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Osteochondral regeneration using a novel aragonite-hyaluronate bi-phasic scaffold in a goat model. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2014; 22:1452-64. [PMID: 23479056 DOI: 10.1007/s00167-013-2467-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2012] [Accepted: 02/25/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The objective of this study was to examine whether different mechanical modifications and/or impregnation of hyaluronic acid (HA) might enhance aragonite-based scaffold properties for the regeneration of cartilage and bone in an animal model. METHODS Bi-phasic osteochondral scaffolds were prepared using coralline aragonite with different modifications, including 1- to 2-mm-deep drilled channels in the cartilage phase (Group 1, n = 7) or in the bone phase (Group 2, n = 8), and compared with unmodified coral cylinders (Group 3, n = 8) as well as empty control defects (Group 4, n = 4). In each group, four of the implants were impregnated with HA to the cartilage phase. Osteochondral defects (6 mm diameter, 8 mm depth) were made in medial and lateral femoral condyles of 14 goats, and the scaffolds were implanted according to a randomization chart. After 6 months, cartilage and bone regeneration were evaluated macroscopically and histologically by an external laboratory. RESULTS Group 1 implants were replaced by newly formed hyaline cartilage and subchondral bone (combined histological evaluation according to the ICRS II-2010 and O'Driscoll et al. 34 ± 4 n = 7). In this group, the cartilaginous repair tissue showed a smooth contour and was well integrated into the adjacent native cartilage, with morphological evidence of hyaline cartilage as confirmed by the marked presence of proteoglycans, a marked grade of collagen type II and the absence of collagen type I. The average scores in other groups were significantly lower (Group 2 (n = 8) 28.8 ± 11, Group 3 (n = 8) 23 ± 9 and Group 4 (empty control, n = 4) 19.7 ± 15). CONCLUSIONS The implants with the mechanical modification and HA impregnation in the cartilage phase outperformed all other types of implant. Although native coral is an excellent material for bone repair, as a stand-alone material implant, it does not regenerate hyaline cartilage. Mechanical modification with drilled channels and impregnation of HA within the coral pores enhanced the scaffold's cartilage regenerative potential. The modified implant shows young hyaline cartilage regeneration. This implant might be useful for the treatment of both chondral and osteochondral defects in humans.
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Ultrashort peptide nanofibrous hydrogels for the acceleration of healing of burn wounds. Biomaterials 2014; 35:4805-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.02.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 02/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Kim JE, Lee SM, Kim SH, Tatman P, Gee AO, Kim DH, Lee KE, Jung Y, Kim SJ. Effect of self-assembled peptide-mesenchymal stem cell complex on the progression of osteoarthritis in a rat model. Int J Nanomedicine 2014; 9 Suppl 1:141-57. [PMID: 24872709 PMCID: PMC4024982 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s54114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the efficacy of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) encapsulated in self-assembled peptide (SAP) hydrogels in a rat knee model for the prevention of osteoarthritis (OA) progression. MATERIALS AND METHODS Nanostructured KLD-12 SAPs were used as the injectable hydrogels. Thirty-three Sprague Dawley rats were used for the OA model. Ten rats were used for the evaluation of biotin-tagged SAP disappearance. Twenty-three rats were divided into four groups: MSC (n=6), SAP (n=6), SAP-MSC (n=6), and no treatment (n=5). MSCs, SAPs, and SAP-MSCs were injected into the knee joints 3 weeks postsurgery. Histologic examination, immunofluorescent staining, measurement of cytokine levels, and micro-computed tomography analysis were conducted 6 weeks after injections. Behavioral studies were done to establish baseline measurements before treatment, and repeated 3 and 6 weeks after treatment to measure the efficacy of SAP-MSCs. RESULTS Concentration of biotinylated SAP at week 1 was not significantly different from those at week 3 and week 6 (P=0.565). Bone mineral density was significantly lower in SAP-MSC groups than controls (P=0.002). Significant differences in terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase deoxyuridine triphosphate nick-end labeling staining between the control group and all other groups were observed. Caspase-8, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 1, and matrix metalloproteinase 9 were diffusely stained in controls, whereas localized or minimal staining was observed in other groups. Modified Mankin scores were significantly lower in the SAP and SAP-MSC groups than in controls (P=0.001 and 0.013). Although not statistically significant, synovial inflammation scores were lower in the SAP (1.3±0.3) and SAP-MSC (1.3±0.2) groups than in controls (2.6±0.2). However, neither the cytokine level nor the behavioral score was significantly different between groups. CONCLUSION Injection of SAP-MSC hydrogels showed evidence of chondroprotection, as measured by the histologic grading and decreased expression of biochemical markers of inflammation and apoptosis. It also lowered subchondral bone mineral density, which can be increased by OA. This suggests that the SAP-MSC complex may have clinical potential to inhibit OA progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Eun Kim
- Biomaterials Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sang Mok Lee
- Department of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Soo Hyun Kim
- Biomaterials Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Phil Tatman
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Albert O Gee
- Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Deok-Ho Kim
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA ; Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine and Center for Cardiovascular Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kyung Eun Lee
- Advanced Analysis Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Youngmee Jung
- Biomaterials Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sang Jun Kim
- Department of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
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Phillips AJ, Littlejohn J, Yewdall NA, Zhu T, Valéry C, Pearce FG, Mitra AK, Radjainia M, Gerrard JA. Peroxiredoxin is a Versatile Self-Assembling Tecton for Protein Nanotechnology. Biomacromolecules 2014; 15:1871-81. [DOI: 10.1021/bm500261u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amy J. Phillips
- Biomolecular
Interaction Centre and School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
- MacDiarmid
Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Victoria University, Wellington, New Zealand
- School
of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jacob Littlejohn
- Biomolecular
Interaction Centre and School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - N. Amy Yewdall
- Biomolecular
Interaction Centre and School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Tong Zhu
- Biomolecular
Interaction Centre and School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Céline Valéry
- Biomolecular
Interaction Centre and School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - F. Grant Pearce
- Biomolecular
Interaction Centre and School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Alok K. Mitra
- School
of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Mazdak Radjainia
- School
of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Juliet A. Gerrard
- Biomolecular
Interaction Centre and School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
- MacDiarmid
Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Victoria University, Wellington, New Zealand
- School
of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Callaghan
Innovation
Research Limited, Lower Hutt, New Zealand
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Demir R, Yayla M, Akpinar E, Cakir M, Calikoglu C, Ozel L, Ozdemir G, Mercantepe T. Protective effects of alpha-lipoic acid on experimental sciatic nerve crush injury in rats: assessed with functional, molecular and electromicroscopic analyses. Int J Neurosci 2014; 124:935-43. [PMID: 24617291 DOI: 10.3109/00207454.2014.902375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
