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Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy attempts to harness the power and specificity of the immune system to treat tumours. The molecular identification of human cancer-specific antigens has allowed the development of antigen-specific immunotherapy. In one approach, autologous antigen-specific T cells are expanded ex vivo and then re-infused into patients. Another approach is through vaccination; that is, the provision of an antigen together with an adjuvant to elicit therapeutic T cells in vivo. Owing to their properties, dendritic cells (DCs) are often called 'nature's adjuvants' and thus have become the natural agents for antigen delivery. After four decades of research, it is now clear that DCs are at the centre of the immune system owing to their ability to control both immune tolerance and immunity. Thus, DCs are an essential target in efforts to generate therapeutic immunity against cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Palucka
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research, 3434 Live Oak Avenue, Dallas, Texas 75204, USA.
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202
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Mehta NR, Wurz GT, Burich RA, Greenberg BE, Griffey S, Gutierrez A, Bell KE, McCall JL, Wolf M, DeGregorio M. L-BLP25 vaccine plus letrozole induces a TH1 immune response and has additive antitumor activity in MUC1-expressing mammary tumors in mice. Clin Cancer Res 2012; 18:2861-71. [PMID: 22434666 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-12-0168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE In this study, we examine the immunomodulatory effects and antitumor activity of tamoxifen and letrozole when combined with the human epithelial mucin (hMUC1)-specific vaccine, L-BLP25, in the hMUC1-expressing mammary tumor (MMT) mouse model. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Dose-finding studies were conducted for both tamoxifen and letrozole. Letrozole and L-BLP25 combination studies used 69 MMT female mice assigned to five groups: untreated, cyclophosphamide + placebo, cyclophosphamide + L-BLP25, letrozole 0.8 mg/kg, and cyclophosphamide + L-BLP25 + letrozole. Tamoxifen and L-BLP25 combination studies used 48 MMT female mice assigned to five treatment groups: untreated, cyclophosphamide + placebo, cyclophosphamide + L-BLP25, tamoxifen 50 mg/kg, and cyclophosphamide + L-BLP25 + tamoxifen 50 mg/kg group. Mice were injected subcutaneously with L-BLP25 (10 μg) weekly for 8 weeks. Serum cytokines were serially measured using a Luminex assay, whereas splenocytes at termination were analyzed by ELISpot to determine T-helper (T(H))1/T(H)2 polarization of immune response. RESULTS Daily oral doses of 50 and 0.8 mg/kg of tamoxifen and letrozole, respectively, resulted in a significant survival advantage over controls (P < 0.05). A predominant T(H)1-polarized immune response in vaccinated mice was seen with or without tamoxifen or letrozole treatments. In the L-BLP25 plus letrozole treatment group, statistically significant (P < 0.05) additive antitumor activity was observed, whereas tamoxifen plus L-BLP25 was not significantly different (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION The results of this study show that hormonal therapy does not interfere with L-BLP25-induced predominant T(H)1 response, and the combination of L-BLP25 with letrozole has additive antitumor activity in the MMT mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neelima R Mehta
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California 95817, USA
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203
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Lee EY, Park KS, Yoon YJ, Lee J, Moon HG, Jang SC, Choi KH, Kim YK, Gho YS. Therapeutic effects of autologous tumor-derived nanovesicles on melanoma growth and metastasis. PLoS One 2012; 7:e33330. [PMID: 22438914 PMCID: PMC3305328 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0033330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2011] [Accepted: 02/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer vaccines with optimal tumor-associated antigens show promise for anti-tumor immunotherapy. Recently, nano-sized vesicles, such as exosomes derived from tumors, were suggested as potential antigen candidates, although the total yield of exosomes is not sufficient for clinical applications. In the present study, we developed a new vaccine strategy based on nano-sized vesicles derived from primary autologous tumors. Through homogenization and sonication of tumor tissues, we achieved high yields of vesicle-bound antigens. These nanovesicles were enriched with antigenic membrane targets but lacked nuclear autoantigens. Furthermore, these nanovesicles together with adjuvant activated dendritic cells in vitro, and induced effective anti-tumor immune responses in both primary and metastatic melanoma mouse models. Therefore, autologous tumor-derived nanovesicles may represent a novel source of antigens with high-level immunogenicity for use in acellular vaccines without compromising safety. Our strategy is cost-effective and can be applied to patient-specific cancer therapeutic vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Young Lee
- Department of Life Science and Division of Molecular and Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyong-Su Park
- Department of Life Science and Division of Molecular and Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Yae Jin Yoon
- Department of Life Science and Division of Molecular and Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaewook Lee
- Department of Life Science and Division of Molecular and Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung-Geun Moon
- Department of Life Science and Division of Molecular and Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Su Chul Jang
- Department of Life Science and Division of Molecular and Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung-Ho Choi
- Department of Emergency Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon-Keun Kim
- Department of Life Science and Division of Molecular and Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail: (YKK); (YSG)
| | - Yong Song Gho
- Department of Life Science and Division of Molecular and Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail: (YKK); (YSG)
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204
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Tietze JK, Sckisel GD, Hsiao HH, Murphy WJ. Antigen-specific versus antigen-nonspecific immunotherapeutic approaches for human melanoma: the need for integration for optimal efficacy? Int Rev Immunol 2012; 30:238-93. [PMID: 22053969 DOI: 10.3109/08830185.2011.598977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Due to its immunogenecity and evidence of immune responses resulting in tumor regression, metastatic melanoma has been the target for numerous immunotherapeutic approaches. Unfortunately, based on the clinical outcomes, even the successful induction of tumor-specific responses does not correlate with efficacy. Immunotherapies can be divided into antigen-specific approaches, which seek to induce T cells specific to one or several known tumor associated antigens (TAA), or with antigen-nonspecific approaches, which generally activate T cells to become nonspecifically lytic effectors. Here the authors critically review the different immunotherapeutic approaches in melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia K Tietze
- Departments of Dermatology and Internal Medicine, University of California-Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
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205
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Schlom J. Therapeutic cancer vaccines: current status and moving forward. J Natl Cancer Inst 2012; 104:599-613. [PMID: 22395641 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djs033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Concurrent with U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval of the first therapeutic cancer vaccine, a wide spectrum of other cancer vaccine platforms that target a diverse range of tumor-associated antigens is currently being evaluated in randomized phase II and phase III trials. The profound influence of the tumor microenvironment and other immunosuppressive entities, however, can limit the effectiveness of these vaccines. Numerous strategies are currently being evaluated both preclinically and clinically to counteract these immunosuppressive entities, including the combined use of vaccines with immune checkpoint inhibitors, certain chemotherapeutics, small-molecule targeted therapies, and radiation. The potential influence of the appropriate patient population and clinical trial endpoint in vaccine therapy studies is discussed, as well as the potential importance of biomarkers in future directions of this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Schlom
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Dr, Rm 8B09, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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206
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Recent advances in developing synthetic carbohydrate-based vaccines for cancer immunotherapies. Future Med Chem 2012; 4:545-84. [DOI: 10.4155/fmc.11.193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells can often be distinguished from healthy cells by the expression of unique carbohydrate sequences decorating the cell surface as a result of aberrant glycosyltransferase activity occurring within the cell; these unusual carbohydrates can be used as valuable immunological targets in modern vaccine designs to raise carbohydrate-specific antibodies. Many tumor antigens (e.g., GM2, Ley, globo H, sialyl Tn and TF) have been identified to date in a variety of cancers. Unfortunately, carbohydrates alone evoke poor immunogenicity, owing to their lack of ability in inducing T-cell-dependent immune responses. In order to enhance their immunogenicity and promote long-lasting immune responses, carbohydrates are often chemically modified to link to an immunogenic protein or peptide fragment for eliciting T-cell-dependent responses. This review will present a summary of efforts and advancements made to date on creating carbohydrate-based anticancer vaccines, and will include novel approaches to overcoming the poor immunogenicity of carbohydrate-based vaccines.
