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Schrottmaier WC, Kral JB, Badrnya S, Assinger A. Aspirin and P2Y12 Inhibitors in platelet-mediated activation of neutrophils and monocytes. Thromb Haemost 2015; 114:478-89. [PMID: 25904241 DOI: 10.1160/th14-11-0943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 02/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Platelets are key players in haemostasis and represent a pivotal link between inflammation, immunity and atherogenesis. Depending on the (patho)physiological environment platelets modulate various leukocyte functions via release of inflammatory mediators and direct cell-cell interactions. Elevated levels of circulating platelet-leukocyte aggregates are found in patients suffering from several thrombotic or inflammatory conditions. Platelet-monocyte and platelet-neutrophil interaction can trigger pro- and anti-inflammatory responses and modulate effector functions of all leukocyte subpopulations. These platelet-mediated immune responses have implications for the progression of cardiovascular diseases and also play a crucial role during infections, cancer, transplantations and other inflammatory diseases of several organs. Antiplatelet therapy including the COX inhibitor aspirin and/or ADP receptor P2Y12 inhibitors such as clopidogrel, prasugrel and ticagrelor are the therapy of choice for various cardiovascular complications. Both aspirin and P2Y12 inhibitors attenuate platelet-leukocyte interactions, thereby also modulating immune responses. This may have beneficial effects in some pathological conditions, while it might be detrimental in others. This review aims to summarise the current knowledge on platelet-leukocyte interactions and the impact of aspirin and P2Y12 inhibition on platelet-mediated immune responses and to give an overview on the effects of antiplatelet therapy on platelet-leukocyte interplay in various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Alice Assinger
- Dr. Alice Assinger, Centre for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Schwarzspanierstrasse 17, A-1090 Vienna, Austria, Tel.: +43 1 40160 31405, E-mail:
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202
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Guidotti LG, Inverso D, Sironi L, Di Lucia P, Fioravanti J, Ganzer L, Fiocchi A, Vacca M, Aiolfi R, Sammicheli S, Mainetti M, Cataudella T, Raimondi A, Gonzalez-Aseguinolaza G, Protzer U, Ruggeri ZM, Chisari FV, Isogawa M, Sitia G, Iannacone M. Immunosurveillance of the liver by intravascular effector CD8(+) T cells. Cell 2015; 161:486-500. [PMID: 25892224 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2015.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Revised: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Effector CD8(+) T cells (CD8 TE) play a key role during hepatotropic viral infections. Here, we used advanced imaging in mouse models of hepatitis B virus (HBV) pathogenesis to understand the mechanisms whereby these cells home to the liver, recognize antigens, and deploy effector functions. We show that circulating CD8 TE arrest within liver sinusoids by docking onto platelets previously adhered to sinusoidal hyaluronan via CD44. After the initial arrest, CD8 TE actively crawl along liver sinusoids and probe sub-sinusoidal hepatocytes for the presence of antigens by extending cytoplasmic protrusions through endothelial fenestrae. Hepatocellular antigen recognition triggers effector functions in a diapedesis-independent manner and is inhibited by the processes of sinusoidal defenestration and capillarization that characterize liver fibrosis. These findings reveal the dynamic behavior whereby CD8 TE control hepatotropic pathogens and suggest how liver fibrosis might reduce CD8 TE immune surveillance toward infected or transformed hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca G Guidotti
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy; Department of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| | - Donato Inverso
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Sironi
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy; Department of Physics, University of Milano Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Pietro Di Lucia
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Jessica Fioravanti
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Lucia Ganzer
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy; Department of Physics, University of Milano Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Amleto Fiocchi
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Maurizio Vacca
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Roberto Aiolfi
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Sammicheli
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Marta Mainetti
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Tiziana Cataudella
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Raimondi
- Experimental Imaging Center, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | | | - Ulrike Protzer
- Institute of Virology, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Zaverio M Ruggeri
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Francis V Chisari
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Masanori Isogawa
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Giovanni Sitia
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Matteo Iannacone
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, 20132 Milan, Italy; Experimental Imaging Center, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy.
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203
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Prognostic value of the platelet to lymphocyte ratio change in liver cancer. J Surg Res 2015; 194:464-470. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2014.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Revised: 11/23/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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204
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Chen Q, Dai Z, Yin D, Yang LX, Wang Z, Xiao YS, Fan J, Zhou J. Negative impact of preoperative platelet-lymphocyte ratio on outcome after hepatic resection for intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Medicine (Baltimore) 2015; 94:e574. [PMID: 25837750 PMCID: PMC4554024 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000000574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The elevated platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), determined using an easy blood test based on platelet and lymphocyte counts, is reported to be a predictor of poor survival in patients with several cancers. The prognostic role of preoperative PLR in patients with intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) has, until now, been rarely investigated. The purpose of our study was to evaluate the prognostic significance of PLR in a large cohort of ICC patients after hepatic resection. We obtained data from 322 consecutive nonmetastatic ICC patients who underwent hepatectomy without preoperative therapy between 2005 and 2011. Clinicopathological parameters, including PLR, were evaluated. Overall survival (OS) and recurrence-free survival (RFS) were assessed using the Kaplan-Meier method. Using multivariate Cox regression models, the independent prognostic value of preoperative PLR was determined. Our results showed that PLR represents an independent adverse prognostic factor for OS and RFS in ICC patients using univariate and multivariate analyses. The optimal PLR cutoff value was 123 using receiver operating curve analyses. The 5-year OS and RFS rates after hepatectomy were 30.3% and 28.9% for the group with PLR 123 greater, compared with 46.2% and 39.4% for the group with PLR less than 123 (P = 0.0058 and 0.0153, respectively). In addition, high PLR values were associated with tumor size (P = 0.020). Our results suggest that preoperative PLR might represent a novel independent prognostic factor for OS and RFS in ICC patients with hepatic resection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Chen
- From the Liver Cancer Institute (QC, ZD, DY, LY, ZW, YX, JF, JZ), Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education; and Institute of Biomedical Sciences (DY, JF, JZ), Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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205
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Tong HV, Song LH, Hoan NX, Cuong BK, Sy BT, Son HA, Quyet D, Binh VQ, Kremsner PG, Bock CT, Velavan TP, Toan NL. Soluble MICB protein levels and platelet counts during hepatitis B virus infection and response to hepatocellular carcinoma treatment. BMC Infect Dis 2015; 15:25. [PMID: 25626490 PMCID: PMC4318451 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-015-0754-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The human major histocompatibility complex class I polypeptide-related sequence B (MICB) is a protein that modulates the NK and T cell activation through the NKG2D receptor and is related to several diseases including cancer. Methods The study investigated the prognostic role of soluble MICB (sMICB) protein in the progression of HBV-related liver diseases and to HBV-related HCC treatment. The sMICB serum levels were measured in 266 chronic HBV-infected Vietnamese patients and in healthy controls, and correlated with clinical and laboratory parameters and with therapeutic interventions for HBV-related HCC. Results Significant differences in both clinical and laboratory parameters were observed among the patient groups with different stages of hepatitis. The platelet counts were significantly decreased with disease progression (P < 0.001). The sMICB serum levels were significantly increased in HBV patients compared to healthy controls (P < 0.0001). Among the patients with different stages of hepatitis, asymptomatic individuals (ASYM) revealed higher sMICB serum levels while liver cirrhosis (LC) patients revealed lower sMICB serum levels (P < 0.0001) compared to other patient groups. Notably, the sMICB serum levels were decreased in treated HCC patient group compared to not-treated HCC patient group (P = 0.05). Additionally, the sMICB levels were significantly correlated with platelet counts in ASYM and HCC patients (r = −0.37, P = 0.009; and r = 0.22, P = 0.025, respectively). Conclusions Our results demonstrate a potential role of sMICB serum levels and platelet counts during immune response to the HBV infection, liver disease progression and response to the HCC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoang Van Tong
- Vietnam Military Medical University, 160 Phung Hung Street, Ha Dong District, Ha Noi, Viet Nam. .,Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Wilhelmstr. 27, 72074, Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Le Huu Song
- Tran Hung Dao Hospital, 108 Institute of Clinical Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, No 1 Tran Hung Dao Street, Hai Ba Trung District, Hanoi, Vietnam.
| | - Nghiem Xuan Hoan
- Tran Hung Dao Hospital, 108 Institute of Clinical Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, No 1 Tran Hung Dao Street, Hai Ba Trung District, Hanoi, Vietnam.
| | - Bui Khac Cuong
- Vietnam Military Medical University, 160 Phung Hung Street, Ha Dong District, Ha Noi, Viet Nam. .,Department of Pathophysiology, Vietnam Military Medical University, 160 Phung Hung, Ha Dong, Ha Noi, Vietnam.
| | - Bui Tien Sy
- Vietnam Military Medical University, 160 Phung Hung Street, Ha Dong District, Ha Noi, Viet Nam. .,Robert Koch Institute, Seestrasse 10, D-13353, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Ho Anh Son
- Vietnam Military Medical University, 160 Phung Hung Street, Ha Dong District, Ha Noi, Viet Nam. .,Department of Pathophysiology, Vietnam Military Medical University, 160 Phung Hung, Ha Dong, Ha Noi, Vietnam.
| | - Do Quyet
- Vietnam Military Medical University, 160 Phung Hung Street, Ha Dong District, Ha Noi, Viet Nam.
| | - Vu Quoc Binh
- Vietnam Military Medical Bureau, No 276 Nghi Tam, Tay Ho District, Hanoi, Vietnam.
| | - Peter G Kremsner
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Wilhelmstr. 27, 72074, Tübingen, Germany.
| | | | - Thirumalaisamy P Velavan
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Wilhelmstr. 27, 72074, Tübingen, Germany. .,Fondation Congolaise pour la Recherche Medicale, P.O Box 2672, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo.
| | - Nguyen Linh Toan
- Vietnam Military Medical University, 160 Phung Hung Street, Ha Dong District, Ha Noi, Viet Nam. .,Department of Pathophysiology, Vietnam Military Medical University, 160 Phung Hung, Ha Dong, Ha Noi, Vietnam.