AIM The present study aimed to demonstrate protective effects of alpha lipoic acid on experimental sciatic nerve crush injury model assessed with functional and electronmicroscopy analyses. METHODS In this study, groups were; Group 1; sham operated, Group 2; applied only sciatic nerve crush (Control), Group 3; Sciatic nerve crush + treated ALA 25 mg/kg (received orally) and Group 4; Sciatic nerve crush + treated ALA 50 mg/kg. Subsequently, sciatic nerves crush injury induced by forceps. At the second and fourth week, all animals were evaluated for sciatic functional index (SFI) and histomorphometric analyses with electronmicroscopy. RESULTS The SFI was significantly increased for both ALA-treated groups 30 days post-injury compared with control groups. The elecronmicroscopy results demonstrated that the axon diameter, the myelin diameter, the area of regenerating axon and miyelin were better in the treatment group than in the control group. Also ALA decreased IL-1β and Caspase 3 levels that increased in SNC group. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that ALA neuroprotective agent for peripheral nerve injury (PNI) and promoted peripheral nerve regeneration via its anti-inflammatory and antiapoptotic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Recep Demir
- 1Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, 2Department of Pharmacology, 3Department of Brain and Nerve Surgery, 5Department of Histology and Embryology, 4Department of Neurology, Palandoken Public Hospital, Yakutiye, Erzurum, Turkey
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Farr R, Choi DS, Lee SW. Phage-based nanomaterials for biomedical applications. Acta Biomater 2014; 10:1741-50. [PMID: 23823252 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2013.06.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2013] [Revised: 06/11/2013] [Accepted: 06/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in nanotechnology enable us to manipulate and produce materials with molecular level control. In the newly emerging field of bionanomedicine, it is essential to precisely control the physical, chemical and biological properties of materials. Among other biological building blocks, viruses are a promising nanomaterial that can be functionalized with great precision. Since the production of viral particles is directed by the genetic information encapsulated in their protein shells, the viral particles create precisely defined sizes and shapes. In addition, the composition and surface properties of the particles can be controlled through genetic engineering and chemical modification. In this manuscript, we review the advances of virus-based nanomaterials for biomedical applications in three different areas: phage therapy, drug delivery and tissue engineering. By exploiting and manipulating the original functions of viruses, viral particles hold great possibilities in these biomedical applications to improve human health.
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Castelletto V, Hamley IW, Segarra-Maset MD, Gumbau CB, Miravet JF, Escuder B, Seitsonen J, Ruokolainen J. Tuning chelation by the surfactant-like peptide A6H using predetermined pH values. Biomacromolecules 2014; 15:591-8. [PMID: 24369761 PMCID: PMC3922418 DOI: 10.1021/bm401640j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2013] [Revised: 12/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
We examine the self-assembly of a peptide A6H comprising a hexa-alanine sequence A6 with a histidine (H) "head group", which chelates Zn(2+) cations. We study the self-assembly of A6H and binding of Zn(2+) ions in ZnCl2 solutions, under acidic and neutral conditions. A6H self-assembles into nanotapes held together by a β-sheet structure in acidic aqueous solutions. By dissolving A6H in acidic ZnCl2 solutions, the carbonyl oxygen atoms in A6H chelate the Zn(2+) ions and allow for β-sheet formation at lower concentrations, consequently reducing the onset concentration for nanotape formation. A6H mixed with water or ZnCl2 solutions under neutral conditions produces short sheets or pseudocrystalline tapes, respectively. The imidazole ring of A6H chelates Zn(2+) ions in neutral solutions. The internal structure of nanosheets and pseudocrystalline sheets in neutral solutions is similar to the internal structure of A6H nanotapes in acidic solutions. Our results show that it is possible to induce dramatic changes in the self-assembly and chelation sites of A6H by changing the pH of the solution. However, it is likely that the amphiphilic nature of A6H determines the internal structure of the self-assembled aggregates independent from changes in chelation.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Castelletto
- School of Chemistry, Food Science and Pharmacy, University of Reading , Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AD, United Kingdom
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Butt GF, Habib A, Mahgoub K, Sofela A, Tilley M, Guo L, Cordeiro MF. Optic nerve regeneration. EXPERT REVIEW OF OPHTHALMOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.1586/eop.12.66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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210
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Zeng G, Liu L, Xia D, Li Q, Xin Z, Wang J, Besenbacher F, Skrydstrup T, Dong M. Transition of chemically modified diphenylalanine peptide assemblies revealed by atomic force microscopy. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra46718j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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211
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Li S, Wang L, Hao Y, Zhang L, Zhou B, Deng L, Liu YN. An ultrasensitive colorimetric aptasensor for ATP based on peptide/Au nanocomposites and hemin–G-quadruplex DNAzyme. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra02823f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
A self-assembled peptide nanosphere was firstly applied to construct biosensors. A new signal amplification strategy was proposed for colorimetric aptasensor based on PNS/AuNPs composite. The colorimetric aptasensor displayed an ultra-high sensitivity for ATP detection with a LOD of 1.35 pM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shipeng Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Central South University
- Changsha, PR China
| | - Liqiang Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Central South University
- Changsha, PR China
| | - Yuanqiang Hao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Central South University
- Changsha, PR China
| | - Lili Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Central South University
- Changsha, PR China
| | - Binbin Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Central South University
- Changsha, PR China
- Hunan Institute of Food Quality Supervision Inspection and Research
- Changsha, PR China
| | - Liu Deng
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Central South University
- Changsha, PR China
| | - You-Nian Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Central South University
- Changsha, PR China
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212
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Panda JJ, Chauhan VS. Short peptide based self-assembled nanostructures: implications in drug delivery and tissue engineering. Polym Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4py00173g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Self-assembling peptides with many potential biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiban Jyoti Panda
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology
- New Delhi 110067, India
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology
- Mohali, India
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213
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Abstract
The consequence of numerous neurological disorders is the significant loss of neural cells, which further results in multilevel dysfunction or severe functional deficits. The extracellular matrix (ECM) is of tremendous importance for neural regeneration mediating ambivalent functions: ECM serves as a growth-promoting substrate for neurons but, on the other hand, is a major constituent of the inhibitory scar, which results from traumatic injuries of the central nervous system. Therefore, cell and tissue replacement strategies on the basis of ECM mimetics are very promising therapeutic interventions. Numerous synthetic and natural materials have proven effective both in vitro and in vivo. The closer a material's physicochemical and molecular properties are to the original extracellular matrix, the more promising its effectiveness may be. Relevant factors that need to be taken into account when designing such materials for neural repair relate to receptor-mediated cell-matrix interactions, which are dependent on chemical and mechanical sensing. This chapter outlines important characteristics of natural and synthetic ECM materials (scaffolds) and provides an overview of recent advances in design and application of ECM materials for neural regeneration, both in therapeutic applications and in basic biological research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Estrada
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Neurology, Heinrich-Heine-University Medical Center Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Ayse Tekinay
- UNAM-National Nanotechnology Research Center, Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Hans Werner Müller
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Neurology, Heinrich-Heine-University Medical Center Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.
