201
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Monson RE, Tashiro Y, Salmond GPC. Overproduction of individual gas vesicle proteins perturbs flotation, antibiotic production and cell division in the enterobacterium Serratia sp. ATCC 39006. Microbiology (Reading) 2016; 162:1595-1607. [DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.000347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rita E. Monson
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QW, UK
| | - Yosuke Tashiro
- Applied Chemistry and Biochemical Engineering Course, Department of Engineering, Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Hamamatsu 432-8561, Japan
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202
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Pigments from UV-resistant Antarctic bacteria as photosensitizers in Dye Sensitized Solar Cells. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2016; 162:707-714. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2016.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Revised: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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203
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Mavituna F, Luti KJK, Gu L. In Search of the E. coli Compounds that Change the Antibiotic Production Pattern of Streptomyces coelicolor During Inter-species Interaction. Enzyme Microb Technol 2016; 90:45-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2016.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Revised: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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204
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Hu DX, Withall DM, Challis GL, Thomson RJ. Structure, Chemical Synthesis, and Biosynthesis of Prodiginine Natural Products. Chem Rev 2016; 116:7818-53. [PMID: 27314508 PMCID: PMC5555159 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The prodiginine family of bacterial alkaloids is a diverse set of heterocyclic natural products that have likely been known to man since antiquity. In more recent times, these alkaloids have been discovered to span a wide range of chemical structures that possess a number of interesting biological activities. This review provides a comprehensive overview of research undertaken toward the isolation and structural elucidation of the prodiginine family of natural products. Additionally, research toward chemical synthesis of the prodiginine alkaloids over the last several decades is extensively reviewed. Finally, the current, evidence-based understanding of the various biosynthetic pathways employed by bacteria to produce prodiginine alkaloids is summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis X. Hu
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - David M. Withall
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Gregory L. Challis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Regan J. Thomson
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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205
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Kimyon Ö, Das T, Ibugo AI, Kutty SK, Ho KK, Tebben J, Kumar N, Manefield M. Serratia Secondary Metabolite Prodigiosin Inhibits Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilm Development by Producing Reactive Oxygen Species that Damage Biological Molecules. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:972. [PMID: 27446013 PMCID: PMC4922266 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Prodigiosin is a heterocyclic bacterial secondary metabolite belonging to the class of tripyrrole compounds, synthesized by various types of bacteria including Serratia species. Prodigiosin has been the subject of intense research over the last decade for its ability to induce apoptosis in several cancer cell lines. Reports suggest that prodigiosin promotes oxidative damage to double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) in the presence of copper ions and consequently leads to inhibition of cell-cycle progression and cell death. However, prodigiosin has not been previously implicated in biofilm inhibition. In this study, the link between prodigiosin and biofilm inhibition through the production of redox active metabolites is presented. Our study showed that prodigiosin (500 μM) (extracted from Serratia marcescens culture) and a prodigiosin/copper(II) (100 μM each) complex have strong RNA and dsDNA cleaving properties while they have no pronounced effect on protein. Results support a role for oxidative damage to biomolecules by H2O2 and hydroxyl radical generation. Further, it was demonstrated that reactive oxygen species scavengers significantly reduced the DNA and RNA cleaving property of prodigiosin. P. aeruginosa cell surface hydrophobicity and biofilm integrity were significantly altered due to the cleavage of nucleic acids by prodigiosin or the prodigiosin/copper(II) complex. In addition, prodigiosin also facilitated the bactericidal activity. The ability of prodigiosinto cause nucleic acid degradation offers novel opportunities to interfere with extracellular DNA dependent bacterial biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Önder Kimyon
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, The University of New South Wales Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Theerthankar Das
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, The University of New South WalesSydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Sydney Medical School, The University of SydneySydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Amaye I Ibugo
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, The University of New South Wales Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Samuel K Kutty
- School of Chemistry, The University of New South Wales Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Kitty K Ho
- School of Chemistry, The University of New South Wales Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jan Tebben
- Ecological Chemistry, Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research Institute Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Naresh Kumar
- School of Chemistry, The University of New South Wales Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Mike Manefield
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, The University of New South Wales Sydney, NSW, Australia
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206
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Howe ENW, Busschaert N, Wu X, Berry SN, Ho J, Light ME, Czech DD, Klein HA, Kitchen JA, Gale PA. pH-Regulated Nonelectrogenic Anion Transport by Phenylthiosemicarbazones. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:8301-8. [PMID: 27299473 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b04656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Gated ion transport across biological membranes is an intrinsic process regulated by protein channels. Synthetic anion carriers (anionophores) have potential applications in biological research; however, previously reported examples are mostly nonspecific, capable of mediating both electrogenic and electroneutral (nonelectrogenic) transport processes. Here we show the transmembrane Cl(-) transport studies of synthetic phenylthiosemicarbazones mimicking the function of acid-sensing (proton-gated) ion channels. These anionophores have remarkable pH-switchable transport properties with up to 640-fold increase in transport efficacy on going from pH 7.2 to 4.0. This "gated" process is triggered by protonation of the imino nitrogen and concomitant conformational change of the anion-binding thiourea moiety from anti to syn. By using a combination of two cationophore-coupled transport assays, with either monensin or valinomycin, we have elucidated the fundamental transport mechanism of phenylthiosemicarbazones which is shown to be nonelectrogenic, inseparable H(+)/Cl(-) cotransport. This study demonstrates the first examples of pH-switchable nonelectrogenic anion transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan N W Howe
- Chemistry, University of Southampton , Southampton, SO17 1BJ, U.K
| | | | - Xin Wu
- Chemistry, University of Southampton , Southampton, SO17 1BJ, U.K
| | - Stuart N Berry
- Chemistry, University of Southampton , Southampton, SO17 1BJ, U.K
| | - Junming Ho
- Institute of High Performance Computing, Agency for Science Technology and Research , 1 Fusionopolis Way, #16-16, Connexis, Singapore 138632
| | - Mark E Light
- Chemistry, University of Southampton , Southampton, SO17 1BJ, U.K
| | - Dawid D Czech
- Chemistry, University of Southampton , Southampton, SO17 1BJ, U.K
| | - Harry A Klein
- Chemistry, University of Southampton , Southampton, SO17 1BJ, U.K
| | | | - Philip A Gale
- Chemistry, University of Southampton , Southampton, SO17 1BJ, U.K
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207
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208