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207
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Yuan XK, Zhao XK, Xia YC, Zhu X, Xiao P. Increased circulating immunosuppressive CD14(+)HLA-DR(-/low) cells correlate with clinical cancer stage and pathological grade in patients with bladder carcinoma. J Int Med Res 2012; 39:1381-91. [PMID: 21986138 DOI: 10.1177/147323001103900424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated CD14(+)HLA-DR(-/low) cells in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from 64 patients with bladder carcinoma (BC) and 14 healthy controls. Cell phenotypes were determined and CD14(+)HLA-DR(-/low) cells, CD14(+)HLA-DR(+) cells and PBMCs depleted of CD14(+)HLA-DR(-/low) cells were isolated. Proliferation of stimulated PBMCs and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) production after addition of CD14(+)HLA-DR(-/low) and CD14(+)HLA-DR(+) cells at different ratios were measured. IFN-γ production was also measured after addition of L-arginine and/or antitransforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) neutralizing monoclonal antibody, and in PBMCs depleted of CD14(+)HLA-DR(-/low) cells. The proportion of CD14(+)HLA-DR(-/low) cells in BC patients was significantly higher than in controls. CD14(+)HLA-DR(-/low) cells significantly decreased T-cell proliferation and IFN-γ production in a dose-dependent manner. This suppressive activity was partially reversed by L-arginine or anti-TGF-β. Enhanced IFN-γ secretion was also seen in PBMCs depleted of CD14(+)HLA-DR(-/low) cells. The level of CD14(+)HLA-DR(-/low) cells was associated with gender, tumour size, number of tumours, cancer pathological grade and clinical stage. CD14(+)HLA-DR(-/low) cells may represent a subpopulation of myeloid-derived suppressor cells in BC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- X-K Yuan
- Department of Nephrology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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208
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Tschoep-Lechner K, Drexler I, Hammer D, Neumann D, Pohla H, Sutter G, Noessner E, Issels RD. Modified vaccinia virus Ankara delivers a robust surrogate marker for immune monitoring to sarcoma cells even if cells are being exposed to chemotherapy and heat treatment. Int J Hyperthermia 2012; 28:33-42. [PMID: 22235783 PMCID: PMC9476112 DOI: 10.3109/02656736.2011.626834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Tschoep-Lechner
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Klinikum Grosshadern Medical Centre, Ludwig Maximilians University, Marchioninistrasse 25, Munich, Germany.
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209
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210
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Hartman ZC, Wei J, Glass OK, Guo H, Lei G, Yang XY, Osada T, Hobeika A, Delcayre A, Le Pecq JB, Morse MA, Clay TM, Lyerly HK. Increasing vaccine potency through exosome antigen targeting. Vaccine 2011; 29:9361-7. [PMID: 22001882 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.09.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2011] [Revised: 09/22/2011] [Accepted: 09/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
While many tumor associated antigens (TAAs) have been identified in human cancers, efforts to develop efficient TAA "cancer vaccines" using classical vaccine approaches have been largely ineffective. Recently, a process to specifically target proteins to exosomes has been established which takes advantage of the ability of the factor V like C1C2 domain of lactadherin to specifically address proteins to exosomes. Using this approach, we hypothesized that TAAs could be targeted to exosomes to potentially increase their immunogenicity, as exosomes have been demonstrated to traffic to antigen presenting cells (APC). To investigate this possibility, we created adenoviral vectors expressing the extracellular domain (ECD) of two non-mutated TAAs often found in tumors of cancer patients, carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and HER2, and coupled them to the C1C2 domain of lactadherin. We found that these C1C2 fusion proteins had enhanced expression in exosomes in vitro. We saw significant improvement in antigen specific immune responses to each of these antigens in naïve and tolerant transgenic animal models and could further demonstrate significantly enhanced therapeutic anti-tumor effects in a human HER2+ transgenic animal model. These findings demonstrate that the mode of secretion and trafficking can influence the immunogenicity of different human TAAs, and may explain the lack of immunogenicity of non-mutated TAAs found in cancer patients. They suggest that exosomal targeting could enhance future anti-tumor vaccination protocols. This targeting exosome process could also be adapted for the development of more potent vaccines in some viral and parasitic diseases where the classical vaccine approach has demonstrated limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary C Hartman
- Duke Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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211
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Li H, Li Y, Jiao J, Hu HM. Alpha-alumina nanoparticles induce efficient autophagy-dependent cross-presentation and potent antitumour response. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2011; 6:645-50. [PMID: 21926980 PMCID: PMC3483867 DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2011.153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2011] [Accepted: 08/17/2011] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Therapeutic cancer vaccination is an attractive strategy because it induces T cells of the immune system to recognize and kill tumour cells in cancer patients. However, it remains difficult to generate large numbers of T cells that can recognize the antigens on cancer cells using conventional vaccine carrier systems. Here we show that α-Al(2)O(3) nanoparticles can act as an antigen carrier to reduce the amount of antigen required to activate T cells in vitro and in vivo. We found that α-Al(2)O(3) nanoparticles delivered antigens to autophagosomes in dendritic cells, which then presented the antigens to T cells through autophagy. Immunization of mice with α-Al(2)O(3) nanoparticles that are conjugated to either a model tumour antigen or autophagosomes derived from tumour cells resulted in tumour regression. These results suggest that α-Al(2)O(3) nanoparticles may be a promising adjuvant in the development of therapeutic cancer vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Li
- Department of Physics, Portland State University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Yuhuan Li
- Laboratory of Cancer Immunobiology, Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Portland Medical Center, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Jun Jiao
- Department of Physics, Portland State University, Portland, Oregon, USA
- ;
| | - Hong-Ming Hu
- Laboratory of Cancer Immunobiology, Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Portland Medical Center, Portland, Oregon, USA
- ;
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212
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Costantino P, Rappuoli R, Berti F. The design of semi-synthetic and synthetic glycoconjugate vaccines. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2011; 6:1045-66. [PMID: 22646863 DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2011.609554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Glycoconjugate vaccines are among the safest and most efficacious vaccines developed during the last 30 years. They are a potent tool for prevention of life-threatening bacterial infectious diseases like meningitis and pneumonia. The concept of hapten-carrier conjugation is now being extended to other disease areas. AREAS COVERED This is an overview of the history and current status of glycoconjugate vaccines. The authors discuss the approaches for their preparation and quality control as well as those variables which might affect their product profile. The authors also look at the potential to develop fully synthetic conjugate vaccines based on the progress of organic chemistry. Additionally, new applications of conjugate vaccines technology in the field of non-infectious diseases are discussed. Through this review, the reader will have an insight regarding the issues and complexities involved in the preparation and characterization of conjugate vaccines, the variables that might affect their immunogenicity and the potential for future applications. EXPERT OPINION The immunogenicity of weak T-independent antigens can be increased in quantity and quality by conjugation to protein carriers, which provide T-cell help. Glycoconjugate vaccines are among the safest and most efficacious vaccines developed so far. Various conjugation procedures and carrier proteins can be used. Many variables impact on the immunogenicity of conjugate vaccines and a tight control through physicochemical tests is important to ensure manufacturing and clinical consistency. New and challenging targets for conjugate vaccines are represented by cancer and other non-infectious diseases.
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213
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Gene Therapy against Murine Melanoma B16F10-Nex2 Using IL-13Ralpha2-Fc Chimera and Interleukin 12 in Association with a Cyclopalladated Drug. Transl Oncol 2011; 1:110-20. [PMID: 18795121 DOI: 10.1593/tlo.08115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2008] [Revised: 06/20/2008] [Accepted: 06/23/2008] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin 13 (IL-13) is immunoregulatory in many diseases, including cancer. The protective or suppressive role of CD1-restricted natural killer T cells (NKT cells) in tumor immunosurveillance and immunity is well documented. Interleukin 12 (IL-12) can activate type I NKT cells to produce interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), whereas type II NKT cells may produce IL-13. The high-affinity chain of IL-13Ralpha2 may act as negative inhibitor, suppressing the action of IL-13 and helping to maintain tumor immunosurveillance. We constructed an mIL-13Ralpha2-Fc chimera in a eukaryotic expression vector and confirmed the identity of the recombinant protein by immunoblot analysis and binding to IL-13 in chemiluminescent ELISA. Such DNA vaccine was tested against syngeneic B16F10-Nex2 murine melanoma. In vivo experiments showed a protective effect mediated by high production of IFN-gamma and down-regulation of anti-inflammatory interleukins mainly by NKT 1.1(+) T cells. Biochemoterapy in vivo with plasmid encoding mIL-13Ralpha2-Fc in association with plasmid encoding IL-12 and the 7A cyclopalladated drug led to a significant reduction in the tumor evolution with 30% tumor-free mice. We conclude that IL-12 gene therapy, followed by continuous administration of IL-13Ralpha2-Fc gene along with 7A-drug has antitumor activity involving the high production of proinflammatory cytokines and low immune suppression, specifically by NK1.1(+)T cells producing IL-13 and IL-10.
