201
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Michel F, Hoffenbach A, Froussard P, Langlade-Demoyen P, Kaczorek M, Kieny MP, Plata F. HIV-1 env, nef, and gag-specific T-cell immunity in mice: conserved epitopes in nef p27 and gag p25 proteins. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1992; 8:469-78. [PMID: 1376136 DOI: 10.1089/aid.1992.8.469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular immunogenicity of env gp160, nef p27, and gag p55 proteins of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) was studied in mice immunized with vaccinia virus recombinants. Proliferative responses of spleen cells were comparable against env gp160, nef p27, and gag p25 recombinant proteins. No specific activity was observed against gag p18 protein. Env, nef, and gag-specific T-cell lines were generated by repeated stimulation of immune spleen cells with recombinant HIV-1 proteins. They were CD4 positive, proliferative, and also cytotoxic against HIV-transfected target cells. Specificity of the T-cell response against nef and gag protein was analyzed with synthetic peptides. Peptides nef 15, nef 16, and gag AM-30 were, respectively, reactive in nef- and gag-specific proliferative and cytolytic assays. The three peptides described have a relatively conserved amino acid sequence among HIV isolates and appear broadly immunoreactive among species.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Michel
- Laboratoire d'Immunopathologie des Rétrovirus, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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202
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Benjouad A, Gluckman JC, Rochat H, Montagnier L, Bahraoui E. Influence of carbohydrate moieties on the immunogenicity of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 recombinant gp160. J Virol 1992; 66:2473-83. [PMID: 1347797 PMCID: PMC289043 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.66.4.2473-2483.1992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of carbohydrates in the immunogenicity of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) glycoproteins (gp160 and gp120) remains poorly understood. We have analyzed the specificity and neutralizing capacity of antibodies raised against native gp160 or against gp160 deglycosylated by either endo F-N glycanase, neuraminidase, or alpha-mannosidase. Rabbits immunized with these immunogens produced antibodies that recognized recombinant gp160 (rgp160) from HIV-1 in a radioimmunoassay and in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Antibodies elicited by the different forms of deglycosylated gp160 were analyzed for their reactivity against a panel of synthetic peptides. Compared with anti-native gp160 antisera, serum reactivity to most peptides remained unchanged, or it could increase (peptide P41) or decrease. Only antibodies raised against mannosidase-treated gp160 failed to react with a synthetic peptide (peptide P29) within the V3 loop of gp120. Rabbits immunized with desialylated rgp160 generated antibodies which recognized not only rgp160 from HIV-1 but also rgp140 from HIV-2 at high titers. Although all antisera produced against glycosylated or deglycosylated rgp160 could prevent HIV-1 binding to CD4-positive cells in vitro, only antibodies raised against native or desialylated gp160 neutralized HIV-1 infectivity and inhibited syncytium formation between HIV-1-infected cells and noninfected CD4-positive cells, whereas antibodies raised against alpha-mannosidase-treated gp160 inhibited neither virus replication nor syncytium formation. These findings indicate that the carbohydrate moieties of gp160 can modulate the specificity and the protective efficiency of the antibody response to the molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Benjouad
- Laboratoire de Biologie et Génétique des Pathologies Immunitaires, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique URA 1463, CERVI Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
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203
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Javaherian K, Langlois AJ, Schmidt S, Kaufmann M, Cates N, Langedijk JP, Meloen RH, Desrosiers RC, Burns DP, Bolognesi DP. The principal neutralization determinant of simian immunodeficiency virus differs from that of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1992; 89:1418-22. [PMID: 1371358 PMCID: PMC48462 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.89.4.1418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
To identify the principal neutralization determinant (PND) of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV), antisera were generated using recombinant gp110 [the SIV analog of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) external envelope glycoprotein, gp120], gp140, several large recombinant and proteolytic envelope fragments, and synthetic peptides of the SIVmac251 isolate. When purified under conditions that retain its native structure, gp110 bound CD4 and elicited antisera that neutralized SIVmac251 with high titer. Native gp110 also completely inhibited neutralizing antibody in sera from SIVmac251-infected macaques. In contrast, denatured gp110 and gp140, large envelope fragments, and synthetic peptides (including peptides analogous to the HIV-1 PND) elicited very low or undetectable neutralizing antibody titers and did not inhibit neutralizing antibody in infected macaque sera. Enzymatically deglycosylated gp110 efficiently absorbed neutralizing antibodies from macaque sera, showing that neutralizing antibodies primarily bind the protein backbone. A 45-kDa protease digest product, mapping to the carboxyl-terminal third of gp110, also completely absorbed neutralizing antibodies from infected macaque sera. These results show that the PND(s) of this SIV isolate depends on the native conformation and that linear peptides corresponding to the V3 loop of SIV envelope, in contrast to that of HIV-1, do not elicit neutralizing antibody. This may affect the usefulness of SIVmac for evaluating HIV-1 envelope vaccine approaches that rely on eliciting neutralizing antibody.
