201
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Abstract
Permeabilization of the outer mitochondrial membrane that leads to the release of cytochrome c and several other apoptogenic proteins from mitochondria into cytosol represents a commitment point of apoptotic pathway in mammalian cells. This crucial event is governed by proteins of the Bcl-2 family. Molecular mechanisms, by which Bcl-2 family proteins permeabilize mitochondrial membrane, remain under dispute. Although yeast does not have apparent homologues of these proteins, when mammalian members of Bcl-2 family are expressed in yeast, they retain their activity, making yeast an attractive model system, in which to study their action. This review focuses on using yeast expressing mammalian proteins of the Bcl-2 family as a tool to investigate mechanisms, by which these proteins permeabilize mitochondrial membranes, mechanisms, by which pro- and antiapoptotic members of this family interact, and involvement of other cellular components in the regulation of programmed cell death by Bcl-2 family proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Polčic
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Petra Jaká
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Marek Mentel
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
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202
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Abstract
Recent reports suggest that the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae caspase‐related metacaspase, Mca1, is required for cell‐autonomous cytoprotective functions that slow cellular aging. Because the Mca1 protease has previously been suggested to be responsible for programmed cell death (PCD) upon stress and aging, these reports raise the question of how the opposing roles of Mca1 as a protector and executioner are regulated. One reconciling perspective could be that executioner activation may be restricted to situations where the death of part of the population would be beneficial, for example during colony growth or adaptation into specialized survival forms. Another possibility is that metacaspases primarily harbor beneficial functions and that the increased survival observed upon metacaspase removal is due to compensatory responses. Herein, we summarize data on the role of Mca1 in cell death and survival and approach the question of how a metacaspase involved in protein quality control may act as killer protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Malmgren Hill
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
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203
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Schmitz HP, Jendretzki A, Wittland J, Wiechert J, Heinisch JJ. Identification of Dck1 and Lmo1 as upstream regulators of the small GTPase Rho5 inSaccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol Microbiol 2015; 96:306-24. [DOI: 10.1111/mmi.12937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hans-Peter Schmitz
- Faculty of Biology/Chemistry, Department of Genetics Barbarastr. 11; University of Osnabrueck; Osnabrueck D-49076 Germany
| | - Arne Jendretzki
- Faculty of Biology/Chemistry, Department of Genetics Barbarastr. 11; University of Osnabrueck; Osnabrueck D-49076 Germany
| | - Janina Wittland
- Faculty of Biology/Chemistry, Department of Genetics Barbarastr. 11; University of Osnabrueck; Osnabrueck D-49076 Germany
| | - Johanna Wiechert
- Faculty of Biology/Chemistry, Department of Genetics Barbarastr. 11; University of Osnabrueck; Osnabrueck D-49076 Germany
| | - Jürgen J. Heinisch
- Faculty of Biology/Chemistry, Department of Genetics Barbarastr. 11; University of Osnabrueck; Osnabrueck D-49076 Germany
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204
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Raju KK, Natarajan S, Kumar NS, Kumar DA, NM R. Role of cytoplasmic deadenylation and mRNA decay factors in yeast apoptosis. FEMS Yeast Res 2015; 15:fou006. [DOI: 10.1093/femsyr/fou006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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205
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Kafil V, Eskandani M, Omidi Y, Nazemiyeh H, Barar J. Abietane diterpenoid of Salvia sahendica Boiss and Buhse potently inhibits MCF-7 breast carcinoma cells by suppression of the PI3K/AKT pathway. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra14905j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ketoethiopinone and ortho-diacetate aethiopinone were identified from the roots of S. sahendica and evaluated for their anti-cancer activity in MCF-7 breast cell lines. The type of cell death and the mechanism by which MCF-7 proliferation was limited were investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vala Kafil
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology
- Tabriz University of Medical Sciences
- Tabriz
- Iran
- Student Research Committee
| | - Morteza Eskandani
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology
- Tabriz University of Medical Sciences
- Tabriz
- Iran
- Student Research Committee
| | - Yadollah Omidi
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology
- Tabriz University of Medical Sciences
- Tabriz
- Iran
- Faculty of Pharmacy
| | - Hossein Nazemiyeh
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology
- Tabriz University of Medical Sciences
- Tabriz
- Iran
- Faculty of Pharmacy
| | - Jaleh Barar
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology
- Tabriz University of Medical Sciences
- Tabriz
- Iran
- Faculty of Pharmacy
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206
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Tupe S, Kulkarni R, Shirazi F, Sant D, Joshi S, Deshpande M. Possible mechanism of antifungal phenazine-1-carboxamide from Pseudomonas
sp. against dimorphic fungi Benjaminiella poitrasii
and human pathogen Candida albicans. J Appl Microbiol 2014; 118:39-48. [DOI: 10.1111/jam.12675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Revised: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S.G. Tupe
- Biochemical Sciences Division; CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory; Pune India
| | - R.R. Kulkarni
- Organic Chemistry Division; CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory; Pune India
| | - F. Shirazi
- Biochemical Sciences Division; CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory; Pune India
| | - D.G. Sant
- Biochemical Sciences Division; CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory; Pune India
| | - S.P. Joshi
- Organic Chemistry Division; CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory; Pune India
| | - M.V. Deshpande
- Biochemical Sciences Division; CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory; Pune India
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207
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Valério E, Vilares A, Campos A, Pereira P, Vasconcelos V. Effects of microcystin-LR on Saccharomyces cerevisiae growth, oxidative stress and apoptosis. Toxicon 2014; 90:191-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2014.08.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2014] [Revised: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 08/13/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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208
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Léger T, Garcia C, Ounissi M, Lelandais G, Camadro JM. The metacaspase (Mca1p) has a dual role in farnesol-induced apoptosis in Candida albicans. Mol Cell Proteomics 2014; 14:93-108. [PMID: 25348831 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m114.041210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Manipulating the apoptotic response of Candida albicans may help in the control of this opportunistic pathogen. The metacaspase Mca1p has been described as a key protease for apoptosis in C. albicans but little is known about its cleavage specificity and substrates. We therefore initiated a series of studies to describe its function. We used a strain disrupted for the MCA1 gene (mca1Δ/Δ) and compared its proteome to that of a wild-type isogenic strain, in the presence and absence of a known inducer of apoptosis, the quorum-sensing molecule farnesol. Label-free and TMT labeling quantitative proteomic analyses showed that both mca1 disruption and farnesol treatment significantly affected the proteome of the cells. The combination of both conditions led to an unexpected biological response: the strong overexpression of proteins implicated in the general stress. We studied sites cleaved by Mca1p using native peptidomic techniques, and a bottom-up approach involving GluC endoprotease: there appeared to be a "K/R" substrate specificity in P1 and a "D/E" specificity in P2. We also found 77 potential substrates of Mca1p, 13 of which validated using the most stringent filters, implicated in protein folding, protein aggregate resolubilization, glycolysis, and a number of mitochondrial functions. An immunoblot assay confirmed the cleavage of Ssb1p, a member of the HSP70 family of heat-shock proteins, in conditions where the metacaspase is activated. These various results indicate that Mca1p is involved in a limited and specific proteolysis program triggered by apoptosis. One of the main functions of Mca1p appears to be the degradation of several major heat-shock proteins, thereby contributing to weakening cellular defenses and amplifying the cell death process. Finally, Mca1p appears to contribute significantly to the control of mitochondria biogenesis and degradation. Consequently, Mca1p may be a link between the extrinsic and the intrinsic programmed cell death pathways in C. albicans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thibaut Léger
- From the ‡Mass spectrometry Laboratory, Institut Jacques Monod, UMR 7592, Univ Paris Diderot, CNRS, Sorbonne Paris Cité, F-75205 Paris, France
| | - Camille Garcia
- From the ‡Mass spectrometry Laboratory, Institut Jacques Monod, UMR 7592, Univ Paris Diderot, CNRS, Sorbonne Paris Cité, F-75205 Paris, France
| | - Marwa Ounissi
- From the ‡Mass spectrometry Laboratory, Institut Jacques Monod, UMR 7592, Univ Paris Diderot, CNRS, Sorbonne Paris Cité, F-75205 Paris, France
| | - Gaëlle Lelandais
- §Mitochondria, Metals and Oxidative Stress group, Institut Jacques Monod, UMR 7592, Univ Paris Diderot, CNRS, Sorbonne Paris Cité, F-75205 Paris, France
| | - Jean-Michel Camadro
- From the ‡Mass spectrometry Laboratory, Institut Jacques Monod, UMR 7592, Univ Paris Diderot, CNRS, Sorbonne Paris Cité, F-75205 Paris, France; §Mitochondria, Metals and Oxidative Stress group, Institut Jacques Monod, UMR 7592, Univ Paris Diderot, CNRS, Sorbonne Paris Cité, F-75205 Paris, France