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Joyce SA, Lango L, Clarke DJ. The Regulation of Secondary Metabolism and Mutualism in the Insect Pathogenic Bacterium Photorhabdus luminescens. ADVANCES IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2016; 76:1-25. [PMID: 21924970 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-387048-3.00001-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Photorhabdus is a genus of insect-pathogenic Gram-negative bacteria that also maintain a mutualistic interaction with nematodes from the family Heterorhabditis. This complex life cycle, involving different interactions with different invertebrate hosts, coupled with the amenability of the system to laboratory culture has resulted in the development of Photorhabdus as a model system for studying bacterial-host interactions. Photorhabdus is predicted to have an extensive secondary metabolism with the genetic potential to produce >20 different small secondary metabolites. Therefore, this system also presents us with a unique opportunity to study the contribution of secondary metabolism to the environmental fitness of the producing organism in its natural habitat (i.e., the insect and/or the nematode). In vivo and in vitro studies have revealed that the vast majority of the genetic loci in Photorhabdus predicted to be involved in the production of secondary metabolites appear to be cryptic and, to date, although several have been characterized, only three compounds have been studied in any great detail: 3,5-dihydroxy-4-isopropylstilbene, the β-lactam antibiotic carbapenem, and an anthraquinone pigment. In this chapter, we describe how these compounds are made and the role (if any) that they have during the interactions between Photorhabdus and its invertebrate hosts. We will also outline recent work on the regulation of secondary metabolism in Photorhabdus and comment on how this has led to an increased understanding of mutualism in this bacterium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan A Joyce
- Department of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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209
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Solid-state fermentation with Serratia marcescens Xd-1 enhanced production of prodigiosin by using bagasse as an inertia matrix. ANN MICROBIOL 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s13213-016-1208-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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210
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Benadé E, Stone W, Mouton M, Postma F, Wilsenach J, Botha A. Binary Interactions of Antagonistic Bacteria with Candida albicans Under Aerobic and Anaerobic Conditions. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2016; 71:645-659. [PMID: 26566932 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-015-0706-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We used both aerobic and anaerobic liquid co-cultures, prepared with Luria Bertani broth, to study the effect of bacteria on the survival of Candida albicans in the external environment, away from an animal host. The bacteria were represented by Aeromonas hydrophila, Bacillus cereus, Bacillus subtilis, Clostridium, Enterobacter, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Kluyvera ascorbata and Serratia marcescens. Under aerobic conditions, the yeast's growth was inhibited in the presence of bacterial growth; however, under anaerobic conditions, yeast and bacterial growth in co-cultures was similar to that observed for pure cultures. Subsequent assays revealed that the majority of bacterial strains aerobically produced extracellular hydrolytic enzymes capable of yeast cell wall hydrolysis, including chitinases and mannan-degrading enzymes. In contrast, except for the A. hydrophila strain, these enzymes were not detected in anaerobic bacterial cultures, nor was the antimicrobial compound prodigiosin found in anaerobic cultures of S. marcescens. When we suspended C. albicans cells in crude extracellular enzyme preparations from K. pneumoniae and S. marcescens, we detected no negative effect on yeast viability. However, we found that these preparations enhance the toxicity of prodigiosin towards the yeast, especially in combination with mannan-degrading enzymes. Analyses of the chitin and mannan content of yeast cell walls revealed that less chitin was produced under anaerobic than aerobic conditions; however, the levels of mannan, known for its low permeability, remained the same. The latter phenomenon, as well as reduced production of the bacterial enzymes and prodigiosin, may contribute to anaerobic growth and survival of C. albicans in the presence of bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliska Benadé
- Department of Microbiology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, Stellenbosch, 7602, South Africa
| | - Wendy Stone
- Department of Microbiology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, Stellenbosch, 7602, South Africa
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marnel Mouton
- Department of Microbiology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, Stellenbosch, 7602, South Africa
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, Western Cape, South Africa
| | - Ferdinand Postma
- Department of Microbiology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, Stellenbosch, 7602, South Africa
| | - Jac Wilsenach
- Virtual Consulting Engineers (Pty.) Ltd., Groenkloof, South Africa
| | - Alfred Botha
- Department of Microbiology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, Stellenbosch, 7602, South Africa.
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211
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Hampton HG, McNeil MB, Paterson TJ, Ney B, Williamson NR, Easingwood RA, Bostina M, Salmond GPC, Fineran PC. CRISPR-Cas gene-editing reveals RsmA and RsmC act through FlhDC to repress the SdhE flavinylation factor and control motility and prodigiosin production in Serratia. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2016; 162:1047-1058. [PMID: 27010574 PMCID: PMC5042078 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.000283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
SdhE is required for the flavinylation and activation of succinate dehydrogenase and fumarate reductase (FRD). In addition, SdhE is conserved in proteobacteria (α, β and γ) and eukaryotes. Although the function of this recently characterized family of proteins has been determined, almost nothing is known about how their genes are regulated. Here, the RsmA (CsrA) and RsmC (HexY) post-transcriptional and post-translational regulators have been identified and shown to repress sdhEygfX expression in Serratia sp. ATCC 39006. Conversely, the flagella master regulator complex, FlhDC, activated sdhEygfX transcription. To investigate the hierarchy of control, we developed a novel approach that utilized endogenous CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats)-Cas (CRISPR associated) genome-editing by a type I-F system to generate a chromosomal point mutation in flhC. Mutation of flhC alleviated the ability of RsmC to repress sdhEygfX expression, whereas RsmA acted in both an FlhDC-dependent and -independent manner to inhibit sdhEygfX. Mutation of rsmA or rsmC, or overexpression of FlhDC, led to increased prodigiosin, biosurfactant, swimming and swarming. Consistent with the modulation of sdhE by motility regulators, we have demonstrated that SdhE and FRD are required for maximal flagella-dependent swimming. Together, these results demonstrate that regulators of both metabolism and motility (RsmA, RsmC and FlhDC) control the transcription of the sdhEygfX operon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah G Hampton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Matthew B McNeil
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Thomas J Paterson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Blair Ney
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Neil R Williamson
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QW, UK
| | - Richard A Easingwood
- Otago Centre for Electron Microscopy, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Mihnea Bostina
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand.,Otago Centre for Electron Microscopy, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - George P C Salmond
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QW, UK
| | - Peter C Fineran
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
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212
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Tashiro Y, Monson RE, Ramsay JP, Salmond GPC. Molecular genetic and physical analysis of gas vesicles in buoyant enterobacteria. Environ Microbiol 2016; 18:1264-76. [PMID: 26743231 PMCID: PMC4982088 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.13203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Different modes of bacterial taxis play important roles in environmental adaptation, survival, colonization and dissemination of disease. One mode of taxis is flotation due to the production of gas vesicles. Gas vesicles are proteinaceous intracellular organelles, permeable only to gas, that enable flotation in aquatic niches. Gene clusters for gas vesicle biosynthesis are partially conserved in various archaea, cyanobacteria, and some proteobacteria, such as the enterobacterium, Serratia sp. ATCC 39006 (S39006). Here we present the first systematic analysis of the genes required to produce gas vesicles in S39006, identifying how this differs from the archaeon Halobacterium salinarum. We define 11 proteins essential for gas vesicle production. Mutation of gvpN or gvpV produced small bicone gas vesicles, suggesting that the cognate proteins are involved in the morphogenetic assembly pathway from bicones to mature cylindrical forms. Using volumetric compression, gas vesicles were shown to comprise 17% of S39006 cells, whereas in Escherichia coli heterologously expressing the gas vesicle cluster in a deregulated environment, gas vesicles can occupy around half of cellular volume. Gas vesicle production in S39006 and E. coli was exploited to calculate the instantaneous turgor pressure within cultured bacterial cells; the first time this has been performed in either strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Tashiro
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1QW, UK.,Applied Chemistry and Biochemical Engineering Course, Department of Engineering, Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Hamamatsu, 432-8561, Japan