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214
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Gupta S, Carballido E, Fishman M. Sipuleucel-T for therapy of asymptomatic or minimally symptomatic, castrate-refractory prostate cancer: an update and perspective among other treatments. Onco Targets Ther 2011; 4:79-96. [PMID: 21792315 PMCID: PMC3143908 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s14107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Sipuleucel-T is an autologous cell immunotherapy for castrate-refractory prostate cancer, with US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval in asymptomatic or minimally symptomatic prostate cancer. In this review we address the background of prostate cancer incidence and other available therapy onto which sipuleucel-T treatment has been added, with discussion of hormone-therapy, chemotherapy, and other investigational immunotherapies. The sipuleucel-T manufacturing process, toxicity and clinical benefit are reviewed, along with an examination of the issue of clinical benefit to survival, independent of apparent changes of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels. Sipuleucel-T therapy is appraised from clinician, patient and immunotherapeutic perspectives, with reference to the clinical data from the pivotal trial, the mechanism of action, and the treatment process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilpa Gupta
- Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
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215
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Cancer vaccines. Any future? Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2011; 59:249-59. [PMID: 21644030 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-011-0129-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2010] [Accepted: 02/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The idea that vaccination can be used to fight cancer is not new. Approximately 100 years ago, researchers attempted to stimulate a tumor-specific, therapeutic immune response to tumors by injecting patients with cells and extracts from their own tumors, or tumors of the same type from different individuals. During the last decade, great efforts have been made to develop immunotherapeutic approaches for the treatment of malignant diseases as alternatives to traditional chemo- and radiotherapy. A quintessential goal of immunotherapy in cancer is treatment with vaccines that elicit potent anti-tumor immune responses without side effects. In this article, we have attempted to review some of the most problematic issues facing the development of cancer vaccines. With the prospect of immunosuppression, an ill-designed cancer vaccine can be more harmful than a no-benefit therapy. We have noted that "immunoediting" and "immunodominance" are the premier setbacks in peptide-based vaccines and therefore it appears necessary not only to manipulate the activity of a vast number of principal components but also to finely tune their concentrations in time and space. In the face of all these quandaries, it is at least doubtful that any reliable anti-cancer vaccine strategy will emerge in the near future.
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216
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Kovjazin R, Volovitz I, Kundel Y, Rosenbaum E, Medalia G, Horn G, Smorodinsky NI, Brenner B, Carmon L. ImMucin: a novel therapeutic vaccine with promiscuous MHC binding for the treatment of MUC1-expressing tumors. Vaccine 2011; 29:4676-86. [PMID: 21570434 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.04.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2010] [Revised: 02/21/2011] [Accepted: 04/27/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
An optimal cancer vaccine should be able to induce highly potent, long-lasting, tumor-specific responses in the majority of the cancer patient population. One approach for achieving this is to use synthetic peptide vaccines derived from widely expressed tumor-associated antigens, that promiscuously bind multiple MHC class I and class II alleles. MUC1-SP-L (ImMucin, VXL100) is a 21mer peptide encoding the complete signal peptide domain of MUC1, a tumor-associated antigen expressed by over 90% of solid and non-solid tumors. MUC1-SP-L was predicted in silico to bind various MHC class I and MHC class II alleles, covering the majority of the Caucasian population. PBLs obtained from 13 naïve donors all proliferated, with a Stimulation Index (SI≥2), to the MUC1-SP-L peptide, producing mixed CD4+ and CD8+ responses. Similar results were manifested by MUC1-SP-L in PBLs derived from 9 of 10 cancer patients with MUC1 positive tumors. CD4+ and CD8+ T cell populations exhibited CD45RO memory markers and secreted IFN-gamma and IL-2 following stimulation with MUC1-SP-L. These T cells also exhibited proliferation to the MUC1-SP-L inner 9mer epitopes and cytotoxicity against tumor cell lines expressing MUC1 and a concordant MHC class I allele. Cytotoxicity to MUC1-expressing human and murine tumors was shown also in T cells obtained from HLA-A2 transgenic mice and BALB/c syngeneic mice immunized with the MUC1-SP-L and GM-CSF. In an immunotherapy model, BALB/c mice inoculated with metastatic MUC1 transfected murine DA3 mammary tumor cells, exhibited significantly prolonged survival following vaccination with MUC1-SP-L. Our results indicate superior immunological and anti-tumor properties of MUC1-SP-L compared to previously published MUC1-derived epitopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riva Kovjazin
- Vaxil BioTherapeutics Ltd., 13 Einstein Street, Weizmann Science Park, Nes-Ziona 74036, Israel
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217
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Al-Khami AA, Mehrotra S, Nishimura MI. Adoptive immunotherapy of cancer: Gene transfer of T cell specificity. SELF NONSELF 2011; 2:80-84. [PMID: 22299059 DOI: 10.4161/self.2.2.15832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2011] [Accepted: 04/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Adoptive transfer of tumor-reactive T cells has emerged as a promising advance in tumor immunotherapy. Specifically, infusion of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes has led to long-term objective clinical responses for patients with metastatic melanoma. Donor lymphocyte infusion is also an effective treatment of post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease. However, adoptive T cell therapy has restrictions in the isolation and expansion of antigen-specific lymphocytes for a large group of patients. One approach to circumvent this limitation and extend adoptive immunotherapy to other cancer types is the genetic modification of T cells with antigen-specific receptors. In this article, we review strategies to redirect T cell specificity, including T cell receptor gene transfer and antibody receptor gene transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir A Al-Khami
- Division of General Surgery; Department of Surgery; Medical University of South Carolina; Charleston, SC USA
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218
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Induction of TLR4-dependent CD8+ T cell immunity by murine β-defensin2 fusion protein vaccines. Vaccine 2011; 29:3476-82. [PMID: 21382485 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.02.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2010] [Revised: 01/13/2011] [Accepted: 02/16/2011] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Our laboratory previously described the strategy of fusing chemokine receptor ligands to antigens in order to generate immunogenic DNA vaccines. In the present study, we produced mouse β-2 defensin (mBD2) fusion proteins using both ovalbumin (OVA) and gp100 as model antigens. Superior cross-presentation by dendritic cells (DC) was observed for mBD2 fused antigens over unfused antigens in vitro. In vivo, we observed significant increases in the expansion of adoptively transferred antigen-specific MHC class I, but not class II-restricted T cells after immunization with mBD2 fused antigen over antigen alone. This enhanced expansion of class I restricted T cells was Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) dependent, but CC chemokine receptor 6 (CCR6) independent. Superior tumor resistance was observed for mBD2-fusion protein vaccines, compared to unfused antigen, in both B16-OVA and B16 tumor models. These data suggest that production of mBD2 fusion proteins is feasible and that the vaccines facilitate in vivo expansion of adoptively transferred T cells through a TLR4-dependent mechanism.
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219
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Limited transplantation of antigen-expressing hematopoietic stem cells induces long-lasting cytotoxic T cell responses. PLoS One 2011; 6:e16897. [PMID: 21379572 PMCID: PMC3040734 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0016897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2010] [Accepted: 01/04/2011] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Harnessing the ability of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) to recognize and eradicate tumor or pathogen-infected cells is a critical goal of modern immune-based therapies. Although multiple immunization strategies efficiently induce high levels of antigen-specific CTLs, the initial increase is typically followed by a rapid contraction phase resulting in a sharp decline in the frequency of functional CTLs. We describe a novel approach to immunotherapy based on a transplantation of low numbers of antigen-expressing hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) following nonmyeloablative or partially myeloablative conditioning. Continuous antigen presentation by a limited number of differentiated transgenic hematopoietic cells results in an induction and prolonged maintenance of fully functional effector T cell responses in a mouse model. Recipient animals display high levels of antigen-specific CTLs four months following transplantation in contrast to dendritic cell-immunized animals in which the response typically declines at 4–6 weeks post-immunization. Majority of HSC-induced antigen-specific CD8+ T cells display central memory phenotype, efficiently kill target cells in vivo, and protect recipients against tumor growth in a preventive setting. Furthermore, we confirm previously published observation that high level engraftment of antigen-expressing HSCs following myeloablative conditioning results in tolerance and an absence of specific cytotoxic activity in vivo. In conclusion, the data presented here supports potential application of immunization by limited transplantation of antigen-expressing HSCs for the prevention and treatment of cancer and therapeutic immunization of chronic infectious diseases such as HIV-1/AIDS.