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206
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Chronic hepatitis B: role of anti-platelet therapy in inflammation control. Cell Mol Immunol 2015; 12:264-8. [PMID: 25578311 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2014.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Revised: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Platelets play a known role in the maintenance of vascular homeostasis, but these cells are emerging as important cellular mediators of acute and chronic inflammatory diseases. Platelets are key elements in the pathogenesis of acute and chronic liver disease associated with hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection by promoting the accumulation of virus-specific CD8(+) T cells and nonspecific inflammatory cells into the liver parenchyma. This review discusses major platelet functions in immune and inflammatory responses, with an emphasis on recent pre-clinical studies that suggest that the inhibition of platelet activation pathways represent an alternative therapeutic strategy with potential use in the reduction of virus-specific T cell-mediated chronic inflammation, liver fibrosis and hepatocellular carcinoma in patients who are chronically infected with HBV.
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207
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Yoshida S, Ikenaga N, Liu SB, Peng ZW, Chung J, Sverdlov DY, Miyamoto M, Kim YO, Ogawa S, Arch RH, Schuppan D, Popov Y. Extrahepatic platelet-derived growth factor-β, delivered by platelets, promotes activation of hepatic stellate cells and biliary fibrosis in mice. Gastroenterology 2014; 147:1378-92. [PMID: 25173753 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2014.08.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2013] [Revised: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 08/23/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Platelet-derived growth factor-β (PDGFB) is a mitogen for hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). We studied the cellular sources of PDGFB and the effects of a high-affinity monoclonal antibody against PDGFB (MOR8457) in mouse models of biliary fibrosis. METHODS Cellular sources of PDGFB were identified using quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction, biochemical, and immunohistologic methods. Mice with advanced biliary fibrosis, MDR2(Abcb4)-null mice, and C57Bl/6 (control) mice were placed on 3,5-diethoxycarbonyl-1,4-dihydrocollidine (DDC)-supplemented diets and were given weekly intraperitoneal injections of MOR8457. Platelets were depleted from MDR2-null mice by injection of an antibody against CD41, or inhibited with diets containing low-dose aspirin. Liver tissues were collected and analyzed by quantitative reverse-transcription PCR and histologic and biochemical analyses. RESULTS Levels of PDGFB protein, but not messenger RNA, were increased in fibrotic livers of MDR2-null mice, compared with control mice. Platelet clusters were detected in the hepatic endothelium, in close proximity to HSCs, and were identified as a source of PDGFB protein in MDR2-null mice. Levels of the PDGFB were increased in serum samples from patients with early stages of liver fibrosis of various etiologies (F1-2, n = 16; P < .05), compared with nonfibrotic liver tissue (F0, n = 12). Depletion of platelets from MDR2-null mice normalized hepatic levels of PDGFB within 48 hours, reducing levels of a marker of HSC activation (α-smooth muscle actin) and expression of genes that promote fibrosis. Diets supplemented with low-dose aspirin reduced circulating serum and hepatic levels of PDGFB and significantly reduced progression of fibrosis in MDR2-null mice over 1 year. MOR8457 produced a dose-dependent decrease in liver fibrosis in MDR2-null mice, reducing collagen deposition by 45% and expression of fibrosis-associated genes by 50%, compared with mice given a control antibody. In vitro, platelets activated freshly isolated HSCs (induction of α-smooth muscle actin and fibrosis-associated genes) via a PDGFB-dependent mechanism. MOR8457 also reduced liver fibrosis in mice placed on DDC-supplemented diets. CONCLUSIONS Platelets produce PDGFB to activate HSC and promote fibrosis in MDR2-null mice and mice on DDC-supplemented diets. Antiplatelet therapy or selective inhibition of PDGFB might reduce biliary fibrosis in patients with liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhei Yoshida
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Naoki Ikenaga
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Susan B Liu
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Zhen-Wei Peng
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jeanhee Chung
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Deanna Y Sverdlov
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Makoto Miyamoto
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Yong Ook Kim
- Institute of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | | | | | - Detlef Schuppan
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Institute of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Yury Popov
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
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208
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Yin T, He S, Liu X, Jiang W, Ye T, Lin Z, Sang Y, Su C, Wan Y, Shen G, Ma X, Yu M, Guo F, Liu Y, Li L, Hu Q, Wang Y, Wei Y. Extravascular red blood cells and hemoglobin promote tumor growth and therapeutic resistance as endogenous danger signals. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 194:429-37. [PMID: 25429070 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1400643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Hemorrhage is a common clinical manifestation in patients with cancer. Intratumor hemorrhage has been demonstrated to be a poor prognostic factor for cancer patients. In this study, we investigated the role of RBCs and hemoglobin (Hb) in the process of tumor progression and therapeutical response. RBCs and Hb potently promoted tumor cell proliferation and syngenic tumor growth. RBCs and Hb activated the reactive oxygen species-NF-κB pathway in both tumor cells and macrophages. RBCs and Hb also induced chemoresistance mediated, in part, by upregulating ABCB1 gene expression. Tumor growth induced by RBCs was accompanied by an inflammatory signature, increased tumor vasculature, and influx of M2 macrophages. In both the peritoneal cavity and tumor microenvironment, extravascular RBCs rapidly recruited monocyte-macrophages into the lesion sites. In addition, RBCs and Hb increased several nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptors' expression and induced IL-1β release. Our results provide novel insights into the protumor function of RBCs and Hb as endogenous danger signals, which can promote tumor cell proliferation, macrophage recruitment, and polarization. Hemorrhage may represent a useful prognostic factor for cancer patients because of its role in tumor promotion and chemoresistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, People's Republic of China; and
| | - Sisi He
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, People's Republic of China; and
| | - Xiaoling Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, People's Republic of China; and
| | - Wei Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, People's Republic of China; and
| | - Tinghong Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, People's Republic of China; and
| | - Ziqiang Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, People's Republic of China; and
| | - Yaxiong Sang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, People's Republic of China; and
| | - Chao Su
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, People's Republic of China; and
| | - Yang Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, People's Republic of China; and
| | - Guobo Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, People's Republic of China; and
| | - Xuelei Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, People's Republic of China; and
| | - Min Yu
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Fuchun Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, People's Republic of China; and
| | - Yanyang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, People's Republic of China; and
| | - Ling Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, People's Republic of China; and
| | - Qiancheng Hu
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongsheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, People's Republic of China; and Department of Thoracic Oncology, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuquan Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, People's Republic of China; and Department of Thoracic Oncology, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, People's Republic of China
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209
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No evidence for increased platelet activation in patients with hepatitis B- or C-related cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Thromb Res 2014; 135:292-7. [PMID: 25434630 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2014.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Revised: 11/08/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cancer is a major risk factor for developing venous thromboembolism (VTE). Plasma hypercoagulability is an established risk factor for cancer-related VTE. In addition, thrombocytosis and hyperreactive platelets have been implicated in VTE and cancer progression. Cirrhosis is associated with changes in platelet number and function. The platelet activation status of patients with cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma has not yet been established. Here we assessed the platelet activation status in patients with hepatitis-related cirrhosis in presence or absence of HCC. MATERIALS AND METHODS We performed a cross-sectional study including thirty-eight consecutive patients with hepatitis B- or C- related liver cirrhosis in presence or absence of HCC. We studied basal and agonist-induced platelet activation using flow cytometry. In addition, we studied the plasma levels of von Willebrand factor (VWF) and the VWF-cleaving protease ADAMTS13. Twenty healthy volunteers served as controls. RESULTS We found no evidence of basal platelet activation in patients with cirrhosis compared to controls. However, we found reduced agonist-induced platelet activation in patients. No differences in the basal and agonist-induced platelets activation status between patients with or without HCC were detected. Plasma levels of VWF were increased and the levels of ADAMTS13 activity were decreased in patients compared to controls. No differences between the levels of VWF and ADAMTS13 in patients with or without HCC were detected. CONCLUSIONS HCC development or recurrence in patients with hepatitis B- or C-related cirrhosis does not appear to be associated with platelet activation and changes in pivotal proteins in primary hemostasis.