| | - Rita E Monson
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1QW, UK
| | - Joshua P Ramsay
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1QW, UK.,Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute Biosciences Precinct, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, 6102, Australia
| | - George P C Salmond
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1QW, UK
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213
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Tian H, Yang H, Zhu C, Fu H. Transition metal-free intramolecular regioselective couplings of aliphatic and aromatic C-H bonds. Sci Rep 2016; 6:19931. [PMID: 26822836 PMCID: PMC4731807 DOI: 10.1038/srep19931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Cross-dehydrogenative couplings of two different C-H bonds have emerged as an attractive goal in organic synthesis. However, achieving regioselective C-H activation is a great challenge because C-H bonds are ubiquitous in organic compounds. Actually, the regioselective couplings promoted by enzymes are a common occurrence in nature. Herein, we have developed simple, efficient and general transition metal-free intramolecular couplings of alphatic and aromatic C-H bonds. The protocol uses readily available aryl triazene as the radical initiator, cheap K2S2O8 as the oxidant, and the couplings were performed well with excellent tolerance of functional groups. Interestingly, α-carbon configuration of some amino acid residues in the substrates was kept after the reactions, and the couplings for substrates with substituted phenylalanine residues exhibited complete β-carbon diastereoselectivity for induction of the chiral α-carbon. Therefore, the present study should provide a novel strategy for regioselective cross-dehydrogenative couplings of two different C-H bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Tian
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China.,Department of Applied Chemistry, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
| | - Haijun Yang
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Changjin Zhu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
| | - Hua Fu
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China.,Department of Applied Chemistry, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
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214
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Danevčič T, Borić Vezjak M, Tabor M, Zorec M, Stopar D. Prodigiosin Induces Autolysins in Actively Grown Bacillus subtilis Cells. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:27. [PMID: 26858704 PMCID: PMC4729933 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Prodigiosin produced by marine bacterium Vibrio ruber DSM 14379 exhibits a potent antimicrobial activity against a broad range of Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria. The mechanism of prodigiosin antimicrobial action, however, is not known. In this work, the effect of prodigiosin on Bacillus subtilis growth, cell membrane leakage, and induction of autolysins was studied. Treating B. subtilis with prodigiosin resulted in rapid decline of optical density and increased cell membrane leakage measured by β-galactosidase activity. Cell lysis was initiated immediately after treatment with prodigiosin in the middle exponential phase and was completed within 2 h. Lytic activity of prodigiosin in mutant strains with impaired autolysin genes lytABCD decreased for 80% compared to the wild type strain, while in lytABCDEF mutant strain prodigiosin had no bacteriolytic but only bacteriostatic effect. Fast prodigiosin lytic activity on individual B. subtilis cells was confirmed by a modified comet assay. The results indicate that prodigiosin autolysin induction in B. subtilis is growth phase dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tjaša Danevčič
- Chair of Microbiology, Department of Food Science and Technology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of LjubljanaLjubljana, Slovenia
| | - Maja Borić Vezjak
- Chair of Microbiology, Department of Food Science and Technology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of LjubljanaLjubljana, Slovenia
| | - Maja Tabor
- Chair of Microbiology, Department of Food Science and Technology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of LjubljanaLjubljana, Slovenia
| | - Maša Zorec
- Chair of Microbiology and Microbial Biotechnology, Department of Animal Science, Biotechnical Faculty, University of LjubljanaLjubljana, Slovenia
| | - David Stopar
- Chair of Microbiology, Department of Food Science and Technology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of LjubljanaLjubljana, Slovenia
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215
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Nizamutdinova EK, Shirshikova TV, Mardanova AM, Sharipova MR, Bogomol’naya LM. Effect of mutations in extracellular nuclease on the characteristics of the pigmented and nonpigmented Serratia marcescens strains. Microbiology (Reading) 2016. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026261716010069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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216
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Čepl J, Scholtz V, Scholtzová J. The fitness change and the diversity maintenance in the growing mixed colony of two Serratia rubidaea clones. Arch Microbiol 2015; 198:301-6. [PMID: 26694714 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-015-1177-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Revised: 11/29/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
We extend the palette of possible colonies models of two different clones of Serratia rubidaea. Our model fits the real morphology of the colonies. We also present that the colony growth leads to a change in the ratio of the fitness which propose to be caused by the production of some signal. This signal influences the behavior of the clones and leads to the prolonged diversity maintenance. The explanation of the diversity maintenance of the mixed concurrent population in one niche is the current studied problem in the ecology and evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaroslav Čepl
- Department of Genetics and the Physiology of Forest Trees, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Live Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimír Scholtz
- Department of Physics and Measurements, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Jiřina Scholtzová
- Department of Theoretical Computer Science, Faculty of Information Technology, Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
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217
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Zhou W, Zeng C, Liu R, Chen J, Li R, Wang X, Bai W, Liu X, Xiang T, Zhang L, Wan Y. Antiviral activity and specific modes of action of bacterial prodigiosin against Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus in vitro. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 100:3979-88. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-7242-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Revised: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
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218
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Knight NJ, Hernando E, Haynes CJE, Busschaert N, Clarke HJ, Takimoto K, García-Valverde M, Frey JG, Quesada R, Gale PA. QSAR analysis of substituent effects on tambjamine anion transporters. Chem Sci 2015; 7:1600-1608. [PMID: 29899901 PMCID: PMC5964965 DOI: 10.1039/c5sc03932k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The transmembrane anion transport activity of 43 synthetic molecules based on the structure of marine alkaloid tambjamine were assessed in model phospholipid (POPC) liposomes. The anionophoric activity of these molecules showed a parabolic dependence with lipophilicity, with an optimum range for transport efficiency. Using a quantitative structure-transport activity (QSAR) approach it was possible to rationalize these results and to quantify the contribution of lipophilicity to the transport activity of these derivatives. While the optimal value of log P and the curvature of the parabolic dependence is a property of the membrane (and so similar for the different series of substituents) we found that for relatively simple substituents in certain locations on the tambjamine core, hydrophobic interactions clearly dominate, but for others, more specific interactions are present that change the position of the membrane hydrophobicity parabolic envelope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola J Knight
- Chemistry , University of Southampton , Southampton , SO17 1BJ , UK . ; ; Tel: +44 (0)23 8059 3332
| | - Elsa Hernando
- Departamento de Química , Facultad de Ciencias , Universidad de Burgos , 09001 Burgos , Spain .
| | - Cally J E Haynes
- Chemistry , University of Southampton , Southampton , SO17 1BJ , UK . ; ; Tel: +44 (0)23 8059 3332
| | - Nathalie Busschaert
- Chemistry , University of Southampton , Southampton , SO17 1BJ , UK . ; ; Tel: +44 (0)23 8059 3332
| | - Harriet J Clarke
- Chemistry , University of Southampton , Southampton , SO17 1BJ , UK . ; ; Tel: +44 (0)23 8059 3332
| | - Koji Takimoto
- Organic and Polymeric Materials , Tokyo Institute of Technology , 2-12-1 O-okayama , Tokyo 152-8552 , Japan
| | - María García-Valverde
- Departamento de Química , Facultad de Ciencias , Universidad de Burgos , 09001 Burgos , Spain .
| | - Jeremy G Frey
- Chemistry , University of Southampton , Southampton , SO17 1BJ , UK . ; ; Tel: +44 (0)23 8059 3332
| | - Roberto Quesada
- Departamento de Química , Facultad de Ciencias , Universidad de Burgos , 09001 Burgos , Spain .
