town, South Africa; UCT Global Surgery, Department of Surgery, Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Jennifer Moodley
- Women's Health Research Unit, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town; Observatory, Cape, Town, South Africa; Cancer Research Initiative, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town; Observatory, Cape, Town, South Africa; South African Medical Research Council Gynaecology Cancer Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Sharon Prince
- Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory, 7925, Cape Town, South Africa.
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207
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Yu X, Xu J, Xu D, Bi X, Wang H, Lu Y, Cao M, Wang W, Xu Z, Zheng D, Chen L, Zhang X, Zheng S, Li K. Comprehensive Analysis of the Carcinogenic Process, Tumor Microenvironment, and Drug Response in HPV-Positive Cancers. Front Oncol 2022; 12:842060. [PMID: 35392231 PMCID: PMC8980807 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.842060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a common virus, and about 5% of all cancers worldwide is caused by persistent high-risk HPV infections. Here, we reported a comprehensive analysis of the molecular features for HPV-related cancer types using TCGA (The Cancer Genome Atlas) data with HPV status. We found that the HPV-positive cancer patients had a unique oncogenic process, tumor microenvironment, and drug response compared with HPV-negative patients. In addition, HPV improved overall survival for the four cancer types, namely, cervical squamous cell carcinoma (CESC), head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSC), stomach adenocarcinoma (STAD), and uterine corpus endometrial carcinoma (UCEC). The stronger activity of cell-cycle pathways and lower driver gene mutation rates were observed in HPV-positive patients, which implied the different carcinogenic processes between HPV-positive and HPV-negative groups. The increased activities of immune cells and differences in metabolic pathways helped explain the heterogeneity of prognosis between the two groups. Furthermore, we constructed HPV prediction models for different cancers by the virus infection score (VIS) which was linearly correlated with HPV load and found that VIS was associated with drug response. Altogether, our study reveals that HPV-positive cancer patients have unique molecular characteristics which help the development of precision medicine in HPV-positive cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaorong Yu
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Jiankai Xu
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Dahua Xu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, College of Biomedical Information and Engineering and Cancer Institute of the First Affiliated Hospital, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Xiaoman Bi
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, College of Biomedical Information and Engineering and Cancer Institute of the First Affiliated Hospital, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Hong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, College of Biomedical Information and Engineering and Cancer Institute of the First Affiliated Hospital, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Yanda Lu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, College of Biomedical Information and Engineering and Cancer Institute of the First Affiliated Hospital, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Meng Cao
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Wenxiang Wang
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Zhizhou Xu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, College of Biomedical Information and Engineering and Cancer Institute of the First Affiliated Hospital, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Dehua Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, College of Biomedical Information and Engineering and Cancer Institute of the First Affiliated Hospital, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Liyang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, College of Biomedical Information and Engineering and Cancer Institute of the First Affiliated Hospital, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Xiaodian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, College of Biomedical Information and Engineering and Cancer Institute of the First Affiliated Hospital, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Shaojiang Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, College of Biomedical Information and Engineering and Cancer Institute of the First Affiliated Hospital, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Kongning Li
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, College of Biomedical Information and Engineering and Cancer Institute of the First Affiliated Hospital, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
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208
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Engeland K. Cell cycle regulation: p53-p21-RB signaling. Cell Death Differ 2022; 29:946-960. [PMID: 35361964 PMCID: PMC9090780 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-022-00988-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 332] [Impact Index Per Article: 166.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The retinoblastoma protein RB and the transcription factor p53 are central tumor suppressors. They are often found inactivated in various tumor types. Both proteins play central roles in regulating the cell division cycle. RB forms complexes with the E2F family of transcription factors and downregulates numerous genes. Among the RB-E2F target genes, a large number code for key cell cycle regulators. Their transcriptional repression by the RB-E2F complex is released through phosphorylation of RB, leading to expression of the cell cycle regulators. The release from repression can be prevented by the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21/CDKN1A. The CDKN1A gene is transcriptionally activated by p53. Taken together, these elements constitute the p53-p21-RB signaling pathway. Following activation of p53, for example by viral infection or induction of DNA damage, p21 expression is upregulated. High levels of p21 then result in RB-E2F complex formation and downregulation of a large number of cell cycle genes. Thus, p53-dependent transcriptional repression is indirect. The reduced expression of the many regulators leads to cell cycle arrest. Examination of the p53-p21-RB targets and genes controlled by the related p53-p21-DREAM signaling pathway reveals that there is a large overlap of the two groups. Mechanistically this can be explained by replacing RB-E2F complexes with the DREAM transcriptional repressor complex at E2F sites in target promoters. In contrast to RB-E2F, DREAM can downregulate genes also through CHR transcription factor binding sites. This results in a distinct gene set controlled by p53-p21-DREAM signaling independent of RB-E2F. Furthermore, RB has non-canonical functions without binding to E2F and DNA. Such a role of RB supporting DREAM formation may be exerted by the RB-SKP2-p27-cyclin A/E-CDK2-p130-DREAM link. In the current synopsis, the mechanism of regulation by p53-p21-RB signaling is assessed and the overlap with p53-p21-DREAM signaling is examined. ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt Engeland
- Molecular Oncology, Medical School, University of Leipzig, Semmelweisstrasse 14, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
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209
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Regauer S, Reich O, Kashofer K. Cervical Precancers Originate From Infected Proliferating Reserve Cells: A Comparative Histologic and Genetic Study of Thin and Thick High-grade Squamous Intraepithelial Lesions. Am J Surg Pathol 2022; 46:519-527. [PMID: 34619706 DOI: 10.1097/pas.0000000000001818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV)-induced invasive cervical squamous cell cancer (SCC) develop via high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL). In contrast to classic thick HSIL, thin HSIL (≤9 cell layers) are poorly documented. This study compares histology, HPV genotypes, and aberrations in 50 cancer genes of 45 thin HSIL to 45 thick HSIL, 20 pT1a SCC, and 40 ≥pT1b SCC. Thin HSIL arose from proliferating reserve cells within endocervical epithelium or immature metaplasia throughout the transformation zone after infection with high-risk HPV genotypes (36/45; 80%), and 20% non-high-risk HPV genotypes compared with 2.5% thick HSIL, pT1a SCC, and ≥pT1b SCC. Thin HSIL were multifocal proliferations with varying epithelial thickness between 1 and 2 to 9 cell layers, with occasional transitions to thick HSIL or concomitant lesions of thick HSIL. Overall, 40% thin HSIL were located distant to and most thick HSIL occurred near or at the squamocolumnar junction. Only 20% thick HSIL showed koilocytosis. All HSIL lacked somatic gene mutations, compared with 30% pT1a and 55%≥pT1b SCC. Overrepresented rare germline variants in the MET, JAK3, and FGFR3 genes occurred in all patient groups. In summary, thin and thick HSIL arose independently of somatic gene mutations. The maturation level of the squamous epithelium at the time of transforming infection determines if a thick HSIL develops directly from HPV-infected proliferating reserve cells via thin HSIL or in stratified glycogenated squamous epithelium via low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion. These observations raise doubts about the biological relevance of separation into thin and thick HSIL. The oncogenic potential of HPV genotypes but also germline variants may influence the natural history.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Olaf Reich
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
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210
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Bhattacharjee R, Das SS, Biswal SS, Nath A, Das D, Basu A, Malik S, Kumar L, Kar S, Singh SK, Upadhye VJ, Iqbal D, Almojam S, Roychoudhury S, Ojha S, Ruokolainen J, Jha NK, Kesari KK. Mechanistic Role of HPV-Associated Early Proteins in Cervical Cancer: Molecular Pathways and Targeted Therapeutic Strategies. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2022; 174:103675. [DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2022.103675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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211
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Almășan O, Duncea I, Kui A, Buduru S. Influence of Human Papillomavirus on Alveolar Bone and Orthodontic Treatment: Systematic Review and Case Report. Healthcare (Basel) 2022; 10:healthcare10040624. [PMID: 35455802 PMCID: PMC9028962 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare10040624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: As the human papillomavirus (HPV) infections are detected in healthy oral mucosa as well as in oral lesions, dental practitioners have an important role in detecting any possible lesions that might be caused by this virus. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the outcomes of orthodontic treatments and HPV infections and to report a rare case of ongoing orthodontic treatment superposed on an HPV infection. Methods: An electronic English literature research of the articles published between the years 2011–2021 was conducted between December 2021–February 2022, accessing PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, Scopus, and Google Scholar. The terms “HPV”, “orthodontics”, “orthodontic treatment”, “tooth movement”, “tooth mobility”, and “malocclusion” were searched. The following inclusion criteria were pursued: articles published in English language; studies reporting HPV infection in subjects with past or ongoing orthodontic treatment; and case reports of subjects with HPV and orthodontic treatment. Exclusion criteria were: articles in languages other than English, studies related to malignancies other than HPV and orthodontic treatment; and studies reporting patients with HPV and no orthodontic treatment. Results: Following the systematic review, which includes six papers, a case of orthodontic treatment superposed on a HPV infection is presented. Conclusion: Incumbent, postponed HPV infection on an ongoing orthodontic treatment might affect treatment outcome and patient compliance.
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Comparison of Expectant and Excisional/Ablative Management of Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia Grade 2 (CIN2) in the Era of HPV Testing. Obstet Gynecol Int 2022; 2022:7955290. [PMID: 35371262 PMCID: PMC8970964 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7955290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To investigate conservative and excisional/ablative treatment outcomes for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 2 (CIN2) following introduction of virological test of cure. Methods This was a retrospective study of prospectively collected data at a teaching hospital colposcopy unit. 331 sequential biopsy-proved CIN2 cases were involved. CIN2 cases diagnosed between 01/07/2014 and 31/12/2017 were either conservatively managed or treated with excision/ablation and then were followed up until discharge from colposcopy clinic and then using the national cervical cytology database. Outcomes were defined: cytological/histological regression was absence of high-grade CIN on biopsy and/or high-grade dysplasia; virological regression was cytological/histological regression and negative human papillomavirus testing; persistence was biopsy-proven CIN2 and/or moderate dyskaryosis; progression was biopsy-proven CIN3+ and/or severe dyskaryosis. Results Median follow-up was 22.6 months (range: 1.9–65.1 months). Among 175 (52.9%) patients initially managed conservatively, 77.3% (133/172) regressed, 13.4% (23/172) persisted, 9.3% (16/172) progressed to CIN3+, and 97 (56.4%) patients achieved virological regression. 156 (47.1%) patients underwent initial excision/ablation, with an 89.4% (110/123) virological cure rate. After discharge, 7 (4.0%) and 3 (1.9%) patients redeveloped CIN in the conservative and treatment groups, respectively, during a median period of 17.2 months. Conclusion Conservative management is a reasonable and effective management strategy in appropriately selected women with CIN2. High rates of histological and virological regression should be expected. The previously mentioned data provide useful information for deciding management options.