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204
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Johnson PR, Montefiori DC, Goldstein S, Hamm TE, Zhou J, Kitov S, Haigwood NL, Misher L, London WT, Gerin JL. Inactivated whole-virus vaccine derived from a proviral DNA clone of simian immunodeficiency virus induces high levels of neutralizing antibodies and confers protection against heterologous challenge. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1992; 89:2175-9. [PMID: 1549578 PMCID: PMC48619 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.89.6.2175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
We tested the ability of macaques vaccinated with inactivated whole simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) to resist challenge with either homologous or heterologous cell-free uncloned SIV administered by the intravenous route. The vaccine virus was derived from a proviral DNA clone and thus was considered genetically homogeneous. Sixteen macaques received either hepatitis B surface antigen (n = 6) or the inactivated whole-SIV vaccine (n = 10) at weeks 0, 4, and 49 of the study. All SIV vaccine recipients developed high levels of homologous and heterologous neutralizing antibodies in response to vaccination. At the time of challenge (week 53), vaccinees were further stratified to receive either homologous (n = 10) or heterologous (n = 6) uncloned live SIV. The envelope glycoproteins of the homologous and heterologous challenge viruses were 94% and 81% identical to the vaccine virus, respectively. Regardless of challenge inoculum, all vaccinees in the control group (hepatitis B surface antigen) became infected, whereas all SIV vaccinees were protected against detectable infection. These data support the concept that an efficacious vaccine for HIV might be possible, and suggest that genetic variation of HIV might not be an insurmountable obstacle for vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- P R Johnson
- Department of Microbiology, Georgetown University, Rockville, MD 20852
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205
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Wyand MS. The use of SIV-infected rhesus monkeys for the preclinical evaluation of AIDS drugs and vaccines. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1992; 8:349-56. [PMID: 1571195 DOI: 10.1089/aid.1992.8.349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Macaque monkeys infected with the simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) can be used for preclinical testing of drugs and vaccines against acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) as well as for the study of AIDS pathogenesis. A number of pathogenic SIV strains that have been well characterized molecularly and biologically are available for animal infection studies. Data generated from in vitro drug sensitivity assays have established, for many classes of compounds, a similar degree of antiviral efficacy against both HIV-1 and the SIVs, although some examples of selective inhibitors of HIV-1 now are known. A number of virus and host parameters have been defined that provide suitable biological endpoints for in vivo efficacy studies during acute and chronic infection of macaque monkeys. Vaccine studies in SIV-infected monkeys have provided hope that immune protection against lentiviruses is possible; SIV systems are playing a major role in systematically comparing various vaccine strategies to determine correlates of immunity and the protection required for mucosal versus parenteral routes of infection. Societal pressures and the expanding AIDS epidemic will continue to encourage early testing of experimental drugs and vaccines in human clinical trials, however, as more data validating the SIV system are generated, the utility of the SIV model in preclinical development likely will become apparent. Impetus to evaluate therapies in this model system will increase if the current method of testing in humans does not identify more effective AIDS therapies in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Wyand
- TSI Mason Laboratories, Worcester, MA 01068
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206
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Laman JD, Schellekens MM, Abacioglu YH, Lewis GK, Tersmette M, Fouchier RA, Langedijk JP, Claassen E, Boersma WJ. Variant-specific monoclonal and group-specific polyclonal human immunodeficiency virus type 1 neutralizing antibodies raised with synthetic peptides from the gp120 third variable domain. J Virol 1992; 66:1823-31. [PMID: 1637373 PMCID: PMC240953 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.66.3.1823-1831.1992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The third variable (V3) domain of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) external membrane glycoprotein gp120 is of crucial importance in eliciting neutralizing antibodies in infected persons. Polyclonal (PAb) and monoclonal (MAb) antibodies directed against selected epitopes in the V3 domain are valuable tools for analysis of the involvement of such sequences in neutralization and for definition of the relation between amino acid variability and immunological cross-reactions. The aim of this study was to obtain such site-specific antibodies. By using synthetic peptides derived from the V3 domain, a group-specific neutralizing PAb, two high-affinity HIV-1 IIIB neutralizing MAb, and two nonneutralizing MAb were raised. A 15-amino-acid peptide overlapping the tip of