| | - Philip A Gale
- Chemistry , University of Southampton , Southampton , SO17 1BJ , UK . ; ; Tel: +44 (0)23 8059 3332
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219
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Domröse A, Klein AS, Hage-Hülsmann J, Thies S, Svensson V, Classen T, Pietruszka J, Jaeger KE, Drepper T, Loeschcke A. Efficient recombinant production of prodigiosin in Pseudomonas putida. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:972. [PMID: 26441905 PMCID: PMC4569968 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Serratia marcescens and several other bacteria produce the red-colored pigment prodigiosin which possesses bioactivities as an antimicrobial, anticancer, and immunosuppressive agent. Therefore, there is a great interest to produce this natural compound. Efforts aiming at its biotechnological production have so far largely focused on the original producer and opportunistic human pathogen S. marcescens. Here, we demonstrate efficient prodigiosin production in the heterologous host Pseudomonas putida. Random chromosomal integration of the 21 kb prodigiosin biosynthesis gene cluster of S. marcescens in P. putida KT2440 was employed to construct constitutive prodigiosin production strains. Standard cultivation parameters were optimized such that titers of 94 mg/L culture were obtained upon growth of P. putida at 20°C using rich medium under high aeration conditions. Subsequently, a novel, fast and effective protocol for prodigiosin extraction and purification was established enabling the straightforward isolation of prodigiosin from P. putida growth medium. In summary, we describe here a highly efficient method for the heterologous biosynthetic production of prodigiosin which may serve as a basis to produce large amounts of this bioactive natural compound and may provide a platform for further in-depth studies of prodiginine biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Domröse
- Institute of Molecular Enzyme Technology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH Jülich, Germany
| | - Andreas S Klein
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH Jülich, Germany
| | - Jennifer Hage-Hülsmann
- Institute of Molecular Enzyme Technology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH Jülich, Germany
| | - Stephan Thies
- Institute of Molecular Enzyme Technology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH Jülich, Germany
| | - Vera Svensson
- Institute of Molecular Enzyme Technology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH Jülich, Germany
| | - Thomas Classen
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences (IBG-1): Biotechnology, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH Jülich, Germany
| | - Jörg Pietruszka
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH Jülich, Germany ; Institute of Bio- and Geosciences (IBG-1): Biotechnology, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH Jülich, Germany
| | - Karl-Erich Jaeger
- Institute of Molecular Enzyme Technology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH Jülich, Germany ; Institute of Bio- and Geosciences (IBG-1): Biotechnology, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH Jülich, Germany
| | - Thomas Drepper
- Institute of Molecular Enzyme Technology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH Jülich, Germany
| | - Anita Loeschcke
- Institute of Molecular Enzyme Technology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH Jülich, Germany
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220
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Andrade MS, Silva VS, Lourenço AM, Lobo AM, Rzepa HS. Chiroptical properties of streptorubin B: the synergy between theory and experiment. Chirality 2015; 27:745-51. [PMID: 26316261 DOI: 10.1002/chir.22486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Revised: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Analysis of the calculated and measured optical rotation (OR) together with other calculated chiroptical properties such as electronic circular dichroism (ECD) and vibrational circular dichroism (VCD) of the prodigiosin alkaloid streptorubin B shows that these are dominated by the pseudoenantiomeric atropisomers anti-(S)-streptorubin B (1A) and syn-(S)-streptorubin (1B). Atropisomerism is a dynamic phenomenon with a potentially nonequilibrium population of isomers, and accordingly the measured chiroptical responses may vary with time, concentration, temperature, and the anion of the salts used. Streptorubin also has the potential to form stacked homodimers for which the optical rotations measured at 589 nm can vary greatly due to the presence of ECD-active electronic transitions in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta S Andrade
- Department of Chemistry, REQUIMTE/LAQV, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Vanessa S Silva
- Department of Chemistry, REQUIMTE/LAQV, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Ana M Lourenço
- Department of Chemistry, REQUIMTE/LAQV, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Ana M Lobo
- Department of Chemistry, REQUIMTE/LAQV, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Henry S Rzepa
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, Exhibition Road, London, UK
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221
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Garg S, Srivastava VC, Singh S, Mandal TK. Catalytic Degradation of Pyrrole in Aqueous Solution by Cu/SBA-15. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL REACTOR ENGINEERING 2015. [DOI: 10.1515/ijcre-2015-0074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Present study reports parametric and kinetic study for catalytic per oxidation (CPO) of pyrrole by Cu/SBA-15 catalyst using H2O2 as an oxidant. Brunauer-Emmett-Teller surface area, Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy and thermo gravimetric-differential thermal analyses were used for the characterization of catalyst. Effects of various operating variables such as initial concentration of pyrrole (Co): 48.3–386.8 mg/L, catalytic dose (Cw): 0.5–2 g/L, stoichiometric ratio of hydrogen peroxide/pyrrole: 1–4, and reaction temperature (T): 50–60°C were studied. More than 85% pyrrole mineralization was observed at the optimum conditions of Cw = 1.5 g/L, stoichiometric ratio of hydrogen peroxide/pyrrole = 3, T = 55°C at pH = 6.1. A two-step pseudo-first-order kinetic model well-described the pyrrole mineralization by the CPO process.
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222
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Darshan N, Manonmani HK. Prodigiosin and its potential applications. JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2015; 52:5393-407. [PMID: 26344956 PMCID: PMC4554646 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-015-1740-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Since a decade, there has been a strong consumer demand for more natural products. This has augmented inclination towards substitution of synthetic colorants with natural pigments. Natural pigments not only have the capacity to increase the marketability of products, they also demonstrate valuable biological activities as antioxidants and anticancer agents. There is a long history of exploitation of natural products produced by bacteria as sources of pharmaceutically important, bioactive compounds. Among natural pigments, pigments from microbial sources are potentially suitable alternatives to synthetic pigments. The red pigment prodigiosin (PG) has unusual properties, which have long been documented. The red-pigmented prodiginines are bioactive secondary metabolites produced by both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. Prodigiosins are characterized by a common pyrrolyl pyrromethene skeleton, and the biological role of these pigments in the producer organisms remains unclear. Bacterial prodigiosins and their synthetic derivatives are effective proapoptotic agents against various cancer cell lines, with multiple cellular targets including multi-drug resistant cells with little or no toxicity towards normal cell lines. However, research into the biology of pigment production will stimulate interest in the bioengineering of strains to synthesize useful prodiginine derivatives. This review article highlights the characteristics and potential applications of prodigiosin pigment from Serratia as prodigiosins are real potential therapeutic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. Darshan
- />Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi, 110 025 India
- />Central Food Technological Research Institute (CSIR – CFTRI), Mysore, 570020 India
| | - H. K. Manonmani
- />Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi, 110 025 India
- />Central Food Technological Research Institute (CSIR – CFTRI), Mysore, 570020 India
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223
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Matilla MA, Leeper FJ, Salmond GPC. Biosynthesis of the antifungal haterumalide, oocydin A, in Serratia, and its regulation by quorum sensing, RpoS and Hfq. Environ Microbiol 2015; 17:2993-3008. [PMID: 25753587 PMCID: PMC4552970 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.12839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Revised: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Polyketides represent an important class of bioactive natural products with a broad range of biological activities. We identified recently a large trans-acyltransferase (AT) polyketide synthase gene cluster responsible for the biosynthesis of the antifungal, anti-oomycete and antitumor haterumalide, oocydin A (ooc). Using genome sequencing and comparative genomics, we show that the ooc gene cluster is widespread within biocontrol and phytopathogenic strains of the enterobacteria, Serratia and Dickeya. The analysis of in frame deletion mutants confirmed the role of a hydroxymethylglutaryl-coenzyme A synthase cassette, three flavin-dependent tailoring enzymes, a free-standing acyl carrier protein and two hypothetical proteins in oocydin A biosynthesis. The requirement of the three trans-acting AT domains for the biosynthesis of the macrolide was also demonstrated. Expression of the ooc gene cluster was shown to be positively regulated by an N-acyl-L-homoserine lactone-based quorum sensing system, but operating in a strain-dependent manner. At a post-transcriptional level, the RNA chaperone, Hfq, plays a key role in oocydin A biosynthesis. The Hfq-dependent regulation is partially mediated by the stationary phase sigma factor, RpoS, which was also shown to positively regulate the synthesis of the macrolide. Our results reveal differential regulation of the divergently transcribed ooc transcriptional units, highlighting the complexity of oocydin A production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A Matilla
- Department of Biochemistry, University of CambridgeTennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QW, UK
| | - Finian J Leeper
- Department of Chemistry, University of CambridgeLensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - George P C Salmond