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Dual Role of YY1 in HPV Life Cycle and Cervical Cancer Development. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073453. [PMID: 35408813 PMCID: PMC8998550 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are considered to be key etiological agents responsible for the induction and development of cervical cancer. However, it has been suggested that HPV infection alone may not be sufficient to promote cervical carcinogenesis, and other unknown factors might be required to establish the disease. One of the suggested proteins whose deregulation has been linked with oncogenesis is transcription factor Yin Yang 1 (YY1). YY1 is a multifunctional protein that is involved not only in the regulation of gene transcription and protein modification, but can also control important cell signaling pathways, such as cell growth, development, differentiation, and apoptosis. Vital functions of YY1 also indicate that the protein could be involved in tumorigenesis. The overexpression of this protein has been observed in different tumors, and its level has been correlated with poor prognoses of many types of cancers. YY1 can also regulate the transcription of viral genes. It has been documented that YY1 can bind to the HPV long control region and regulate the expression of viral oncogenes E6 and E7; however, its role in the HPV life cycle and cervical cancer development is different. In this review, we explore the role of YY1 in regulating the expression of cellular and viral genes and subsequently investigate how these changes inadvertently contribute toward the development of cervical malignancy.
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214
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Yamamoto M, Motohara T, Iwagoi Y, Tayama S, Tashiro H, Kondoh E, Katabuchi H. Fertility-sparing surgery for early-stage cervical cancer: A case series study on the efficacy and feasibility of cervical conization followed by pelvic lymphadenectomy. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2022; 48:1444-1450. [PMID: 35315183 DOI: 10.1111/jog.15215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the oncologic and obstetric outcomes of cervical conization followed by pelvic lymphadenectomy, which is used as a fertility-sparing procedure, in reproductive-aged patients with early-stage cervical cancer. METHODS We performed a retrospective study of patients with stage IA1-IB1 cervical cancer who underwent cervical conization followed by pelvic lymphadenectomy from 2011 to 2020 at Kumamoto University Hospital. RESULTS In total, eight patients underwent conization followed by pelvic lymphadenectomy. The median age of the patients was 33 (range: 28-36) years. Four (50.0%) patients were nulliparous. Seven (87.5%) patients were diagnosed with squamous cell carcinoma (87.5%) and one (12.5%) with adenocarcinoma. Five (62.5%), two (25.0%), and one (12.5%) presented with stage IA1, IA2, and IB1 disease, respectively. Five (62.5%) patients had lymphovascular space invasion (LVSI) based on the assessment of specimens obtained via conization. However, none had lymph node metastasis based on pelvic lymphadenectomy. Regarding long-term oncologic outcomes, recurrence was not observed at a median follow-up of 60 (range: 8-107) months. In addition, obstetric outcomes were consistently favorable in terms of achieving pregnancy, preterm delivery, and live birth. During the study period, two patients who actively attempted to conceive had four pregnancies, resulting in full-term deliveries, and one was on her first trimester of pregnancy. CONCLUSION Cervical conization combined with pelvic lymphadenectomy represents a feasible conservative management for histologically well-selected patients with early-stage cervical cancer. Furthermore, an optimal histopathological evaluation of conization specimens will contribute to decision-making regarding the use of this fertility-sparing procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayuko Yamamoto
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto-city, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Takeshi Motohara
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto-city, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yutaka Iwagoi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto-city, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Shingo Tayama
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto-city, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Hironori Tashiro
- Department of Woman's Health Sciences and Pediatric Nursing, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 4-24-1 Kuhonji, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto-city, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Eiji Kondoh
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto-city, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Hidetaka Katabuchi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto-city, Kumamoto, Japan
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Salaria D, Rolta R, Mehta J, Awofisayo O, Fadare OA, Kaur B, Kumar B, Araujo da Costa R, Chandel SR, Kaushik N, Choi EH, Kaushik NK. Phytoconstituents of traditional Himalayan Herbs as potential inhibitors of Human Papillomavirus (HPV-18) for cervical cancer treatment: An In silico Approach. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0265420. [PMID: 35298541 PMCID: PMC8929605 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0265420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) induced cervical cancer is becoming a major cause of mortality in women. The present research aimed to identify the natural inhibitors of HPV-18 E1 protein (1R9W) from Himalayan herbs with lesser toxicity and higher potency. In this study, one hundred nineteen phytoconstituents of twenty important traditional medicinal plants of Northwest Himalayas were selected for molecular docking with the target protein 1R9W of HPV-18 E1 Molecular docking was performed by AutoDock vina software. ADME/T screening of the bioactive phytoconstituents was done by SwissADME, admetSAR, and Protox II. A couple of best protein-ligand complexes were selected for 100 ns MD simulation. Molecular docking results revealed that among all the selected phytoconstituents only thirty-five phytoconstituents showed the binding affinity similar or more than the standard anti-cancer drugs viz. imiquimod (-6.1 kJ/mol) and podofilox (-6.9 kJ/mol). Among all the selected thirty-five phytoconstituents, eriodictyol-7-glucuronide, stigmasterol, clicoemodin and thalirugidine showed the best interactions with a docking score of -9.1, -8.7, -8.4, and -8.4 kJ/mol. Based on the ADME screening, only two phytoconstituents namely stigmasterol and clicoemodin selected as the best inhibitor of HPV protein. MD simulation study also revealed that stigmasterol and clicoemodin were stable inside the binding pocket of 1R9W, Stigmasterol and clicoemodin can be used as a potential investigational drug to cure HPV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deeksha Salaria
- Faculty of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, Shoolini University, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Rajan Rolta
- Faculty of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, Shoolini University, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Jyoti Mehta
- Faculty of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, Shoolini University, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Oladoja Awofisayo
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medical Chemistry, University of Uyo, Uyo, Nigeria
| | - Olatomide A. Fadare
- Organic Chemistry Research Lab, Department of Chemistry, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
| | - Baljinder Kaur
- Department of Biotechnology, Punjabi University Patiala, Patiala, Punjab, India
| | - Balvir Kumar
- University Institute of Biotechnology, Chandigarh University, Mohali, Punjab, India
| | | | - Shikha Rangra Chandel
- Division of Microbiology, School of Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Career Point University, Hamirpur, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Neha Kaushik
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Engineering, University of Suwon, Hwaseong-si, South Korea
| | - Eun Ha Choi
- Department of Electrical and Biological Physics, Plasma Bioscience Research Center & Applied Plasma Medicine Center, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Nagendra Kumar Kaushik
- Department of Electrical and Biological Physics, Plasma Bioscience Research Center & Applied Plasma Medicine Center, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, South Korea
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A TCR mimic monoclonal antibody for the HPV-16 E7-epitope p11-19/HLA-A*02:01 complex. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0265534. [PMID: 35298559 PMCID: PMC8929633 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0265534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
More effective treatments are needed for human papilloma virus (HPV)-induced cancers despite HPV virus vaccination. The oncogenic HPV protein targets are currently undruggable and intracellular and therefore there are no antibodies to these targets. Here we report the discovery of TCR mimic monoclonal antibodies (TCRm mAb) specific for the HPV E7 protein p11-19, YMLDLQPET, when presented on the cell surface in the context of HLA-A*02:01 by use of human phage display libraries. One of the mAbs, 3F8, was able to specifically mediate T cell- redirected cytotoxicity, in a bispecific T cell engager (BiTE) form. While further studies are required to assess the therapeutic potential of this approach, the study provided the proof of concept that TCRm mAb could be a therapeutic strategy for HPV-induced human cancers.
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217
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Tian R, Liu J, Fan W, Li R, Cui Z, Jin Z, Huang Z, Xie H, Li L, Huang Z, Hu Z, Zhou P, Tian X. Gene knock-out chain reaction enables high disruption efficiency of HPV18 E6/ E7 genes in cervical cancer cells. Mol Ther Oncolytics 2022; 24:171-179. [PMID: 35036522 PMCID: PMC8733033 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2021.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A genome editing tool targeting the high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) oncogene is a promising therapeutic strategy to treat HPV-related cervical cancer. To improve gene knockout efficiency, we developed a gene knockout chain reaction (GKCR) method for continually generating mutagenic disruptions and used this method to disrupt the HPV18 E6 and E7 genes. We verified that the GKCR Cas9/guide RNA (gRNA) cassettes could integrated into the targeted loci via homology-independent targeted insertion (HITI). The qPCR results revealed that the GKCR method enabled a relatively higher Cas9/gRNA cassette insertion rate than a control method (the common CRISPR-Cas9 strategy). Tracking of Indels by DEcomposition (TIDE) assay results showed that the GKCR method produced a significantly higher percentage of insertions or deletions (indels) in the HPV18 E6 and E7 genes. Furthermore, by targeting the HPV18 E6/E7 oncogenes, we found that the GKCR method significantly upregulated the P53/RB proteins and inhibited the proliferation and motility of HeLa cells. The GKCR method significantly improved the gene knockout efficiency of the HPV18 E6/E7 oncogenes, which might provide new insights into treatment of HPV infection and related cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Tian
- Center for Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong, China
| | - Jiashuo Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong, China
| | - Weiwen Fan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong, China
| | - Rui Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Academician Expert Workstation, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430014, Hubei, China
| | - Zifeng Cui
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhuang Jin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhaoyue Huang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong, China
| | - Hongxian Xie
- GeneRulor® Company Bio-X Lab, Zhuhai 519000, Guangdong, China
| | - Lifang Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong, China
| | - Zheying Huang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong, China
| | - Zheng Hu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong, China.,Sun Yat-sen University Nanchang Research Institution, Nanchang 330200, Jiangxi, China
| | - Ping Zhou
- Gynecological Department, Dongguan Maternal and Child Hospital, Dongguan 523000, Guangdong, China
| | - Xun Tian
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Academician Expert Workstation, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430014, Hubei, China
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218
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Castro-Amaya AM, Fernández-Avila L, Barrón-Gallardo CA, Moreno-Rios CE, Guevara-Hernández SN, Magaña-Torres MT, Pelayo-Aguirre CJ, Jave-Suárez LF, Aguilar-Lemarroy A. E6/E7 from Beta-2-HPVs 122, 38b, and 107 possess transforming properties in a fibroblast model in vitro. Exp Cell Res 2022; 414:113088. [PMID: 35276208 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2022.113088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Beta-2 Human papillomaviruses 38b, 107, and 122 have been frequently found in cervical cancer samples in western Mexico. Because their E6/E7 genes functions are not fully elucidated, we deepen into their transformation capabilities. To achieve this goal, primary human fibroblasts (FB) were transduced with E6/E7 genotype-specific viral particles. Additionally, E6/E7 from HPVs 16 and 18 were included as controls. All E6/E7-cell models increased their lifespan; however, it is important to highlight that FB-E6/E7-122 showed growth as accelerated as FB-E6/E7-16 and 18. Furthermore, both FB-E6/E7-38b and 122 exhibited abilities to migrate, and FB-E6/E7-122 presented high invasive capacity. On the other hand, ΔNp73 expression was found in all cell models, except for FB-pLVX (empty-vector). Finally, RNAseq found differentially expressed genes enriched in signaling pathways related to cell cycle, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, and cancer, among others. This study shows for the first time, the great transformative potential that genotypes of the Beta-2 also possess, especially HPV122. These Beta-2 HPVs can modulate some of the genes that are well known to be regulated by Alpha-HPVs, however, they also possess alternative strategies to modulate diverse signaling pathways. These data support the idea that Beta-2 HPVs should play an important role in co-infections with Alpha-HPV during carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aribert Maryosly Castro-Amaya
- División de Inmunología, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente (CIBO), Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico; Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud (CUCS), Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Leonardo Fernández-Avila
- División de Inmunología, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente (CIBO), Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico; Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud (CUCS), Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Carlos Alfredo Barrón-Gallardo
- División de Inmunología, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente (CIBO), Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico; Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud (CUCS), Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Carlos Eliu Moreno-Rios
- División de Inmunología, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente (CIBO), Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Sarah Naomi Guevara-Hernández
- División de Inmunología, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente (CIBO), Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - María Teresa Magaña-Torres
- División de Genética, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente (CIBO), Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Clarisa Jazmín Pelayo-Aguirre
- División de Inmunología, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente (CIBO), Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Luis Felipe Jave-Suárez
- División de Inmunología, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente (CIBO), Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico; Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud (CUCS), Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico.
| | - Adriana Aguilar-Lemarroy
- División de Inmunología, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente (CIBO), Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico; Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud (CUCS), Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico.