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209
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Mariani D, Castro FAV, Almeida LG, Fonseca FL, Pereira MD. Protection against cisplatin in calorie-restricted Saccharomyces cerevisiae is mediated by the nutrient-sensor proteins Ras2, Tor1, or Sch9 through its target glutathione. FEMS Yeast Res 2014; 14:1147-59. [PMID: 25238629 DOI: 10.1111/1567-1364.12214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Revised: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
There is substantial interest in developing alternative strategies for cancer chemotherapy aiming to increase drug specificity and prevent tumor resistance. Calorie restriction (CR) has been shown to render human cancer cells more susceptible to drugs than normal cells. Indeed, deficiency of nutrient signaling proteins mimics CR, which is sufficient to improve oxidative stress response and life expectancy only in healthy cells. Thus, although CR and reduction of nutrient signaling may play an important role in cellular response to chemotherapy, the full underlying mechanisms are still not completely understood. Here, we investigate the relationship between the nutrient sensor proteins Ras2, Sch9, or Tor1 and the response of calorie-restricted Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells to cisplatin. Using wild-type and nutrient-sensing mutant strains, we show that deletion of any of these proteins mimics CR and is sufficient to increase cell protection. Moreover, we show that glutathione (GSH) is essential for proper CR protection of yeast cells under cisplatin chemotherapy. By measuring the survival rates and GSH levels, we found that cisplatin cytotoxicity leads to a decrease in GSH content reflecting in an increase of oxidative damage. Finally, investigating DNA fragmentation and apoptosis, we conclude that GSH contributes to CR-mediated cell survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Mariani
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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210
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Corrêa LFDM, Passos FJV, Viloria MIV, Martins Filho OA, de Carvalho AT, Passos FML. Signals of aging associated with lower growth rates in Kluyveromyces lactis cultures under nitrogen limitation. Can J Microbiol 2014; 60:605-12. [PMID: 25204685 DOI: 10.1139/cjm-2014-0236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The effects of aging on the specific growth rate of Kluyveromyces lactis cultures, as a function of (NH4)2SO4 concentration, were evaluated. The growth kinetic parameters maximum specific growth rate and saturation constant for (NH4)2SO4 were calculated to be 0.44 h(-1) and 0.15 mmol·L(-1), respectively. Batch cultures were allowed to age for 16 days without influence of cell density or starvation. The specific growth rates of these cultures were determined each day and decreased as the population aged at different nitrogen concentrations. Aging signals (N-acetylglucosamine content of the cell wall, cell dimensions, and apoptosis markers) were measured. Apoptosis markers were detected after 5 days at limiting (NH4)2SO4 concentrations (0.57, 3.80, and 7.60 mmol·L(-1)) but only after 8 days at a nonlimiting (NH4)2SO4 concentration (38.0 mmol·L(-1)). Similarly, continuous cultures of K. lactis performed under nitrogen limitation and, at lower dilution rates, accumulated cells exhibiting aging signals. The results demonstrate that aging affects growth rate and raise the question of whether nitrogen limitation accelerates aging. Because aging is correlated with growth rate, and each dilution rate of the continuous cultures tends to select and accumulate cells with a respective age, cultures growing at lower growth rates can be useful to investigate yeast physiological responses, including aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lygia Fátima da Mata Corrêa
- a Departamento de Microbiologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Av. P.H. Rolfs s/n 36571-000, Laboratório de Fisiologia de Microrganismos, BIOAGRO, Viçosa - MG, Brasil
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211
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Ferreira P, Cardoso T, Ferreira F, Fernandes-Ferreira M, Piper P, Sousa MJ. Mentha piperitaessential oil induces apoptosis in yeast associated with both cytosolic and mitochondrial ROS-mediated damage. FEMS Yeast Res 2014; 14:1006-14. [DOI: 10.1111/1567-1364.12189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Revised: 07/04/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia Ferreira
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA); Department of Biology; University of Minho; Braga Portugal
| | - Teresa Cardoso
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA); Department of Biology; University of Minho; Braga Portugal
| | - Filipa Ferreira
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA); Department of Biology; University of Minho; Braga Portugal
| | - Manuel Fernandes-Ferreira
- CITAB; Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences; Porto Portugal
- Department of Biology; Faculty of Science; University of Porto; Porto Portugal
- MAPPROD Lda; Braga Portugal
| | - Peter Piper
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology; University of Sheffield; Sheffield UK
| | - Maria João Sousa