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220
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Cavallo F, De Giovanni C, Nanni P, Forni G, Lollini PL. 2011: the immune hallmarks of cancer. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2011; 60:319-26. [PMID: 21267721 PMCID: PMC3042096 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-010-0968-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 237] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2010] [Accepted: 12/27/2010] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Ten years after the publication of the position paper “The hallmarks of cancer” (Hanahan and Weinberg Cell 100:57–70, 2000), it has become increasingly clear that mutated cells on their way to giving rise to a tumor have also to learn how to thrive in a chronically inflamed microenvironment, evade immune recognition, and suppress immune reactivity. Genetic and molecular definition of these three immune hallmarks of cancer offers the opportunity to learn how to deploy specific countermeasures to reverse the situation in favor of the immune system and, eventually, the patient. This new information could be channeled to address what seem to be the three major hallmarks for the immune control of cancer progression: effective procedures to activate immune reactivity; characterization of not-disposable oncoantigens; and counteraction of immune suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Cavallo
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Molecular Biotechnology Center, Via Nizza 52, 10126 Turin, Italy.
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221
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Patel MR, Chang YF, Chen IY, Bachmann MH, Yan X, Contag CH, Gambhir SS. Longitudinal, noninvasive imaging of T-cell effector function and proliferation in living subjects. Cancer Res 2011; 70:10141-9. [PMID: 21159636 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-10-1843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Adoptive immunotherapy is evolving to assume an increasing role in treating cancer. Most imaging studies in adoptive immunotherapy to date have focused primarily on locating tumor-specific T cells rather than understanding their effector functions. In this study, we report the development of a noninvasive imaging strategy to monitor T-cell activation in living subjects by linking a reporter gene to the Granzyme B promoter (pGB), whose transcriptional activity is known to increase during T-cell activation. Because pGB is relatively weak and does not lead to sufficient reporter gene expression for noninvasive imaging, we specifically employed 2 signal amplification strategies, namely the Two Step Transcription Amplification (TSTA) strategy and the cytomegalovirus enhancer (CMVe) strategy, to maximize firefly luciferase reporter gene expression. Although both amplification strategies were capable of increasing pGB activity in activated primary murine splenocytes, only the level of bioluminescence activity achieved with the CMVe strategy was adequate for noninvasive imaging in mice. Using T cells transduced with a reporter vector containing the hybrid pGB-CMVe promoter, we were able to optically image T-cell effector function longitudinally in response to tumor antigens in living mice. This methodology has the potential to accelerate the study of adoptive immunotherapy in preclinical cancer models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manishkumar R Patel
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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222
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Abstract
T cells can reject established tumours when adoptively transferred into patients, thereby demonstrating the power of the immune system for cancer therapy. However, it has proven difficult to maintain adoptively transferred T cells in the long term. Vaccines have the potential to induce tumour-specific effector and memory T cells. However, clinical efficacy of current vaccines is limited, possibly because tumours skew the immune system by means of myeloid-derived suppressor cells, inflammatory type 2 T cells and regulatory T cells (Tregs), all of which prevent the generation of effector cells. To improve the clinical efficacy of cancer vaccines in patients with metastatic disease, we need to design novel and improved strategies that can boost adaptive immunity to cancer, help overcome Tregs and allow the breakdown of the immunosuppressive tumour microenvironment. This can be achieved by exploiting the fast increasing knowledge about the dendritic cell (DC) system, including the existence of distinct DC subsets that respond differentially to distinct activation signals, (functional plasticity), both contributing to the generation of unique adaptive immune responses. We foresee that these novel cancer vaccines will be used as monotherapy in patients with resected disease and in combination with drugs targeting regulatory/suppressor pathways in patients with metastatic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Palucka
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
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223
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Palucka K, Banchereau J, Mellman I. Designing vaccines based on biology of human dendritic cell subsets. Immunity 2010; 33:464-78. [PMID: 21029958 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2010.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 254] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2010] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The effective vaccines developed against a variety of infectious agents, including polio, measles, and hepatitis B, represent major achievements in medicine. These vaccines, usually composed of microbial antigens, are often associated with an adjuvant that activates dendritic cells (DCs). Many infectious diseases are still in need of an effective vaccine including HIV, malaria, hepatitis C, and tuberculosis. In some cases, the induction of cellular rather than humoral responses may be more important because the goal is to control and eliminate the existing infection rather than to prevent it. Our increased understanding of the mechanisms of antigen presentation, particularly with the description of DC subsets with distinct functions, as well as their plasticity in responding to extrinsic signals, represent opportunities to develop novel vaccines. In addition, we foresee that this increased knowledge will permit us to design vaccines that will reprogram the immune system to intervene therapeutically in cancer, allergy, and autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Palucka
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research, 3434 Live Oak Avenue, Dallas, TX 75204, USA.
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224
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Huang X, Yang Y. Targeting the TLR9-MyD88 pathway in the regulation of adaptive immune responses. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2010; 14:787-96. [PMID: 20560798 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2010.501333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are innate immune receptors critical in the innate immune defense against invading pathogens. Recent advances also reveal a crucial role for TLRs in shaping adaptive immune responses, conferring a potential therapeutic value to their modulation in the treatment of diseases. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW The aim of this review is to discuss TLR9, the TLR9-MyD88 signaling pathway and its role in regulation of adaptive immune responses, as well as potential therapeutic implications by targeting this pathway. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN This review shows that the TLR9-MyD88 signaling pathway plays a critical role in promoting adaptive immune responses and that modulation of this pathway may have enormous therapeutic potential in enhancing vaccine potency, controlling autoimmunity, as well as improving the outcome of viral-vector-mediated gene therapy. TAKE HOME MESSAGE Although TLR9 agonists have been used as adjuvants for enhancing vaccine potency, further exploitation of the TLR9-MyD88 pathway and its dynamic interaction with the immune system in vivo is needed to provide more effective therapeutic inventions in the design of vaccines for infectious diseases, allergies and cancer, in the control of autoimmunity, as well as in the improvement of viral-vector-mediated gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaopei Huang
- Duke University Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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225
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Westermann J, Flörcken A, Willimsky G, van Lessen A, Kopp J, Takvorian A, Jöhrens K, Lukowsky A, Schönemann C, Sawitzki B, Pohla H, Frank R, Dörken B, Schendel DJ, Blankenstein T, Pezzutto A. Allogeneic gene-modified tumor cells (RCC-26/IL-7/CD80) as a vaccine in patients with metastatic renal cell cancer: a clinical phase-I study. Gene Ther 2010; 18:354-63. [DOI: 10.1038/gt.2010.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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226
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Nakashima H, Fujisawa T, Husain SR, Puri RK. Interleukin-13 receptor α2 DNA prime boost vaccine induces tumor immunity in murine tumor models. J Transl Med 2010; 8:116. [PMID: 21067607 PMCID: PMC2993653 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-8-116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2010] [Accepted: 11/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background DNA vaccines represent an attractive approach for cancer treatment by inducing active T cell and B cell immune responses to tumor antigens. Previous studies have shown that interleukin-13 receptor α2 chain (IL-13Rα2), a tumor-associated antigen is a promising target for cancer immunotherapy as high levels of IL-13Rα2 are expressed on a variety of human tumors. To enhance the effectiveness of DNA vaccine, we used extracellular domain of IL-13Rα2 (ECDα2) as a protein-boost against murine tumor models. Methods We have developed murine models of tumors naturally expressing IL-13Rα2 (MCA304 sarcoma, 4T1 breast carcinoma) and D5 melanoma tumors transfected with human IL-13Rα2 in syngeneic mice and examined the antitumor activity of DNA vaccine expressing IL-13Rα2 gene with or without ECDα2 protein mixed with CpG and IFA adjuvants as a boost vaccine. Results Mice receiving IL-13Rα2 DNA vaccine boosted with ECDα2 protein were superior in exhibiting inhibition of tumor growth, compared to mice receiving DNA vaccine alone, in both prophylactic and therapeutic vaccine settings. In addition, prime-boost vaccination significantly prolonged the survival of mice compared to DNA vaccine alone. Furthermore, ECDα2 booster vaccination increased IFN-γ production and CTL activity against tumor expressing IL-13Rα2. The immunohistochemical analysis showed the infiltration of CD4 and CD8 positive T cells and IFN-γ-induced chemokines (CXCL9 and CXCL10) in regressing tumors of immunized mice. Finally, the prime boost strategy was able to reduce immunosuppressive CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) in the spleen and tumor of vaccinated mice. Conclusion These results suggest that immunization with IL-13Rα2 DNA vaccine followed by ECDα2 boost mixed with CpG and IFA adjuvants inhibits tumor growth in T cell dependent manner. Thus our results show an enhancement of efficacy of IL-13Rα2 DNA vaccine with ECDα2 protein boost and offers an exciting approach in the development of new DNA vaccine targeting IL-13Rα2 for cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideyuki Nakashima