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Pratap PD, Raza ST, Zaidi G, Kunwar S, Ahmad S, Charles MR, Eba A, Rajput M. Genetic Variants in Interleukin-10 Gene Association with Susceptibility and Cervical Cancer Development: A Case Control Study. Glob Med Genet 2022; 9:129-140. [PMID: 35707782 PMCID: PMC9192188 DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1743262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives
Cervical cancer (CC) is one of the most destructive disease caused by persistent HPV infection which affects women worldwide, especially in developing countries. The genetic basis of host immune response especially cytokine function has been shown to influence CC susceptibility. Studies have demonstrated that IL-10 gene polymorphism have been associated with numerous malignancies, but in context to CC results were inconclusive. Though, aim of our study to investigate the association between IL-10 -1082A/G and -819C/T promoter polymorphism and CC susceptibility.
Material and Methods
This study comprised 192 women with CC and 200 controls. HPV detection was done by RT-PCR and genotyping was assessed through PCR-RFLP method. Serum concentration of IL-10 measured by ELISA.
Results
Women with AG and AG+GG genotypes of IL-10 -1082A/G had two-fold increased risk of CC [OR, 2.35 (95% CI, 1.54–3.58),
p
= 0.005], [OR, 2.03 (95% CI, 1.36–3.04),
p
= 0.0005] compared to controls. Women with G allele of -1082A/G polymorphism had linked with CC susceptibility [OR, 1.39 (95% CI, 1.02–1.88),
p
= 0.036] compared to controls. No significant difference was found between patients and controls in the genotype or allele frequencies of IL–10 -819C/T polymorphism [OR, 1.00 (95% CI, 0.63–1.58),
p
= 0.99]. The level of serum concentration of IL-10 was significantly higher in cases compared to controls.
Conclusion
These findings help to understand that polymorphism of IL-10 -1082A/G gene is associated with increased risk of CC development and can serve as a marker of genetic susceptibility to CC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pushpendra D. Pratap
- Central Research Laboratory, Molecular Diagnostic Unit, Department of Biochemistry, ERA's Lucknow Medical College, ERA University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Syed Tasleem Raza
- Central Research Laboratory, Molecular Diagnostic Unit, Department of Biochemistry, ERA's Lucknow Medical College, ERA University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ghazala Zaidi
- Department of Allied Health Sciences, ERA University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Shipra Kunwar
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, ERA University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sharique Ahmad
- Department of Pathology ERA's Lucknow Medical College, ERA University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Mark Rector Charles
- Central Research Laboratory, Molecular Diagnostic Unit, Department of Biochemistry, ERA's Lucknow Medical College, ERA University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ale Eba
- Central Research Laboratory, Molecular Diagnostic Unit, Department of Biochemistry, ERA's Lucknow Medical College, ERA University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Muneshwar Rajput
- Central Research Laboratory, Molecular Diagnostic Unit, Department of Biochemistry, ERA's Lucknow Medical College, ERA University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Wan B, Qin L, Ma W, Wang H. Construction and immune effect of an HPV16/18/58 trivalent therapeutic adenovirus vector vaccine. Infect Agent Cancer 2022; 17:5. [PMID: 35197089 PMCID: PMC8867827 DOI: 10.1186/s13027-022-00417-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective This study aims to prepare candidate vaccines for cervical cancer immunotherapy by inserting the fused genes of human papillomavirus (HPV)16/18/58 mE6E7 lacking transforming activity into an adenovirus vector and to verify its efficiency in model mice with tumor expressing the associated HPV genes. Methods The E6/E7 genes of HPV16/18/58 were point-mutated to abolish their transforming activity, and adenovirus (AD)-HPV16/18/58 mE6E7 adenovirus vaccine was constructed. The immune effect of the adenovirus vaccine against HPV16/18/58-type tumors was analyzed by tumor morphology, enzyme linked immunosorbent assay, enzyme-linked immunospot and specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) and T lymphocyte subsets. Results The HPV16/18/58 mE6E7 plasmid containing point mutations was verified by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), enzyme digestion and electrophoresis, and gene sequencing. qRT-PCR and Western blots verified that AD-HPV16/18/58 mE6E7 could express the HPV16 mE6E7, HPV18 mE6E7 and HPV58 mE6E7 fusion genes and proteins in cells. The results of animal experiments were as follows: In the vaccine group, the tumors formed later, the incubation period was longer, the growth was slower, growth was inhibited, and the survival period was significantly prolonged. The immunological results all showed that the vaccine could induce effective humoral and cellular immunity in mice with three types of tumors, compared with the phosphate buffered saline (PBS) group and the adenovirus-negative control (AD-NC) group, the differences were statistically significant (P < 0.05). Conclusion We successfully constructed the HPV16/18/58 trivalent therapeutic adenovirus vaccine AD-HPV16/18/58 mE6E7. The AD-HPV16/18/58 mE6E7 adenovirus vaccine can protect immunized mice to a certain extent from TC-1, U14/LV-HPV18 E6E7 and U14/LV-HPV58 E6E7 cells, which contain HPV16, 18 and 58 E6 and/or E7 genes, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Wan
- Gynecologist Tumor Department, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, 71 Hedi Road, Zhong Shan Street, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Lu Qin
- Gynecologist Tumor Department, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, 71 Hedi Road, Zhong Shan Street, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Weihong Ma
- Gynecologist Tumor Department, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, 71 Hedi Road, Zhong Shan Street, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - He Wang
- Gynecologist Tumor Department, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, 71 Hedi Road, Zhong Shan Street, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China.
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Overexpression of m6A-factors METTL3, ALKBH5, and YTHDC1 alters HPV16 mRNA splicing. Virus Genes 2022; 58:98-112. [PMID: 35190939 PMCID: PMC8948141 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-022-01889-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
We report that overexpression of the m6A-demethylase alkB homolog 5 RNA demethylase (ALKBH5) promoted production of intron retention on the human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV16) E6 mRNAs thereby promoting E6 mRNA production. ALKBH5 also altered alternative splicing of the late L1 mRNA by an exon skipping mechanism. Knock-down of ALKBH5 had the opposite effect on splicing of these HPV16 mRNAs. Overexpression of the m6A-methylase methyltransferase-like protein 3 (METLL3) induced production of intron-containing HPV16 E1 mRNAs over spliced E2 mRNAs and altered HPV16 L1 mRNA splicing in a manner opposite to ALKBH5. Overexpression of the nuclear m6A-“reader” YTH domain-containing protein 1 (YTHDC1), enhanced retention of the E6-encoding intron and promoted E6 mRNA production. We also show that HPV16 mRNAs are bound to YTHDC1 in human cells and that YTHDC1 affected splicing of HPV16 E6/E7 mRNAs produced from the episomal form of the HPV16 genome. Finally, we show that HPV16 mRNAs are m6A-methylated in tonsillar cancer cells. In summary, HPV16 mRNAs are methylated in HPV16-infected tonsillar cancer cells and overexpression of m6A-“writer” METTL3, m6A-“eraser” ALKBH5 and the m6A-“reader” YTHDC1 affected HPV16 mRNA splicing, suggesting that m6A plays an important role in the HPV16 gene expression program, at least in cancer cells.
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Identification of Key Pathways and Establishment of a Seven-Gene Prognostic Signature in Cervical Cancer. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2022; 2022:4748796. [PMID: 35154316 PMCID: PMC8837458 DOI: 10.1155/2022/4748796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cervical cancer (CC) remains high morbidity and mortality. We aimed to identify critical pathways underlying cervical carcinogenesis and establish a prognostic signature. Six datasets from the gene expression omnibus (GEO) database were used to screen the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between CC and normal tissues. We used the unions of the DEGs to perform functional analysis. The 108 overlapped DEGs were analyzed to determine a prognostic signature by Cox regression and Lasso analysis based on The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) and Immune Cell Abundance Identifier (ImmuCellAI) were used to determine the relationships between the signature and biological functions. The PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, the Ras signaling pathway, and the viral carcinogenesis pathway may be critical for CC development. We identified seven genes (PLOD2, DSG2, SPP1, CXCL8, MCM5, HLTF, and KLF4) to construct a risk score formula. Survival analysis showed that the high-risk group indicated a worse prognosis than the low-risk group
. The AUC of the prognostic signature was 0.7449, 0.7641, and 0.8146 at 1, 3, and 5 years. We also identified that the signature is an independent prognostic factor. GSEA showed five pathways were relevant to the signature, such as the adherens junction pathway. The signature also affected the abundances of various types of immune cells, such as B cell, CD4+ T cell, and CD8+ T cell. Further, we found that SPP1 was co-expressed with HK3, CD163, CCL3, CLEC5A, MMP8, TREM1, OLR1, and TREM2. The results of Gene Ontology analysis showed that SPP1 and its co-expressed related proteins mainly affected metabolic process, multicellular organismal process, cell communication, cell proliferation, protein binding, and transporter activity. In conclusion, the present study explored the key pathways for CC development and the seven-gene signature can effectively make the prognosis evaluation of CC patients.