the V3 domain of HIV-1 MN was used to produce a rabbit PAb (W0/07). This PAb inhibited syncytium formation induced by HIV-1 IIIB and four field isolates. A similar IIIB-derived peptide was used to generate two murine immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) MAb (IIIB-V3-13 and IIIB-V3-34). Pepscan analysis mapped the binding site of IIIB-V3-34 to the sequence IRIQRGPGR. The Kds of IIIB-V3-13 and IIIB-V3-34 for gp120 were 6.8 x 10(-11) and 1.6 x 10(-10) M, respectively. These MAb neutralized IIIB but not MN and inhibited syncytium formation induced by IIIB. They are applicable in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, immunocytochemistry, and flow cytometry. A peptide covering the left base of the V3 domain was used to generate two murine IgG1 MAb (IIIB-V3-21 and IIIB-V3-26). The binding site of IIIB-V3-21 was mapped to the sequence INCTRPN. These MAb did not neutralize HIV-1 and did not inhibit syncytium formation. This study supports the notion that HIV-1 neutralizing antibodies suitable for multiassay performance can be obtained with synthetic peptides and that high-affinity MAb can be generated. Such site-specific antibodies are useful reagents in the analysis of HIV-1 neutralization. In addition, the cross-neutralization of different viral strains by PAb generated through single-peptide immunization is directly relevant to vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Laman
- Department of Immunology and Medical Microbiology, TNO Medical Biological Laboratory, Rijswijk, The Netherlands
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207
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Ennen J, Norley SG, Kurth R. AIDS vaccine: present problems and future perspectives. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL & LABORATORY RESEARCH 1992; 22:206-10. [PMID: 1467536 DOI: 10.1007/bf02591425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Vaccination has proved to be an effective means for the prevention of infectious diseases. Advances in our understanding of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and the immune system of the host may lay the foundation for the development of an AIDS vaccine. Current attempts to develop vaccines focus on the development of substances that will produce a different type of immune response from that which occurs naturally. Progress has been made in understanding the mechanisms by which the AIDS virus stimulates an neutralizing antibody response and triggers specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes in the host. The pressing need for a vaccine has prompted the testing of several candidate vaccines based on the simian immunodeficiency virus (closely related to HIV) in the macaque animal model for AIDS. The lessons learned from these trials will be valuable for developing future vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Ennen
- Department of Biotechnology, Paul-Ehrlich Institute, Langen, Federal Republic of Germany
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208
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Emini EA, Schleif WA, Nunberg JH, Conley AJ, Eda Y, Tokiyoshi S, Putney SD, Matsushita S, Cobb KE, Jett CM. Prevention of HIV-1 infection in chimpanzees by gp120 V3 domain-specific monoclonal antibody. Nature 1992; 355:728-30. [PMID: 1741059 DOI: 10.1038/355728a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 402] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is the late-stage clinical manifestation of long-term persistent infection with the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). Immune responses directed against the virus and against virus-infected cells during the persistent infection fail to mediate resolution of the infection. As a result, a successful AIDS vaccine must elicit an immune state that will prevent the establishment of the persistent infection following introduction of the virus into the host. The third hypervariable (V3) domain of the HIV-1 gp120 envelope glycoprotein is a disulphide-linked closed loop of about 30 amino acids which binds and elicits anti-HIV-1 type-specific virus-neutralizing antibodies. The in vitro characteristics of anti-V3 domain antibody suggest that this antibody could by itself prevent HIV-1 infection in vivo, an idea supported by chimpanzee challenge studies in which protection against the HIV-1 persistent infection seemed to correlate with the presence of anti-V3 domain antibody. Here we directly demonstrate the protective efficacy of anti-V3 domain antibody in vivo and propose that this antibody is potentially useful as both a pre- and post-exposure prophylactic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Emini
- Merck, Sharp and Dohme Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486
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209
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Warren JT, Dolatshahi M. Worldwide survey of AIDS vaccine challenge studies in nonhuman primates: Vaccines associated with active and passive immune protection from live virus challenge. J Med Primatol 1992. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0684.1992.tb00581.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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210
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Heeney J, Vries P, Dubbes R, Koornstra W, Niphuis H, Haaft P, Boes J, Dings M, Morein B, Osterhaus A. Comparison of protection from homologous cell‐free vs cell‐associated SIV challenge afforded by inactivated whole SIV vaccines. J Med Primatol 1992. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0684.1992.tb00578.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J.L. Heeney