- Tumor Vaccines and Biotechnology Branch, Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, NIH Building 29B, Room 2NN20, 29 Lincoln Drive MSC 4555, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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227
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Zhou L, Xiang J, Chen X. Mesenchymal stem cell-based cellular vaccine: An efficient immunotherapeutic strategy for human malignancies. Med Hypotheses 2010; 76:206-7. [PMID: 20974521 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2010.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2010] [Accepted: 09/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Cancer-related deaths are still the most fearsome threaten to human health. It is necessary to develop an innovative and active strategy for the prophylactic immunization against tumorigenesis. Multiple lines of evidence have demonstrated that cancer stem cells (CSCs) are the initiating cells of tumor formation, as well as the source of local recurrence and distant metastases. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), the adult pluripotent progenitors of multiple mesenchymal lineages, have an unusual tropism to preclinical tumor lesions. Both MSCs and CSCs or populations of tumor-initiating cells may also have similar reactogenicity or immunogenicity. Based on the information given above, a hypothesis is generated that MSCs may possess a potential of cellular vaccine for bio-prevention against tumorigenesis via eliciting cross-immunity and inducing active antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Zhou
- Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
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228
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Marchi LHL, Paschoalin T, Travassos LR, Rodrigues EG. Gene therapy with interleukin-10 receptor and interleukin-12 induces a protective interferon-γ-dependent response against B16F10-Nex2 melanoma. Cancer Gene Ther 2010; 18:110-22. [DOI: 10.1038/cgt.2010.58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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229
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Abstract
Advances in basic immunology have led to an improved understanding of the interactions between the immune system and tumours, generating renewed interest in approaches that aim to treat cancer immunologically. As clinical and preclinical studies of tumour immunotherapy illustrate several immunological principles, a review of these data is broadly instructive and is particularly timely now that several agents are beginning to show evidence of efficacy. This is especially relevant in the case of prostate cancer, as recent approval of sipuleucel-T by the US Food and Drug Administration marks the first antigen-specific immunotherapy approved for cancer treatment. Although this Review focuses on immunotherapy for prostate cancer, the principles discussed are applicable to many tumour types, and the approaches discussed are highlighted in that context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles G Drake
- Johns Hopkins Kimmel Cancer Center, 1650 Orleans Street-CRB 410, Baltimore, Maryland 21231, USA.
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230
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Kim D, Hung CF, Wu TC, Park YM. DNA vaccine with α-galactosylceramide at prime phase enhances anti-tumor immunity after boosting with antigen-expressing dendritic cells. Vaccine 2010; 28:7297-305. [PMID: 20817010 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.08.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2010] [Revised: 07/22/2010] [Accepted: 08/19/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
DNA vaccines contribute to a promising new approach for the generation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL). DNA vaccines do have several disadvantages, including poor immunogenicity and oncogene expression. We used the natural killer T-cell (NKT) ligand α-galactosylceramide (α-GalCer) as an adjuvant to prime initial DNA vaccination; and used the potent immune-stimulatory tumor antigen-expressing dendritic cells (DCs) as a booster vaccination. A DNA vaccine expressing human papillomavirus (HPV) type 16 E7 (pcDNA3-CRT/E7) was combined with α-GalCer at the prime phase, and generated a higher number of E7-specific CD8(+) T-cells in vaccinated mice than vaccine used at boost phase. Therefore, priming with a DNA vaccine in the presence of α-GalCer and boosting with E7-pulsed DC-1 led to a significant enhancement of E7-specific CD8(+) effector and memory T-cells as well as significantly improved therapeutic and preventive effects against an E7-expressing tumor model (TC-1) in vaccinated mice. Our findings suggested that the potency of a DNA vaccine combined with α-GalCer could be further enhanced by boosting with an antigen-expressing DC-based vaccine to generate anti-tumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daejin Kim
- Department of Anatomy, Chung-Ang University, College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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231
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Baba T, Sato-Matsushita M, Kanamoto A, Itoh A, Oyaizu N, Inoue Y, Kawakami Y, Tahara H. Phase I clinical trial of the vaccination for the patients with metastatic melanoma using gp100-derived epitope peptide restricted to HLA-A*2402. J Transl Med 2010; 8:84. [PMID: 20843377 PMCID: PMC2949666 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-8-84] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2010] [Accepted: 09/16/2010] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The tumor associated antigen (TAA) gp100 was one of the first identified and has been used in clinical trials to treat melanoma patients. However, the gp100 epitope peptide restricted to HLA-A*2402 has not been extensively examined clinically due to the ethnic variations. Since it is the most common HLA Class I allele in the Japanese population, we performed a phase I clinical trial of cancer vaccination using the HLA-A*2402 gp100 peptide to treat patients with metastatic melanoma. METHODS The phase I clinical protocol to test a HLA-A*2402 gp100 peptide-based cancer vaccine was designed to evaluate safety as the primary endpoint and was approved by The University of Tokyo Institutional Review Board. Information related to the immunologic and antitumor responses were also collected as secondary endpoints. Patients that were HLA-A*2402 positive with stage IV melanoma were enrolled according to the criteria set by the protocol and immunized with a vaccine consisting of epitope peptide (VYFFLPDHL, gp100-in4) emulsified with incomplete Freund's adjuvant (IFA) for the total of 4 times with two week intervals. Prior to each vaccination, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were separated from the blood and stored at -80°C. The stored PBMCs were thawed and examined for the frequency of the peptide specific T lymphocytes by IFN-γ- ELISPOT and MHC-Dextramer assays. RESULTS No related adverse events greater than grade I were observed in the six patients enrolled in this study. No clinical responses were observed in the enrolled patients although vitiligo was observed after the vaccination in two patients. Promotion of peptide specific immune responses was observed in four patients with ELISPOT assay. Furthermore, a significant increase of CD8+ gp100-in4+ CTLs was observed in all patients using the MHC-Dextramer assay. Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) clones specific to gp100-in4 were successfully established from the PBMC of some patients and these CTL clones were capable of lysing the melanoma cell line, 888 mel, which endogenously expresses HLA-restricted gp100-in4. CONCLUSION Our results suggest this HLA-restricted gp100-in4 peptide vaccination protocol was well-tolerated and can induce antigen-specific T-cell responses in multiple patients. Although no objective anti-tumor effects were observed, the effectiveness of this approach can be enhanced with the appropriate modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiyuki Baba
- Department of Surgery and Bioengineering, Advanced Clinical Research Center, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokane-dai, Minato-city, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan
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232
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Garay J, D'Angelo JA, Park Y, Summa CM, Aiken ML, Morales E, Badizadegan K, Fiebiger E, Dickinson BL. Crosstalk between PKA and Epac regulates the phenotypic maturation and function of human dendritic cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 185:3227-38. [PMID: 20729327 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0903066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The cAMP-dependent signaling pathways that orchestrate dendritic cell (DC) maturation remain to be defined in detail. Although cAMP was previously thought to signal exclusively through protein kinase A (PKA), it is now clear that cAMP also activates exchange protein activated by cAMP (Epac), a second major cAMP effector. Whether cAMP signaling via PKA is sufficient to drive DC maturation or whether Epac plays a role has not been examined. In this study, we used cAMP analogs to selectively activate PKA or Epac in human monocyte-derived DCs and examined the effect of these signaling pathways on several hallmarks of DC maturation. We show that PKA activation induces DC maturation as evidenced by the increased cell-surface expression of MHC class II, costimulatory molecules, and the maturation marker CD83. PKA activation also reduces DC endocytosis and stimulates chemotaxis to the lymph node-associated chemokines CXCL12 and CCL21. Although PKA signaling largely suppresses cytokine production, the net effect of PKA activation translates to enhanced DC activation of allogeneic T cells. In contrast to the stimulatory effects of PKA, Epac signaling has no effect on DC maturation or function. Rather, Epac suppresses the effects of PKA when both pathways are activated simultaneously. These data reveal a previously unrecognized crosstalk between the PKA and Epac signaling pathways in DCs and raise the possibility that therapeutics targeting PKA may generate immunogenic DCs, whereas those that activate Epac may produce tolerogenic DCs capable of attenuating allergic or autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jone Garay
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Science Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
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233
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Zhu Y, Ju S, Chen E, Dai S, Li C, Morel P, Liu L, Zhang X, Lu B. T-bet and Eomesodermin Are Required for T Cell-Mediated Antitumor Immune Responses. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 185:3174-83. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1000749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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234