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215
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He B, Yuan X, Jiang D. Molecular self-assembly guides the fabrication of peptide nanofiber scaffolds for nerve repair. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra01826e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The particular features render ionic self-complementary peptide-formed and peptide amphiphile-formed nanofiber scaffolds to be compelling biomaterial substrates for nerve repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin He
- Department of Orthopedics
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University
- Chongqing, China
| | - Xiao Yuan
- Department of Cardiology
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University
- Chongqing, China
| | - Dianming Jiang
- Department of Orthopedics
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University
- Chongqing, China
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216
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Taylor E, Stout DA, Aninwene G, Webster TJ. Tissue Engineering In Vivo with Nanotechnology. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-2140-5_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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217
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Volpatti LR, Knowles TPJ. Polymer physics inspired approaches for the study of the mechanical properties of amyloid fibrils. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.23428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa R. Volpatti
- Department of Chemistry; University of Cambridge; Lensfield Road, CB2 1EW United Kingdom
| | - Tuomas P. J. Knowles
- Department of Chemistry; University of Cambridge; Lensfield Road, CB2 1EW United Kingdom
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218
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Castelletto V, Gouveia RM, Connon CJ, Hamley IW, Seitsonen J, Nykänen A, Ruokolainen J. Alanine-rich amphiphilic peptide containing the RGD cell adhesion motif: a coating material for human fibroblast attachment and culture. Biomater Sci 2013; 2:362-369. [PMID: 32481862 DOI: 10.1039/c3bm60232j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
We studied the self-assembly of peptide A6RGD (A: alanine, R: arginine, G: glycine, D: aspartic acid) in water, and the use of A6RGD substrates as coatings to promote the attachment of human cornea stromal fibroblasts (hCSFs). The self-assembled motif of A6RGD was shown to depend on the peptide concentration in water, where both vesicle and fibril formation were observed. Oligomers were detected for 0.7 wt% A6RGD, which evolved into short peptide fibres at 1.0 wt% A6RGD, while a co-existence of vesicles and long peptide fibres was revealed for 2-15 wt% A6RGD. A6RGD vesicle walls were shown to have a multilayer structure built out of highly interdigitated A6 units, while A6RGD fibres were based on β-sheet assemblies. Changes in the self-assembly motif with concentration were reflected in the cell culture assay results. Films dried from 0.1-1.0 wt% A6RGD solutions allowed hCSFs to attach and significantly enhanced cell proliferation relative to the control. In contrast, films dried from 2.5 wt% A6RGD solutions were toxic to hCSFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Castelletto
- School of Chemistry, Food Science and Pharmacy, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AD, UK.
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219
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Wang L, Lin Z, Shao B, Zhuge Q, Jin K. Therapeutic applications of bone marrow-derived stem cells in ischemic stroke. Neurol Res 2013; 35:470-8. [PMID: 23595085 DOI: 10.1179/1743132813y.0000000210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Liuqing Wang
- Department of Neurology the First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical College, China
| | - Zhenzhen Lin
- Department of Neurology the First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical College, China
| | - Bei Shao
- Department of Neurology the First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical College, China
| | - Qichuan Zhuge
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Aging and Neurological Disorder Researchthe First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical College, China
| | - Kunlin Jin
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Aging and Neurological Disorder Researchthe First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical College, China
- Department of Pharmacology and NeuroscienceInstitute for Aging and Alzheimer’s Disease Research, University of North Texas Health Science Center at Fort Worth, USA
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220
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Zuidema JM, Hyzinski-García MC, Van Vlasselaer K, Zaccor NW, Plopper GE, Mongin AA, Gilbert RJ. Enhanced GLT-1 mediated glutamate uptake and migration of primary astrocytes directed by fibronectin-coated electrospun poly-L-lactic acid fibers. Biomaterials 2013; 35:1439-49. [PMID: 24246642 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.10.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 10/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Bioengineered fiber substrates are increasingly studied as a means to promote regeneration and remodeling in the injured central nervous system (CNS). Previous reports largely focused on the ability of oriented scaffolds to bridge injured regions and direct outgrowth of axonal projections. In the present work, we explored the effects of electrospun microfibers on the migration and physiological properties of brain astroglial cells. Primary rat astrocytes were cultured on either fibronectin-coated poly-L-lactic acid (PLLA) films, fibronectin-coated randomly oriented PLLA electrospun fibers, or fibronectin-coated aligned PLLA electrospun fibers. Aligned PLLA fibers strongly altered astrocytic morphology, orienting cell processes, actin microfilaments, and microtubules along the length of the fibers. On aligned fibers, astrocytes also significantly increased their migration rates in the direction of fiber orientation. We further investigated if fiber topography modifies astrocytic neuroprotective properties, namely glutamate and glutamine transport and metabolism. This was done by quantifying changes in mRNA expression (qRT-PCR) and protein levels (Western blotting) for a battery of relevant biomolecules. Interestingly, we found that cells grown on random and/or aligned fibers increased the expression levels of two glutamate transporters, GLAST and GLT-1, and an important metabolic enzyme, glutamine synthetase, as compared to the fibronectin-coated films. Functional assays revealed increases in glutamate transport rates due to GLT-1 mediated uptake, which was largely determined by the dihydrokainate-sensitive GLT-1. Overall, this study suggests that aligned PLLA fibers can promote directed astrocytic migration, and, of most importance, our in vitro results indicate for the first time that electrospun PLLA fibers can positively modify neuroprotective properties of glial cells by increasing rates of glutamate uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M Zuidema
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | - María C Hyzinski-García
- Center for Neuropharmacology and Neuroscience, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, USA
| | - Kristien Van Vlasselaer
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA; Department of Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | - Nicholas W Zaccor
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | - George E Plopper
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA; Department of Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | - Alexander A Mongin
- Center for Neuropharmacology and Neuroscience, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, USA
| | - Ryan J Gilbert
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA.