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Regauer S, Reich O, Kashofer K. HPV-negative Squamous Cell Carcinomas of the Cervix With Special Focus on Intraepithelial Precursor Lesions. Am J Surg Pathol 2022; 46:147-158. [PMID: 34387215 DOI: 10.1097/pas.0000000000001778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Recently, the World Health Organization (WHO) recognized human papilloma virus (HPV)-independent invasive cervical squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) without recognizing the existence of precursor lesions. This is a detailed characterization of 3 preinvasive lesions and 6 invasive SCC negative for HPV-DNA (32 genotypes), HPV-mRNA (14 genotypes) and genomic HPV sequencing. We evaluated histologic features, expression of p16ink4a, p53, CK7, and CK17, aberrations in 50 cancer genes and chromosomal copy number variations. HPV-negative preinvasive lesions were extensive basaloid or highly differentiated keratinizing intraepithelial proliferations of 3 to 20 cell layers thickness, partly with prominent cervical gland involvement. Overall, 2/3 intraepithelial lesions and the in situ component of 1/6 SCC showed p16ink4a block staining, while 1/6 in situ component revealed heterogenous p16ink4a staining. All invasive components of keratinizing SCC were p16ink4a-negative. Preinvasive and invasive SCC showed inconsistent CK7 and CK17 staining. Nuclear p53 overexpression was restricted to the TP53 gene mutated SCC. The highly vascularized peritumoral stroma showed a dense inflammatory infiltrate including plasma cells and intratumoral and peritumoral eosinophilic granulocytes. Inconsistent somatic gene mutations (PIK3CA, STK11, TP53, SMARC2B, and GNAS) occurred predominantly in nonhotspot locations at low mutational frequency in 3/6 SCC. Consistent aberrations included the pathogenic (angiogenic) germline polymorphism Q472H in the KDR gene (7/9 patients), and chromosome 3q gains (4/9 patients). In conclusion, HPV-negative intraepithelial cervical precancerous lesions exist, either as highly differentiated keratinized intraepithelial proliferations reminiscent of differentiated vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia, or undifferentiated basaloid intraepithelial lesions with occasional p16ink4a block staining resembling high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion. Gains of chromosome 3q, angiogenic germline variants the inflammatory infiltrate may contribute to progression of HPV-negative cervical carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Olaf Reich
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
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Kashofer K, Regauer S, Reich O, Petru E, Winter E. Driver gene mutations in micro-invasive cervical squamous cancers have no prognostic significance. Gynecol Oncol 2022; 165:121-128. [PMID: 35101299 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2022.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the prevalence of somatic gene mutations in different stages of cervical carcinogenesis placing special emphasis on micro-invasive pT1a cervical squamous cell cancers (SCC). METHODS Micro-dissected samples of 32 micro-invasive pT1a and 55 ≥ pT1b SCC were evaluated by next generation sequencing of 50 cancer genes (cancer hot spot panel). RESULTS At primary diagnosis, 8/32 (25%) pT1a SCC, 10/28 (36%) pT1b SCC and 15/27 (56%) pT2/3 SCC carried somatic gene mutations. The most commonly affected gene was the PIK3CA gene in hot spot regions E545K and E453K in 5/8 (62%) pT1a SCC, 7/15 (70%) pT1b SCC and 10/15 (66%) pT2/3 SCC followed by FBXW7 (n = 4), KRAS and RB1 (n = 2 each). ERBB2, APC, ATM, MLP gene mutations occurred only once. Solitary activating oncogenic somatic mutations dominated over tumor suppressor mutation in 88% pT1a, 80% pT1b and 60% pT2/3 SCC. Concomitant mutations involved typically an activating oncogenic mutation and an inactivating tumor-suppressor gene mutation. All patients with pT1a SCC are alive without evidence of disease after surgical treatment, independent of mutational status or lympho-vascular space invasion. CONCLUSIONS Activating oncogenic gene mutations, in particular in the PIK3CA gene, occur early in cervical carcinogenesis. Although driver gene mutations bestow tumor cells with a growth advantage, early detection and complete removal of all cancer cells - with or without somatic gene mutations - are essential for cure. In contrast to advanced inoperable SCC, where PIK3CA driver gene mutations carry an adverse prognosis, the mutational status in surgically treated micro-invasive SCC is prognostically irrelevant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl Kashofer
- Diagnostic- and Research Institute of Pathology, Medical University Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstrasse 6, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Sigrid Regauer
- Diagnostic- and Research Institute of Pathology, Medical University Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstrasse 6, 8010 Graz, Austria.
| | - Olaf Reich
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Medical University Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 14, 8036 Graz, Austria
| | - Edgar Petru
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Medical University Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 14, 8036 Graz, Austria
| | - Elke Winter
- Diagnostic- and Research Institute of Pathology, Medical University Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstrasse 6, 8010 Graz, Austria
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225
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Usman M, Hameed Y, Ahmad M, Jalil Ur Rehman, Ahmed H, Hussain MS, Asif R, Murtaza MG, Jawad MT, Iqbal MJ. Breast Cancer Risk and Human Papillomavirus Infection: A Bradford Hill Criteria Based Evaluation. Infect Disord Drug Targets 2022; 22:e200122200389. [PMID: 35048811 DOI: 10.2174/1573401318666220120105931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The association between human papillomavirus (HPV) and human breast cancer (BC) has already been thoroughly studied worldwide with contradictory findings. Although the researchers have tried to minimize the conflict using statistical meta-analysis, because of its shortcomings, there is still a need to evaluate the correlation between HPV and BC using any additional method. OBJECTIVES This study was launched to investigate the correlation between HPV and BC through the application of Bradford Hill criteria postulates. METHODS Population-wide studies associating HPV with BC were searched using the PubMed database. Then, the information of HPV burden in BC, normal/benign samples was analyzed, and ultimately Bradford Hill criteria postulates were applied on the collected evidence to explore the relationship between HPV and BC. In addition, to make the outcomes more authentic, we also reviewed the methodologies of previous studies to address the propensity of false results. RESULTS After a careful evaluation of the obtained data against major Bradford Hill criteria postulates, it was noted that all these postulates including strength, consistency, biological gradient, temporality, plausibility, experiment, specificity, and analogy were not fulfilled. CONCLUSION The results of the present study have failed to establish a casual association between HPV and BC rather suggested HPV as a cause-effective agent or at least a co-participant in the pathogenesis of BC. The weakness of association especially the low level of consistency across studies, and the lack of specificity of effect, there is a need for more experiments concerning Bradford Hill criteria postulates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Usman
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Yasir Hameed
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Mukhtiar Ahmad
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Jalil Ur Rehman
- Department of Eastern Medicine, Qarshi University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Hamad Ahmed
- Department of Eastern Medicine, Government College University Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Safdar Hussain
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Rizwan Asif
- Department of Microbiology, Government College University Faisalabad, Pakistan
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226
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Loss of the E6AP ubiquitin ligase induces p53-dependent phosphorylation of HPV-18 E6 in cells derived from cervical cancer. J Virol 2022; 96:e0150321. [PMID: 35044207 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01503-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer-causing HPV E6 oncoproteins contain a well-characterised phospho-acceptor site within the PDZ (PSD-95/Dlg/ZO-1) binding motif (PBM) at the C-terminus of the protein. Previous studies have shown that the threonine or serine residue in the E6 PBM is subject to phosphorylation by several stress-responsive cellular kinases, upon the induction of DNA damage in cervical cancer-derived cells. However, there is little information about the regulation of E6 phosphorylation in the absence of DNA damage and whether there may be other pathways by which E6 is phosphorylated. In this study, we demonstrate that loss of E6AP results in a dramatic increase in the levels of phosphorylated E6 (pE6), despite the expected overall reduction in total E6 protein levels. Furthermore, phosphorylation of E6 requires transcriptionally active p53 and occurs in a manner which is dependent upon DNA PK. These results identify a novel feedback loop, where loss of E6AP results in upregulation of p53, leading to increased levels of E6 phosphorylation, which in turn correlates with increased association with 14-3-3 and inhibition of p53 transcriptional activity. IMPORTANCE This study demonstrates that the knockdown of E6AP from cervical cancer-derived cells leads to an increase in phosphorylation of the E6 oncoprotein. We show that this phosphorylation of E6 requires p53 transcriptional activity and the enzyme DNA PK. This study therefore defines a feedback loop whereby activation of p53 can induce phosphorylation of E6 and which in turn can inhibit p53 transcriptional activity, independently of E6's ability to target p53 for degradation.
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227
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Gameiro SF, Evans AM, Mymryk JS. The tumor immune microenvironments of HPV + and HPV - head and neck cancers. WIREs Mech Dis 2022; 14:e1539. [PMID: 35030304 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are the etiological agent of a significant, and increasing, fraction of head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC)-a heterogenous group of malignancies in the head and neck region. HPV infection accounts for approximately 25% of all cases, with the remainder typically caused by smoking and excessive alcohol consumption. These distinct etiologies lead to profound clinical and immunological differences between HPV-positive (HPV+ ) and HPV-negative (HPV- ) HNSCC, likely related to the expression of exogenous viral antigens in the HPV+ subtype. Specifically, HPV+ HNSCC patients generally exhibit better treatment response compared to those with HPV- disease, leading to a more favorable prognosis, with lower recurrence rate, and longer overall survival time. Importantly, a plethora of studies have illustrated that the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) of HPV+ HNSCC has a strikingly distinct immune composition to that of its HPV- counterpart. The HPV+ TIME is characterized as being immunologically "hot," with more immune infiltration, higher levels of T-cell activation, and higher levels of immunoregulation compared to the more immunologically "cold" HPV- TIME. In general, cancers with an immune "hot" TIME exhibit better treatment response and superior clinical outcomes in comparison to their immune "cold" counterparts. Indeed, this phenomenon has also been observed in HPV+ HNSCC patients, highlighting the critical role of the TIME in influencing prognosis, and further validating the use of cancer therapies that capitalize on the mobilization and/or modulation of the TIME. This article is categorized under: Cancer > Molecular and Cellular Physiology Infectious Diseases > Molecular and Cellular Physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven F Gameiro
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andris M Evans
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Joe S Mymryk
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Otolaryngology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Oncology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.,London Regional Cancer Program, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
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228
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Yu Z, Zhu J, Wang H, Li H, Jin X. Function of BCLAF1 in human disease. Oncol Lett 2022; 23:58. [PMID: 34992690 PMCID: PMC8721854 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2021.13176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Originally identified as a regulator of apoptosis and transcription, B-cell lymphoma-2-associated transcription factor 1 (BCLAF1) has since been shown to be associated with a multitude of biological processes, such as DNA damage response, splicing and processing of pre-mRNA, T-cell activation, lung development, muscle cell proliferation and differentiation, autophagy, ischemia-reperfusion injury, and viral infection. In recent years, an increasing amount of evidence has shown that BCLAF1 acts as either a tumor promoter or tumor suppressor in tumorigenesis depending on the cellular context and the type of cancer. Even in the same tumor type, BCLAF1 may have opposite effects. In the present review, the subcellular localization, structural features, mutations within BCLAF1 will be described, then the regulation of BCLAF1 and its downstream targets will be analyzed. Furthermore, the different roles and possible mechanisms of BCLAF1 in tumorigenesis will also be highlighted and discussed. Finally, BCLAF1 may be considered as a potential target for cancer therapy in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongdong Yu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Ningbo Medical Center of LiHuiLi Hospital, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315040, P.R. China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, P.R. China
| | - Jie Zhu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Ningbo Medical Center of LiHuiLi Hospital, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315040, P.R. China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, P.R. China
| | - Haibiao Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, P.R. China
| | - Hong Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Ningbo Medical Center of LiHuiLi Hospital, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315040, P.R. China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, P.R. China
| | - Xiaofeng Jin
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Ningbo Medical Center of LiHuiLi Hospital, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315040, P.R. China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, P.R. China
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229