- Laboratory of Viral PathogenesisInstitute of Applied Radiobiology and Immunology TNORijswijkThe Netherlands
| | - P. Vries
- Laboratory of ImmunobiologyRIVMBilthovenThe Netherlands
| | - R. Dubbes
- Laboratory of Viral PathogenesisInstitute of Applied Radiobiology and Immunology TNORijswijkThe Netherlands
| | - W. Koornstra
- Laboratory of Viral PathogenesisInstitute of Applied Radiobiology and Immunology TNORijswijkThe Netherlands
| | - H. Niphuis
- Laboratory of Viral PathogenesisInstitute of Applied Radiobiology and Immunology TNORijswijkThe Netherlands
| | - P. Haaft
- Laboratory of Viral PathogenesisInstitute of Applied Radiobiology and Immunology TNORijswijkThe Netherlands
| | - J. Boes
- Laboratory of ImmunobiologyRIVMBilthovenThe Netherlands
| | - M.E.M. Dings
- Laboratory of ImmunobiologyRIVMBilthovenThe Netherlands
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211
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Abstract
The spread of AIDS progresses unrelentingly despite all efforts of public education and the only real hope of epidemiological control lies in the development of an effective vaccine. The very nature of the AIDS virus (HIV) and the manner with which it interacts with the host makes development of a practical vaccine very difficult. Recent successes using whole inactivated virus as immunogen in the SIVmac animal model system now show that it is possible to protect against infection. However, due to supposed limited efficacy in the field of such a vaccine and the fact that large scale production and administration of a multi-shot whole HIV-based product would be technically impossible, it is now important to identify which of the proteins are responsible and which immune response is protective. With this knowledge a recombinant or synthetic vaccine could be produced on a large scale. However, despite recent protection of a few chimpanzees against HIV infection itself there is currently no proven effective and practical vaccine even in the laboratory and it will be many years before such a product is available to the general public.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Norley
- Paul Ehrlich Institute, Langen, Germany
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212
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Putkonen P, Thorstensson R, Cranage M, Nilsson C, Ghavamzadeh L, Albert J, Greenaway P, Biberfeld G. A formalin inactivated whole SIV
mac
vaccine in Ribi adjuvant protects against homologous and heterologous SIV challenge. J Med Primatol 1992. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0684.1992.tb00575.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Per Putkonen
- Department of ImmunologyNational Bacteriological LaboratoryStockholmSweden
| | | | - Martin Cranage
- Division of PathologyPHLSCentre for Applied Microbiology and ResearchPorton DownWiltshireU.K
| | - Charlotta Nilsson
- Department of ImmunologyNational Bacteriological LaboratoryStockholmSweden
| | - Lili Ghavamzadeh
- Department of ImmunologyNational Bacteriological LaboratoryStockholmSweden
| | - Jan Albert
- Department of VirologyNational Bacteriological LaboratoryStockholmSweden
| | - Peter Greenaway
- Division of PathologyPHLSCentre for Applied Microbiology and ResearchPorton DownWiltshireU.K
| | - Gunnel Biberfeld
- Department of ImmunologyNational Bacteriological LaboratoryStockholmSweden
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213
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Mills K, Page M, Chan W, Kitchin P, Stott E, Taffs F, Jones W, Rose J, Ling C, Silvera P, Corcoran T, Flanagan B, Burny A, Bex F, Delchambre M, Van Opstal O, Fabry L, Thiriart C, Delers A, DeWilde M, Bruck C. Protection against SIV infection in macaques by immunization with inactivated virus from the BK28 molecular clone, but not with BK28‐derived recombinant env and gag proteins. J Med Primatol 1992. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0684.1992.tb00567.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K.H.G. Mills
- National Institute for Biological Standards and ControlSouth MimmsPotters BarHertfordshireU.K
| | - M. Page
- National Institute for Biological Standards and ControlSouth MimmsPotters BarHertfordshireU.K
| | - W.L. Chan
- National Institute for Biological Standards and ControlSouth MimmsPotters BarHertfordshireU.K
| | - P. Kitchin
- National Institute for Biological Standards and ControlSouth MimmsPotters BarHertfordshireU.K
| | - E.J. Stott
- National Institute for Biological Standards and ControlSouth MimmsPotters BarHertfordshireU.K
| | - F. Taffs
- National Institute for Biological Standards and ControlSouth MimmsPotters BarHertfordshireU.K
| | - W. Jones
- National Institute for Biological Standards and ControlSouth MimmsPotters BarHertfordshireU.K
| | - J. Rose
- National Institute for Biological Standards and ControlSouth MimmsPotters BarHertfordshireU.K
| | - C. Ling
- National Institute for Biological Standards and ControlSouth MimmsPotters BarHertfordshireU.K
| | - P. Silvera
- National Institute for Biological Standards and ControlSouth MimmsPotters BarHertfordshireU.K
| | - T. Corcoran
- National Institute for Biological Standards and ControlSouth MimmsPotters BarHertfordshireU.K
| | - B. Flanagan
- National Institute for Biological Standards and ControlSouth MimmsPotters BarHertfordshireU.K