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221
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Akhavan O, Ghaderi E. Flash photo stimulation of human neural stem cells on graphene/TiO2 heterojunction for differentiation into neurons. NANOSCALE 2013; 5:10316-26. [PMID: 24056702 DOI: 10.1039/c3nr02161k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
For the application of human neural stem cells (hNSCs) in neural regeneration and brain repair, it is necessary to stimulate hNSC differentiation towards neurons rather than glia. Due to the unique properties of graphene in stem cell differentiation, here we introduce reduced graphene oxide (rGO)/TiO2 heterojunction film as a biocompatible flash photo stimulator for effective differentiation of hNSCs into neurons. Using the stimulation, the number of cell nuclei on rGO/TiO2 increased by a factor of ~1.5, while on GO/TiO2 and TiO2 it increased only ~48 and 24%, respectively. Moreover, under optimum conditions of flash photo stimulation (10 mW cm(-2) flash intensity and 15.0 mM ascorbic acid in cell culture medium) not only did the number of cell nuclei and neurons differentiated on rGO/TiO2 significantly increase (by factors of ~2.5 and 3.6), but also the number of glial cells decreased (by a factor of ~0.28). This resulted in a ~23-fold increase in the neural to glial cell ratio. Such highly accelerated differentiation was assigned to electron injection from the photoexcited TiO2 into the cells on the rGO through Ti-C and Ti-O-C bonds. The role of ascorbic acid, as a scavenger of the photoexcited holes, in flash photo stimulation was studied at various concentrations and flash intensities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omid Akhavan
- Department of Physics, Sharif University of Technology, P.O. Box 11155-9161, Tehran, Iran.
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Mandal D, Tiwari RK, Shirazi AN, Oh D, Ye G, Banerjee A, Yadav A, Parang K. Self-Assembled Surfactant Cyclic Peptide Nanostructures as Stabilizing Agents. SOFT MATTER 2013; 9:10.1039/C3SM50764E. [PMID: 24187575 PMCID: PMC3811951 DOI: 10.1039/c3sm50764e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
A number of cyclic peptides including [FR]4, [FK]4, [WR]4, [CR]4, [AK]4, and [WK]n (n = 3-5) containing L-amino acids were produced using solid-phase peptide synthesis. We hypothesized that an optimal balance of hydrophobicity and charge could generate self-assembled nanostructures in aqueous solution by intramolecular and/or intermolecular interactions. Among all the designed peptides, [WR]n (n = 3-5) generated self-assembled vesicle-like nanostructures at room temperature as shown by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and/or dynamic light scattering (DLS). This class of peptides represents the first report of surfactant-like cyclic peptides that self-assemble into nanostructures. A plausible mechanistic insight into the self-assembly of [WR]5 was obtained by molecular modeling studies. Modified [WR]5 analogues, such as [WMeR]5, [WR(Me)2]5, [WMeR(Me)2]5, and [WdR]5, exhibited different morphologies to [WR]5 as shown by TEM observations. [WR]5 exhibited a significant stabilizing effect for generated silver nanoparticles and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase activity. These studies established a new class of surfactant-like cyclic peptides that self-assembled into nanostructures and could have potential applications for the stabilization of silver nanoparticles and protein biomolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dindyal Mandal
- 7 Greenhouse Road, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, 02881, USA
| | - Rakesh K. Tiwari
- 7 Greenhouse Road, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, 02881, USA
- One University Drive, School of Pharmacy, Chapman University, Orange, California 92866, USA
| | - Amir Nasrolahi Shirazi
- 7 Greenhouse Road, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, 02881, USA
| | - Donghoon Oh
- 7 Greenhouse Road, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, 02881, USA
| | - Guofeng Ye
- 7 Greenhouse Road, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, 02881, USA
| | - Antara Banerjee
- Department of Chemistry, University Institute of Engineering and Technology, Chhatrapati Shahuji Maharaj University, Kanpur 208024, India
| | - Arpita Yadav
- Department of Chemistry, University Institute of Engineering and Technology, Chhatrapati Shahuji Maharaj University, Kanpur 208024, India
| | - Keykavous Parang
- 7 Greenhouse Road, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, 02881, USA
- One University Drive, School of Pharmacy, Chapman University, Orange, California 92866, USA
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223
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Cormier AR, Pang X, Zimmerman MI, Zhou HX, Paravastu AK. Molecular structure of RADA16-I designer self-assembling peptide nanofibers. ACS NANO 2013; 7:7562-72. [PMID: 23977885 PMCID: PMC3946435 DOI: 10.1021/nn401562f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The designer self-assembling peptide RADA16-I forms nanofiber matrices which have shown great promise for regenerative medicine and three-dimensional cell culture. The RADA16-I amino acid sequence has a β-strand-promoting alternating hydrophobic/charged motif, but arrangement of β-strands into the nanofiber structure has not been previously determined. Here we present a structural model of RADA16-I nanofibers, based on solid-state NMR measurements on samples with different schemes for (13)C isotopic labeling. NMR peak positions and line widths indicate an ordered structure composed of β-strands. The NMR data show that the nanofibers are composed of two stacked β-sheets stabilized by a hydrophobic core formed by alanine side chains, consistent with previous proposals. However, the previously proposed antiparallel β-sheet structure is ruled out by measured (13)C-(13)C dipolar couplings. Instead, neighboring β-strands within β-sheets are parallel, with a registry shift that allows cross-strand staggering of oppositely charged arginine and aspartate side chains. The resulting structural model is compared to nanofiber dimensions observed via images taken by transmission electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy. Multiple NMR peaks for each alanine side chain were observed and could be attributed to multiple configurations of side chain packing within a single scheme for intermolecular packing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley R. Cormier
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, 2525 Pottsdamer Street, Tallahassee, FL 32310-6046
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, 1800 E. Paul Dirac Drive, Tallahassee, FL 32310
| | - Xiaodong Pang
- Department of Physics and Institute of Molecular Biophysics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306
| | - Maxwell I. Zimmerman
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, 2525 Pottsdamer Street, Tallahassee, FL 32310-6046
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, 1800 E. Paul Dirac Drive, Tallahassee, FL 32310
| | - Huan-Xiang Zhou
- Department of Physics and Institute of Molecular Biophysics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306
| | - Anant K. Paravastu
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, 2525 Pottsdamer Street, Tallahassee, FL 32310-6046
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, 1800 E. Paul Dirac Drive, Tallahassee, FL 32310
- Address correspondence to
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Mammadov B, Sever M, Guler MO, Tekinay AB. Neural differentiation on synthetic scaffold materials. Biomater Sci 2013; 1:1119-1137. [PMID: 32481935 DOI: 10.1039/c3bm60150a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The potential of stem cells to differentiate into a variety of subgroups of neural cells makes stem cell differentiation and transplantation a promising candidate for neurodegenerative disorder therapies. However, selective differentiation of stem cells to neurons while preventing glial scar formation is a complex process. Mimicking the natural environment of neural tissue is pivotal, thus various synthetic materials have been developed for this purpose. The synthetic scaffolds can direct stem cells into a neural lineage by including extracellular factors that act on cell fate, which are mainly soluble signals, extracellular matrix proteins and physical factors (e.g. elasticity and topography). This article reviews synthetic materials developed for neural regeneration in terms of their extracellular matrix mimicking properties. Functionalization of synthetic materials by addition of bioactive chemical groups and adjustment of physical properties such as topography, electroactivity and elasticity are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Busra Mammadov
- Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, National Nanotechnology Research Center (UNAM), Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey 06800.