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210
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Aiolfi R, Sitia G. Emerging role of dual antiplatelet therapy in the prevention of hepatitis B virus-associated hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepatocell Carcinoma 2014; 1:183-6. [PMID: 27508186 PMCID: PMC4918276 DOI: 10.2147/jhc.s48763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Platelets, the chief effectors of vascular homeostasis, have been identified as important players in the pathogenesis of both acute and chronic liver disease in preclinical models of hepatitis B viral infection. Platelets are thought to promote the accumulation of virus-specific T-cells into the liver parenchyma. Importantly, the inhibition of platelet activation by clinically relevant doses of aspirin and clopidogrel was able to reduce immune-mediated necroinflammatory liver disease, extracellular matrix deposition, and hepatocellular carcinoma development; the same treatment was able to improve overall survival. These results strongly support the design of clinical trials aiming to define the potential of antiplatelet therapy in the prevention of hepatitis B virus-associated hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Aiolfi
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanni Sitia
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
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211
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Activation of ATP citrate lyase by mTOR signal induces disturbed lipid metabolism in hepatitis B virus pre-S2 mutant tumorigenesis. J Virol 2014; 89:605-14. [PMID: 25339766 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02363-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The development of hepatitis B virus (HBV)-related hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has been found to be associated with disturbed lipid metabolism. To elucidate the role of lipid metabolism in HBV tumorigenesis, we investigated the dynamic pattern of lipid metabolism in HBV pre-S2 mutant-induced tumorigenesis. Lipid and gene expression profiles were analyzed in an in vitro culture system and in transgenic mouse livers harboring HBV pre-S2 mutant. The pre-S2 mutant transgenic livers showed a biphasic pattern of lipid accumulation, starting from mild fatty change in early (1 month) transgenic livers, which subsided and then, remarkably, increased in HCC tissues. This biphasic pattern was synchronized with ATP citrate lyase (ACLY) activation. Further analyses revealed that the pre-S2 mutant initiated an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-dependent mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signalling cascade. The pre-S2 mutant-induced mTOR signal activated the sterol regulatory element binding transcription factor 1 (SREBF1) to upregulate ACLY, which then activated the fatty acid desaturase 2 (FADS2), mediated through ACLY-dependent histone acetylation. Such an ER stress-dependent mTOR signal cascade also is important for the proliferation of hepatocytes in vitro and is further validated in HBV-related HCC tissues. IMPORTANCE Aberrations of lipid metabolism frequently occur in chronic HBV infection. Our results provide a potential mechanism of disturbed lipid metabolism in HBV pre-S2 mutant-induced tumorigenesis, which should be valuable for the design of HCC chemoprevention in high-risk HBV carriers.
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The emerging role of hepatitis B virus pre-S2 deletion mutant proteins in HBV tumorigenesis. J Biomed Sci 2014; 21:98. [PMID: 25316153 PMCID: PMC4200140 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-014-0098-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection can cause hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Several hypotheses have been proposed to explain the mechanisms of HBV tumorigenesis, including inflammation and liver regeneration associated with cytotoxic immune injuries and transcriptional activators of mutant HBV gene products. The mutant viral oncoprotein-driven tumorigenesis is prevailed at the advanced stage or anti-HBe-positive phase of chronic HBV infection. Besides HBx, the pre-S2 (deletion) mutant protein represents a newly recognized oncoprotein that is accumulated in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and manifests as type II ground glass hepatocytes (GGH). The retention of pre-S2 mutant protein in ER can induce ER stress and initiate an ER stress-dependent VEGF/Akt/mTOR and NFκB/COX-2 signal pathway. Additionally, the pre-S2 mutant large surface protein can induce an ER stress-independent pathway to transactivate JAB-1/p27/RB/cyclin A,D pathway, leading to growth advantage of type II GGH. The pre-S2 mutant protein-induced ER stress can also cause DNA damage, centrosome overduplication, and genomic instability. In 5-10% of type II GGHs, there is co-expression of pre-S2 mutant protein and HBx antigen which exhibited enhanced oncogenic effects in transgenic mice. The mTOR signal cascade is consistently activated throughout the course of pre-S2 mutant transgenic livers and in human HCC tissues, leading to metabolic disorders and HCC tumorigenesis. Clinically, the presence of pre-S2 deletion mutants in sera frequently develop resistance to nucleoside analogues anti-virals and predict HCC development. The pre-S2 deletion mutants and type II GGHs therefore represent novel biomarkers of HBV-related HCCs. A versatile DNA array chip has been developed to detect pre-S2 mutants in serum. Overall, the presence of pre-S2 mutants in serum has implications for anti-viral treatment and can predict HCC development. Targeting at pre-S2 mutant protein-induced, ER stress-dependent, mTOR signal cascade and metabolic disorders may offer potential strategy for chemoprevention or therapy in high risk chronic HBV carriers.
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213
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Tong HV, Thomas Bock C, Velavan TP. Genetic insights on host and hepatitis B virus in liver diseases. MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2014; 762:65-75. [PMID: 25475418 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2014.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2014] [Revised: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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214
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Significance of platelet and AFP levels and liver function parameters for HCC size and survival. Int J Biol Markers 2014; 29:e215-23. [PMID: 24526315 DOI: 10.5301/jbm.5000064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a heterogeneous disease with both tumor and liver factors being involved. AIMS To investigate HCC clinical phenotypes and factors related to HCC size. METHODS Prospectively-collected HCC patients' data from a large Italian database were arranged according to the maximum tumor diameter (MTD) and divided into tumor size terciles, which were then compared in terms of several common clinical parameters and patients' survival. RESULTS An higer MTD tercile was significantly associated with increased blood alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGTP), and platelet levels. Patients with higher platelet levels had larger tumors and higher GGTP levels, with lower bilirubin levels. However, patients with the highest AFP levels had larger tumors and higher bilirubin levels, reflecting an aggressive biology. AFP correlation analysis revealed the existence of 2 different groups of patients: those with higher and with lower AFP levels, each with different patient and tumor characteristics. The Cox proportional-hazard model showed that a higher risk of death was correlated with GGTP and bilirubin levels, tumor size and number, and portal vein thrombosis (PVT), but not with AFP or platelet levels. CONCLUSIONS An increased tumor size was associated with increased blood platelet counts, AFP and GGTP levels. Platelet and AFP levels were important indicators of tumor size, but not of survival.