- Department of Biochemistry, University of CambridgeTennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QW, UK,*For correspondence. E-mail ; Tel. +44 (0)1223 333650; Fax +44 (0)1223 766108
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224
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Tan D, Fu L, Han B, Sun X, Zheng P, Zhang J. Identification of an Endophytic Antifungal Bacterial Strain Isolated from the Rubber Tree and Its Application in the Biological Control of Banana Fusarium Wilt. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0131974. [PMID: 26133557 PMCID: PMC4489675 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0131974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Banana Fusarium wilt (also known as Panama disease) is one of the most disastrous plant diseases. Effective control methods are still under exploring. The endophytic bacterial strain ITBB B5-1 was isolated from the rubber tree, and identified as Serratia marcescens by morphological, biochemical, and phylogenetic analyses. This strain exhibited a high potential for biological control against the banana Fusarium disease. Visual agar plate assay showed that ITBB B5-1 restricted the mycelial growth of the pathogenic fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense race 4 (FOC4). Microscopic observation revealed that the cell wall of the FOC4 mycelium close to the co-cultured bacterium was partially decomposed, and the conidial formation was prohibited. The inhibition ratio of the culture fluid of ITBB B5-1 against the pathogenic fungus was 95.4% as estimated by tip culture assay. Chitinase and glucanase activity was detected in the culture fluid, and the highest activity was obtained at Day 2 and Day 3 of incubation for chitinase and glucanase, respectively. The filtrated cell-free culture fluid degraded the cell wall of FOC4 mycelium. These results indicated that chitinase and glucanase were involved in the antifungal mechanism of ITBB B5-1. The potted banana plants that were inoculated with ITBB B5-1 before infection with FOC4 showed 78.7% reduction in the disease severity index in the green house experiments. In the field trials, ITBB B5-1 showed a control effect of approximately 70.0% against the disease. Therefore, the endophytic bacterial strain ITBB B5-1 could be applied in the biological control of banana Fusarium wilt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deguan Tan
- MOA Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources for Tropical Crops, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, CATAS, Haikou, Hainan Province, 571101, China
| | - Lili Fu
- MOA Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources for Tropical Crops, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, CATAS, Haikou, Hainan Province, 571101, China
| | - Bingyin Han
- MOA Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources for Tropical Crops, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, CATAS, Haikou, Hainan Province, 571101, China
| | - Xuepiao Sun
- MOA Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources for Tropical Crops, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, CATAS, Haikou, Hainan Province, 571101, China
| | - Peng Zheng
- Lijiang Teachers College, Lijiang, Yunnan Province, 674110, China
| | - Jiaming Zhang
- MOA Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources for Tropical Crops, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, CATAS, Haikou, Hainan Province, 571101, China
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225
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Johnson RE, de Rond T, Lindsay VNG, Keasling JD, Sarpong R. Synthesis of Cycloprodigiosin Identifies the Natural Isolate as a Scalemic Mixture. Org Lett 2015; 17:3474-7. [PMID: 26114660 PMCID: PMC4509414 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.5b01527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
![]()
The
enantiomers of the natural product cycloprodigiosin were prepared
using an expedient five-step synthetic sequence that takes advantage
of a Schöllkopf–Barton–Zard (SBZ) pyrrole annulation
with a chiral isocyanoacetate and a nitrocyclohexene derivative. Using
chiral HPLC and X-ray crystallographic analyses of the synthetically
prepared material and natural isolate (isolated from the marine bacterium Pseudoalteromonas rubra), naturally occurring cycloprodigiosin
was determined to be a scalemic mixture occurring in an enantiomeric
ratio of 83:17 (R)/(S) at C4′.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca E Johnson
- †Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Tristan de Rond
- †Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Vincent N G Lindsay
- †Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Jay D Keasling
- ‡Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Department of Bioengineering, and QB3 Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,§Joint BioEnergy Institute, 5885 Hollis Street, Emeryville, California 94608, United States.,∥Physical Bioscience Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94270, United States
| | - Richmond Sarpong
- †Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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226
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Pseudomonas putida-a versatile host for the production of natural products. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 99:6197-214. [PMID: 26099332 PMCID: PMC4495716 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-6745-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Revised: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 10/30/2022]
Abstract
The biosynthesis of natural products by heterologous expression of biosynthetic pathways in amenable production strains enables biotechnological access to a variety of valuable compounds by conversion of renewable resources. Pseudomonas putida has emerged as a microbial laboratory work horse, with elaborated techniques for cultivation and genetic manipulation available. Beyond that, this bacterium offers several particular advantages with regard to natural product biosynthesis, notably a versatile intrinsic metabolism with diverse enzymatic capacities as well as an outstanding tolerance to xenobiotics. Therefore, it has been applied for recombinant biosynthesis of several valuable natural products. This review provides an overview of applications of P. putida as a host organism for the recombinant biosynthesis of such natural products, including rhamnolipids, terpenoids, polyketides and non-ribosomal peptides, and other amino acid-derived compounds. The focus is on de novo natural product synthesis from intrinsic building blocks by means of heterologous gene expression and strain engineering. Finally, the future potential of the bacterium as a chassis organism for synthetic microbiology is pointed out.
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227
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Abdelmohsen UR, Grkovic T, Balasubramanian S, Kamel MS, Quinn RJ, Hentschel U. Elicitation of secondary metabolism in actinomycetes. Biotechnol Adv 2015; 33:798-811. [PMID: 26087412 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2015.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Revised: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Genomic sequence data have revealed the presence of a large fraction of putatively silent biosynthetic gene clusters in the genomes of actinomycetes that encode for secondary metabolites, which are not detected under standard fermentation conditions. This review focuses on the effects of biological (co-cultivation), chemical, as well as molecular elicitation on secondary metabolism in actinomycetes. Our review covers the literature until June 2014 and exemplifies the diversity of natural products that have been recovered by such approaches from the phylum Actinobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Usama Ramadan Abdelmohsen
- Department of Botany II, Julius-von-Sachs-Institute for Biological Sciences, University of Würzburg, Julius-von-Sachs-Platz 3, 97082 Würzburg, Germany; Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, 61519 Minia, Egypt.
| | - Tanja Grkovic
- Eskitis Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia
| | - Srikkanth Balasubramanian
- Department of Botany II, Julius-von-Sachs-Institute for Biological Sciences, University of Würzburg, Julius-von-Sachs-Platz 3, 97082 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Mohamed Salah Kamel
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, 61519 Minia, Egypt
| | - Ronald J Quinn
- Eskitis Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia
| | - Ute Hentschel
- Department of Botany II, Julius-von-Sachs-Institute for Biological Sciences, University of Würzburg, Julius-von-Sachs-Platz 3, 97082 Würzburg, Germany
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228
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Busetti A, Thompson TP, Tegazzini D, Megaw J, Maggs CA, Gilmore BF. Antibiofilm Activity of the Brown Alga Halidrys siliquosa against Clinically Relevant Human Pathogens. Mar Drugs 2015; 13:3581-605. [PMID: 26058011 PMCID: PMC4483646 DOI: 10.3390/md13063581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Revised: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The marine brown alga Halidrys siliquosa is known to produce compounds with antifouling activity against several marine bacteria. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial and antibiofilm activity of organic extracts obtained from the marine brown alga H. siliquosa against a focused panel of clinically relevant human pathogens commonly associated with biofilm-related infections. The partially fractionated methanolic extract obtained from H. siliquosa collected along the shores of Co. Donegal; Ireland; displayed antimicrobial activity against bacteria of the genus Staphylococcus; Streptococcus; Enterococcus; Pseudomonas; Stenotrophomonas; and Chromobacterium with MIC and MBC values ranging from 0.0391 to 5 mg/mL. Biofilms of S. aureus MRSA were found to be susceptible to the algal methanolic extract with MBEC values ranging from 1.25 mg/mL to 5 mg/mL respectively. Confocal laser scanning microscopy using LIVE/DEAD staining confirmed the antimicrobial nature of the antibiofilm activity observed using the MBEC assay. A bioassay-guided fractionation method was developed yielding 10 active fractions from which to perform purification and structural elucidation of clinically-relevant antibiofilm compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Busetti
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, BT9 7BL Belfast, UK.
| | - Thomas P Thompson
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, BT9 7BL Belfast, UK.
| | - Diana Tegazzini
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, BT9 7BL Belfast, UK.
| | - Julianne Megaw
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, BT9 7BL Belfast, UK.
| | - Christine A Maggs
- School of Biological Sciences, Medical Biology Center, 97 Lisburn Road, BT9 7BL Belfast, UK.
| | - Brendan F Gilmore
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, BT9 7BL Belfast, UK.