| | - A. Burny
- Department of Molecular BiologyUniversity of BrusselsBelgium
| | - F. Bex
- Department of Molecular BiologyUniversity of BrusselsBelgium
| | - M. Delchambre
- Department of Molecular BiologyUniversity of BrusselsBelgium
| | - O. Van Opstal
- Department of Molecular BiologyUniversity of BrusselsBelgium
| | - L. Fabry
- Department of ResearchSmithKline Beecham BiologicalsRixensartBelgium
| | - C. Thiriart
- Department of ResearchSmithKline Beecham BiologicalsRixensartBelgium
| | - A. Delers
- Department of ResearchSmithKline Beecham BiologicalsRixensartBelgium
| | - M. DeWilde
- Department of ResearchSmithKline Beecham BiologicalsRixensartBelgium
| | - C. Bruck
- National Institute for Biological Standards and ControlSouth MimmsPotters BarHertfordshireU.K
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214
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Haigwood NL, Misher L, Chin SM, Blair M, Planelles V, Scandella CJ, Steimer KS, Gardner MB, Yilma T, Hirsch VM, Johnson PR. Characterization of group specific antibodies in primates: Studies with SIV envelope in macaques. J Med Primatol 1992. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0684.1992.tb00572.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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215
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Kusumi K, Conway B, Cunningham S, Berson A, Evans C, Iversen AK, Colvin D, Gallo MV, Coutre S, Shpaer EG. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 envelope gene structure and diversity in vivo and after cocultivation in vitro. J Virol 1992; 66:875-85. [PMID: 1731112 PMCID: PMC240788 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.66.2.875-885.1992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Nested-primer polymerase chain reaction (PCR) has been applied to the molecular cloning of 4.6-kb half-genome fragments of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) taken directly from the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of an individual with neurological symptoms of HIV-1 infection. In a similar manner, gp120-coding portions of the envelope gene were cloned after PBMC from the same blood sample were cocultivated with uninfected PBMC for 28 days. The complete 1.6-kb nucleotide sequence of the gp120 gene was determined from each of 35 clones examined. Two of 13 (15%) PBMC-derived gp120 genes and 3 of 22 (14%) coculture-derived gp120 genes were defective as a result of frameshifts and an in-frame stop codon(s). Mean diversity between individual gp120-coding sequences in PBMC was fivefold greater (3.24%) than after coculture (0.65%). A predominant sequence of "strain" was found after coculture that was distinct from the diverse viral genotypes detected in vivo and therefore was selectively amplified during in vitro propagation. Multiple distinct third variable (V3) regions encoding the principal neutralizing domain of the envelope protein were detected in PBMC-derived genes, suggesting the presence of immunologic diversity of HIV env genes in vivo not reflected in the cocultured virus sample. The large size of the HIV fragments generated in this study will permit analysis of the diversity of immunologic reactivity, gene function, and pathogenicity of HIV genomes present within infected individuals, including the functional significance of the loss of diversity that occurs upon coculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Kusumi
- Department of Cancer Biology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
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216
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Allison AC, Byars NE. Immunological adjuvants. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1992; 327:133-41. [PMID: 1295334 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-3410-5_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A C Allison
- Institute of Immunology and Biological Sciences, Syntex Research, Palo Alto, CA 94304
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217
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Goudsmit J. Humoral immune responses in human HIV-1 infection clearance of initial burst of virus replication and protection against disease progression. Int Rev Immunol 1992; 8:65-81. [PMID: 1374113 DOI: 10.3109/08830189209056642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
An attempt is made to summarize the evidence that humoral immune responses in natural HIV-1 infection play a role in clearance of the initial burst of replication as well as in protection against rapid disease progression. Therefore, the so-called "asymptomatic carrier state" was defined on the basis of immunological characteristics, such as CD4+ cell number, CD45RA-CD29+ cell number, CD4+ proliferative responses to anti-CD3 mAbs and soluble activation markers, as well as virological characteristics such as the state of the viral genome in the cell, levels of genomic RNA production, antigenemia, viremia and virus phenotype. During natural infection two major classes HIV-1 neutralizing and cell-fusion inhibiting antibodies are elicited. One population directed against mostly continuous epitopes localized in the third variable domain (V3) of the envelope and one against discontinuous epitopes of the envelope. The last population blocks gp120-CD4 attachment, the first does not. The role of each of these populations of functional antibodies, in the clearance of viremia and the maintenance of the asymptomatic carrier state is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Goudsmit