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215
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Bertoletti A, Hong M. Age-Dependent Immune Events during HBV Infection from Birth to Adulthood: An Alternative Interpretation. Front Immunol 2014; 5:441. [PMID: 25295036 PMCID: PMC4172010 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 08/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune responses change during the life of an individual. While this concept has been well accepted for adaptive immunity, only recently it is becoming clear that the innate immune responses also acquire distinct features in different phases of life. We believe that this concept can offer a different interpretation of the pathological manifestations that can be observed in HBV-infected subjects during the patient’s life. Here, we will review the age-related immunopathological features of HBV infection and discuss how the different virological and clinical manifestations might be linked to the developmental pathway of the immune system from newborns to adults. We will discuss how the age of patients can affect the degree of inflammatory responses, but not the levels of antiviral specific immunity. We then propose that the different clinical manifestations occurring during the natural history of HBV infection are related to the host ability to trigger an inflammatory immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Bertoletti
- Emerging Infectious Diseases (EID) Program, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School , Singapore ; Viral Hepatitis Laboratory, Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency of Science Technology and Research (ASTAR) , Singapore
| | - Michelle Hong
- Emerging Infectious Diseases (EID) Program, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School , Singapore ; Viral Hepatitis Laboratory, Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency of Science Technology and Research (ASTAR) , Singapore
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216
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Chen CF, Feng X, Liao HY, Jin WJ, Zhang J, Wang Y, Gong LL, Liu JJ, Yuan XH, Zhao BB, Zhang D, Chen GF, Wan Y, Guo J, Yan HP, He YW. Regulation of T cell proliferation by JMJD6 and PDGF-BB during chronic hepatitis B infection. Sci Rep 2014; 4:6359. [PMID: 25219359 PMCID: PMC4163673 DOI: 10.1038/srep06359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
T cell functional exhaustion during chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection may contribute to the failed viral clearance; however, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain largely unknown. Here we demonstrate that jumonji domain-containing protein 6 (JMJD6) is a potential regulator of T cell proliferation during chronic HBV infection. The expression of JMJD6 was reduced in T lymphocytes in chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients, and this reduction in JMJD6 expression was associated with impaired T cell proliferation. Moreover, silencing JMJD6 expression in primary human T cells impaired T cell proliferation. We found that JMJD6 promotes T cell proliferation by suppressing the mRNA expression of CDKN3. Furthermore, we have identified platelet derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB) as a regulator of JMJD6 expression. PDGF-BB downregulates JMJD6 expression and inhibits the proliferation of human primary T cells. Importantly, the expression levels of JMJD6 and PDGF-BB in lymphocytes from CHB patients were correlated with the degree of liver damage and the outcome of chronic HBV infection treatment. Our results demonstrate that PDGF-BB and JMJD6 regulate T cell function during chronic HBV infection and may provide insights for the treatment strategies for CHB patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cai-Feng Chen
- 1] MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences &Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China [2]
| | - Xia Feng
- 1] Center for Infection and Immunity, YouAn Hospital, The Beijing Capital Medical University, Beijing, China [2]
| | - Hui-Yu Liao
- 1] Center for Infection and Immunity, YouAn Hospital, The Beijing Capital Medical University, Beijing, China [2]
| | - Wen-Jing Jin
- MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences &Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Diagnosis and Treatment Center of Liver Fibrosis, 302 Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Lu-Lu Gong
- MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences &Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing-Jun Liu
- MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences &Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Hui Yuan
- MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences &Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin-Bin Zhao
- MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences &Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ding Zhang
- MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences &Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Guo-Feng Chen
- Diagnosis and Treatment Center of Liver Fibrosis, 302 Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Wan
- Biomedical Analysis Center, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jian Guo
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Hui-Ping Yan
- Center for Infection and Immunity, YouAn Hospital, The Beijing Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - You-Wen He
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
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217
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Bertoletti A, Kennedy PT. The immune tolerant phase of chronic HBV infection: new perspectives on an old concept. Cell Mol Immunol 2014; 12:258-63. [PMID: 25176526 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2014.79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Revised: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection progresses through distinct disease phases that are strongly associated with patient age. The so-called immune tolerant (IT) phase represents the classical early phase of infection; it is associated with high levels of HBV replication and lack of clinical signs of liver Inflammation. Whether this phase of HBV infection is also associated with immunological features of "tolerance' has recently been challenged. Here, we review the data that dispute this concept of immune tolerance and then propose an alternative interpretation of the immunopathological events that take place during this early phase of CHB infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Bertoletti
- 1] Emerging Infectious Diseases (EID) Program, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore [2] Viral Hepatitis Laboratory, Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency of Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - Patrick T Kennedy
- Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine & Dentistry, London, UK
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218
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High seroprevalence of human herpesvirus type 8 in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2014; 34:55-62. [PMID: 25037870 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-014-2206-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Cirrhosis patients have immunologic insufficiency and a high seroprevalence of human herpesvirus type 8 (HHV-8). Nearly all hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients are cirrhotic and have immunoabnormalities. This study aimed to assess the HHV-8 seroprevalence and hemograms in HCC patients. Blood samples from 95 HCC patients, 95 age-, sex-, and Child-Pugh class-matched cirrhotics, and 95 age- and sex-matched healthy controls were analyzed for anti-HHV-8 antibodies, HHV-8 DNA, and lymphocyte, monocyte, and platelet counts. HCC patients had lower lymphocyte and platelet counts and a higher monocyte count than the healthy controls (each p < 0.0001). HCC patients, and particularly those with a severe Child-Pugh class, had higher platelet counts than the corresponding cirrhosis patients (p = 0.003 and 0.002, respectively). HHV-8 seropositivity and antibody titers in HCC patients were comparable with values in cirrhosis patients and were much higher than in controls (both p < 0.0001). HCC patients, but not cirrhosis patients, had a higher prevalence of high anti-HHV-8 antibody titers (≥ 1:160) than healthy controls (p = 0.003). HCC patients with lymphopenia or thrombocytopenia had lower HHV-8 seropositivity than those without lymphopenia and thrombocytopenia (p = 0.04 and 0.01, respectively). One each of HCC and cirrhosis patients were positive for HHV-8 DNA. HCC patients seemed to suffer from less severe or shorter duration of portal hypertension compared with Child-Pugh class-matched cirrhosis patients. HCC patients had a high HHV-8 seroprevalence, which seemed to be inversely associated with lymphopenia and thrombocytopenia.
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219
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Induction of apurinic endonuclease 1 overexpression by endoplasmic reticulum stress in hepatoma cells. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:12442-57. [PMID: 25026174 PMCID: PMC4139852 DOI: 10.3390/ijms150712442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Revised: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 06/20/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common malignancies worldwide with poor prognosis due to resistance to conventional chemotherapy and limited efficacy of radiotherapy. Previous studies have noted the induction of endoplasmic reticulum stress or apurinic endonuclease 1 (APE1) expression in many tumors. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between endoplasmic reticulum (ER stress) and APE1 in hepatocellular carcinoma. Here we investigate the expression of APE1 during ER stress in HepG2 and Huh-7 cell lines. Tunicamycin or brefeldin A, two ER stress inducers, increased APE1 and GRP78, an ER stress marker, expression in HepG2 and Huh-7 cells. Induction of APE1 expression was observed through transcription level in response to ER stress. APE1 nuclear localization during ER stress was determined using immunofluorescence assays in HepG2 cells. Furthermore, expression of Hepatitis B virus pre-S2∆ large mutant surface protein (pre-S2∆), an ER stress-induced protein, also increased GRP78 and APE1 expression in the normal hepatocyte NeHepLxHT cell line. Similarly, tumor samples showed higher expression of APE1 in ER stress-correlated liver cancer tissue in vivo. Our results demonstrate that ER stress and HBV pre-S2∆ increased APE1 expression, which may play an important role in resistance to chemotherapeutic agents or tumor development. Therefore, these data provide an important chemotherapeutic strategy in ER stress and HBV pre-S2∆-associated tumors.
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220
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Mezouar S, Darbousset R, Dignat-George F, Panicot-Dubois L, Dubois C. Inhibition of platelet activation prevents the P-selectin and integrin-dependent accumulation of cancer cell microparticles and reduces tumor growth and metastasis in vivo. Int J Cancer 2014; 136:462-75. [PMID: 24889539 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.28997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2013] [Revised: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Venous thromboembolism constitutes one of the main causes of death during the progression of a cancer. We previously demonstrated that tissue factor (TF)-bearing cancer cell-derived microparticles accumulate at the site of injury in mice developing a pancreatic cancer. The presence of these microparticles at the site of thrombosis correlates with the size of the platelet-rich thrombus. The objective of this study was to determine the involvement of TF expressed by cancer cell-derived microparticles on thrombosis associated with cancer. We observed that pancreatic cancer cell derived microparticles expressed TF, its inhibitor tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI) as well as the integrins αvβ1 and αvβ3. In mice bearing a tumor under-expressing TF, a significant decrease in circulating TF activity associated with an increase bleeding time and a 100-fold diminished fibrin generation and platelet accumulation at the site of injury were observed. This was mainly due to the interaction of circulating cancer cell-derived microparticles expressing TFPI with activated platelets and fibrinogen. In an ectopic model of cancer, treatment of mice with Clopidogrel, an anti-platelet drug, decreased the size of the tumors and restored hemostasis by preventing the accumulation of cancer cell-derived microparticles at the site of thrombosis. In a syngeneic orthotopic model of pancreatic cancer Clopidogrel also significantly inhibited the development of metastases. Together, these results indicate that an anti-platelet strategy may efficiently treat thrombosis associated with cancer and reduce the progression of pancreatic cancer in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soraya Mezouar