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Zhang S, Wang H, Liu Y, Tao T, Zeng Z, Zhou Y, Wang M. Nocardia rubra cell-wall skeleton influences the development of cervical carcinoma by promoting the antitumor effect of macrophages and dendritic cells. Cancer Med 2022; 11:1249-1268. [PMID: 34994088 PMCID: PMC8894708 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.4526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background As an immune enhancer, Nocardia rubra cell‐wall skeleton (Nr‐CWS) has been used to treat persistent human papillomavirus infection and cervical precancerous lesions. However, it is still unclear whether it can be used to treat cervical carcinoma. Methods In our study, the aim was to determine whether Nr‐CWS affects the apoptosis of cervical carcinoma cells by enhancing the antitumor effect of dendritic cells and macrophages in vivo and in vitro. Results The experimental results showed that Nr‐CWS can promote the activity of dendritic cells and macrophages and reduce their apoptosis. It also increased the cytokines IL‐6, IL‐12, TNF‐ɑ, and IL‐1β secreted by dendritic cells and macrophages and reduced their PD‐L1 expression. In vitro, Nr‐CWS inhibited the proliferation, colony forming ability of HeLa and SiHa cervical carcinoma cell lines cultured with macrophages, and more cells were blocked in G2/M phase. Nr‐CWS promoted TNF‐ɑ/TNFR1/caspase‐8‐mediated apoptosis by increasing macrophages secretion of TNF‐ɑ and inhibited cell migration and invasion regulated by the WNT/β‐catenin‐EMT pathway. Nr‐CWS also reduced the expression of the cervical carcinoma genes E6 and E7 thereby increasing expression of p53 gene and decreasing expression of PD‐L1 gene. In vivo, Nr‐CWS inhibited tumor growth and decreased the expression of E6, E7, PD‐L1, P16, Ki67, and PCNA in tumors. Conclusions Therefore, our results suggest that Nr‐CWS can promote apoptosis of cervical carcinoma cells by enhancing the antitumor effect of dendritic cells and macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyang Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Han Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yisi Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Tao Tao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhi Zeng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yingying Zhou
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Min Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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230
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Loaeza-Loaeza J, Illades-Aguiar B, Del Moral-Hernández O, Castro-Coronel Y, Leyva-Vázquez MA, Dircio-Maldonado R, Ortiz-Ortiz J, Hernández-Sotelo D. The CpG island methylator phenotype increases the risk of high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions and cervical cancer. Clin Epigenetics 2022; 14:4. [PMID: 34991696 PMCID: PMC8740093 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-021-01224-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background High-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) infection is the main cause of cervical cancer, but additional alterations are necessary for its development. Abnormal DNA methylation has an important role in the origin and dissemination of cervical cancer and other human tumors. In this work, we analyzed the methylation of eight genes (AJAP1, CDH1, CDH13, MAGI2, MGMT, MYOD1, RASSF1A and SOX17) that participate in several biological processes for the maintenance of cell normality. We analyzed DNA methylation by methylation-specific PCR (MSP) and HPV infection using the INNO‑LiPA genotyping kit in 59 samples diagnostic of normal cervical tissue (non-SIL), 107 low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (LSILs), 29 high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSILs) and 51 cervical cancers (CCs). Results We found that all samples of LSIL, HSIL, and CC were HPV-positive, and the genotypes with higher frequencies were 16, 18, 51 and 56. In general, the genes analyzed displayed a significant tendency toward an increase in methylation levels according to increasing cervical lesion severity, except for the CDH13 gene. High CpG island methylator phenotype (CIMP) was associated with a 50.6-fold (95% CI 4.72–2267.3)-increased risk of HSIL and a 122-fold risk of CC (95% CI 10.04–5349.7). Conclusions We found that CIMP high was significantly associated with HSIL and CC risk. These results could indicate that CIMP together with HR-HPV infection and other factors participates in the development of HSIL and CC. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13148-021-01224-0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaqueline Loaeza-Loaeza
- Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics, School of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Autonomous University of Guerrero, Av. Lázaro Cárdenas S/N Col. Haciendita, 39070, Chilpancingo, Guerrero, Mexico
| | - Berenice Illades-Aguiar
- Laboratory of Molecular Biomedicine, School of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Autonomous University of Guerrero, Av. Lázaro Cárdenas S/N Col. Haciendita, 39070, Chilpancingo, Guerrero, Mexico
| | - Oscar Del Moral-Hernández
- Laboratory of Cancer Virology, School of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Autonomous University of Guerrero, Av. Lázaro Cárdenas S/N Col. Haciendita, 39070, Chilpancingo, Guerrero, Mexico
| | - Yaneth Castro-Coronel
- Laboratory of Cytopathology and Histochemistry, School of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Autonomous University of Guerrero, Av. Lázaro Cárdenas S/N Col. Haciendita, 39070, Chilpancingo, Guerrero, Mexico
| | - Marco A Leyva-Vázquez
- Laboratory of Molecular Biomedicine, School of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Autonomous University of Guerrero, Av. Lázaro Cárdenas S/N Col. Haciendita, 39070, Chilpancingo, Guerrero, Mexico
| | - Roberto Dircio-Maldonado
- Laboratory of Molecular Biomedicine, School of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Autonomous University of Guerrero, Av. Lázaro Cárdenas S/N Col. Haciendita, 39070, Chilpancingo, Guerrero, Mexico
| | - Julio Ortiz-Ortiz
- Laboratory of Molecular Biomedicine, School of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Autonomous University of Guerrero, Av. Lázaro Cárdenas S/N Col. Haciendita, 39070, Chilpancingo, Guerrero, Mexico
| | - Daniel Hernández-Sotelo
- Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics, School of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Autonomous University of Guerrero, Av. Lázaro Cárdenas S/N Col. Haciendita, 39070, Chilpancingo, Guerrero, Mexico.
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Valle‑Mendiola A, Bustos‑Rodríguez R, Domínguez‑Melendez V, Zerecero‑Carreón O, Gutiérrez‑Hoya A, Weiss‑Steider B, Soto‑cruz I. Mutations in the helix αC of the catalytic domain from the EGFR affect its activity in cervical cancer cell lines. Oncol Lett 2022; 23:71. [PMID: 35069880 PMCID: PMC8756430 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2022.13191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The EGFR is a protein that belongs to the ErbB family of tyrosine kinase receptors. The EGFR is often overexpressed in human carcinomas. Amplification of the EGFR gene and mutations in the EGFR tyrosine kinase domain occur in patients with cancer. In cervical cancer, the expression level of the EGFR protein appears to directly associate with human papillomavirus infection. Our previous research demonstrated that in the cervical cancer cell lines, CALO and INBL, the EGFR is non-phosphorylated. The aim of the current study was to analyze the catalytic activity of the isolated EGFR and the presence of mutations in the control region αC. Catalytic activity was assessed by a universal in vitro kinase assay using polyGluTyr as a substrate, and the proteins were visualized by western blotting. For mutation analysis, DNA from CALO and INBL cell lines was isolated, and PCR was used to amplify the exons corresponding to the helix αC in the EGFR. The PCR products were visualized by agarose gel electrophoresis. The bands were isolated using a Zymoclean Gel DNA Recovery kit and directly sequenced. The EGFR, which was isolated and analyzed using the in vitro kinase assay, had catalytic activity. The receptor contained some mutations in the helix αC of the catalytic domain in both cell lines. The observed changes in the amino acid sequence may induce a different spatial arrangement and, therefore, a different conformation, which may confer different activities to this receptor. Thus, it was concluded that non-phosphorylated EGFR has catalytic activity, and it bears some amino acid changes in the helix αC of the catalytic domain in the CALO and INBL cells. These results suggest that the EGFR may function as an activator of other ErbB family receptors in these cervical cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arturo Valle‑Mendiola
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Cell Differentiation and Cancer Research Unit, UMIEZ Campus II, FES Zaragoza, National University of Mexico, Iztapalapa, Mexico City 09230, Mexico
| | - Ricardo Bustos‑Rodríguez
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Cell Differentiation and Cancer Research Unit, UMIEZ Campus II, FES Zaragoza, National University of Mexico, Iztapalapa, Mexico City 09230, Mexico
| | | | - Octavio Zerecero‑Carreón
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Cell Differentiation and Cancer Research Unit, UMIEZ Campus II, FES Zaragoza, National University of Mexico, Iztapalapa, Mexico City 09230, Mexico
| | - Adriana Gutiérrez‑Hoya
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Cell Differentiation and Cancer Research Unit, UMIEZ Campus II, FES Zaragoza, National University of Mexico, Iztapalapa, Mexico City 09230, Mexico
| | - Benny Weiss‑Steider
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Cell Differentiation and Cancer Research Unit, UMIEZ Campus II, FES Zaragoza, National University of Mexico, Iztapalapa, Mexico City 09230, Mexico
| | - Isabel Soto‑cruz
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Cell Differentiation and Cancer Research Unit, UMIEZ Campus II, FES Zaragoza, National University of Mexico, Iztapalapa, Mexico City 09230, Mexico
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Biomarker-Based Evaluation of Treatment Response and Surveillance of HPV-Associated Squamous Cell Carcinoma. CURRENT OTORHINOLARYNGOLOGY REPORTS 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s40136-021-00386-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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233
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Yang S, Zhao Q, Tang L, Chen Z, Wu Z, Li K, Lin R, Chen Y, Ou D, Zhou L, Xu J, Qin Q. Whole Genome Assembly of Human Papillomavirus by Nanopore Long-Read Sequencing. Front Genet 2022; 12:798608. [PMID: 35058971 PMCID: PMC8764290 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.798608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a causal agent for most cervical cancers. The physical status of the HPV genome in these cancers could be episomal, integrated, or both. HPV integration could serve as a biomarker for clinical diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis. Although whole-genome sequencing by next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies, such as the Illumina sequencing platform, have been used for detecting integrated HPV genome in cervical cancer, it faces challenges of analyzing long repeats and translocated sequences. In contrast, Oxford nanopore sequencing technology can generate ultra-long reads, which could be a very useful tool for determining HPV genome sequence and its physical status in cervical cancer. As a proof of concept, in this study, we completed whole genome sequencing from a cervical cancer tissue and a CaSki cell line with Oxford Nanopore Technologies. From the cervical cancer tissue, a 7,894 bp-long HPV35 genomic sequence was assembled from 678 reads at 97-fold coverage of HPV genome, sharing 99.96% identity with the HPV sequence obtained by Sanger sequencing. A 7904 bp-long HPV16 genomic sequence was assembled from data generated from the CaSki cell line at 3857-fold coverage, sharing 99.99% identity with the reference genome (NCBI: U89348). Intriguingly, long reads generated by nanopore sequencing directly revealed chimeric cellular-viral sequences and concatemeric genomic sequences, leading to the discovery of 448 unique integration breakpoints in the CaSki cell line and 60 breakpoints in the cervical cancer sample. Taken together, nanopore sequencing is a unique tool to identify HPV sequences and would shed light on the physical status of HPV genome in its associated cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuaibing Yang
- Laboratory of Human Virology and Oncology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Qianqian Zhao
- Computational Systems Biology Lab, Department of Bioinformatics, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Lihua Tang
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Zejia Chen
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Zhaoting Wu
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Kaixin Li
- Undergraduate Program of Innovation and Entrepreneurship, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Ruoru Lin
- Undergraduate Program of Innovation and Entrepreneurship, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Yang Chen
- Undergraduate Program of Innovation and Entrepreneurship, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Danlin Ou
- Undergraduate Program of Innovation and Entrepreneurship, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Li Zhou
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Jianzhen Xu
- Computational Systems Biology Lab, Department of Bioinformatics, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Qingsong Qin
- Laboratory of Human Virology and Oncology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunopathology, Shantou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Breast Cancer, Shantou, China
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234
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Zhu Y. Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Entry Inhibitors. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1366:223-239. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-16-8702-0_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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235
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Gao C, Wu P, Yu L, Liu L, Liu H, Tan X, Wang L, Huang X, Wang H. The application of CRISPR/Cas9 system in cervical carcinogenesis. Cancer Gene Ther 2022; 29:466-474. [PMID: 34349239 PMCID: PMC9113934 DOI: 10.1038/s41417-021-00366-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Integration of high-risk HPV genomes into cellular chromatin has been confirmed to promote cervical carcinogenesis, with HPV16 being the most prevalent high-risk type. Herein, we evaluated the therapeutic effect of the CRISPR/Cas9 system in cervical carcinogenesis, especially for cervical precancerous lesions. In cervical cancer/pre-cancer cell lines, we transfected the HPV16 E7 targeted CRISPR/Cas9, TALEN, ZFN plasmids, respectively. Compared to previous established ZFN and TALEN systems, CRISPR/Cas9 has shown comparable efficiency and specificity in inhibiting cell growth and colony formation and inducing apoptosis in cervical cancer/pre-cancer cell lines, which seemed to be more pronounced in the S12 cell line derived from the low-grade cervical lesion. Furthermore, in xenograft formation assays, CRISPR/Cas9 inhibited tumor formation of the S12 cell line in vivo and affected the corresponding protein expression. In the K14-HPV16 transgenic mice model of HPV-driven spontaneous cervical carcinogenesis, cervical application of CRISPR/Cas9 treatment caused mutations of the E7 gene and restored the expression of RB, E2F1, and CDK2, thereby reversing the cervical carcinogenesis phenotype. In this study, we have demonstrated that CRISPR/Cas9 targeting HPV16 E7 could effectively revert the HPV-related cervical carcinogenesis in vitro, as well as in K14-HPV16 transgenic mice, which has shown great potential in clinical treatment for cervical precancerous lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Gao