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225
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Zhou IY, Liang YX, Chan RW, Gao PP, Cheng JS, Hu Y, So KF, Wu EX. Brain resting-state functional MRI connectivity: morphological foundation and plasticity. Neuroimage 2013; 84:1-10. [PMID: 23988270 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.08.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2013] [Revised: 07/26/2013] [Accepted: 08/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the immense ongoing efforts to map brain functional connections and organizations with resting-state functional MRI (rsfMRI), the mechanisms governing the temporally coherent rsfMRI signals remain unclear. In particular, there is a lack of direct evidence regarding the morphological foundation and plasticity of these rsfMRI derived connections. In this study, we investigated the role of axonal projections in rsfMRI connectivity and its plasticity. Well-controlled rodent models of complete and posterior corpus callosotomy were longitudinally examined with rsfMRI at 7T in conjunction with intracortical EEG recording and functional MRI tracing of interhemispheric neuronal pathways by manganese (Mn(2+)). At post-callosotomy day 7, significantly decreased interhemispheric rsfMRI connectivity was observed in both groups in the specific cortical areas whose callosal connections were severed. At day 28, the disrupted connectivity was restored in the partial callosotomy group but not in the complete callosotomy group, likely due to the compensation that occurred through the remaining interhemispheric axonal pathways. This restoration - along with the increased intrahemispheric functional connectivity observed in both groups at day 28 - highlights the remarkable adaptation and plasticity in brain rsfMRI connections. These rsfMRI findings were paralleled by the intracortical EEG recording and Mn(2+) tracing results. Taken together, our experimental results directly demonstrate that axonal connections are the indispensable foundation for rsfMRI connectivity and that such functional connectivity can be plastic and dynamically reorganized atop the morphological connections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Y Zhou
- Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging and Signal Processing, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China; Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
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226
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Wei GJ, Yao M, Wang YS, Zhou CW, Wan DY, Lei PZ, Wen J, Lei HW, Dong DM. Promotion of peripheral nerve regeneration of a peptide compound hydrogel scaffold. Int J Nanomedicine 2013; 8:3217-25. [PMID: 24009419 PMCID: PMC3758218 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s43681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Peripheral nerve injury is a common trauma, but presents a significant challenge to the clinic. Silk-based materials have recently become an important biomaterial for tissue engineering applications due to silk's biocompatibility and impressive mechanical and degradative properties. In the present study, a silk fibroin peptide (SF16) was designed and used as a component of the hydrogel scaffold for the repair of peripheral nerve injury. METHODS The SF16 peptide's structure was characterized using spectrophotometry and atomic force microscopy, and the SF16 hydrogel was analyzed using scanning electron microscopy. The effects of the SF16 hydrogel on the viability and growth of live cells was first assessed in vitro, on PC12 cells. The in vivo test model involved the repair of a nerve gap with tubular nerve guides, through which it was possible to identify if the SF16 hydrogel would have the potential to enhance nerve regeneration. In this model physiological saline was set as the negative control, and collagen as the positive control. Walking track analysis and electrophysiological methods were used to evaluate the functional recovery of the nerve at 4 and 8 weeks after surgery. RESULTS Analysis of the SF16 peptide's characteristics indicated that it consisted of a well-defined secondary structure and exhibited self-assembly. Results of scanning electron microscopy showed that the peptide based hydrogel may represent a porous scaffold that is viable for repair of peripheral nerve injury. Analysis of cell culture also supported that the hydrogel was an effective matrix to maintain the viability, morphology and proliferation of PC12 cells. Electrophysiology demonstrated that the use of the hydrogel scaffold (SF16 or collagen) resulted in a significant improvement in amplitude recovery in the in vivo model compared to physiological saline. Moreover, nerve cells in the SF16 hydrogel group displayed greater axon density, larger average axon diameter and thicker myelin compared to those of the group that received physiological saline. CONCLUSION The SF16 hydrogel scaffold may promote excellent axonal regeneration and functional recovery after peripheral nerve injury, and the SF16 peptide may be a candidate for nerve tissue engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Jun Wei
- Department of Orthopaedics, The 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
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227
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Mendes AC, Baran ET, Reis RL, Azevedo HS. Self-assembly in nature: using the principles of nature to create complex nanobiomaterials. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2013; 5:582-612. [DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ana C. Mendes
- 3B's Research Group-Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics; University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine; Guimarães Portugal
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory; Braga/Guimarães Portugal
| | - Erkan T. Baran
- 3B's Research Group-Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics; University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine; Guimarães Portugal
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory; Braga/Guimarães Portugal
| | - Rui L. Reis
- 3B's Research Group-Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics; University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine; Guimarães Portugal
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory; Braga/Guimarães Portugal
| | - Helena S. Azevedo
- 3B's Research Group-Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics; University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine; Guimarães Portugal
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory; Braga/Guimarães Portugal
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228
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Sakiyama-Elbert S, Johnson PJ, Hodgetts SI, Plant GW, Harvey AR. Scaffolds to promote spinal cord regeneration. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2013; 109:575-94. [PMID: 23098738 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-52137-8.00036-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Substantial research effort in the spinal cord injury (SCI) field is directed towards reduction of secondary injury changes and enhancement of tissue sparing. However, pathway repair after complete transections, large lesions, or after chronic injury may require the implantation of some form of oriented bridging structure to restore tissue continuity across a trauma zone. These matrices or scaffolds should be biocompatible and create an environment that facilitates tissue growth and vascularization, and allow axons to regenerate through and beyond the implant in order to reconnect with "normal" tissue distal to the injury. The myelination of regrown axons is another important requirement. In this chapter, we describe recent advances in biomaterial technology designed to provide a terrain for regenerating axons to grow across the site of injury and/or create an environment for endogenous repair. Many different types of scaffold are under investigation; they can be biodegradable or nondegradable, natural or synthetic. Scaffolds can be designed to incorporate immobilized signaling molecules and/or used as devices for controlled release of therapeutic agents, including growth factors. These bridging structures can also be infiltrated with specific cell types deemed suitable for spinal cord repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sakiyama-Elbert