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229
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Vega MM, Crain DM, Konkol LC, Thomson RJ. Enantioselective synthesis of metacycloprodigiosin via the "Wasserman pyrrole". Tetrahedron Lett 2015; 56:3228-3230. [PMID: 26120213 DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2014.12.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
A concise, nine-step enantioselective total synthesis of metacycloprodigiosin is reported. The synthesis provides increased step-efficiency over the previous racemic and enantioselective syntheses of this compound. Key features of the work include investigations into a convergent oxidative coupling reaction and subsequent ring-closing metathesis to deliver an advanced pyrrole intermediate we name the "Wasserman pyrrole" that can be converted to metacycloprodigiosin in one step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marvin M Vega
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208
| | - Diana M Crain
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208
| | - Leah C Konkol
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208
| | - Regan J Thomson
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208
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230
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231
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Marchal E, Uddin MI, Hawco CL, Thompson A. Synthesis of prodigiosene–estrogen conjugates: optimization of protecting group strategies and anticancer properties. CAN J CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1139/cjc-2014-0516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The tripyrrolic prodigiosene skeleton was conjugated to several estrogen ligands. The conjugation was achieved via an ester linker that proved to be unusually sensitive to hydrolysis during synthesis. This work describes the determination of an appropriate protecting group for the hydroxy groups of the estrogen linker. The anticancer properties of the target prodigiosene–estrogen conjugates were evaluated against breast cancer cells and some show selectivity for ER+ breast cancer cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estelle Marchal
- Department of Chemistry, Dalhousie University, P.O. Box 15000, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, Dalhousie University, P.O. Box 15000, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Md. Imam Uddin
- Department of Chemistry, Dalhousie University, P.O. Box 15000, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, Dalhousie University, P.O. Box 15000, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Cassandra L.A. Hawco
- Department of Chemistry, Dalhousie University, P.O. Box 15000, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, Dalhousie University, P.O. Box 15000, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Alison Thompson
- Department of Chemistry, Dalhousie University, P.O. Box 15000, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, Dalhousie University, P.O. Box 15000, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
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232
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Goodwin CR, Covington BC, Derewacz DK, McNees CR, Wikswo JP, McLean JA, Bachmann BO. Structuring Microbial Metabolic Responses to Multiplexed Stimuli via Self-Organizing Metabolomics Maps. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 22:661-70. [PMID: 25937311 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2015.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Revised: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Secondary metabolite biosynthesis in microorganisms responds to discrete chemical and biological stimuli; however, untargeted identification of these responses presents a significant challenge. Herein we apply multiplexed stimuli to Streptomyces coelicolor and collect the resulting response metabolomes via ion mobility-mass spectrometric analysis. Self-organizing map (SOM) analytics adapted for metabolomic data demonstrate efficient characterization of the subsets of primary and secondary metabolites that respond similarly across stimuli. Over 60% of all metabolic features inventoried from responses are either not observed under control conditions or produced at greater than 2-fold increase in abundance in response to at least one of the multiplexing conditions, reflecting how metabolites encode phenotypic changes in an organism responding to multiplexed challenges. Using abundance as an additional filter, each of 16 known S. coelicolor secondary metabolites is prioritized via SOM and observed at increased levels (1.2- to 22-fold compared with unperturbed) in response to one or more challenge conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cody R Goodwin
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, 7300 Stevenson Center, Nashville, TN 37235, USA; Vanderbilt Institute for Integrative Biosystems Research and Education, Vanderbilt University, 6301 Stevenson Center, Nashville, TN 37235, USA; Center for Innovative Technology, Vanderbilt University, 5401 Stevenson Center, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - Brett C Covington
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, 7300 Stevenson Center, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - Dagmara K Derewacz
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, 7300 Stevenson Center, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - C Ruth McNees
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, 7300 Stevenson Center, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - John P Wikswo
- Vanderbilt Institute for Integrative Biosystems Research and Education, Vanderbilt University, 6301 Stevenson Center, Nashville, TN 37235, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vanderbilt University, 6301 Stevenson Center, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - John A McLean
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, 7300 Stevenson Center, Nashville, TN 37235, USA; Vanderbilt Institute for Integrative Biosystems Research and Education, Vanderbilt University, 6301 Stevenson Center, Nashville, TN 37235, USA; Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, 7300 Stevenson Center, Nashville, TN 37235, USA; Center for Innovative Technology, Vanderbilt University, 5401 Stevenson Center, Nashville, TN 37235, USA.
| | - Brian O Bachmann
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, 7300 Stevenson Center, Nashville, TN 37235, USA; Vanderbilt Institute for Integrative Biosystems Research and Education, Vanderbilt University, 6301 Stevenson Center, Nashville, TN 37235, USA; Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, 7300 Stevenson Center, Nashville, TN 37235, USA.
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233
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Serratia marcescens Cyclic AMP Receptor Protein Controls Transcription of EepR, a Novel Regulator of Antimicrobial Secondary Metabolites. J Bacteriol 2015; 197:2468-78. [PMID: 25897029 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00136-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Serratia marcescens generates secondary metabolites and secreted enzymes, and it causes hospital infections and community-acquired ocular infections. Previous studies identified cyclic AMP (cAMP) receptor protein (CRP) as an indirect inhibitor of antimicrobial secondary metabolites. Here, we identified a putative two-component regulator that suppressed crp mutant phenotypes. Evidence supports that the putative response regulator eepR was directly transcriptionally inhibited by cAMP-CRP. EepR and the putative sensor kinase EepS were necessary for the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, including prodigiosin- and serratamolide-dependent phenotypes, swarming motility, and hemolysis. Recombinant EepR bound to the prodigiosin and serratamolide promoters in vitro. Together, these data introduce a novel regulator of secondary metabolites that directly connects the broadly conserved metabolism regulator CRP with biosynthetic genes that may contribute to competition with other microbes. IMPORTANCE This study identifies a new transcription factor that is directly controlled by a broadly conserved transcription factor, CRP. CRP is well studied in its role to help bacteria respond to the amount of nutrients in their environment. The new transcription factor EepR is essential for the bacterium Serratia marcescens to produce two biologically active compounds, prodigiosin and serratamolide. These two compounds are antimicrobial and may allow S. marcescens to compete for limited nutrients with other microorganisms. Results from this study tie together the CRP environmental nutrient sensor with a new regulator of antimicrobial compounds. Beyond microbial ecology, prodigiosin and serratamolide have therapeutic potential; therefore, understanding their regulation is important for both applied and basic science.