- Aix Marseille Université, INSERM UMR-S1076, 13385, Marseille, France
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221
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222
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Sitia G. Platelets Promote Liver Immunopathology Contributing to Hepatitis B Virus–Mediated Hepatocarcinogenesis. Semin Oncol 2014; 41:402-5. [DOI: 10.1053/j.seminoncol.2014.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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223
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Shen SL, Fu SJ, Chen B, Kuang M, Li SQ, Hua YP, Liang LJ, Guo P, Hao Y, Peng BG. Preoperative aspartate aminotransferase to platelet ratio is an independent prognostic factor for hepatitis B-induced hepatocellular carcinoma after hepatic resection. Ann Surg Oncol 2014; 21:3802-9. [PMID: 24849520 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-014-3771-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is conflicting evidence concerning platelet status and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) prognosis. We evaluated the prognostic value of platelet-based indices, including platelet count, platelet/lymphocyte ratio (PLR), and aspartate aminotransferase to platelet ratio index (APRI) in HCC after hepatic resection. METHODS We retrospectively reviewed 332 patients with HCC treated with hepatectomy between 2006 and 2009. Preoperative platelet count, as well as demographic, clinical, and pathologic data, were analyzed. RESULTS Both disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) were significantly improved for patients with low platelet count, PLR, and APRI compared to patients with elevated values. On multivariate analysis, APRI, tumor size ≥5 cm, noncapsulation, and multiple tumors were all associated with both poor DFS and OS. The 1-, 3-, and 5-year DFS rates were 52, 36, and 32 % for patients with APRI <0.62 and were 35, 22, and 19 % for patients with APRI ≥0.62. Correspondingly, the 1-, 3-, and 5-year OS rates were 77, 51, and 42, and 63, 35, and 29 % for both groups. Both DFS and OS of patients with APRI <0.62 were significantly better compared to patients with an elevated APRI (P = 0.009 and 0.002, respectively). Patients with elevated APRI tended to have cirrhosis, hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, surgical margin <1 cm, and noncapsulated tumors. CONCLUSIONS Elevated platelets based inflammatory indices, especially APRI, was associated with adverse characteristic features and poor prognosis in HCC, especially for patients with HBV infection or cirrhosis. Antiplatelet treatment may represent a potential therapy for HBV-induced HCC recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun-Li Shen
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
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224
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Carr BI, Pancoska P, Giannini EG, Farinati F, Ciccarese F, Rapaccini GL, Marco MD, Benvegnù L, Zoli M, Borzio F, Caturelli E, Chiaramonte M, Trevisani F. Identification of two clinical hepatocellular carcinoma patient phenotypes from results of standard screening parameters. Semin Oncol 2014; 41:406-414. [PMID: 25023357 DOI: 10.1053/j.seminoncol.2014.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Previous work has shown that two general processes contribute to hepatocellular cancer (HCC) prognosis: liver damage, monitored by indices such as blood bilirubin, prothrombin time (PT), and aspartate aminostransferase (AST); and tumor biology, monitored by indices such as tumor size, tumor number, presence of portal vein thrombosis (PVT) and blood alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) levels. These processes may affect one another, with prognostically significant interactions between multiple tumor and host parameters. These interactions form a context that provide personalization of the prognostic meaning of these factors for every patient. Thus, a given level of bilirubin or tumor diameter might have a different significance in different personal contexts. We previously applied network phenotyping strategy (NPS) to characterize interactions between liver function indices of Asian HCC patients and recognized two clinical phenotypes, S and L, differing in tumor size and tumor nodule numbers. Our aim was to validate the applicability of the NPS-based HCC S/L classification on an independent European HCC cohort, for which survival information was additionally available. Four sets of peripheral blood parameters, including AFP-platelets, derived from routine blood parameter levels and tumor indices from the ITA.LI.CA database, were analyzed using NPS, a graph-theory-based approach that compares personal patterns of complete relationships between clinical data values to reference patterns with significant association to disease outcomes. Without reference to the actual tumor sizes, patients were classified by NPS into two subgroups with S and L phenotypes. These two phenotypes were recognized using solely the HCC screening test results, consisting of eight common blood parameters, paired by their significant correlations, including an AFP-platelets relationship. These trends were combined with patient age, gender, and self-reported alcoholism into NPS personal patient profiles. We subsequently validated (using actual scan data) that patients in L phenotype group had 1.5× larger mean tumor masses relative to S, P = 6 × 10(-16). Importantly, with the new data, liver test pattern-identified S-phenotype patients had typically 1.7× longer survival compared to L-phenotype patients. NPS integrated the liver, tumor, and basic demographic factors. Cirrhosis-associated thrombocytopenia was typical for smaller S tumors. In L tumor phenotype, typical platelet levels increased with the tumor mass. Hepatic inflammation and tumor factors contributed to more aggressive L tumors, with parenchymal destruction and shorter survival. NPS provides integrative interpretation for HCC behavior, identifying two tumor and survival phenotypes by clinical parameter patterns. The NPS classifier is provided as an Excel tool. The NPS system shows the importance of considering each tumor marker and parameter in the total context of all the other parameters of an individual patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian I Carr
- Department of Liver Tumor Biology IRCCS de Bellis, National Institute for Digestive Diseases, Castellana Grotte , BA, Italy
| | - Petr Pancoska
- Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Edoardo G Giannini
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology Unit, University of Genoa
| | - Fabio Farinati
- Department of Surgical Science and Gastroenterology, Gastroenterology Unit, University of Padua
| | | | | | - Maria Di Marco
- Division of Medicine, Azienda Ospedaliera Bolognini, Seriate
| | - Luisa Benvegnù
- Departiment of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Medical Unit, University of Padua
| | - Marco Zoli
- Department of Medical and Surgical Science, Internal Medicine Unit, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna
| | - Franco Borzio
- Department of Medicine, Internal Medicine and Hepatology Unit, Ospedale Fatebenefratelli, Milan
| | | | | | - Franco Trevisani
- Department of Medical Surgical Sciences, Medical Semiotics Unit, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Italy
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225
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Abstract
Small hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs) usually arise in cirrhosis, often with associated thrombocytopenia. Many patients with large HCCs have normal blood platelet counts. In this review, we compare parameter and phenotype patterns of patients with small (≤ 3 cm) and larger HCCs. A retrospective analysis was undertaken of a 4,139-patient HCC database to compare patient demographics, and liver and tumor characteristics associated with small and large HCCs, especially with respect to platelet counts. We found that patients with larger HCCs had more tumor nodules and portal vein thrombosis (PVT) positivity, and had higher blood alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), bilirubin, and platelet counts. In patients with larger tumors and normal platelets (43.7% of the cohort), tumors were larger and AFP levels were higher, with lower bilirubin and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels than in patients with larger tumors and thrombocytopenia (17.5%). A parsimonious multinomial regression model showed a high odds ratio for AFP and platelets for tumors>3 cm with PVT. We conclude that platelet levels are associated with distinct large HCC phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian I Carr
- Department of Liver Tumor Biology, IRCCS S. de Bellis, Castellana Grotte, Italy.
| | - Chih-Yun Lin
- Division of Hepatogastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical Center and Chang Gung University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Nan Lu
- Division of Hepatogastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical Center and Chang Gung University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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226
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Wu HC, Tsai HW, Teng CF, Hsieh WC, Lin YJ, Wang LHC, Yuan Q, Su IJ. Ground-glass hepatocytes co-expressing hepatitis B virus X protein and surface antigens exhibit enhanced oncogenic effects and tumorigenesis. Hum Pathol 2014; 45:1294-301. [PMID: 24767856 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2013.10.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Revised: 10/14/2013] [Accepted: 10/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) X protein (HBx) and pre-S2 deletion mutant large surface antigens are oncoproteins that induce hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The interaction of these two oncoproteins in hepatocytes and its significance in tumorigenesis remain to be elucidated. In this study, we observed the co-expression of HBx with surface antigens in ground-glass hepatocytes in 5 of 20 hepatitis B surface antigen-positive livers. In vitro, hepatocytes co-expressing HBx and a pre-S2 mutant showed enhanced expression of vascular endothelial growth factor-A, phosphorylated Akt 1/2/3, phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2, and phosphorylated mammalian target of rapamycin signals. Transgenic mice harboring both HBx and pre-S2 mutant construct plasmids developed HCCs at an average of 15.1 months, earlier than animals carrying either HBx (16.9 months) or pre-S2 mutant (24.5 months) alone. The oncogenic signals of vascular endothelial growth factor-A, phosphorylated Akt 1/2/3, phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2, and phosphorylated mammalian target of rapamycin were sequentially and differentially activated at different stages in tumorigenesis. Phosphorylated mTOR was consistently activated in transgenic and human HCCs. We conclude that ground-glass hepatocytes co-expressing HBx and surface antigens exhibit enhanced oncogenic effects and tumorigenesis in chronic HBV infections. The mTOR signal cascade may be the key regulator in HBV tumorigenesis and may be useful targets in the design of HCC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Chieh Wu
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Tainan 70456, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Wen Tsai
- Department of Pathology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan 70403, Taiwan
| | - Chiao-Fang Teng
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Tainan 70456, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chuan Hsieh
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Tainan 70456, Taiwan
| | - Yih-Jyh Lin
- Department of Surgery, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan 70403, Taiwan
| | - Lily Hui-Ching Wang
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Department of Medical Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Quan Yuan
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Ih-Jen Su
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Tainan 70456, Taiwan; Department of Pathology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan 70403, Taiwan; Department of Surgery, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan 70403, Taiwan.