- Human Retrovirus Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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218
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Kindt TJ, Hirsch VM, Johnson PR, Sawasdikosol S. Animal models for acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Adv Immunol 1992; 52:425-74. [PMID: 1442309 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2776(08)60880-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T J Kindt
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, NIAID Twinbrook II Facility, Rockville, Maryland 20852
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219
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Haigwood NL, Nara PL, Brooks E, Van Nest GA, Ott G, Higgins KW, Dunlop N, Scandella CJ, Eichberg JW, Steimer KS. Native but not denatured recombinant human immunodeficiency virus type 1 gp120 generates broad-spectrum neutralizing antibodies in baboons. J Virol 1992; 66:172-82. [PMID: 1727480 PMCID: PMC238273 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.66.1.172-182.1992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The protection of individuals from human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection with an envelope subunit derived from a single isolate will require the presentation of conserved epitopes in gp120. The objective of the studies presented here was to test whether a native recombinant gp120 (rgp120) immunogen would elicit responses to conserved neutralization epitopes that are not present in a denatured recombinant gp120 antigen from the same virus isolate. In a large study of 51 baboons, we have generated heterologous neutralizing activity with native, glycosylated rgp120SF2 but not with denatured, nonglycosylated env 2-3SF2. After repeated exposure to rgp120SF2 formulated with one of several adjuvants, virus isolates from the United States, the Caribbean, and Africa were neutralized. The timing of the immunization regimen and the choice of adjuvant affected the virus neutralization titers both quantitatively and qualitatively. These results suggest that vaccination with native, glycosylated rgp120 from a single virus isolate, HIV-SF2, may elicit a protective immune response effective against geographically and sequentially distinct HIV-1 isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- N L Haigwood
- Chiron Corporation, Emeryville, California 94608-2916
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220
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Jiang SB, Lin K, Neurath AR. Enhancement of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection by antisera to peptides from the envelope glycoproteins gp120/gp41. J Exp Med 1991; 174:1557-63. [PMID: 1836013 PMCID: PMC2119057 DOI: 10.1084/jem.174.6.1557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) envelope glycoproteins (gp120 and gp41) elicit virus-neutralizing antibodies (VNAB) and also antibodies enhancing HIV-1 infection (EAB). Several epitopes eliciting VNAB have been defined, the principal virus-neutralizing determinant being assigned to the V3 loop of gp120. To provide a background for a rational design of anti-HIV vaccines, it also appears important to define domains eliciting EAB. This was accomplished by screening antisera against synthetic peptides covering almost the entire sequence of gp120/gp41 for their enhancing effects on HIV-1 infection of MT-2 cells, a continuous T cell line. Many (16/30) of the antisera significantly enhanced HIV-1 in the presence of human complement. Antibodies to complement receptor type 2 (CR2) abrogated the antibody-mediated enhancement of HIV-1 infection. Antisera to V3 hypervariable loops of 21 distinct HIV-1 isolates were also tested for their enhancing effects on HIV-1IIIB infection. 11 of these sera contained VNAB and 10 enhanced HIV-1IIIB infection. All antisera with virus-enhancing activity contained antibodies crossreactive with the V3 loop of HIV-1IIIB, and the virus-enhancing activity increased with increasing serological crossreactivity. These results suggest that immunization with antigens encompassing V3 loops may elicit EAB rather than protective antibodies if epitopes on the immunogen and the predominant HIV-1 isolate infecting a population are insufficiently matched, i.e., crossreactive serologically but not at the level of virus neutralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- S B Jiang
- Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York 10021
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222
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Yamamoto JK, Okuda T, Ackley CD, Louie H, Pembroke E, Zochlinski H, Munn RJ, Gardner MB. Experimental vaccine protection against feline immunodeficiency virus. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1991; 7:911-22. [PMID: 1662057 DOI: 10.1089/aid.1991.7.911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection of domestic cats with the feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) represents an important veterinary health problem and a useful animal model for the development of vaccines against acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Two experimental FIV vaccines have been developed; one consisting of fixed infected cells (Vaccine 1), the other of inactivated whole virus (Vaccine 2). After 4-6 immunizations over 2-5 months, both vaccines induced a strong FIV-specific immune response including neutralizing antibody and T-cell proliferation. Vaccine 1 protected 6 of 9 and Vaccine 2 protected 5 of 6 recipient cats against any detectable infection with a low dose (10 animal ID50) of FIV given intraperitoneally 2 weeks after the final boost. One additional cat in each vaccine group had a transient infection at 5-7 weeks postchallenge following which virus could no longer be detected. Thus, a total of 13 of 15 vaccinated cats were protected against persistent infection. By contrast, 13 of 13 controls were persistently infected by this challenge. The infected cell vaccine failed to protect against a higher dose (5 x 10(4) ID50) of FIV. These results indicate that vaccine prophylaxis against natural FIV infection should be achievable and enhance optimism of the prospect of developing an effective AIDS vaccine for humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- J K Yamamoto
- Department of Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis 95616
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223
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Wang CY, Looney DJ, Li ML, Walfield AM, Ye J, Hosein B, Tam JP, Wong-Staal F. Long-term high-titer neutralizing activity induced by octameric synthetic HIV-1 antigen. Science 1991; 254:285-8. [PMID: 1925584 DOI: 10.1126/science.254.5029.285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A titer for homologous viral neutralization activity (greater than 1:19,683) was observed after a 3.5-year immunization period with an octameric, branching peptide representing the principal neutralizing determinant (PND) of the human immunodeficiency virus-1IIIB envelope protein. Booster immunizations elicited persistent and potent antibodies in guinea pigs, exceeding responses produced by a conventional bovine serum albumin conjugate by 100-fold. Peptide length, central presentation of a conserved sequence, and inclusion of an upstream sequence contributed to immunogenicity. Titers (greater than 1:1,000) of heterotypic neutralizing antibodies also developed. Octameric PND peptides are a promising approach for an acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Y Wang
- United Biomedical, Inc., Lake Success, NY 11042
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224
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Wang C, Looney D, Li M, Walfield A, Ye J, Hosein B, Tam J, Wong-Staal F. Long-term high-titer neutralizing activity induced by octameric synthetic HIV-1 antigen. Science 1991. [DOI: 10.1126/science.1925584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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225
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Neurath AR, Jiang S, Strick N, Kolbe H, Kieny MP, Muchmore E, Girard M. Antibody responses of chimpanzees immunized with synthetic peptides corresponding to full-length V3 hypervariable loops of HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1991; 7:813-23. [PMID: 1720628 DOI: 10.1089/aid.1991.7.813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunization of primates or humans with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) glycoproteins usually elicited moderate immune responses to the principal neutralizing determinant (PND) located within the V3 hypervariable loop of gp120. Since an antibody response to the PND appears to be protective, experiments were carried out to determine the responsiveness of chimpanzees to immunization with synthetic peptides corresponding to the full-length V3 loop. Seven chimpanzees (4 preimmunized with gp160, 2 preimmunized with HIV-1 antigens unrelated to gp160, and 1 unimmunized) were vaccinated with a mixture of full-length V3 loop peptides from 21 distinct HIV-1 isolates (clones) either in unconjugated form or linked to carrier proteins from HIV-1 nef and gag P18, respectively. Six chimpanzees developed high levels of antibodies to the peptides (dilution endpoints 1: greater than 25,000), and 5 had high levels of antibodies to gp120 from HIV-1IIIB (endpoint titers 1: greater than 500,000). Chimpanzees immunized with peptide-carrier conjugates (4) had antibodies to the carrier proteins nef and gag P18, respectively (endpoint titers 1: greater than or equal to 35,000). Virus-neutralizing (VN) antibodies were detected in sera of 5 of 7 chimpanzees, but were present at titers of 1: greater than or equal to 400 only in sera of 2 chimpanzees. One of these was challenged with HIV-1 and was protected against infection, as reported elsewhere. The antibodies were primarily specific for the HIV-1 isolate used for primary immunization before boosting with peptides. The relatively low dilution endpoints of VN antibodies as compared with endpoints determined by site-specific immunoassays probably can be ascribed to imperfect mimicry of conformational epitopes by synthetic peptides. Nevertheless, sequential or simultaneous immunization with recombinant envelope glycoproteins of HIV-1 and selected synthetic peptides offers an approach for eliciting protective immunity against HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Neurath
- Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute of the New York Blood Center, NY 10021
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226