- grid.412793.a0000 0004 1799 5032Cancer Biology Research Center (Key laboratory of the ministry of education), Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei China ,grid.412793.a0000 0004 1799 5032Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei China
| | - Ping Wu
- grid.412793.a0000 0004 1799 5032Cancer Biology Research Center (Key laboratory of the ministry of education), Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei China ,grid.412793.a0000 0004 1799 5032Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei China
| | - Lan Yu
- grid.488530.20000 0004 1803 6191Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liting Liu
- grid.412793.a0000 0004 1799 5032Cancer Biology Research Center (Key laboratory of the ministry of education), Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei China
| | - Hong Liu
- grid.412793.a0000 0004 1799 5032Cancer Biology Research Center (Key laboratory of the ministry of education), Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei China
| | - Xiangyu Tan
- grid.412793.a0000 0004 1799 5032Cancer Biology Research Center (Key laboratory of the ministry of education), Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei China
| | - Liming Wang
- grid.412793.a0000 0004 1799 5032Cancer Biology Research Center (Key laboratory of the ministry of education), Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei China ,grid.412793.a0000 0004 1799 5032Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei China
| | - Xiaoyuan Huang
- grid.412793.a0000 0004 1799 5032Cancer Biology Research Center (Key laboratory of the ministry of education), Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei China ,grid.412793.a0000 0004 1799 5032Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei China
| | - Hui Wang
- grid.412793.a0000 0004 1799 5032Cancer Biology Research Center (Key laboratory of the ministry of education), Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei China ,grid.412793.a0000 0004 1799 5032Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei China ,grid.431048.a0000 0004 1757 7762Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Women’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, China
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Shrestha AD, Gyawali B, Shrestha A, Shrestha S, Neupane D, Ghimire S, Campbell C, Kallestrup P. Knowledge, attitude, preventive practices and utilization of cervical cancer screening among women in Nepal: a community-based cross-sectional study. Eur J Cancer Prev 2022; 31:73-81. [PMID: 34871200 DOI: 10.1097/cej.0000000000000670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cervical cancer continues to be a global public health concern and a leading cause of cancer deaths among Nepalese women. In spite of the availability of screening and treatment services in Nepal, the utilization of screening has been low. This study investigated knowledge, attitude, preventive practices and utilization of cervical cancer screening among women in a semi-urban area of Pokhara Metropolitan City of Nepal. METHODS A community-based cross-sectional survey was carried out among 729 women 30-60 years of age, between April and June 2019. Participants were selected by systematic random sampling, and a door-to-door home visit was conducted for data collection. A pretested interviewer-administered Nepali questionnaire was used to collect information on sociodemographic variables, knowledge, attitude and preventive practices regarding cervical cancer screening. RESULTS The mean age of the participants was 45.9 years (SD ±7.7); the majority were married (86.7%). Among the participants, 44.9% were ever screened for cervical cancer. However, only 10.4% of participants received timely repeated screening for cervical cancer. The median knowledge score achieved by participants was 2.0 [interquartile range (IQR) 1-4] on a scale of maximum score 36, the median attitude score was 31.0 (IQR 29-32) on a scale of 40 and the median preventive practice score was 3.0 (IQR 3-4) on a scale of five. CONCLUSION This study showed low knowledge and low utilization of cervical cancer screening among women in Nepal. We recommend a community-based educational intervention to educate and empower women to increase knowledge and utilization of cervical cancer screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aamod Dhoj Shrestha
- Center for Global Health, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Denmark
- COBIN, Nepal Development Society, Bharatpur, Nepal
| | - Bishal Gyawali
- Global Health Section, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Archana Shrestha
- Department of Public Health, Kathmandu University School of Medical Sciences, Nepal
| | - Sadeep Shrestha
- School of Public Health, University of Alabama Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Dinesh Neupane
- COBIN, Nepal Development Society, Bharatpur, Nepal
- Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology, and Clinical Research, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | | | - Per Kallestrup
- Center for Global Health, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Denmark
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237
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Geng H, Xing Y, Zhang J, Cao K, Ye M, Wang G, Liu C. Association between viral infection other than human papillomavirus and risk of esophageal carcinoma: a comprehensive meta-analysis of epidemiological studies. Arch Virol 2022; 167:1-20. [PMID: 34636955 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-021-05268-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infection with viruses such as human papillomavirus (HPV) is known to induce carcinomas, including esophageal carcinoma (EC). However, the possible role of viruses other than HPV in EC carcinogenesis is unclear in many studies. Here, we aimed to explore the association between infection with viruses other than HPV and EC risk by integrating existing studies of epidemiology in a meta-analysis. METHODS The PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library and China National Knowledge Infrastructure databases were searched. The Newcastle-Ottawa scale was used to assess the quality of the included studies. Odds ratios (ORs) or relative risks (RRs) (with 95% confidence intervals [CIs]) were pooled to estimate the association between virus infection and risk of EC. RESULTS We included 31 eligible studies involving nine different viruses. Overall, an increased risk of EC was associated with hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection (OR = 1.19, 95%CI 1.01-1.36) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection (OR = 1.77, 95%CI 1.17-2.36), but not human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, according to the current evidence. The evidence for an association with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1), JC virus (JCV), cytomegalovirus (CMV), human T-lymphotropic virus 1 (HTLV-1) or Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV) infection was insufficient. CONCLUSIONS We confirmed the relationship between HBV and HCV infection and the risk of EC, but we found no association of EC risk with HIV and EBV infection. The roles of HSV-1, JCV, CMV, HTLV-1, and MCPyV were not clear because of the limited number of studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Geng
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Shantou University Medical College, No. 22, Xinling Rd., Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, China
| | - Yaqi Xing
- Department of Pharmacology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jingbing Zhang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Shantou University Medical College, No. 22, Xinling Rd., Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, China
| | - Kexin Cao
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Shantou University Medical College, No. 22, Xinling Rd., Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, China
| | - Meijie Ye
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Shantou University Medical College, No. 22, Xinling Rd., Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, China
| | - Geng Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Caixia Liu
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Shantou University Medical College, No. 22, Xinling Rd., Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, China
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238
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Someya M, Fukushima Y, Hasegawa T, Tsuchiya T, Kitagawa M, Gocho T, Mafune S, Ikeuchi Y, Kozuka Y, Hirohashi Y, Torigoe T, Iwasaki M, Matsuura M, Saito T, Sakata KI. Radiotherapy for HPV-related cancers: prediction of therapeutic effects based on the mechanism of tumor immunity and the application of immunoradiotherapy. Jpn J Radiol 2022; 40:458-465. [PMID: 34973113 PMCID: PMC9068647 DOI: 10.1007/s11604-021-01231-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV)-related cancer is one of the diseases entities for which the applications of radiotherapy have been increasing. Recently, the process of carcinogenesis from HPV infection and the mechanism of tumor immunity that develops during disease progression have been elucidated. In this review, we will describe the mechanism of tumor immunity and how chemoradiotherapy may overcome and improve the efficacy of tumor immunity. We will also discuss the usefulness of proteins involved with tumor immunity as a predictive marker of radiotherapy response, and present an overview of ongoing clinical trials of combinations of immune checkpoint inhibitors and radiotherapy to demonstrate the promising combination therapy that has been currently emerging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanori Someya
- Department of Radiology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Chuo-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8543, Japan.
| | - Yuki Fukushima
- Department of Radiology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Chuo-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8543, Japan
| | - Tomokazu Hasegawa
- Department of Radiology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Chuo-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8543, Japan
| | - Takaaki Tsuchiya
- Department of Radiology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Chuo-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8543, Japan
| | - Mio Kitagawa
- Department of Radiology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Chuo-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8543, Japan
| | - Toshio Gocho
- Department of Radiology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Chuo-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8543, Japan
| | - Shoh Mafune
- Department of Radiology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Chuo-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8543, Japan
| | - Yutaro Ikeuchi
- Department of Radiology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Chuo-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8543, Japan
| | - Yoh Kozuka
- Department of Radiology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Chuo-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8543, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Hirohashi
- Department of Pathology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Torigoe
- Department of Pathology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Masahiro Iwasaki
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Motoki Matsuura
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Saito
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Koh-Ichi Sakata
- Department of Radiology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Chuo-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8543, Japan
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Agnihotri SK, Kumar B, Jain A, Anjali A, Negi MPS, Sachan R, Bhatt MLB, Tripathi RK, Sachdev M. Clinical Significance of Circulating Serum Levels of sCD95 and TNF-α in Cytoprotection of Cervical Cancer. Rep Biochem Mol Biol 2022; 10:711-721. [PMID: 35291617 PMCID: PMC8903371 DOI: 10.52547/rbmb.10.4.711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study correlates the serum levels of sCD95 & TNF-α with a simple cell-based assay to evaluate the capacity of the serum sample to induce apoptosis in Jurkat cells. Interlinking of these parameters can be explored to design a minimum invasive diagnostic strategy for cervical cancer (CC). METHODS Sera samples were assessed to induce apoptosis in Jurkat cells through FACS. Serum levels of sCD95 and TNF-α were measured by ELISA. JNK phosphorylation was evaluated in sera incubated Jurkat cells. Data was scrutinized through statistical analysis. RESULTS Significantly higher serum levels of sCD95 and lower TNF-α levels were observed in CC patients; their sera samples inhibited induction of apoptosis in Jurkat cells through reduced JNK phosphorylation. Statistical analysis linked these three parameters for the early screening of CC. CONCLUSION Distinct sera levels of sCD95 & TNF-α in CC patients showed an anti-apoptotic effect, which can be considered for early detection of CC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurabh Kumar Agnihotri
- Department of Radiotherapy, King George’s Medical University, Lucknow 226 003, India.
- Division of Endocrinology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226 031, India.
- The first and the second authors contributed equally to this work.
| | - Balawant Kumar
- Division of Toxicology & Experimental Medicine, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226 031, India.
- The first and the second authors contributed equally to this work.
| | - Ankita Jain
- Division of Endocrinology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226 031, India.
| | - Anjali Anjali
- Division of Toxicology & Experimental Medicine, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226 031, India.
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, King George’s Medical University, Lucknow 226 003, India.
| | - Mahendra Pal Singh Negi
- Division of Toxicology & Experimental Medicine, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226 031, India.
| | - Rekha Sachan
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, King George’s Medical University, Lucknow 226 003, India.
| | | | - Raj Kamal Tripathi
- Division of Toxicology & Experimental Medicine, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226 031, India.
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, King George’s Medical University, Lucknow 226 003, India.
| | - Monika Sachdev
- Division of Endocrinology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226 031, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201 002, India.