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227
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Lee KH, Wu CJ, Wang CCC, Hung JH. Prevention of chronic HBV infection induced hepatocellular carcinoma development by using antiplatelet drugs. Hepatobiliary Surg Nutr 2014; 1:57-8. [PMID: 24570904 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2304-3881.2012.10.09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2012] [Accepted: 10/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kuan-Han Lee
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan, Taiwan; ; Drug Discovery and Development Center, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Jen Wu
- Department of QC/R&D, Kaiser Pharmaceutical CO., LTD., Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Clay C C Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Southern California, School of Pharmacy, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jui-Hsiang Hung
- Drug Discovery and Development Center, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan, Taiwan; ; Department of Biotechnology, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan, Taiwan
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Su IJ, Hsieh WC, Tsai HW, Wu HC. Chemoprevention and novel therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma associated with chronic hepatitis B virus infection. Hepatobiliary Surg Nutr 2014. [PMID: 24570914 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2304-3881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ih-Jen Su
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chuan Hsieh
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Wen Tsai
- Departments of Pathology, National Cheng Kung University Medical School, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Han-Chieh Wu
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Tainan, Taiwan
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229
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Su IJ, Hsieh WC, Tsai HW, Wu HC. Chemoprevention and novel therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma associated with chronic hepatitis B virus infection. Hepatobiliary Surg Nutr 2014; 2:37-9. [PMID: 24570914 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2304-3881.2012.10.08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2012] [Accepted: 10/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ih-Jen Su
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chuan Hsieh
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Wen Tsai
- Departments of Pathology, National Cheng Kung University Medical School, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Han-Chieh Wu
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Tainan, Taiwan
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230
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Nowatari T, Murata S, Fukunaga K, Ohkohchi N. Role of platelets in chronic liver disease and acute liver injury. Hepatol Res 2014; 44:165-72. [PMID: 23841688 DOI: 10.1111/hepr.12205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2013] [Revised: 07/03/2013] [Accepted: 07/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Platelets contain not only hemostatic factors but also many growth factors that play important roles in wound healing and tissue repair. Platelets have already been used for the promotion of tissue regeneration in the clinical setting, such as dental implantation and plastic surgery. Thrombocytopenia, which is frequently found in patients with chronic liver disease and cirrhosis, is due to various causes such as decreased thrombopoietin production and accelerated platelet destruction caused by hypersplenism. However, the relationship between thrombocytopenia and hepatic pathogenesis and the role of platelets in chronic liver disease are poorly understood. In acute liver injury, it is reported that platelets are recruited to the liver and contribute to liver damage by promoting the induction of chemotactic factors and the accumulation of leukocytes in the liver, whereas platelets or mediators released by platelets can have a protective effect against liver injury. In this review, we highlight the recent accumulated knowledge concerning the role of platelets in chronic liver disease and acute liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Nowatari
- Department of Surgery, Division of Gastroenterological and Hepatobiliary Surgery, and Organ Transplantation, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
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231
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Carr BI, Cavallini A, D'Alessandro R, Refolo MG, Lippolis C, Mazzocca A, Messa C. Platelet extracts induce growth, migration and invasion in human hepatocellular carcinoma in vitro. BMC Cancer 2014; 14:43. [PMID: 24468103 PMCID: PMC3974148 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-14-43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2013] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Thrombocytopenia has been reported to be associated with small size HCCs, and thrombocytosis to be associated with large size HCCs. The aim was to examine the effects of platelets in relation to HCC cell growth. Methods The effects of time-expired pooled normal human platelets were examined on human HCC cell line growth and invasion. Results Blood platelet numbers increased with increasing HCC tumor size and portal vein invasion. Platelet extracts enhanced cell growth in 4 human HCC cell lines, as well as cell migration, medium AFP levels and decreased apoptosis. Cell invasion was significantly enhanced, using a Matrigel-coated trans-well membrane and3D (Real-Time Imaging) invasion assay. Western blots showed that platelets caused enhanced phospho-ERK and phospho–JNK signaling and anti-apoptotic effect with increase of Bcl-xL (anti-apoptotic marker) and decrease of Bid (pro-apoptotic marker) levels. Their growth effects were blocked by a JNK inhibitor. Conclusions Platelets stimulated growth and invasion of several HCC cell lines in vitro, suggesting that platelets or platelet growth factors could be a potential pharmacological target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian I Carr
- Laboratory of biochemistry and tumor biology, National Institute for Digestive Diseases, IRCCS 'Saverio de Bellis', via Turi 27, 70013 Castellana Grotte, BA, Italy.
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Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the third most common cause of death from cancer. The incidence and mortality of HCC are increasing in most Western countries as a result of an ageing cohort infected with chronic hepatitis C, and are expected to continue to rise as a consequence of the obesity epidemic. Chemopreventive strategies aimed at decreasing the risk or delaying the onset of HCC are needed. Universal immunization against HBV and antiviral therapy against HBV and HCV in patients with established disease has consistently been associated with reduced HCC risk, especially in patients who achieve sustained virologic response. However, the cost-effectiveness of antiviral therapy for primary HCC prevention is not known. Several commonly prescribed medications seem promising as chemopreventive agents against HCC, including statins, antidiabetic medications and aspirin. Dietary agents such as coffee, vitamin E and fish oil as well as phytochemicals might also be associated with reduced risk of HCC. Though randomized controlled trials are ideally needed to firmly establish efficacy, such chemoprevention trials are logistically and ethically challenging. Well-designed, prospective, population-based cohort studies might provide the best evidence for chemopreventive efficacy of these agents.
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233
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Lu T, Seto WK, Zhu RX, Lai CL, Yuen MF. Prevention of hepatocellular carcinoma in chronic viral hepatitis B and C infection. World J Gastroenterol 2013; 19:8887-8894. [PMID: 24379612 PMCID: PMC3870540 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v19.i47.8887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2013] [Revised: 10/26/2013] [Accepted: 11/13/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide, with the majority of cases associated with persistent infection from hepatitis B virus (HBV) or hepatitis C virus (HCV). Natural history studies have identified risk factors associated with HCC development among chronic HBV and HCV infection. High-risk infected individuals can now be identified by the usage of risk predictive scores. Vaccination plays a central role in the prevention of HBV-related HCC. Treatment of chronic HBV infection, especially by nucleoside analogue therapy, could also reduce the risk of HBV-related HCC. Concerning HCV infection, besides the advocation of universal precautions to reduce the rate of infection, pegylated interferon and ribavirin could also reduce the risk of HCV-related HCC among those achieving a sustained virologic response. Recently there has been mounting evidence on the role of chemopreventive agents in reducing HBV- and HCV-related HCC. The continued advances in the understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of HCC would hold promise in preventing this highly lethal cancer.
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234
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Bharadwaj M, Roy G, Dutta K, Misbah M, Husain M, Hussain S. Tackling hepatitis B virus-associated hepatocellular carcinoma--the future is now. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2013; 32:229-68. [PMID: 23114844 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-012-9412-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most lethal and prevalent cancers in many developing countries including India. Among the various etiological factors being implicated in the cause of HCC, the most important cause, however, is hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. Among all HBV genes, HBx is the most critical carcinogenic component, the molecular mechanisms of which have not been completely elucidated. Despite its clinical significance, there exists a very elemental understanding of the molecular, cellular, and environmental mechanisms that drive disease pathogenesis in HCC infected with HBV. Furthermore, there are only limited therapeutic options, the clinical benefits of which are insignificant. Therefore, the quest for novel and effective therapeutic regimen against HBV-related HCC is of paramount importance. This review attempts to epitomize the current state of knowledge of this most common and dreaded liver neoplasm, highlighting the putative treatment avenues and therapeutic research strategies that need to be implemented with immediate effect for tackling HBV-related HCC that has plagued the medical and scientific fraternity for decades. Additionally, this review proposes a novel "five-point" management algorithm for HBV-related HCC apart from portraying the unmet needs, principal challenges, and scientific perspectives that are relevant to controlling this accelerating global health crisis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mausumi Bharadwaj
- Division of Molecular Genetics & Biochemistry, Institute of Cytology & Preventive Oncology (ICMR), Noida, India.