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Sharma RK, Srivastava AK, Yolcu ES, MacLeod KJ, Schabowsky RH, Madireddi S, Shirwan H. SA-4-1BBL as the immunomodulatory component of a HPV-16 E7 protein based vaccine shows robust therapeutic efficacy in a mouse cervical cancer model. Vaccine 2010; 28:5794-802. [PMID: 20603135 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.06.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2010] [Revised: 06/21/2010] [Accepted: 06/24/2010] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Cervical cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths among women worldwide. Current prophylactic vaccines based on HPV (Human papillomavirus) late gene protein L1 are ineffective in therapeutic settings. Therefore, there is an acute need for the development of therapeutic vaccines for HPV associated cancers. The HPV E7 oncoprotein is expressed in cervical cancer and has been associated with the cellular transformation and maintenance of the transformed phenotype. As such, E7 protein represents an ideal target for the development of therapeutic subunit vaccines against cervical cancer. However, the low antigenicity of this protein may require potent adjuvants for therapeutic efficacy. We recently generated a novel chimeric form of the 4-1BBL costimulatory molecule engineered with core streptavidin (SA-4-1BBL) and demonstrated its safe and pleiotropic effects on various cells of the immune system. We herein tested the utility of SA-4-1BBL as the immunomodulatory component of HPV-16 E7 recombinant protein based therapeutic vaccine in the E7 expressing TC-1 tumor as a model of cervical cancer in mice. A single subcutaneous vaccination was effective in eradicating established tumors in approximately 70% of mice. The therapeutic efficacy of the vaccine was associated with robust primary and memory CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cell responses, Th1 cytokine response, infiltration of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells into the tumor, and enhanced NK cell killing. Importantly, NK cells played an important role in vaccine mediated therapy since their physical depletion compromised vaccine efficacy. Collectively, these data demonstrate the utility of SA-4-1BBL as a new class of multifunctional immunomodulator for the development of therapeutic vaccines against cancer and chronic infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh K Sharma
- Institute for Cellular Therapeutics, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
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235
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Abstract
Innate and adaptive immune system cells play a major role in regulating the growth of cancer. Although it is commonly thought that an immune response localized to the tumor will inhibit cancer growth, it is clear that some types of inflammation induced in a tumor may also lead to cancer proliferation, invasion, and dissemination. Recent evidence suggests, however, that some patients with cancer can mount an antitumor immune response that has the potential to control or eliminate cancer. Indeed, a so-called "immune response" signature has been described in malignancy that is associated with improved outcomes in several tumor types. Moreover, the presence of specific subsets of T cells, which have the capability to penetrate tumor stroma and infiltrate deep into the parenchyma, identifies patients with an improved prognosis. Immune-based therapies have the potential to modulate the tumor microenvironment by eliciting immune system cells that will initiate acute inflammation that leads to tissue destruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary L Disis
- Center for Translational Medicine in Women's Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
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236
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Brooks NA, Pouniotis DS, Sheng KC, Apostolopoulos V, Pietersz GA. A membrane penetrating multiple antigen peptide (MAP) incorporating ovalbumin CD8 epitope induces potent immune responses in mice. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2010; 1798:2286-95. [PMID: 20478265 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2010.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2009] [Revised: 04/19/2010] [Accepted: 05/06/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cell penetrating peptides (CPP) represent a novel approach to facilitate cytoplasmic delivery of macromolecules. The DNA binding domain of Drosophila Antennapedia contains 60 amino acids and consists of 3 α-helices, with internalizing activity mapped to a 16-amino acid peptide penetratin (Antp) within the third α-helix. Here, we report on the use of penetratin to deliver a multiple antigen peptide (MAP) incorporating the immunodominant CD8 epitope of ovalbumin, SIINFEKL (MAPOVACD8). We demonstrate that penetratin linked to the MAPOVACD8 construct either by a disulfide (SS) or thioether (SC) linkage promotes the uptake, cross presentation and subsequent in vivo proliferation and generation of OVACD8 (SIINFEKL)-specific T cells. The MAPOVACD8 construct without penetratin is not presented by MHC class I molecules nor does it generate an in vivo IFN-γ response in C57BL/6 mice. Moreover, we clearly define the uptake and intracellular processing pathways of AntpMAPOVACD8 SS and SC revealing the majority of AntpMAPOVACD8 is taken up by DC via an endocytic, proteasome and tapasin independent mechanism. We also show that the uptake mechanism of AntpMAPOVACD8 is dose dependent and uptake or intracellular processing is not altered by the type of chemical linkage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole A Brooks
- Bio-organic and Medicinal Chemistry, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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237
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Sharma RK, Schabowsky RH, Srivastava AK, Elpek KG, Madireddi S, Zhao H, Zhong Z, Miller RW, Macleod KJ, Yolcu ES, Shirwan H. 4-1BB ligand as an effective multifunctional immunomodulator and antigen delivery vehicle for the development of therapeutic cancer vaccines. Cancer Res 2010; 70:3945-54. [PMID: 20406989 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-09-4480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Therapeutic subunit vaccines based on tumor-associated antigens (TAA) represent an attractive approach for the treatment of cancer. However, poor immunogenicity of TAAs requires potent adjuvants for therapeutic efficacy. We recently proposed the tumor necrosis factor family costimulatory ligands as potential adjuvants for therapeutic vaccines and, hence, generated a soluble form of 4-1BBL chimeric with streptavidin (SA-4-1BBL) that has pleiotropic effects on cells of innate, adaptive, and regulatory immunity. We herein tested whether these effects can translate into effective cancer immunotherapy when SA-4-1BBL was also used as a vehicle to deliver TAAs in vivo to dendritic cells (DCs) constitutively expressing the 4-1BB receptor. SA-4-1BBL was internalized by DCs upon receptor binding and immunization with biotinylated antigens conjugated to SA-4-1BBL resulted in increased antigen uptake and cross-presentation by DCs, leading to the generation of effective T-cell immune responses. Conjugate vaccines containing human papillomavirus 16 E7 oncoprotein or survivin as a self-TAA had potent therapeutic efficacy against TC-1 cervical and 3LL lung carcinoma tumors, respectively. Therapeutic efficacy of the vaccines was associated with increased CD4(+) T and CD8(+) T-cell effector and memory responses and higher intratumoral CD8(+) T effector/CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+) T regulatory cell ratio. Thus, potent pleiotropic immune functions of SA-4-1BBL combined with its ability to serve as a vehicle to increase the delivery of antigens to DCs in vivo endow this molecule with the potential to serve as an effective immunomodulatory component of therapeutic vaccines against cancer and chronic infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh K Sharma
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, James Brown Cancer Center, Institute for Cellular Therapeutics, University of Louisville and ApoImmune, Inc, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
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238
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Barnas JL, Simpson-Abelson MR, Yokota SJ, Kelleher RJ, Bankert RB. T cells and stromal fibroblasts in human tumor microenvironments represent potential therapeutic targets. CANCER MICROENVIRONMENT : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL CANCER MICROENVIRONMENT SOCIETY 2010; 3:29-47. [PMID: 21209773 PMCID: PMC2990491 DOI: 10.1007/s12307-010-0044-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2009] [Accepted: 03/02/2010] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The immune system of cancer patients recognizes tumor-associated antigens expressed on solid tumors and these antigens are able to induce tumor-specific humoral and cellular immune responses. Diverse immunotherapeutic strategies have been used in an attempt to enhance both antibody and T cell responses to tumors. While several tumor vaccination strategies significantly increase the number of tumor-specific lymphocytes in the blood of cancer patients, most vaccinated patients ultimately experience tumor progression. CD4+ and CD8+ T cells with an effector memory phenotype infiltrate human tumor microenvironments, but most are hyporesponsive to stimulation via the T cell receptor (TCR) and CD28 under conditions that activate memory T cells derived from the peripheral blood of the cancer patients or normal donors. Attempts to identify cells and molecules responsible for the TCR signaling arrest of tumor-infiltrating T cells have focused largely upon the immunosuppressive effects of tumor cells, tolerogenic dendritic cells and regulatory T cells. Here we review potential mechanisms by which human T cell function is arrested in the tumor microenvironment with a focus on the immunomodulatory effects of stromal fibroblasts. Determining in vivo which cells and molecules are responsible for the TCR arrest in human tumor-infiltrating T cells will be necessary to formulate and test strategies to prevent or reverse the signaling arrest of the human T cells in situ for a more effective design of tumor vaccines. These questions are now addressable using novel human xenograft models of tumor microenvironments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L. Barnas
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Witebsky Center, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, 138 Farber Hall, 3435 Main Street, Buffalo, NY 14214 USA
| | - Michelle R. Simpson-Abelson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Witebsky Center, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, 138 Farber Hall, 3435 Main Street, Buffalo, NY 14214 USA
| | - Sandra J. Yokota
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Witebsky Center, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, 138 Farber Hall, 3435 Main Street, Buffalo, NY 14214 USA
| | - Raymond J. Kelleher
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Witebsky Center, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, 138 Farber Hall, 3435 Main Street, Buffalo, NY 14214 USA
| | - Richard B. Bankert
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Witebsky Center, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, 138 Farber Hall, 3435 Main Street, Buffalo, NY 14214 USA
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239
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Abstract
The approval of trastuzumab for use in metastatic breast cancer marked a breakthrough in the understanding of the biology of the disease. However, like most cancer therapies, the disease finds a way to advance despite the treatments developed to eradicate it. Although trastuzumab has had a large effect on the treatment of early and advanced-stage disease, a substantial proportion of patients with HER2-positive breast cancer still progress after receiving the drug. Potential mechanisms of resistance to trastuzumab include bypass mechanisms, mutations of the HER2 target, masking of HER2 proteins, inhibition of insulin-like growth factor, and phosphatase and tensin homologue (PTEN) deficiency. Many therapies are being developed to target these mechanisms in patients with HER2-positive, trastuzumab-resistant breast cancer. Additionally, treatment strategies other than trastuzumab with unique mechanisms of action are being assessed in this specific group of patients. In this review, we discuss the emerging data assessing therapeutic approaches in the management of trastuzumab-resistant HER2-positive disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kellie L Jones