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Silva NNT, Santos ACS, Brito MDFDDS, Peixoto do Vale DBA, Carneiro CM, Lima AA. Levels of Folate and Vitamin B12, and Genetic Polymorphisms Involved in One-Carbon Metabolism May Increase the Risk of Cervical Cytological Abnormalities. Nutr Cancer 2021; 74:2779-2788. [PMID: 34963390 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2021.2022723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
To analyze the association of cervical cytological abnormalities with genetic polymorphisms of enzymes involved in folate metabolism, and the effect of micronutrients on association of polymorphisms with cervical carcinogenesis. Our samples were divided in Control (120 women with normal cytology), and Cases: 37 women with Atypical Squamous Cells of Undetermined Significance(ASC-US), 33 participants presenting Low-Grade Squamous Intraepithelial Lesion(LSIL), and 24 women presenting High-Grade cervical lesions(HSIL/ASC-H). We obtained cervical samples for cytological analysis, HPV detection, and analysis of polymorphisms and cervical cell folate. Blood samples were obtained for serum folate and vitamin B12 evaluation. To analyze all polymorphisms simultaneously, we calculated Genetic Risk Score(GRS). Median concentrations were used as cutoff for determination of micronutrient levels. We observed no differences of genotype or allelic frequencies of polymorphisms according to cervical lesions. However, high levels of cervical cell folate and high number of genetic alterations increased risk of High-Grade lesions [OR(IC95%):1.85(0.42-8.11)]. Instead, women with vitamin B12 ≤ 274 pg/ml and GRS ≥ 3 presented even greater risk of HSIL/ASC-H [OR(IC95%):2.91(0.46-18.62)]. High frequency of genetic polymorphisms involved in one-carbon metabolism associated with high levels of cell folate or low levels of serum vitamin B12, increased the risk of High-Grade lesion in uterine cervix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nayara Nascimento Toledo Silva
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Escola de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Silva Santos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Escola de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Maria de Fátima Dias de Sousa Brito
- Serviço de patologia do trato genital inferior da Maternidade Odete Valadares - Fundação Hospitalar do Estado de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Diama Bradha Andrade Peixoto do Vale
- Departamento de Tocoginecologia, Divisão de Oncologia, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas da Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cláudia Martins Carneiro
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas e Biotecnologia, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Escola de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Angélica Alves Lima
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Escola de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Vaccine Strategies for Human Papillomavirus-Associated Head and Neck Cancers. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 14:cancers14010033. [PMID: 35008197 PMCID: PMC8750601 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14010033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Human papillomavirus (HPV) is recognized as a significant risk factor for head and neck cancers worldwide, and it is the most common cause of oropharyngeal cancers in the United States. Here, we review the incidence and pathogenesis of HPV-related cancers, the development and approval of HPV prophylactic vaccines, and the use and effectiveness of HPV vaccines around the world. Furthermore, we discuss advances in the development of HPV therapeutic vaccines as well as its associated challenges. Abstract The rising incidence of oropharyngeal squamous cell cancers (OPSCC) in the United States is largely attributed to HPV. Prophylactic HPV vaccines have demonstrated effectiveness against oral infection of HPV 16 and HPV 18. We review the global epidemiology and biology of HPV-related cancers as well as the development of HPV vaccines and their use worldwide. We also review the various strategies and challenges in development of therapeutic HPV vaccines.
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Vanajothi R, Srikanth N, Vijayakumar R, Palanisamy M, Bhavaniramya S, Premkumar K. HPV-mediated Cervical Cancer: A Systematic review on Immunological Basis, Molecular Biology and Immune evasion mechanisms. Curr Drug Targets 2021; 23:782-801. [PMID: 34939539 DOI: 10.2174/1389450123666211221160632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human papillomavirus (HPV), one of the most frequently transmitted viruses globally, causing several malignancies including cervical cancer. AIM Owing to their unique pathogenicity HPV viruses can persist in the host organism for a longer duration than other virus types, to complete their lifecycle. During its association with the host, HPV causes various pathological conditions affecting the immune system by evading the host immune- mechanisms leading to the progression of various diseases, including cancer. METHOD To date, ~ 150 serotypes were identified, and certain high-risk HPV types are known to be associated with genital warts and cervical cancer. As of now, two prophylactic vaccines are in use for the treatment of HPV infection, however, no effective antiviral drug is available for HPV-associated disease/infections. Numerous clinical and laboratory studies are being investigated to formulate an effective and specific vaccine again HPV infections and associated diseases. RESULT As the immunological basis of HPV infection and associated disease progress persist indistinctly, deeper insights on immune evasion mechanism and molecular biology of disease would aid in developing an effective vaccine. CONCLUSION Thus this review focuses, aiming a systematic review on the immunological aspects of HPV-associated cervical cancer by uncovering immune evasion strategies adapted by HPV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramar Vanajothi
- Department of Biomedical Science, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli-620024. India
| | - Natarajan Srikanth
- Department of Integrative Biology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore. India
| | - Rajendran Vijayakumar
- Department of Biology, College of Science in Zulfi, Majmaah University, Majmaah 11952. Saudi Arabia
| | - Manikandan Palanisamy
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Majmaah 11952. Saudi Arabia
| | - Sundaresan Bhavaniramya
- College of Food and Dairy Technology, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University, Chennai-600052, Tamil Nadu. India
| | - Kumpati Premkumar
- Department of Biomedical Science, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli-620024. India
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243
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Yoshida H, Shiraishi K, Kato T. Molecular Pathology of Human Papilloma Virus-Negative Cervical Cancers. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13246351. [PMID: 34944973 PMCID: PMC8699825 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13246351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cervical cancer is the fourth most common cancer in women worldwide and is predominantly caused by infection with human papillomavirus (HPV). However, a small subset of cervical cancers tests negative for HPV, including true HPV-independent cancers and false-negative cases. True HPV-negative cancers appear to be more prevalent in certain pathological adenocarcinoma subtypes, such as gastric- and clear-cell-type adenocarcinomas. Moreover, HPV-negative cervical cancers have proven to be a biologically distinct tumor subset that follows a different pathogenetic pathway to HPV-associated cervical cancers. HPV-negative cervical cancers are often diagnosed at an advanced stage with a poor prognosis and are expected to persist in the post-HPV vaccination era; therefore, it is important to understand HPV-negative cancers. In this review, we provide a concise overview of the molecular pathology of HPV-negative cervical cancers, with a focus on their definitions, the potential causes of false-negative HPV tests, and the histology, genetic profiles, and pathogenesis of HPV-negative cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Yoshida
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, National Cancer Center Hospital, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-3-3457-5201
| | - Kouya Shiraishi
- Division of Genome Biology, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan;
| | - Tomoyasu Kato
- Department of Gynecology, National Cancer Center Hospital, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan;
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Al Sekri E, Al Musalhi A, Al Abri K, Al Kindi H, Al Salmani AA. Prevalence of Cytological Abnormalities in Papanicolaou Smears and Risk Factors for Cervical Cancer Among Women in Muscat, Oman. Sultan Qaboos Univ Med J 2021; 21:598-603. [PMID: 34888080 PMCID: PMC8631215 DOI: 10.18295/squmj.4.2021.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of cytological abnormalities in Papanicolaou (Pap) smears and related risk factors among Omani women. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted from March to September 2019 at the gynaecology and family medicine clinics of Khoula Hospital and Sultan Qaboos University Hospital in Muscat. All asymptomatic Omani women aged between 21 and 65 years were included. Data regarding the participants' sociodemographic characteristics and known risk factors were collected using a self-reported sheet. Pap smears were performed and the results were reported by a cytotechnologist and histopathologist. Results A total of 442 women participated in the study (response rate: 100%). The mean age was 39.0 ± 9.7 years old. The prevalence of cervical cytological abnormalities was 3.7%. There was a significant association between human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and cervical cell abnormalities ( P = 0.017); however, there was no link with hormonal contraception use, pregnancy before the age of 17 years or parity (P >0.050 each). Conclusion The prevalence of cervical cell abnormalities in Oman was similar to that observed in Arab countries and relatively low in comparison to findings from Western countries. A screening program should be implemented at the primary care level. The findings of this study also highlighted the need for a future vaccination program against HPV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Asma A Al Salmani
- Department of Family Medicine & Public Health, Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Muscat, Oman
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Prevalence and Distribution of HPV Genotypes in Immunosuppressed Patients in Lorraine Region. Viruses 2021; 13:v13122454. [PMID: 34960723 PMCID: PMC8707108 DOI: 10.3390/v13122454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The primary objective of this work was to assess the prevalence and distribution of HPV genotypes in immunosuppressed patients, and to compare them with the French Monsonego cohort. Secondary objectives were to evaluate whether the risk of HPV infection was correlated with HIV viral load, CD4 cell count in HIV-infected patients and the type, number of immunosuppressive therapies or type of pathology (transplant vs. autoimmune diseases) in patients undergoing long-term immunosuppressive therapy. Methods: An observational, monocentric and historical study was conducted including all immunosuppressed patients having received an HPV testing, in the Laboratory of Virology, Nancy Regional Teaching Hospital Center, between 2014 and 2020. Immunosuppressed patients were either HIV-infected or received long-term immunosuppressive therapy. Results: In our cohort, the prevalence of HPV infection (75.6% vs. 16.1% p < 0.05), the proportion of patients with high-risk HPV infection (48.9% vs. 15.1% p < 0.05) and with multiple HPV infection (41.1% vs. 5.7% p < 0.05) were significantly higher than in the Monsonego cohort. HPV 52 (13%), 53 (13%) and 16 (10%) were the most common in the immunosuppressed population, while it was HPV 16, 42 and 51 in the Monsonego cohort. Conclusions: This study supports that a particular attention must be given to all the immunosuppressed patients for the screening and care of HPV-related diseases because of major modifications of HPV epidemiology compared with the overall population.
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246
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Virus against virus: strategies for using adenovirus vectors in the treatment of HPV-induced cervical cancer. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2021; 42:1981-1990. [PMID: 33633364 PMCID: PMC8633276 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-021-00616-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Although most human papillomavirus (HPV) infections are harmless, persistent infection with high-risk types of HPV is known to be the leading cause of cervical cancer. Following the infection of the epithelium and integration into the host genome, the oncogenic proteins E6 and E7 disrupt cell cycle control by inducing p53 and retinoblastoma (Rb) degradation. Despite the FDA approval of prophylactic vaccines, there are still issues with cervical cancer treatment; thus, many therapeutic approaches have been developed to date. Due to strong immunogenicity, a high capacity for packaging foreign DNA, safety, and the ability to infect a myriad of cells, adenoviruses have drawn attention of researchers. Adenovirus vectors have been used for different purposes, including as oncolytic agents to kill cancer cells, carrier for RNA interference to block oncoproteins expression, vaccines for eliciting immune responses, especially in cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs), and gene therapy vehicles for restoring p53 and Rb function.