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
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229
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Tonazzini I, Meucci S, Faraci P, Beltram F, Cecchini M. Neuronal differentiation on anisotropic substrates and the influence of nanotopographical noise on neurite contact guidance. Biomaterials 2013; 34:6027-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.04.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2013] [Accepted: 04/21/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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230
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Guo T, Yang J, Zeng L, Wang H, Tong Q, Li X. Does there exist an intrinsic relationship between the flexibility and self-assembly of pepfactants? MOLECULAR SIMULATION 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/08927022.2013.817673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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231
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Luo Z, Yue Y, Zhang Y, Yuan X, Gong J, Wang L, He B, Liu Z, Sun Y, Liu J, Hu M, Zheng J. Designer D-form self-assembling peptide nanofiber scaffolds for 3-dimensional cell cultures. Biomaterials 2013; 34:4902-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.03.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2013] [Accepted: 03/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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232
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Cormier AR, Lopez-Majada JM, Alamo RG, Paravastu AK. Distinct solid and solution state self-assembly pathways of RADA16-I designer peptide. J Pept Sci 2013; 19:477-84. [DOI: 10.1002/psc.2524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2012] [Revised: 04/22/2013] [Accepted: 05/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ashley R. Cormier
- FAMU-FSU College of Engineering; Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering; 2525 Pottsdamer Street Tallahassee FL 32310-6046 USA
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory; 1800 E. Paul Dirac Drive Tallahassee FL 32310 USA
| | - Juan M. Lopez-Majada
- FAMU-FSU College of Engineering; Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering; 2525 Pottsdamer Street Tallahassee FL 32310-6046 USA
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory; 1800 E. Paul Dirac Drive Tallahassee FL 32310 USA
| | - Rufina G. Alamo
- FAMU-FSU College of Engineering; Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering; 2525 Pottsdamer Street Tallahassee FL 32310-6046 USA
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory; 1800 E. Paul Dirac Drive Tallahassee FL 32310 USA
| | - Anant K. Paravastu
- FAMU-FSU College of Engineering; Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering; 2525 Pottsdamer Street Tallahassee FL 32310-6046 USA
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory; 1800 E. Paul Dirac Drive Tallahassee FL 32310 USA
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233
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Saracino GAA, Gelain F. Modelling and analysis of early aggregation events of BMHP1-derived self-assembling peptides. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2013; 32:759-75. [PMID: 23730849 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2013.790848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Despite the increasing use and development of peptide-based scaffolds in different fields including that of regenerative medicine, the understanding of the factors governing the self-assembly process and the relationship between sequence and properties have not yet been fully understood. BMHP1-derived self-assembling peptides (SAPs) have been developed and characterized showing that biotinylation at the N-terminal cap corresponds to better performing assembly and scaffold biomechanics. In this study, the effects of biotinylation on the self-assembly dynamics of seven BMHP1-derived SAPs have been investigated by molecular dynamics simulations. We confirmed that these SAPs self-assemble into β-structures and that proline acts as a β-breaker of the assembled aggregates. In biotinylated peptides, the formation of ordered β-structured aggregates is triggered by both the establishment of a dense and dynamic H-bonds network and the formation of a 'hydrophobic wall' available to interact with other peptides. Such conditions result from the peculiar chemical composition of the biotinyl-cap, given by the synergic cooperation of the uracil function of the ureido ring with the high hydrophobic portion consisting of the thiophenyl ring and valeryl chain. The inbuilt propensity of biotinylated peptides towards the formation of ordered small aggregates makes them ideal precursors of higher hierarchically organized self-assembled nanostructures as experimentally observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria Anna Ada Saracino
- a Center of Nanomedicine and Tissue Engineering A. O. Ospedale Niguarda Ca' Granda , Milan , 20162 Italy
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234
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Sobolev EV, Danilkovich AV, Udovichenko IP, Lipkin VM, Tikhonov DA. Methods of the theory of liquids as an efficient approach to the analysis of polar peptide complexes. DOKLADY PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY 2013. [DOI: 10.1134/s0012501613050060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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235
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Liu X, Wang X, Wang X, Ren H, He J, Qiao L, Cui FZ. Functionalized self-assembling peptide nanofiber hydrogels mimic stem cell niche to control human adipose stem cell behavior in vitro. Acta Biomater 2013; 9:6798-805. [PMID: 23380207 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2013.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2012] [Revised: 01/21/2013] [Accepted: 01/25/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A class of designer functionalized self-assembling peptide nanofiber scaffolds developed from self-assembling peptide RADA16-I (AcN-RADARADARADARADA-CONH2) has become increasingly attractive not only for studying spatial behaviors of cells, but also for developing approaches for a wide range of medical applications including regenerative medicine, rapid hemostasis and cell therapy. In this study, we report three functionalized self-assembling peptide hydrogels that serve as a three-dimensional (3-D) artificial microenvironment to control human adipose stem cell (hASC) behavior in vitro. Short peptide motifs SKPPGTSS (bone marrow homing motif), FHRRIKA (heparin-binding motif) and PRGDSGYRGDS (two-unit RGD cell adhesion motif) were used to extend the C-terminus of RADA16-I to obtain functionalized peptides. Atomic force microscopy confirmed the formation of self-assembling nanofibers in the mixture of RADA16-I peptide and functionalized peptides. The behaviors of hASCs cultured in 3-D peptide hydrogels, including migration, proliferation and growth factor-secretion ability, were studied. Our results showed that the functionalized peptide hydrogels were suitable 3-D scaffolds for hASC growth with higher cell proliferation, migration and the secretion of angiogenic growth factors compared with tissue culture plates and pure RADA16-I scaffolds. The present study suggests that these functionalized designer peptide hydrogels not only have promising applications for diverse tissue engineering and regenerative medicine applications as stem cell delivery vehicles, but also could be a biomimetic 3-D system to study nanobiomaterial-stem cell interactions and to direct stem cell behaviors.