- Purdue University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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240
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Abstract
Advances in the understanding of the immunoregulatory functions of dendritic cells (DCs) in animal models and humans have led to their exploitation as anticancer vaccines. Although DC-based immunotherapy has proven clinically safe and efficient to induce tumor-specific immune responses, only a limited number of objective clinical responses have been reported in cancer patients. These relatively disappointing results have prompted the evaluation of multiple approaches to improve the efficacy of DC vaccines. The topic of this review focuses on personalized DC-based anticancer vaccines, which in theory have the potential to present to the host immune system the entire repertoire of antigens harbored by autologous tumor cells. We also discuss the implementation of these vaccines in cancer therapeutic strategies, their limitations and the future challenges for effective immunotherapy against cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nona Janikashvili
- Department of Pediatrics, Steele Children’s Research Center, Arizona 85724, USA
| | - Nicolas Larmonier
- Department of Pediatrics, Steele Children’s Research Center, Arizona 85724, USA
- Department of Immunobiology, BIO5 Institute & Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Emmanuel Katsanis
- Department of Pediatrics, Steele Children’s Research Center, Arizona 85724, USA
- Department of Immunobiology, BIO5 Institute & Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
- University of Arizona, Department of Pediatrics, 1501 N Campbell Ave, PO Box 245073, Tucson, AZ 85724-85073, USA
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241
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Perreault C. The Origin and Role of MHC Class I-Associated Self-Peptides. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2010; 92:41-60. [DOI: 10.1016/s1877-1173(10)92003-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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242
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Fridlender ZG, Buchlis G, Kapoor V, Cheng G, Sun J, Singhal S, Crisanti MC, Crisanti C, Wang LCS, Heitjan D, Snyder LA, Albelda SM. CCL2 blockade augments cancer immunotherapy. Cancer Res 2009; 70:109-18. [PMID: 20028856 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-09-2326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Altering the immunosuppressive microenvironment that exists within a tumor will likely be necessary for cancer vaccines to trigger an effective antitumor response. Monocyte chemoattractant proteins (such as CCL2) are produced by many tumors and have both direct and indirect immunoinhibitory effects. We hypothesized that CCL2 blockade would reduce immunosuppression and augment vaccine immunotherapy. Anti-murine CCL2/CCL12 monoclonal antibodies were administered in three immunotherapy models: one aimed at the human papillomavirus E7 antigen expressed by a non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) line, one targeted to mesothelin expressed by a mesothelioma cell line, and one using an adenovirus-expressing IFN-alpha to treat a nonimmunogenic NSCLC line. We evaluated the effect of the combination treatment on tumor growth and assessed the mechanism of these changes by evaluating cytotoxic T cells, immunosuppressive cells, and the tumor microenvironment. Administration of anti-CCL2/CCL12 antibodies along with the vaccines markedly augmented efficacy with enhanced reduction in tumor volume and cures of approximately half of the tumors. The combined treatment generated more total intratumoral CD8+ T cells that were more activated and more antitumor antigen-specific, as measured by tetramer evaluation. Another important potential mechanism was reduction in intratumoral T regulatory cells. CCL2 seems to be a key proximal cytokine mediating immunosuppression in tumors. Its blockade augments CD8+ T-cell immune response to tumors elicited by vaccines via multifactorial mechanisms. These observations suggest that combining CCL2 neutralization with vaccines should be considered in future immunotherapy trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zvi G Fridlender
- Thoracic Oncology Research Laboratory and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6160, USA.
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243
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Srivastava MK, Sinha P, Clements VK, Rodriguez P, Ostrand-Rosenberg S. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells inhibit T-cell activation by depleting cystine and cysteine. Cancer Res 2009; 70:68-77. [PMID: 20028852 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-09-2587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 647] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) are present in most cancer patients and are potent inhibitors of T-cell-mediated antitumor immunity. Their inhibitory activity is attributed to production of arginase, reactive oxygen species, inducible nitric oxide synthase, and interleukin-10. Here we show that MDSCs also block T-cell activation by sequestering cystine and limiting the availability of cysteine. Cysteine is an essential amino acid for T-cell activation because T cells lack cystathionase, which converts methionine to cysteine, and because they do not have an intact xc- transporter and therefore cannot import cystine and reduce it intracellularly to cysteine. T cells depend on antigen-presenting cells (APC), such as macrophages and dendritic cells, to export cysteine, which is imported by T cells via their ASC neutral amino acid transporter. MDSCs express the xc- transporter and import cystine; however, they do not express the ASC transporter and do not export cysteine. MDSCs compete with APC for extracellular cystine, and in the presence of MDSCs, APC release of cysteine is reduced, thereby limiting the extracellular pool of cysteine. In summary, MDSCs consume cystine and do not return cysteine to their microenvironment, thereby depriving T cells of the cysteine they require for activation and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minu K Srivastava
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland 21250, USA
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244
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Li F, Yang D, Wang Y, Liu B, Deng Y, Wang L, Shang X, Tong W, Ni B, Wu Y. Identification and modification of an HLA-A*0201-restricted cytotoxic T lymphocyte epitope from Ran antigen. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2009; 58:2039-49. [PMID: 19430788 PMCID: PMC11030261 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-009-0712-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2009] [Accepted: 04/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Ran is considered to be a promising target for tumor-specific immunotherapy because its protein is exclusively expressed in tumor tissues, though its mRNA can be expressed in most normal tissues. In our study, we obtained four candidate wild-type epitopes designated Ran1, Ran2, Ran3, and Ran4, derived from the Ran antigen with the highest predicted affinity with MHC-I, indicated by affinity prediction plots and molecular dynamics simulation. However, in vitro affinity assays of these epitopes showed only a moderate affinity with MHC-I. Thus, we designed altered peptide ligands (APLs) derived from Ran wild-type epitopes with preferred primary and auxiliary HLA-A*0201 molecule anchor residue replacement. Of the eight tested peptides, the 1Y analog had the strongest binding-affinity and lowest-dissociation rate to HLA-A*0201. Additionally, we investigated the CTLs activities induced by Ran wild-type peptides and the APLs in human PBMCs and in HLA-A*0201/K(b) transgenic mice. Ran1 1Y was superior to other APLs and wild-type peptides in eliciting epitope-specific CTL immune responses both in vitro and in vivo. In summary, a wild-type epitope of the tumor-specific antigen Ran, expressed broadly in many tumors, was identified and designated Ran1. An APL of Ran1, Ran1 1Y, was further designed and verified in vitro and in vivo and found to elicit a stronger Ran-specific CTL response, indicating a potential anti-tumor application in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Li
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, 400038 Chongqing, China
- Department of General Surgery, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, 400042 Chongqing, China
| | - Di Yang
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, 400038 Chongqing, China
| | - Yiqin Wang
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, 400038 Chongqing, China
- Department of Nephrology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, 400037 Chongqing, China
| | - Baohua Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, 400042 Chongqing, China
| | - Yijing Deng
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, 400038 Chongqing, China
- Department of Geriatric Gastroenterology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, 28 FuXing Street, 100853 Beijing, China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, 400038 Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaoyun Shang
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, 400038 Chongqing, China
| | - Weidong Tong
- Department of General Surgery, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, 400042 Chongqing, China
| | - Bing Ni
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, 400038 Chongqing, China
| | - Yuzhang Wu
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, 400038 Chongqing, China
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245
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Provinciali M. Immunosenescence and cancer vaccines. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2009; 58:1959-67. [PMID: 19198836 PMCID: PMC11030101 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-009-0665-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2008] [Accepted: 01/14/2009] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Experimental and clinical data demonstrate that ageing is associated with the gradual deterioration of the immune system, generally referred to as immunosenescence. Age-related immune dysfunction may have an impact not only on the incidence of cancer, but also on the preventive and therapeutic approaches, which are based on immune system activation. Over the last few years the use of immunological measures to prevent cancer in experimental mouse models involving preimmunization with new vaccines against even a poor or apparently non-immunogenic tumour has yielded worse outcomes in older age than in young adults. Different mechanisms, which may be due to age-related numerical or functional dysfunction of immune cells and/or to tumour microenvironmental changes, could be responsible for this defect. This review summarises the impact of immunosenescence on the effectiveness of cancer vaccines, knowledge of cancer immunisation in old age and the potential mechanisms implicated in the poorer effectiveness of anticancer immune-based approaches in advanced age. Several approaches to, and possibilities of correcting the low effectiveness of immunisation procedures in old age are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Provinciali
- Laboratory of Tumour Immunology, INRCA Research Department, Ancona, Italy.