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA); Department of Biology; University of Minho; Braga Portugal
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212
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A novel mechanism for the antibacterial effect of silver nanoparticles on Escherichia coli. Biometals 2014; 27:1191-201. [PMID: 25104311 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-014-9782-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Silver nanoparticles are known to have antimicrobial properties and have been used extensively in medicine, although the mechanism(s) of action have not yet been clearly established. In the present study, the findings suggest a novel mechanism for the antibacterial effect of silver nanoparticles on Escherichia coli, namely, the induction of a bacterial apoptosis-like response. We propose a possible mechanism for the bacterial apoptosis-like response that includes the following: accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) (detected with H2DCFDA staining), increased intracellular calcium levels (detected with Fura-2 AM), phosphatidylserine exposure in the outer membrane (detected with Annexin V) which is the hallmarks of early apoptosis, disruption of the membrane potential [detected with DiBAC4(3)], activation of a bacterial caspase-like protein (detected by FITC-VAD-FMK staining) and DNA degradation (detected with TUNEL assay) which is the hallmarks of late apoptosis in bacterial cells treated with silver nanoparticles. We also performed RecA expression assay with western blotting and observed activation of SOS response to repair the damaged DNA. To summarize, silver nanoparticles are involved in the apoptosis-like response in E. coli and the novel mechanisms which were identified in this study, suggest that silver nanoparticles may be an effective antimicrobial agent with far lower propensity for inducing microbial resistance than antibiotics.
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213
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Response of Saccharomyces cerevisiae to the stimulation of lipopolysaccharide. PLoS One 2014; 9:e104428. [PMID: 25105496 PMCID: PMC4126697 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide, known as endotoxin, can stimulate potent host immune responses through the complex of Toll-like-receptor 4 and myeloid differentiation protein 2; but its influence on Saccharomyces cerevisiae, a model organism for studying eukaryotes, is not clear. In this study, we found that lipopolysaccharide-treated S. cerevisiae cells could be stained by methylene blue, but did not die. Transcriptional profiling of the lipopolysaccharide-treated S. cerevisiae cells showed that 5745 genes were modulated: 2491 genes up-regulated and 3254 genes down-regulated. Significantly regulated genes (460 up-regulated genes and 135 down-regulated genes) in lipopolysaccharide-treated S. cerevisiae cells were analyzed on Gene Ontology, and used to establish physical protein-protein interaction network and protein phosphorylation network. Based on these analyses, most of the regulated genes in lipopolysaccharide-treated S. cerevisiae cells were related to cell wall, membrane, peroxisome and mitochondrion. Further experiments demonstrated that lipopolysaccharide stimulation caused the exposure of phosphatidylserine and the increase of mitochondrial membrane potential in S. cerevisiae cells, but levels of intracellular reactive oxygen species and metacaspase activation were not increased. This study demonstrated that lipopolysaccharide stimulation causes significant changes in S. cerevisiae cells, and the results would contribute to understand the response of eukaryotic cells to lipopolysaccharide stimulation.
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214
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Effects of fengycin from Bacillus subtilis fmbJ on apoptosis and necrosis in Rhizopus stolonifer. J Microbiol 2014; 52:675-80. [PMID: 25098563 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-014-3605-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Revised: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The lipopeptide antibiotic fengycin, produced by Bacillus subtilis, strongly inhibits growth of filamentous fungi. In this study, we evaluated the effects of fengycin treatment on apoptosis and necrosis in Rhizopus stolonifer by means of cell staining and epifluorescence microscopy. At fengycin concentrations less than 50 μg/ml, treated fungal cells demonstrated a dose-dependent increase in apoptosis-associated markers compared with the untreated control. These markers included chromatin condensation, reactive oxygen species accumulation, mitochondrial membrane potential depolarization, phosphatidylserine externalization, and the occurrence of DNA strand breaks. These results showed that fungal cells were impaired in a number of important functions and entered apoptosis upon treatment with low concentrations of fengycin. In contrast, high concentrations (>50 μg/ml) induced necrosis, indicating that the fungicidal action of fengycin operates via two modes: apoptosis at low concentrations and necrosis at high concentrations. Additionally, the apoptotic effect that we have shown suggests that lower concentrations of fengycin than previously thought may be effective for food preservation.