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Neurath AR, Strick N, Fields R, Jiang S. Peptides mimicking selected disulfide loops in HIV-1 gp120, other than V3, do not elicit virus-neutralizing antibodies. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1991; 7:657-62. [PMID: 1718344 DOI: 10.1089/aid.1991.7.657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The positions of all 9 intrachain disulfide bonds within the envelope glycoprotein gp120 of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) have been established recently. Peptides expected to mimic some of the disulfide-bonded domains [(120-133)-(203-221); (133-138)-(164-203); (224-254); (391-425) and (385-392)-(425-452)] were synthesized. All peptides, except (120-133)-(203-221), elicited in immunized rabbits relatively high levels of antibodies reacting with gp120 in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and/or Western immunoblot assays. However, these antibodies failed to neutralize the infectivity of HIV-1. Combined with earlier reports concerning other gp120 loop peptides, these results confirm the uniqueness of the V3 (303-338) loop in encompassing a principal determinant(s) involved in virus neutralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Neurath
- Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York 10021
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Ward RH, Capon DJ, Jett CM, Murthy KK, Mordenti J, Lucas C, Frie SW, Prince AM, Green JD, Eichberg JW. Prevention of HIV-1 IIIB infection in chimpanzees by CD4 immunoadhesin. Nature 1991; 352:434-6. [PMID: 1907354 DOI: 10.1038/352434a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The first step in infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is the specific binding of gp120, the envelope glycoprotein of HIV, to its cellular receptor, CD4. To inhibit this interaction, soluble CD4 analogues that compete for gp120 binding and block HIV infection in vitro have been developed. To determine whether these analogues can protect an uninfected individual from challenge with HIV, we used the chimpanzee model system of cell-free HIV infection. Chimpanzees are readily infected with the IIIB strain of HIV-1, becoming viraemic within about 4-6 weeks of challenge, although they do not develop the profound CD4+ T-cell depletion and immunodeficiency characteristic of HIV infection in humans. CD4 immunoadhesin (CD4-IgG), a chimaeric molecule consisting of the N-terminal two immunoglobulin-like regions of CD4 joined to the Fc region of human IgG1, was selected as the CD4 analogue for testing because it has a longer half-life than CD4, contributed by the IgG Fc portion of the molecule. In humans, this difference results in a 25-fold increased concentration of CD4-IgG in the blood compared with recombinant CD4. Here we report that pretreatment with CD4-IgG can prevent the infection of chimpanzees with HIV-1. The need for a preventative agent is particularly acute in perinatal HIV transmission. As recombinant CD4-IgG, like the parent IgG molecule, efficiently crosses the primate placenta, it may be possible to set up an immune state in a fetus before HIV transfer occurs, thus preventing infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- R H Ward
- Genentech Inc., S. San Francisco, California 94080
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Hu SL, Klaniecki J, Dykers T, Sridhar P, Travis BM. Neutralizing antibodies against HIV-1 BRU and SF2 isolates generated in mice immunized with recombinant vaccinia virus expressing HIV-1 (BRU) envelope glycoproteins and boosted with homologous gp160. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1991; 7:615-20. [PMID: 1768463 DOI: 10.1089/aid.1991.7.615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Anti-human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (Anti-HIV-1) antibody response was compared in four groups of mice following inoculation with HIV-1 gp160, with live recombinant vaccinia virus expressing HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins, or with both immunogens in alternate orders for primary or secondary immunizations. Both subunit and recombinant virus immunogens induced similar levels of antibody response following primary immunization. However, after secondary immunization, mice primed with live recombinant virus and then boosted with subunit gp160 immunogen showed significantly higher antibody response than those in the other three groups. Neutralizing antibodies were generated only in this group of mice and were shown to neutralize both the homologous virus (BRU) and a divergent isolate (SF2) of HIV-1. On the other hand, their reactivities to peptide sequences from the principal neutralizing determinant (PND) of gp120 were limited to the BRU isolate, not SF2 or MN, indicating that the cross-neutralizing activities were directed against determinants other than the linear epitope(s) within the PND. These results also indicate that combined immunization by priming with liver recombinant virus and boosting with subunit immunogen may be more effective than immunization by either immunogen alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- S L Hu
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Seattle, WA
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Groopman JE. AIDS. Of mice, monkeys and men. Nature 1991; 349:568-9. [PMID: 2000132 DOI: 10.1038/349568a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Moor‐Jankowski J. The First Successful AIDS Vaccine: Immunization of chimpanzees confers protection against challenge with human immunodeficiency virus. J Med Primatol 1991. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0684.1991.tb00490.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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