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234
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Li P, Kwok AHY, Jiang J, Ran T, Xu D, Wang W, Leung FC. Comparative genome analyses of Serratia marcescens FS14 reveals its high antagonistic potential. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0123061. [PMID: 25856195 PMCID: PMC4391916 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0123061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2014] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
S. marcescens FS14 was isolated from an Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz plant that was infected by Fusarium oxysporum and showed symptoms of root rot. With the completion of the genome sequence of FS14, the first comprehensive comparative-genomic analysis of the Serratia genus was performed. Pan-genome and COG analyses showed that the majority of the conserved core genes are involved in basic cellular functions, while genomic factors such as prophages contribute considerably to genome diversity. Additionally, a Type I restriction-modification system, a Type III secretion system and tellurium resistance genes are found in only some Serratia species. Comparative analysis further identified that S. marcescens FS14 possesses multiple mechanisms for antagonism against other microorganisms, including the production of prodigiosin, bacteriocins, and multi-antibiotic resistant determinants as well as chitinases. The presence of two evolutionarily distinct Type VI secretion systems (T6SSs) in FS14 may provide further competitive advantages for FS14 against other microbes. To our knowledge, this is the first report of comparative analysis on T6SSs in the genus, which identifies four types of T6SSs in Serratia spp.. Competition bioassays of FS14 against the vital plant pathogenic bacterium Ralstonia solanacearum and fungi Fusarium oxysporum and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum were performed to support our genomic analyses, in which FS14 demonstrated high antagonistic activities against both bacterial and fungal phytopathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengpeng Li
- Bioinformatics Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Amy H. Y. Kwok
- Bioinformatics Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jingwei Jiang
- Bioinformatics Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administration Region, China
| | - Tingting Ran
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Dongqing Xu
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Weiwu Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Frederick C. Leung
- Bioinformatics Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administration Region, China
- * E-mail:
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235
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Schrempf H, Merling P. Extracellular Streptomyces lividans vesicles: composition, biogenesis and antimicrobial activity. Microb Biotechnol 2015; 8:644-58. [PMID: 25851532 PMCID: PMC4476819 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.12274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Revised: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
We selected Streptomyces lividans to elucidate firstly the biogenesis and antimicrobial activities of extracellular vesicles that a filamentous and highly differentiated Gram-positive bacterium produces. Vesicle types range in diameter from 110 to 230 nm and 20 to 60 nm, respectively; they assemble to clusters, and contain lipids and phospholipids allowing their in situ imaging by specific fluorescent dyes. The presence of the identified secondary metabolite undecylprodigiosin provokes red fluorescence of a portion of the heterogeneous vesicle populations facilitating in vivo monitoring. Protuberances containing vesicles generate at tips, and alongside of substrate hyphae, and enumerate during late vegetative growth to droplet-like exudates. Owing to in situ imaging in the presence and absence of a green fluorescent vancomycin derivative, we conclude that protuberances comprising vesicles arise at sites with enhanced levels of peptidoglycan subunits [pentapeptide of lipid II (C55)-linked disaccharides], and reduced levels of polymerized and cross-linked peptidoglycan within hyphae. These sites correlate with enhanced levels of anionic phospholipids and lipids. Vesicles provoke pronounced damages of Aspergillus proliferans, Verticillium dahliae and induced clumping and distortion of Escherichia coli. These harmful effects are likely attributable to the action of the identified vesicular compounds including different enzyme types, components of signal transduction cascades and undecylprodigiosin. Based on our pioneering findings, we highlight novel clues with environmental implications and application potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hildgund Schrempf
- FB Biology/Chemistry, Applied Genetics of Microorganisms, University Osnabrück, Barbarastr. 13, D-49069, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Philipp Merling
- FB Biology/Chemistry, Applied Genetics of Microorganisms, University Osnabrück, Barbarastr. 13, D-49069, Osnabrück, Germany
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236
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Suzuki N, Ohtaguro N, Yoshida Y, Hirai M, Matsuo H, Yamada Y, Imamura N, Tsuchiya T. A Compound Inhibits Biofilm Formation of Staphylococcus aureus from Streptomyces. Biol Pharm Bull 2015; 38:889-92. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b15-00053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Naomoto Suzuki
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University
| | | | | | - Motoshi Hirai
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University
| | | | - Yoichi Yamada
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University
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237
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Nomiyama S, Tsuchimoto T. Metal-Free Regioselective β-Alkylation of Pyrroles with Carbonyl Compounds and Hydrosilanes: Use of a Brønsted Acid as a Catalyst. Adv Synth Catal 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201400497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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238
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de Campos LJ, de Melo EB. Modeling structure–activity relationships of prodiginines with antimalarial activity using GA/MLR and OPS/PLS. J Mol Graph Model 2014; 54:19-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2014.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2014] [Revised: 08/02/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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239
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Chaudhari V, Gosai H, Raval S, Kothari V. Effect of certain natural products and organic solvents on quorum sensing in Chromobacterium violaceum. ASIAN PAC J TROP MED 2014; 7S1:S204-11. [DOI: 10.1016/s1995-7645(14)60233-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Revised: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 06/15/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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240
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Venil CK, Aruldass CA, Dufossé L, Zakaria ZA, Ahmad WA. Current perspective on bacterial pigments: emerging sustainable compounds with coloring and biological properties for the industry – an incisive evaluation. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra06162d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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241
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Analysis of the xplAB-containing gene cluster involved in the bacterial degradation of the explosive hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine. Appl Environ Microbiol 2014; 80:6601-10. [PMID: 25128343 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01818-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Repeated use of the explosive compound hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) on military land has resulted in significant soil and groundwater pollution. Rates of degradation of RDX in the environment are low, and accumulated RDX, which the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has determined is a possible human carcinogen, is now threatening drinking water supplies. RDX-degrading microorganisms have been isolated from RDX-contaminated land; however, despite the presence of these species in contaminated soils, RDX pollution persists. To further understand this problem, we studied RDX-degrading species belonging to four different genera (Rhodococcus, Microbacterium, Gordonia, and Williamsia) isolated from geographically distinct locations and established that the xplA and xplB (xplAB) genes, which encode a cytochrome P450 and a flavodoxin redox partner, respectively, are nearly identical in all these species. Together, the xplAB system catalyzes the reductive denitration of RDX and subsequent ring cleavage under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. In addition to xplAB, the Rhodococcus species studied here share a 14-kb region flanking xplAB; thus, it appears likely that the RDX-metabolizing ability was transferred as a genomic island within a transposable element. The conservation and transfer of xplAB-flanking genes suggest a role in RDX metabolism. We therefore independently knocked out genes within this cluster in the RDX-degrading species Rhodococcus rhodochrous 11Y. Analysis of the resulting mutants revealed that XplA is essential for RDX degradation and that XplB is not the sole contributor of reducing equivalents to XplA. While XplA expression is induced under nitrogen-limiting conditions and further enhanced by the presence of RDX, MarR is not regulated by RDX.
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242
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Bhukya H, Bhujbalrao R, Bitra A, Anand R. Structural and functional basis of transcriptional regulation by TetR family protein CprB from S. coelicolor A3(2). Nucleic Acids Res 2014; 42:10122-33. [PMID: 25092919 PMCID: PMC4150764 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gku587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic production and resistance pathways in Streptomyces are dictated by the interplay of transcriptional regulatory proteins that trigger downstream responses via binding to small diffusible molecules. To decipher the mode of DNA binding and the associated allosteric mechanism in the sub-class of transcription factors that are induced by γ-butyrolactones, we present the crystal structure of CprB in complex with the consensus DNA element to a resolution of 3.25 Å. Binding of the DNA results in the restructuring of the dimeric interface of CprB, inducing a pendulum-like motion of the helix-turn-helix motif that inserts into the major groove. The crystal structure revealed that, CprB is bound to DNA as a dimer of dimers with the mode of binding being analogous to the broad spectrum multidrug transporter protein QacR from the antibiotic resistant strain Staphylococcus aureus. It was demonstrated that the CprB displays a cooperative mode of DNA binding, following a clamp and click model. Experiments performed on a subset of DNA sequences from Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2) suggest that CprB is most likely a pleiotropic regulator. Apart from serving as an autoregulator, it is potentially a part of a network of proteins that modulates the γ-butyrolactone synthesis and antibiotic regulation pathways in S. coelicolor A3(2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hussain Bhukya
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, Maharashtra, India IITB-Monash Research Academy, Mumbai 400076, Maharashtra, India
| | - Ruchika Bhujbalrao
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, Maharashtra, India
| | - Aruna Bitra
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, Maharashtra, India
| | - Ruchi Anand
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, Maharashtra, India
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243