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235
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Bertoletti A, Gehring AJ. Immune therapeutic strategies in chronic hepatitis B virus infection: virus or inflammation control? PLoS Pathog 2013; 9:e1003784. [PMID: 24367255 PMCID: PMC3868509 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Bertoletti
- Program in Emerging Viral Diseases, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore
- Viral Hepatitis Unit, Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*Star), Singapore
- * E-mail:
| | - Adam J. Gehring
- Molecular Microbiology and Immunology Department, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
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236
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Yu H, Lin CC, Li YY, Zhao Z. Dynamic protein interaction modules in human hepatocellular carcinoma progression. BMC SYSTEMS BIOLOGY 2013; 7 Suppl 5:S2. [PMID: 24564909 PMCID: PMC4029569 DOI: 10.1186/1752-0509-7-s5-s2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Background Gene expression profiles have been frequently integrated with the human protein interactome to uncover functional modules under specific conditions like disease state. Beyond traditional differential expression analysis, differential co-expression analysis has emerged as a robust approach to reveal condition-specific network modules, with successful applications in a few human disease studies. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), which is often interrelated with the Hepatitis C virus, typically develops through multiple stages. A comprehensive investigation of HCC progression-specific differential co-expression modules may advance our understanding of HCC's pathophysiological mechanisms. Results Compared with differentially expressed genes, differentially co-expressed genes were found more likely enriched with Hepatitis C virus binding proteins and cancer-mutated genes, and they were clustered more densely in the human reference protein interaction network. These observations indicated that a differential co-expression approach could outperform the standard differential expression network analysis in searching for disease-related modules. We then proposed a differential co-expression network approach to uncover network modules involved in HCC development. Specifically, we discovered subnetworks that enriched differentially co-expressed gene pairs in each HCC transition stage, and further resolved modules with coherent co-expression change patterns over all HCC developmental stages. Our identified network modules were enriched with HCC-related genes and implicated in cancer-related biological functions. In particular, APC and YWHAZ were highlighted as two most remarkable genes in the network modules, and their dynamic interaction partnership was resolved in HCC development. Conclusions We demonstrated that integration of differential co-expression with the protein interactome could outperform the traditional differential expression approach in discovering network modules of human diseases. In our application of this approach to HCC's gene expression data, we successfully identified subnetworks with marked differential co-expression in individual HCC stage transitions and network modules with coherent co-expression change patterns over all HCC developmental stages. Our results shed light on subtle HCC mechanisms, including temporal activation and dismissal of pivotal functions and dynamic interaction partnerships of key genes.
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237
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Sitia G, Iannacone M, Guidotti LG. Anti-platelet therapy in the prevention of hepatitis B virus-associated hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepatol 2013; 59:1135-8. [PMID: 23742914 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2013.05.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2013] [Revised: 05/19/2013] [Accepted: 05/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies in mouse models of self-limited viral hepatitis showed that platelets contribute to acute liver damage by promoting the intrahepatic accumulation of virus-specific CD8 T cells and, secondarily, virus-non-specific inflammatory cells. Built on these observations, a recent preclinical study took advantage of a previously established hepatitis B virus (HBV) transgenic mouse model of immune-mediated chronic hepatitis that progresses to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), to demonstrate that clinically achievable doses of the anti-platelet drugs aspirin and clopidogrel - administered continuously after the onset of liver disease - can prevent hepatocarcinogenesis and greatly improve overall survival. These outcomes were preceded by and associated with reduced hepatic accumulation of virus-specific CD8 T cells and virus-non-specific inflammatory cells, reduced hepatocellular injury and hepatocellular proliferation, and reduced severity of liver fibrosis. The observation that anti-platelet therapy inhibits HCC development identifies platelets as key players in the pathogenesis of HBV-associated liver cancer and supports the notion that a sustained immune-mediated necroinflammatory liver disease is sufficient to trigger HCC. The results abovementioned and their clinical implications are discussed in this report.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Sitia
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy
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238
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Impact of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on gastrointestinal cancers: current state-of-the science. Cancer Lett 2013; 345:249-57. [PMID: 24021750 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2013.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2013] [Revised: 08/28/2013] [Accepted: 09/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Growing evidence from epidemiologic and preclinical studies suggests that nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) reduce the risk of gastrointestinal (GI) cancers, including esophageal, gastric, pancreatic, colorectal cancer, and hepatocellular carcinoma. However, there is also evidence indicating the absence of this benefit. The exact mechanism of NSAIDs' action on GI tumors is not known. Although some studies have suggested inhibition of carcinogenesis by NSAIDs through suppression effect on inflammation-associated cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression, other studies have suggested COX-2-independent mechanisms. Herein, we summarize the current state of-the-science regarding NSAID benefit for patients with GI cancers.
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239
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Carr BI, Guerra V. Hepatocellular carcinoma size: platelets, γ-glutamyl transpeptidase, and alkaline phosphatase. Oncology 2013; 85:153-9. [PMID: 23988857 DOI: 10.1159/000354416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2013] [Accepted: 07/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thrombocytopenia is a cirrhosis surrogate which is associated with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) development. AIMS To compare the clinical characteristics of HCC in the presence and absence of thrombocytopenia. METHODS The baseline clinical data of a large cohort of randomly presenting, biopsy-proven HCC patients was examined for phenotypic patterns, after organizing the data by tumor size and subdivision into tumor size terciles. RESULTS Small tumor size tercile I patients had the lowest platelet counts. Patients with higher platelets within each size tercile had the lowest bilirubin and prothrombin time and higher γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGTP) and alkaline phosphatase (ALKP) levels. When patients with similar platelet and bilirubin levels were compared, α-fetoprotein, GGTP, and ALKP were significantly increased in patients with larger tumors and in the presence of portal vein thrombus. Large tumor size tercile III patients without thrombocytopenia had larger tumors, higher GGTP and ALKP, and lower bilirubin levels than did patients with thrombocytopenia. CONCLUSIONS Thrombocytopenia occurred in 40.7% of patients with smaller tumors but only in 11.3% of patients with larger tumors. Patients without thrombocytopenia had elevated GGTP and ALKP and lower bilirubin levels, regardless of tumor size, but they also had larger tumors within the large tumor tercile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian I Carr
- Department of Nutritional Carcinogenesis, IRCCS S. de Bellis National Institute for Digestive Diseases, Castellana Grotte, Italy
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240
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Ayub A, Ashfaq UA, Haque A. HBV induced HCC: major risk factors from genetic to molecular level. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:810461. [PMID: 23991421 PMCID: PMC3749539 DOI: 10.1155/2013/810461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2013] [Accepted: 07/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a deadly and emerging disease leading to death in Asian countries. High hepatitis B virus (HBV) load and chronic hepatitis B (CHB) infection increase the risk of developing HCC. HBV is a DNA virus that can integrate DNA into host genome thereby increase the yield of transactivator protein HBxAg that may deregulate many pathways involving in metabolism of cells. Several monogenic and polygenic risk factors are also involved in HCC development. This review summarizes the mechanism involved in HCC development and discusses some promising therapies to make HCC curative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ambreen Ayub
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Government College University Faisalabad (GCUF), Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Usman Ali Ashfaq
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Government College University Faisalabad (GCUF), Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Asma Haque
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Government College University Faisalabad (GCUF), Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
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241
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Kim AK, Dziura J, Strazzabosco M. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug use, chronic liver disease, and hepatocellular carcinoma: the egg of columbus or another illusion? Hepatology 2013; 58:819-21. [PMID: 23703812 DOI: 10.1002/hep.26498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Accepted: 04/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amy K Kim
- Yale University Liver Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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242
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Chen B, Ye B, Zhang J, Ying L, Chen Y. RDW to platelet ratio: a novel noninvasive index for predicting hepatic fibrosis and cirrhosis in chronic hepatitis B. PLoS One 2013; 8:e68780. [PMID: 23874760 PMCID: PMC3714293 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0068780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2012] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To develop a simple predictive model for significant fibrosis and cirrhosis in chronic hepatitis B (CHB) using the routine hematological parameters of a complete blood count. Methods A total of 458 eligible CHB patients who had undergone a liver biopsy were randomly divided into two cohorts: an estimation group (n = 310) and a validation group (n = 148). Liver histology was assessed according to the Metavir scoring scheme. All common demographics, hematological parameters, HBeAg status, HBV DNA, and liver biochemistry were analyzed. Results Based on routinely available clinical parameters (age, sex, HBeAg status, HBV DNA, common hematological parameters of a complete blood cell count), a model for predicting significant fibrosis (Metavir score ≥2) in the estimation group was derived using platelets and red cell distribution width (RDW), and another model for predicting cirrhosis (Metavir score = 4) was derived using platelets, RDW and hemoglobin. A novel index, the RDW to platelet ratio (RPR), was developed to amplify the opposing effects of liver fibrosis on the RDW and platelets. The AUCs of the RPR for predicting significant fibrosis and cirrhosis were 0.825 and 0.884, respectively, which is superior to the AAR, FIB-4 and APRI in the estimation group. Compared with the two derived models, the RPR has a comparable predictive power for significant fibrosis and cirrhosis. Using optimized cutoffs (0.10 and 0.16), the RPR accurately predicted 63.1% of cases with significant fibrosis and 73.7% of cases with cirrhosis and accurately excluded 85.5% of the cases with mild fibrosis and 93.0% of the cases with no cirrhosis. Conclusion The RPR, a routinely available, inexpensive and easily calculated index, can predict significant fibrosis and cirrhosis in CHB patients with relatively high accuracy. The application of this index may reduce the need for liver biopsy in CHB patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baode Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of the Medical College, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bo Ye
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of the Medical College, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of the Medical College, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lixiong Ying
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of the Medical College, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yu Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of the Medical College, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- * E-mail:
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243
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Thrombocytopenia has been reported to be both a risk factor for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) development as well as a prognostic factor. Many HCCs also occur in presence of normal platelets. AIM To examine a cohort of HCC patients with associated thrombocytosis. METHODS Records were examined of a cohort of 634 biopsy-proven and randomly presenting HCC patients without thrombocytopenia. RESULTS In the total cohort, 52 patients were identified with thrombocytosis (platelet levels >400 × 10(9)/L) and compared with 582 patients with normal platelet values. The average tumor sizes were 13.1 versus 8.8 cm (p < 0.0001), and their total average bilirubin levels were 0.9 versus 1.5 (p = 0.02), comparing thrombocytosis patients versus normal platelet count HCC patients. These differences were even more pronounced in patients with HCC sizes >5 cm. Thrombocytosis patients were younger and had less cirrhosis, but similar percent with hepatitis B or C or alcohol consumption. CONCLUSION Thrombocytosis in association with HCC occurs in patients with larger tumor sizes and better liver function.