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247
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Lagström S, Løvestad AH, Umu SU, Ambur OH, Nygård M, Rounge TB, Christiansen IK. HPV16 and HPV18 type-specific APOBEC3 and integration profiles in different diagnostic categories of cervical samples. Tumour Virus Res 2021; 12:200221. [PMID: 34175494 PMCID: PMC8287217 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvr.2021.200221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) 16 and 18 are the most predominant types in cervical cancer. Only a small fraction of HPV infections progress to cancer, indicating that additional factors and genomic events contribute to the carcinogenesis, such as minor nucleotide variation caused by APOBEC3 and chromosomal integration. We analysed intra-host minor nucleotide variants (MNVs) and integration in HPV16 and HPV18 positive cervical samples with different morphology. Samples were sequenced using an HPV whole genome sequencing protocol TaME-seq. A total of 80 HPV16 and 51 HPV18 positive samples passed the sequencing depth criteria of 300× reads, showing the following distribution: non-progressive disease (HPV16 n = 21, HPV18 n = 12); cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) grade 2 (HPV16 n = 27, HPV18 n = 9); CIN3/adenocarcinoma in situ (AIS) (HPV16 n = 27, HPV18 n = 30); cervical cancer (HPV16 n = 5). Similar numbers of MNVs in HPV16 and HPV18 samples were observed for most viral genes, with the exception of HPV18 E4 with higher numbers across clinical categories. APOBEC3 signatures were observed in HPV16 lesions, while similar mutation patterns were not detected for HPV18. The proportion of samples with integration was 13% for HPV16 and 59% for HPV18 positive samples, with a noticeable portion located within or close to cancer-related genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Lagström
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway; Department of Research, Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo, Norway; Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Sinan Uğur Umu
- Department of Research, Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ole Herman Ambur
- Faculty of Health Sciences, OsloMet, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
| | - Mari Nygård
- Department of Research, Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo, Norway
| | - Trine B Rounge
- Department of Research, Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo, Norway; Department of Informatics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Irene Kraus Christiansen
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway; Department of Clinical Molecular Biology (EpiGen), Division of Medicine, Akershus University Hospital and University of Oslo, Lørenskog, Norway.
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248
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Kayyal M, Bolhassani A, Noormohammadi Z, Sadeghizadeh M. Immunological responses and anti-tumor effects of HPV16/18 L1-L2-E7 multiepitope fusion construct along with curcumin and nanocurcumin in C57BL/6 mouse model. Life Sci 2021; 285:119945. [PMID: 34516991 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Human papillomavirus (HPV) L1, L2 and E7 proteins were used as target antigens for development of preventive and therapeutic vaccines. Moreover, linkage of antigens to heat shock proteins (HSPs) could enhance the potency of vaccines. Curcumin and nanocurcumin compounds were suggested as the chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic agents against cancer. In this study, two multiepitope DNA and peptide-based vaccine constructs (L1-L2-E7 and HSP70-L1-L2-E7) were used along with curcumin and nanocurcumin to evaluate immune responses, and protective/therapeutic effects in tumor mouse model. MAIN METHODS At first, the multiepitope L1-L2-E7 and HSP70-L1-L2-E7 fusion genes were subcloned in eukaryotic and prokaryotic expression vectors. The recombinant multiepitope peptides were generated in E. coli strain. Then, the cytotoxic effects of curcumin and nanocurcumin were evaluated on HEK-293 T non-cancerous and C3 cancerous cells. Finally, mice vaccination was performed using different regimens. Curcumin and nanocurcumin compounds were administered alone or along with different vaccine constructs. KEY FINDINGS Our data indicated that the use of nanocurcumin along with the multiepitope HSP70-L1-L2-E7 vaccine construct could completely protect mice against HPV-related C3 tumor cells, and eradicate tumors in a therapeutic test. Furthermore, nanocurcumin showed higher protection than curcumin alone. Generally, curcumin and nanocurcumin compounds could reduce tumor growth synergistically with the multiepitope vaccine constructs, but they did not influence the immune responses in different regimens. SIGNIFICANCE These data demonstrated that the designed multiepitope vaccine constructs along with curcumin and nanocurcumin can be used as a promising method for HPV vaccine development.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents/administration & dosage
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Cancer Vaccines/genetics
- Cancer Vaccines/immunology
- Capsid Proteins/administration & dosage
- Capsid Proteins/genetics
- Capsid Proteins/immunology
- Cloning, Molecular
- Curcumin/administration & dosage
- Curcumin/pharmacology
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/administration & dosage
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/genetics
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Escherichia coli
- Female
- Genetic Vectors
- HEK293 Cells
- HSP70 Heat-Shock Proteins/administration & dosage
- HSP70 Heat-Shock Proteins/genetics
- HSP70 Heat-Shock Proteins/immunology
- Humans
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Neoplasms, Experimental/immunology
- Neoplasms, Experimental/therapy
- Oncogene Proteins, Viral/administration & dosage
- Oncogene Proteins, Viral/genetics
- Oncogene Proteins, Viral/immunology
- Papillomavirus E7 Proteins/administration & dosage
- Papillomavirus E7 Proteins/genetics
- Papillomavirus E7 Proteins/immunology
- Papillomavirus Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Papillomavirus Vaccines/genetics
- Papillomavirus Vaccines/immunology
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/administration & dosage
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/immunology
- Uterine Cervical Neoplasms/immunology
- Uterine Cervical Neoplasms/therapy
- Vaccines, Subunit/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Subunit/genetics
- Vaccines, Subunit/immunology
- Mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Matin Kayyal
- Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Azam Bolhassani
- Department of Hepatitis and AIDS, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Zahra Noormohammadi
- Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Majid Sadeghizadeh
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
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Dorosti H, Eskandari S, Zarei M, Nezafat N, Ghasemi Y. Design of a multi-epitope protein vaccine against herpes simplex virus, human papillomavirus and Chlamydia trachomatis as the main causes of sexually transmitted diseases. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2021; 96:105136. [PMID: 34775078 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2021.105136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) have a profound effect on reproductivity and sexual health worldwide. According to world health organization (WHO) 375 million new case of STD, including chlamydia trachomatis (chlamydia), Neisseria gonorrhoeae, HSV, HPV has been reported in 2016. More than 30 diverse pathogenesis have identified to be transmitted through sexual intercourse. Of these, viral infections (hepatitis B, herpes simplex virus (HSV or herpes), HIV, and human papillomavirus (HPV) are incurable. However, symptoms caused by the incurable viral infections can be alleviated through treatment. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) to antibiotics has increased recent years, in this regard, vaccination is proposed as an important strategy for prevention or treatment of STDs. Vaccine against HPV 16 and 18 suggests a new approach for controlling STDs but until now, there is no prophylactic or therapeutic vaccine have been approved for HSV-2 and Chlamydia trachomatis (CT); in this reason, developing an efficient vaccine is inevitable. Recently, different combinatorial forms of subunit vaccines against two or three type of bacteria have been designed. In this study, to design a combinatorial vaccine against HSV, CT, and HPV, the E7 and L2 from HPV, glycoprotein D from HSV-2 and ompA from CT were selected as final antigens. Afterward, the immunodominant helper T lymphocytes (HTLs) and cytolytic T lymphocytes (CTLs) epitopes were chosen from aforesaid antigens. P30 (tetanus toxoid epitope) as universal T-helper were also added to the vaccine. Moreover, flagellin D1/D0 as TLR5 agonist and the RS09 as a TLR4 ligand were incorporated to N and C-terminals of peptide vaccine, respectively. Finally, all selected parts were fused together by appropriate linkers to enhance vaccine efficiency. The physicochemical, structural, and immunological properties of the designed vaccine protein were assessed. To achieve the best 3D model of the protein vaccine, modeling, refinement, and validation of modeled structures were also done. Docking evaluation demonstrated suitable interaction between the vaccine and TLR5. Moreover, molecular dynamics (MD) studies showed an appropriate and stable structure of protein and TLR5. Based on immunoinformatic analysis, our vaccine candidate could potentially incite humoral and cellular immunities, which are critical for protection against HPV, HSV-2, and chlamydia trachomatis. It should be noted that, experimental studies are needed to confirm the efficacy of the designed vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hesam Dorosti
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.; Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Sedigheh Eskandari
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mahboubeh Zarei
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.; Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Navid Nezafat
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.; Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Younes Ghasemi
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.; Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
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250
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Conceição Gomes Nascimento K, Gonçalves Lima É, Mota Nunes Z, Rêgo Barros Júnior M, de Aragão Batista MV, Lucena Araujo AR, da Costa Silva Neto J, Simas Chagas B, Almeida Diniz Gurgel AP, de Freitas AC. Detection of Human Papillomavirus DNA in Paired Peripheral Blood and Cervix Samples in Patients with Cervical Lesions and Healthy Individuals. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10215209. [PMID: 34768729 PMCID: PMC8584517 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10215209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated the presence of Human Papillomavirus (HPV) DNA in the cervix and peripheral blood of women with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN I, II, and III) and healthy individuals. Overall, 139 paired peripheral blood and cervix samples of healthy women and women with CIN I, II, and III (n = 68) were tested for HPV DNA by using standard procedures. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) sequencing determined HPV types. Quantification of HPV16 E6 and E2 genes was performed to determine viral load and physical state. HPV DNA was detected in the cervix (21.1% in healthy individuals; 48.8–55.5% in CIN patients), blood (46.4% in healthy individuals; 44.1–77.7% in CIN patients) and paired peripheral blood and cervix samples (24% in healthy individuals; 32.5–44.4% in CIN patients). The most frequent types found in the cervix were HPV16, 18, 31, 33, 58, and 70, while HPV16, 18, 33, 58, and 66 were the most frequent types found in the blood. HPV DNA in the cervix was associated with previous sexually transmitted infections (STIs) (p = 0.023; OR: 2.978; CI:1.34–7.821), HPV DNA in the blood (p = 0.000; OR: 8.283; CI:3.700–18.540), and cervical lesions (CIN I/II or III) (p = 0.007). Binomial logistic regression showed that HPV DNA in the blood (p = 0.000; OR: 9.324; CI:3.612–24.072) and cervical lesions (p = 0.011; OR: 3.622; CI:1.338–9.806) were associated with HPV DNA in the cervix. However, we did not find an association between HPV DNA in the blood and cervical lesions (p = 0.385). Our results showed that only HPV DNA found in the cervix was associated with cervical lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamylla Conceição Gomes Nascimento
- Laboratory of Molecular Studies and Experimental Therapy (LEMTE), Department of Genetics, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife 50670-901, Brazil; (K.C.G.N.); (É.G.L.); (M.R.B.J.); (B.S.C.); (A.C.d.F.)
| | - Élyda Gonçalves Lima
- Laboratory of Molecular Studies and Experimental Therapy (LEMTE), Department of Genetics, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife 50670-901, Brazil; (K.C.G.N.); (É.G.L.); (M.R.B.J.); (B.S.C.); (A.C.d.F.)
| | - Zhilbelly Mota Nunes
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics (LAGEM), Department of Engineering and Environment, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa 58297-000, Brazil;
| | - Marconi Rêgo Barros Júnior
- Laboratory of Molecular Studies and Experimental Therapy (LEMTE), Department of Genetics, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife 50670-901, Brazil; (K.C.G.N.); (É.G.L.); (M.R.B.J.); (B.S.C.); (A.C.d.F.)
| | - Marcus Vinícius de Aragão Batista
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology (GMBio), Department of Biology, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão 49100-000, Brazil;
| | | | | | - Bárbara Simas Chagas
- Laboratory of Molecular Studies and Experimental Therapy (LEMTE), Department of Genetics, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife 50670-901, Brazil; (K.C.G.N.); (É.G.L.); (M.R.B.J.); (B.S.C.); (A.C.d.F.)
| | - Ana Pavla Almeida Diniz Gurgel
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics (LAGEM), Department of Engineering and Environment, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa 58297-000, Brazil;
- Correspondence:
| | - Antonio Carlos de Freitas
- Laboratory of Molecular Studies and Experimental Therapy (LEMTE), Department of Genetics, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife 50670-901, Brazil; (K.C.G.N.); (É.G.L.); (M.R.B.J.); (B.S.C.); (A.C.d.F.)
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