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White KS, Nicoletti G, Borland R. Nitropropenyl benzodioxole, an anti-infective agent with action as a protein tyrosine phosphatase inhibitor. THE OPEN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY JOURNAL 2014; 8:1-16. [PMID: 24976873 PMCID: PMC4073595 DOI: 10.2174/1874104501408010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Revised: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
We report on the activities of a broad spectrum antimicrobial compound,nitropropenyl benzodioxole (NPBD) which are of relevance to its potential as an anti-infective drug. These investigations support the proposal that a major mechanism of NPBD is action as a tyrosine mimetic, competitively inhibiting bacterial and fungal protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTP). NPBD did not affect major anti-bacterial drug targets, namely, ATP production, cell wall or cell membrane integrity, or transcription and translation of RNA. NPBD inhibited bacterial YopH and human PTP1B and not human CD45 in enzyme assays. NPBD inhibited PTP-associated bacterial virulence factors, namely, endospore formation in Bacillus cereus, prodigiosin secretion in Serratia marcescens , motility in Proteus spp., and adherence and invasion of mammalian cells by Yersinia enterocolitica . NPBD acts intracellularly to inhibit the early development stages of the Chlamydia trachomatis infection cycle in mammalian cells known to involve sequestration of host cell PTPs. NPBD thus both kills pathogens and inhibits virulence factors relevant to early infection, making it a suitable candidate for development as an anti-infective agent, particularly for pathogens that enter through, or cause infections at, mucosal surfaces. Though much is yet to be understood about bacterial PTPs, they are proposed as suitable anti-infective targets and have been linked to agents similar to NPBD. The structural and functional diversity and heterogeneous distribution of PTPs across microbial species make them suitably selective targets for the development of both broadly active and pathogen-specific drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kylie S White
- School of Applied Sciences, College of Science, Engineering and Technology, RMIT University, 124 Latrobe St, Victoria, 3000, Australia
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244
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Han N, Ran T, Lou X, Gao Y, He J, Tang L, Xu D, Wang W. Expression, crystallization and preliminary crystallographic data analysis of PigI, a putative L-prolyl-AMP ligase from the prodigiosin synthetic pathway in Serratia. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION F-STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY COMMUNICATIONS 2014; 70:624-7. [PMID: 24817724 DOI: 10.1107/s2053230x14005780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Prodigiosin, a member of the prodiginines, is a tripyrrole red pigment synthesized by Serratia and some other microbes. A bifurcated biosynthesis pathway of prodigiosin has been proposed in Serratia in which MBC (4-methoxy-2,2'-bipyrrole-5-carbaldehyde) and MAP (2-methyl-3-N-amyl-pyrrole) are synthesized separately and then condensed by PigC to form prodigiosin. The first step for the synthesis of MBC is the activation of L-proline by PigI, but its catalytic mechanism has remained elusive. To elucidate its mechanism, recombinant PigI was purified and crystallized. Crystals obtained by the sitting-drop method belonged to space group P1 and diffracted to 2.0 Å resolution, with unit-cell parameters a = 51.2, b = 62.8, c = 91.3 Å, α = 105.1, β = 90.1, γ = 92.2°. Matthews coefficient analysis suggested two molecules in the asymmetric unit, with a VM of 2.6 Å(3) Da(-1) and a solvent content of 52.69%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Han
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Tingting Ran
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangdi Lou
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanyan Gao
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianhua He
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Tang
- Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongqing Xu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiwu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China
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245
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Crude bacterial extracts of two new Streptomyces sp. isolates as bio-colorants for textile dyeing. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 30:2231-40. [PMID: 24671299 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-014-1644-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 03/19/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Renewed demand for incorporation of natural dyes (bio-colorants) in textile industry could be met through biotechnological production of bacterial pigments. Two new Streptomyces strains (NP2 and NP4) were isolated for the remarkable ability to produce diffusible deep blue and deep red pigment into fermentation medium. Crude mycelial extracts of both strains were used as bio-colorants in conventional textile dyeing procedures avoiding downstream purification procedures. The yields of bio-colorants obtained in this way were 62 and 84 mg per g of mycelia for Streptomyces sp. NP2 and Streptomyces sp. NP4, respectively. Through nuclear magnetic resonance analysis of crude extracts before and after dyeing procedures, it was shown that both extracts contained prodigiosin-like family of compounds that exhibited different dyeing capabilities towards different textile fibers. Polyamide and acrylic fibers were colored to the deepest shade, polyester and triacetate fibers to a noticeable, but much lower shade depth, while cotton and cellulosic fibers stained weakly. These results confirmed that crude bacterial extracts had the characteristics similar to those of ionic and disperse dyes, which was consistent with the identified polypyrrolic prodigiosin-like structures.
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246
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Rastogi S, Marchal E, Uddin I, Groves B, Colpitts J, McFarland SA, Davis JT, Thompson A. Synthetic prodigiosenes and the influence of C-ring substitution on DNA cleavage, transmembrane chloride transport and basicity. Org Biomol Chem 2014; 11:3834-45. [PMID: 23640568 DOI: 10.1039/c3ob40477c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Analogues of the tripyrrolic natural product prodigiosin bearing an additional methyl and a carbonyl group at the C-ring were synthesised and evaluated. In vitro anticancer activity screening (NCI) and the study of modes of action (copper-mediated cleavage of double-stranded DNA and transmembrane transport of chloride anions) showed that the presence of the methyl group is not detrimental to activity. Furthermore, although the presence of an ester conjugated to the prodigiosene C-ring seems to decrease both pK(a) and chloride transport efficiency compared to the natural product, these analogues still exhibit a high rate of chloride transport. All analogues exhibit good in vitro anticancer activity and reduced toxicity compared to the natural product: compare an acute systemic toxicity of 100 mg kg(-1) in mice vs. 4 mg kg(-1) for prodigiosin, pointing towards a larger therapeutic window than for the natural product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumya Rastogi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
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247
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Stankovic N, Senerovic L, Ilic-Tomic T, Vasiljevic B, Nikodinovic-Runic J. Properties and applications of undecylprodigiosin and other bacterial prodigiosins. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 98:3841-58. [PMID: 24562326 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-014-5590-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Revised: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The growing demand to fulfill the needs of present-day medicine in terms of novel effective molecules has lead to reexamining some of the old and known bacterial secondary metabolites. Bacterial prodigiosins (prodiginines) have a long history of being re markable multipurpose compounds, best examined for their anticancer and antimalarial activities. Production of prodigiosin in the most common producer strain Serratia marcescens has been described in great detail. However, few reports have discussed the ecophysiological roles of these molecules in the producing strains, as well as their antibiotic and UV-protective properties. This review describes recent advances in the production process, biosynthesis, properties, and applications of bacterial prodigiosins. Special emphasis is put on undecylprodigiosin which has generally been a less studied member of the prodigiosin family. In addition, it has been suggested that proteins involved in undecylprodigiosin synthesis, RedG and RedH, could be a useful addition to the biocatalytic toolbox being able to mediate regio- and stereoselective oxidative cyclization. Judging by the number of recent references (216 for the 2007-2013 period), it has become clear that undecylprodigiosin and other bacterial prodigiosins still hold surprises in terms of valuable properties and applicative potential to medical and other industrial fields and that they still deserve continuing research curiosity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nada Stankovic
- Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 444a, P.O. Box 23, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
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248
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Hernando E, Soto-Cerrato V, Cortés-Arroyo S, Pérez-Tomás R, Quesada R. Transmembrane anion transport and cytotoxicity of synthetic tambjamine analogs. Org Biomol Chem 2014; 12:1771-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ob42341g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic tambjamine analogs bearing aromatic enamine moieties are highly efficient transmembrane anion carriers, triggering apoptosis in several cancer cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsa Hernando
- Departamento de Química
- Facultad de Ciencias
- Universidad de Burgos
- 09001 Burgos, Spain
| | - Vanessa Soto-Cerrato
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics
- Cancer Cell Biology Research Group
- Universidad de Barcelona
- Barcelona, Spain
| | - Susana Cortés-Arroyo
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics
- Cancer Cell Biology Research Group
- Universidad de Barcelona
- Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ricardo Pérez-Tomás
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics
- Cancer Cell Biology Research Group
- Universidad de Barcelona
- Barcelona, Spain
| | - Roberto Quesada
- Departamento de Química
- Facultad de Ciencias
- Universidad de Burgos
- 09001 Burgos, Spain
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249
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Managing refillable portable eyewashes under ANSI/ISEA Z358.1. ACS CHEMICAL HEALTH & SAFETY 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchas.2013.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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250
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Marchal E, Rastogi S, Thompson A, Davis JT. Influence of B-ring modifications on proton affinity, transmembrane anion transport and anti-cancer properties of synthetic prodigiosenes. Org Biomol Chem 2014; 12:7515-22. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ob01399a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
We describe how modulating the pKaof a family of synthetic prodigiosenes, modified on their B-ring, can control the transmembrane transport of anions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Soumya Rastogi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- University of Maryland
- College Park, USA
| | | | - Jeffery T. Davis
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- University of Maryland
- College Park, USA
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