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246
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Llopiz D, Dotor J, Casares N, Bezunartea J, Díaz-Valdés N, Ruiz M, Aranda F, Berraondo P, Prieto J, Lasarte JJ, Borrás-Cuesta F, Sarobe P. Peptide inhibitors of transforming growth factor-beta enhance the efficacy of antitumor immunotherapy. Int J Cancer 2009; 125:2614-23. [PMID: 19530254 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.24656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) is a cytokine with potent immunosuppressive effects and is overexpressed in many tumors. Therefore, development of molecules able to inhibit TGF-beta is of paramount importance to improve the efficacy of antitumor immunotherapy. TGF-beta inhibitor peptides P144 and P17 were combined with the administration of adjuvant molecules poly(I:C) and agonistic anti-CD40 antibodies, and their effect on the growth of E.G7-OVA established tumors and on antitumor immune response was evaluated. Tumor rejection efficacy of a single administration of adjuvants was enhanced from 15 to 70 % when combined with repeated injections of TGF-beta inhibitor peptides. Simultaneous administration of adjuvants and TGF-beta inhibitor peptides was required for maximal therapeutic efficacy. Although tumor cells produced TGF-beta, it was found that the beneficial effect of peptide administration was mainly due to the inhibition of TGF-beta produced by regulatory CD4(+)CD25(+) T cells rather than by tumor cells. The enhanced antitumor effect was accompanied by a higher activity of dendritic cells, natural killer cells and tumor antigen-specific T cells, as well as by a decrease in the number of myeloid-derived suppressor cells. In conclusion, administration of peptide inhibitors of TGF-beta in therapeutic vaccination enhances the efficacy of immunotherapy by increasing antitumor immune responses. These peptide inhibitors may have important applications for current immunotherapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Llopiz
- Division of Hepatology and Gene Therapy, University of Navarra, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Pamplona, Spain
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247
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Filatenkov A, Müller AMS, Tseng WWL, Dejbakhsh-Jones S, Winer D, Luong R, Shizuru JA, Engleman EG, Strober S. Ineffective vaccination against solid tumors can be enhanced by hematopoietic cell transplantation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 183:7196-203. [PMID: 19890041 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0900159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Vaccination with tumor Ags has not been an effective treatment for solid tumors. The goal of the current study was to determine whether a combination of vaccination and hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) can effectively treat primary, disseminated, or metastatic CT26 and MC38 murine colon tumors. Vaccination of tumor-bearing mice with irradiated tumor cells and CpG adjuvant failed to alter progressive tumor growth. However, mice bearing primary, disseminated lung, or metastatic liver tumors were uniformly cured after administration of total body irradiation, followed by the transplantation of hematopoietic progenitor cells and T cells from syngeneic, but not allogeneic vaccinated donors. Requirements for effective treatment of tumors included irradiation of hosts, vaccination of donors with both tumor cells and CpG, transfer of both CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells along with progenitor cells, and ability of donor cells to produce IFN-gamma. Irradiation markedly increased the infiltration of donor T cells into the tumors, and the combined irradiation and HCT altered the balance of tumor-infiltrating cells to favor CD8(+) effector memory T cells as compared with CD4(+)CD25(+)FoxP3(+) T regulatory cells. The combination of vaccination and autologous hematopoietic cell transplantation was also effective in treating tumors. In conclusion, these findings show that otherwise ineffective vaccination to solid nonhematologic tumors can be dramatically enhanced by HCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Filatenkov
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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Recent advances in multivalent self adjuvanting glycolipopeptide vaccine strategies against breast cancer. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2009; 57:409-23. [PMID: 19866342 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-009-0049-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2009] [Accepted: 06/19/2009] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer (BrCa) is the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths for women worldwide. Evidence from both patients and mouse cancer models suggests that the simultaneous induction of BrCa-specific CD4(+) T cells, CD8(+) cytotoxic T cells, and antibodies is crucial for providing immune resistance. However, almost all current vaccines address only a single arm of the immune system, which may explain their lack of efficacy. We believe that the correct response to monovalent vaccines' "failure" is to increase our knowledge about antitumor protective immunity and to develop a multivalent vaccine molecule that can simultaneously induce multiple arms of the immune system. We highlight here recent advances in anti-BrCa peptide-based vaccine strategies with an emphasis on the self adjuvanting multivalent glycolipopeptide vaccine strategy recently developed in our laboratory and which showed promising results in both immunotherapeutic and immunoprophylactic settings.
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250
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Hilchey SP, Kobie JJ, Cochran MR, Secor-Socha S, Wang JCE, Hyrien O, Burack WR, Mosmann TR, Quataert SA, Bernstein SH. Human follicular lymphoma CD39+-infiltrating T cells contribute to adenosine-mediated T cell hyporesponsiveness. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 183:6157-66. [PMID: 19864600 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0900475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Our previous work has demonstrated that human follicular lymphoma (FL) infiltrating T cells are anergic, in part due to suppression by regulatory T cells. In this study, we identify pericellular adenosine, interacting with T cell-associated G protein-coupled A(2A/B) adenosine receptors (AR), as contributing to FL T cell hyporesponsiveness. In a subset of FL patient samples, treatment of lymph node mononuclear cells (LNMC) with specific A(2A/B) AR antagonists results in an increase in IFN-gamma or IL-2 secretion upon anti-CD3/CD28 Ab stimulation, as compared with that seen without inhibitors. In contrast, treatment with an A(1) AR antagonist had no effect on cytokine secretion. As the rate limiting step for adenosine generation from pericellular ATP is the ecto-ATPase CD39, we next show that inhibition of CD39 activity using the inhibitor ARL 67156 partially overcomes T cell hyporesponsiveness in a subset of patient samples. Phenotypic characterization of LNMC demonstrates populations of CD39-expressing CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells, which are overrepresented in FL as compared with that seen in normal or reactive nodes, or normal peripheral blood. Thirty percent of the FL CD4(+)CD39(+) T cells coexpress CD25(high) and FOXP3 (consistent with regulatory T cells). Finally, FL or normal LNMC hydrolyze ATP in vitro, in a dose- and time-dependent fashion, with the rate of ATP consumption being associated with the degree of CD39(+) T cell infiltration. Together, these results support the finding that the ATP-ectonucleotidase-adenosine system mediates T cell anergy in a human tumor. In addition, these studies suggest that the A(2A/B) AR as well as CD39 are novel pharmacological targets for augmenting cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon P Hilchey
- James P. Wilmot Cancer Center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
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