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236
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Pal A, Abraham S, Rogers MA, Dey J, Weiss RG. Comparison of dipolar, H-bonding, and dispersive interactions on gelation efficiency of positional isomers of keto and hydroxy substituted octadecanoic acids. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2013; 29:6467-6475. [PMID: 23672543 DOI: 10.1021/la400664q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A systematic study of the importance of functional group position and type on the gelator efficiencies of structurally simple, low molecular-mass gelators is reported. Thus, the gelation abilities of a series of positional isomers of ketooctadecanoic acid (n-KSA) are compared in a wide range of liquids. The gelation abilities of the n-KSA as a function of n, the keto group position along the chain, are characterized by several structural, thermal, and rheological techniques and are compared with those of the corresponding hydroxyoctadecanoic acid isomers (n-HSA) and the parent molecule, octadecanoic acid (SA). Analyses of the gels according to the strengths of functional group interactions along the alkyl chain in terms of group position and type are made. The conclusions derived from the study indicate that gel stability is enhanced when the functional group is located relatively far from the carboxylic headgroup and when group-group interactions are stronger (i.e., hydrogen-bonding interactions are stronger in the n-HSA than dipole interactions in the n-KSA, which are stronger than the London dispersion interactions in SA). Co-crystals of the keto- and hydroxy-substituted octadecanoic acids are found to be less efficient gelators than even the ketooctadecanoic acids, due to molecular packing and limited group interactions within the gelator networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrita Pal
- Department of Chemistry, Georgetown University, Washington, D.C. 20057-1227, USA
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237
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Vujičić NŠ, Glasovac Z, Zweep N, van Esch JH, Vinković M, Popović J, Žinić M. Chiral Hexa- and Nonamethylene-Bridged Bis(L-Leu-oxalamide) Gelators: The First Oxalamide Gels Containing Aggregates with a Chiral Morphology. Chemistry 2013; 19:8558-72. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201300642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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238
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Maude S, Ingham E, Aggeli A. Biomimetic self-assembling peptides as scaffolds for soft tissue engineering. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2013; 8:823-47. [DOI: 10.2217/nnm.13.65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue engineered therapies are emerging as solutions to several of the medical challenges facing aging societies. To this end, a fundamental research goal is the development of novel biocompatible materials and scaffolds. Self-assembling peptides are materials that have undergone rapid development in the last two decades and they hold promise in meeting some of these challenges. Using amino acids as building blocks enables a great versatility to be incorporated into the structures that peptides form, their physical properties and their interactions with biological systems. This review discusses several classes of short self-assembling sequences, explaining the principles that drive their self-assembly into structures with nanoscale ordering, and highlighting in vitro and in vivo studies that demonstrate the potential of these materials as novel soft tissue engineering scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Maude
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Eileen Ingham
- The Institute of Medical & Biological Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Amalia Aggeli
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.
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239
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Hosseinkhani H, Hong PD, Yu DS. Self-assembled proteins and peptides for regenerative medicine. Chem Rev 2013; 113:4837-61. [PMID: 23547530 DOI: 10.1021/cr300131h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Hosseinkhani
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology (Taiwan Tech), Taipei 10607, Taiwan.
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240
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Kim HN, Jiao A, Hwang NS, Kim MS, Kang DH, Kim DH, Suh KY. Nanotopography-guided tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2013; 65:536-58. [PMID: 22921841 PMCID: PMC5444877 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2012.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 253] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2012] [Revised: 07/19/2012] [Accepted: 07/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Human tissues are intricate ensembles of multiple cell types embedded in complex and well-defined structures of the extracellular matrix (ECM). The organization of ECM is frequently hierarchical from nano to macro, with many proteins forming large scale structures with feature sizes up to several hundred microns. Inspired from these natural designs of ECM, nanotopography-guided approaches have been increasingly investigated for the last several decades. Results demonstrate that the nanotopography itself can activate tissue-specific function in vitro as well as promote tissue regeneration in vivo upon transplantation. In this review, we provide an extensive analysis of recent efforts to mimic functional nanostructures in vitro for improved tissue engineering and regeneration of injured and damaged tissues. We first characterize the role of various nanostructures in human tissues with respect to each tissue-specific function. Then, we describe various fabrication methods in terms of patterning principles and material characteristics. Finally, we summarize the applications of nanotopography to various tissues, which are classified into four types depending on their functions: protective, mechano-sensitive, electro-active, and shear stress-sensitive tissues. Some limitations and future challenges are briefly discussed at the end.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Nam Kim
- Division of WCU Multiscale Mechanical Design, School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Alex Jiao
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Nathaniel S. Hwang
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute for Chemical Processing, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Sung Kim
- Division of WCU Multiscale Mechanical Design, School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Do Hyun Kang
- Division of WCU Multiscale Mechanical Design, School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Deok-Ho Kim
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Kahp-Yang Suh
- Division of WCU Multiscale Mechanical Design, School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
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241
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Nanofiber scaffolds facilitate functional regeneration of peripheral nerve injury. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2013; 9:305-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2012.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2011] [Revised: 05/09/2012] [Accepted: 08/08/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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242
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Celis S, Nolis P, Illa O, Branchadell V, Ortuño RM. Low-molecular-weight gelators consisting of hybrid cyclobutane-based peptides. Org Biomol Chem 2013; 11:2839-46. [PMID: 23493972 DOI: 10.1039/c3ob27347d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Some hybrid tetrapeptides consisting of (1R,2S)-2-aminocyclobutane-1-carboxylic acid and glycine, β-alanine, or γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) joined in alternation, compounds 1-3, respectively, have been investigated to gain information on the non-covalent interactions responsible for their self-assembly to form ordered aggregates, as well as on parameters such as their morphology and size. All three peptides formed nice gels in many organic solvents and significant difference in their behaviour was not observed. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and circular dichroism (CD) pointed out that peptide 1, which contains the shortest C2 linear residue, presented the most defined fibril network and afforded nanoscale helical aggregates. Tetrapeptide 3, with C4 linear residues in its structure, also showed bundles of fibres whereas a homogeneous spherulitic network was observed for tetrapeptide 2, with a C3 spacer between cyclobutane residues. Computational calculations for 1 allowed us to model the self-assembly of the molecules and suggested a head-to-head arrangement to give helical structures corresponding to hydrogen-bonded single chains. These features were corroborated by a high-resolution NMR spectroscopy study of the dynamics of the gelation process in toluene-d8 which evidenced that molecules self-assemble to afford ordered aggregates with a supramolecular chirality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergi Celis
- Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
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243
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Pal A, Dey J. L-cysteine-derived ambidextrous gelators of aromatic solvents and ethanol/water mixtures. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2013; 29:2120-2127. [PMID: 23343420 DOI: 10.1021/la3042764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