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244
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Lu L, Sun HC, Zhang W, Chai ZT, Zhu XD, Kong LQ, Wang WQ, Zhang KZ, Zhang YY, Zhang QB, Ao JY, Li JQ, Wang L, Wu WZ, Tang ZY. Aspirin minimized the pro-metastasis effect of sorafenib and improved survival by up-regulating HTATIP2 in hepatocellular carcinoma. PLoS One 2013; 8:e65023. [PMID: 23741443 PMCID: PMC3669011 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0065023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2013] [Accepted: 04/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background & Aims We previously demonstrated the pro-metastasis effect of sorafenib in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), which is mediated by down-regulation of tumor suppressor HTATIP2. The aim of the present study was to determine whether aspirin minimizes this effect and improves survival. Methods The effects of sorafenib, aspirin, and combined sorafenib and aspirin were observed in HCCLM3 and HepG2 xenograft nude mice. Tumor growth, intrahepatic metastasis (IHM), lung metastasis, and survival were assessed. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) array, real-time (RT)-PCR, and Western blotting were used to examine gene expression. The anti-invasion and anti-metastasis effects of aspirin were studied in HTATIP2-knockdown and HTATIP2-overexpressing HCC cell lines. The molecular mechanism of HTATIP2 regulation by aspirin was explored. Results Aspirin suppressed the pro-invasion and pro-metastasis effects of sorafenib in HCC and up-regulated HTATIP2 expression. Aspirin did not inhibit the proliferation of HCC cells, but it decreased the invasiveness of HCC with lower expression of HTATIP2 and increased expression of a set of markers, indicating a mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition in tumor cells. The up-regulation of HTATPI2 expression by aspirin is most likely mediated through inhibition of cyclooxygenase (COX) 2 expression. Conclusions Aspirin minimized the pro-metastasis effect of sorafenib by up-regulating the tumor suppressor HTATIP2; this mechanism is mediated through inhibition of COX2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Lu
- Liver Cancer Institute and Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University; Key Laboratory for Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, The Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Hui-Chuan Sun
- Liver Cancer Institute and Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University; Key Laboratory for Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, The Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital (TJCIH); Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, Tianjin, P.R. China
| | - Zong-Tao Chai
- Liver Cancer Institute and Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University; Key Laboratory for Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, The Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Dong Zhu
- Liver Cancer Institute and Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University; Key Laboratory for Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, The Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Ling-Qun Kong
- Liver Cancer Institute and Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University; Key Laboratory for Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, The Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Wen-Quan Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Cancer Hospital/Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Ke-Zhi Zhang
- Liver Cancer Institute and Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University; Key Laboratory for Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, The Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Zhang
- Liver Cancer Institute and Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University; Key Laboratory for Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, The Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Qiang-Bo Zhang
- Liver Cancer Institute and Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University; Key Laboratory for Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, The Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Jian-Yang Ao
- Liver Cancer Institute and Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University; Key Laboratory for Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, The Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Jia-Qi Li
- Liver Cancer Institute and Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University; Key Laboratory for Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, The Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Lu Wang
- Liver Cancer Institute and Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University; Key Laboratory for Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, The Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Wei-Zhong Wu
- Liver Cancer Institute and Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University; Key Laboratory for Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, The Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Zhao-You Tang
- Liver Cancer Institute and Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University; Key Laboratory for Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, The Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai, P.R. China
- * E-mail:
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Casazza A, Di Conza G, Wenes M, Finisguerra V, Deschoemaeker S, Mazzone M. Tumor stroma: a complexity dictated by the hypoxic tumor microenvironment. Oncogene 2013; 33:1743-54. [PMID: 23604130 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2013.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2013] [Revised: 02/15/2013] [Accepted: 02/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A lot of effort has been done to study how cancer cells react to low-oxygen tension, a condition known as hypoxia. Indeed, abnormal and dysfunctional blood vessels in the tumor are incapable to restore oxygenation, therefore perpetuating hypoxia, which, in turn, will fuel tumor progression, metastasis and resistance to antitumor therapies. Nevertheless, how stromal components including blood and lymphatic endothelial cells, pericytes and fibroblasts, as well as hematopoietic cells, respond to low-oxygen tension in comparison with their normoxic counterparts has been a matter of investigation in the last few years only and, to date, this field of research remains poorly understood. In general, opposing phenotypes can arise from the same stromal component when embedded in different tumor microenvironments, and, vice versa, different stromal components can have opposite reaction to the same tumor microenvironment. In this article, we will discuss the emerging link between tumor stroma and hypoxia, and how this complexity is translated at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Casazza
- 1] Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Angiogenesis, Vesalius Research Center, VIB, Leuven, Belgium, Belgium [2] Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Angiogenesis, Vesalius Research Center, K.U.Leuven, Leuven, Belgium, Belgium
| | - G Di Conza
- 1] Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Angiogenesis, Vesalius Research Center, VIB, Leuven, Belgium, Belgium [2] Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Angiogenesis, Vesalius Research Center, K.U.Leuven, Leuven, Belgium, Belgium
| | - M Wenes
- 1] Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Angiogenesis, Vesalius Research Center, VIB, Leuven, Belgium, Belgium [2] Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Angiogenesis, Vesalius Research Center, K.U.Leuven, Leuven, Belgium, Belgium
| | - V Finisguerra
- 1] Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Angiogenesis, Vesalius Research Center, VIB, Leuven, Belgium, Belgium [2] Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Angiogenesis, Vesalius Research Center, K.U.Leuven, Leuven, Belgium, Belgium
| | - S Deschoemaeker
- 1] Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Angiogenesis, Vesalius Research Center, VIB, Leuven, Belgium, Belgium [2] Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Angiogenesis, Vesalius Research Center, K.U.Leuven, Leuven, Belgium, Belgium
| | - M Mazzone
- 1] Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Angiogenesis, Vesalius Research Center, VIB, Leuven, Belgium, Belgium [2] Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Angiogenesis, Vesalius Research Center, K.U.Leuven, Leuven, Belgium, Belgium
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246
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Calvisi DF. Inhibition of hepatitis B virus-associated liver cancer by antiplatelet therapy: a revolution in hepatocellular carcinoma prevention? Hepatology 2013; 57:848-50. [PMID: 23386549 DOI: 10.1002/hep.26136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Diego F Calvisi
- Institute of Pathology, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
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247
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Guidotti LG, Iannacone M. Effector CD8 T cell trafficking within the liver. Mol Immunol 2012; 55:94-9. [PMID: 23149103 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2012.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2012] [Revised: 10/17/2012] [Accepted: 10/22/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
CD8 T cells play a critical role in several pathological conditions affecting the liver, most notably viral hepatitis. Accordingly, understanding the mechanisms that modulate the intrahepatic recruitment of CD8 T cells is of paramount importance. Some of the rules governing the behavior of these cells in the liver have been characterized at the population level, or have been inferred by studying the intrahepatic behavior of other leukocyte subpopulations. In contrast to most microvascular beds where leukocyte adhesion is restricted to the endothelium of post-capillary venules, it is now becoming clear that in the liver leukocytes, including CD8 T cells, can efficiently interact with the endothelium of hepatic capillaries (i.e. the sinusoids). While physical trapping has been proposed to play an important role in leukocyte adhesion to hepatic sinusoids, there is mounting evidence that T cell recruitment to the liver is highly regulated and depends on recruitment signals that are either constitutive or induced by inflammation. We review here several specific adhesive mechanisms that have been shown to regulate CD8 T cell trafficking within the liver, as well as highlight recent data that establish platelets as key cellular regulators of intrahepatic CD8 T cell accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca G Guidotti
- Division of Immunology, Infectious Diseases and Transplantation, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
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248
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Hepatocellular carcinoma: could antiplatelet drugs be used to prevent HBV-associated hepatocellular carcinoma? Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2012; 9:425. [PMID: 22801727 DOI: 10.1038/nrgastro.2012.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2022]
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249
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Platelets harness the immune response to drive liver cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:12840-1. [PMID: 22826219 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1210296109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
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