A series of L-cysteine-derived double hydrocarbon chain amphiphilic gelators L-(3-alkyl-carbamoylsulfanyl)-2-(3-alkylurido)propionic acid with different hydrocarbon chain lengths (C6-C16) was designed and synthesized. These gelators efficiently gelate only aromatic solvents. The gelation ability increased with the increase of chain length up to C14, but then it dropped with further increase of chain length. The C12 and C14 derivatives also gelled ethanol/water mixtures. The gels were characterized by a number of methods, including FT-IR, NMR, and XRD spectroscopy, electron microscopy, and rheology. The amphiphiles were observed to form either flat lamellar or ribbonlike aggregates in aromatic solvents as well as in ethanol/water mixtures. The gelation in all the solvents employed was observed to be thermoreversible. The gel-to-sol transition temperature as well as mechanical strength of the organogels were observed to increase with the hydrocarbon chain length. Both types of gels of C8-C16 amphiphiles have gel-to-sol transition temperatures above the physiological temperature (310 K). FT-IR and variable temperature (1)H NMR measurements suggested that van der Waals interactions have major contribution in the gelation process. The gel-to-sol transition temperature and mechanical strength of the organogels in ethanol/water mixtures was observed to be higher than those of benzene organogel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrita Pal
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India
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244
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Jones RR, Castelletto V, Connon CJ, Hamley IW. Collagen stimulating effect of peptide amphiphile C16-KTTKS on human fibroblasts. Mol Pharm 2013; 10:1063-9. [PMID: 23320752 DOI: 10.1021/mp300549d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The collagen production of human dermal and corneal fibroblasts in contact with solutions of the peptide amphiphile (PA) C16-KTTKS is investigated and related to its self-assembly into nanotape structures. This PA is used in antiwrinkle cosmeceutical applications (trade name Matrixyl). We prove that C16-KTTKS stimulates collagen production in a concentration-dependent manner close to the critical aggregation concentration determined from pyrene fluorescence spectroscopy. This suggests that self-assembly and the stimulation of collagen production are inter-related.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roanne R Jones
- School of Chemistry, Food and Pharmacy, University of Reading , Reading RG6 6AD, U.K
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245
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Nanomedicine for the treatment of retinal and optic nerve diseases. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2013; 13:134-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2012.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2012] [Revised: 10/04/2012] [Accepted: 10/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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246
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Stephanopoulos N, Ortony JH, Stupp SI. Self-Assembly for the Synthesis of Functional Biomaterials. ACTA MATERIALIA 2013; 61:912-930. [PMID: 23457423 PMCID: PMC3580867 DOI: 10.1016/j.actamat.2012.10.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
The use of self-assembly for the construction of functional biomaterials is a highly promising and exciting area of research, with great potential for the treatment of injury or disease. By using multiple noncovalent interactions, coded into the molecular design of the constituent components, self-assembly allows for the construction of complex, adaptable, and highly tunable materials with potent biological effects. This review describes some of the seminal advances in the use of self-assembly to make novel systems for regenerative medicine and biology. Materials based on peptides, proteins, DNA, or hybrids thereof have found application in the treatment of a wide range of injuries and diseases, and this review outlines the design principles and practical applications of these systems. Most of the examples covered focus on the synthesis of hydrogels for the scaffolding or transplantation of cells, with an emphasis on the biological, mechanical, and structural properties of the resulting materials. In addition, we will discuss the distinct advantages conferred by self-assembly (compared with traditional covalent materials), and present some of the challenges and opportunities for the next generation of self-assembled biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Stephanopoulos
- Institute for BioNanotechnology in Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 303 E. Superior St., Suite 11-131, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Julia H. Ortony
- Institute for BioNanotechnology in Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 303 E. Superior St., Suite 11-131, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Samuel I. Stupp
- Institute for BioNanotechnology in Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 303 E. Superior St., Suite 11-131, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2220 Campus Drive, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, 2220 Campus Drive, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
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247
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Ma K, Wu Y, Wang B, Yang S, Wei Y, Shao Z. Effect of a synthetic link N peptide nanofiber scaffold on the matrix deposition of aggrecan and type II collagen in rabbit notochordal cells. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2013; 24:405-415. [PMID: 23154913 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-012-4811-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2012] [Accepted: 11/01/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Self-assembling peptide nanofiber scaffolds have been studied extensively as biological materials for 3-dimensional cell culture and repairing tissue defects in animals. However, few studies have applied peptide nanofiber scaffolds in the tissue engineering of intervertebral discs (IVDs). In this study, a novel functionalized peptide scaffold was specifically designed for IVD tissue engineering, and notochordal cells (NCs) as an alternative cell source for IVD degeneration were selected to investigate the bioactive scaffold material. The novel RADA16-Link N self-assembling peptide scaffold material was designed by direct coupling to a bioactive motif link N. The link N nanofiber scaffold (LN-NS) material was obtained by mixing pure RADA16-I and RADA16-Link N (1:1) designer peptide solutions. Although live/dead cell assays showed that LN-NS and RADA16-I scaffold materials were both biocompatible with NCs, the LN-NS material significantly promoted NC adhesion compared with that of the pure RADA16-I SAP scaffold material. The depositions of aggrecan and type II collagen, which are significant markers for IVD cells, were remarkably increased. Furthermore, the results indicated that the link N motif, the matrix analog of the nucleus pulposus, significantly promoted the accumulation of other extracellular matrices in vitro. We conclude that the novel LN-NS material is a promising biological scaffold material, and may have a broad range of applications in IVD tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaige Ma
- Department of Orthopedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
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248
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Seabra AB, Durán N. Biological applications of peptides nanotubes: an overview. Peptides 2013; 39:47-54. [PMID: 23123313 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2012.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2012] [Revised: 10/21/2012] [Accepted: 10/22/2012] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Recently, self-assemblies of peptide nanotubes (PNTs) have appeared as one of the most interesting nanostructures to be explored in the field of nanotechnology. These smart assemblies can have diverse applications, such as in the design of nanoreactors, sensors, electronics, and stimulus-responsive materials. Recent publications indicate that PNT synthesis and production are under extensive study. However, a more detailed safety and nanotoxicology evaluation of these materials is still necessary. This is of paramount importance since interesting and novel biomedical applications based on the use of PNTs, including the development of smart nanodevices and drug delivery systems, are under way. To this end, the aim of this mini-review is to discuss the recent biomedical applications of PNTs and, it hopes, to be a source of inspiration for researchers in different areas of expertise related to nanotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amedea B Seabra
- Exact and Earth Sciences Department, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, UNIFESP, Diadema, SP, Brazil.
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249
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Seeding and Cross-seeding in Amyloid Diseases. PROTEOPATHIC SEEDS AND NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-35491-5_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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250
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Maity I, Rasale DB, Das AK. Exploiting a self-assembly driven dynamic nanostructured library. RSC Adv 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra22401e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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