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215
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Khakhina S, Cooper KF, Strich R. Med13p prevents mitochondrial fission and programmed cell death in yeast through nuclear retention of cyclin C. Mol Biol Cell 2014; 25:2807-16. [PMID: 25057017 PMCID: PMC4161515 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e14-05-0953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In response to oxidative stress, cyclin C translocates from the nucleus to the cytoplasm, where it interacts with the mitochondrial fission machinery and induces extensive fragmentation of this organelle. Med13p is identified as the anchor protein that retains cyclin C in the nucleus. The yeast cyclin C-Cdk8 kinase forms a complex with Med13p to repress the transcription of genes involved in the stress response and meiosis. In response to oxidative stress, cyclin C displays nuclear to cytoplasmic relocalization that triggers mitochondrial fission and promotes programmed cell death. In this report, we demonstrate that Med13p mediates cyclin C nuclear retention in unstressed cells. Deleting MED13 allows aberrant cytoplasmic cyclin C localization and extensive mitochondrial fragmentation. Loss of Med13p function resulted in mitochondrial dysfunction and hypersensitivity to oxidative stress–induced programmed cell death that were dependent on cyclin C. The regulatory system controlling cyclin C-Med13p interaction is complex. First, a previous study found that cyclin C phosphorylation by the stress-activated MAP kinase Slt2p is required for nuclear to cytoplasmic translocation. This study found that cyclin C-Med13p association is impaired when the Slt2p target residue is substituted with a phosphomimetic amino acid. The second step involves Med13p destruction mediated by the 26S proteasome and cyclin C-Cdk8p kinase activity. In conclusion, Med13p maintains mitochondrial structure, function, and normal oxidative stress sensitivity through cyclin C nuclear retention. Releasing cyclin C from the nucleus involves both its phosphorylation by Slt2p coupled with Med13p destruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana Khakhina
- Department of Molecular Biology, Rowan University-School of Osteopathic Medicine, Stratford, NJ 08084
| | - Katrina F Cooper
- Department of Molecular Biology, Rowan University-School of Osteopathic Medicine, Stratford, NJ 08084
| | - Randy Strich
- Department of Molecular Biology, Rowan University-School of Osteopathic Medicine, Stratford, NJ 08084
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216
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Magainin 2 Induces Bacterial Cell Death Showing Apoptotic Properties. Curr Microbiol 2014; 69:794-801. [DOI: 10.1007/s00284-014-0657-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2014] [Accepted: 05/24/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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217
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Heat stress induces apoptotic-like cell death in two Pleurotus species. Curr Microbiol 2014; 69:611-6. [PMID: 24939386 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-014-0634-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
High temperature is an important environmental factor that affects the growth and development of most edible fungi, however, the mechanism(s) for resistance to high temperature remains elusive. Nitric oxide is known to be able to effectively alleviate oxidative damage and plays an important role in the regulation of trehalose accumulation during heat stress in mycelia of Pleurotus eryngii var. tuoliensis. In this paper, we investigated whether heat stress can activate apoptosis-like cell death in mycelia of Pleurotus. Two Pleurotus species were used to detect morphological features characteristic of apoptosis including nuclear condensation, reactive oxygen species accumulation, and DNA fragmentation when exposed to heat stress (42 °C). The results showed that these classical apoptosis markers were apparent in Pleurotus strains after heat treatment. The heat-induced apoptosis-like cell death in Pleurotus was further probed using oligomycin and N-acetylcysteine, both of which were shown to block processes leading to apoptosis. This is the first report that apoptosis-like cell death occurs in Pleurotus species as a result of abiotic stress, and that this process can be inhibited with chemicals that block mitochondrial-induced apoptotic pathways and/or with ROS-scavenging compounds.
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218
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Carmona-Gutierrez D, Büttner S. The many ways to age for a single yeast cell. Yeast 2014; 31:289-98. [PMID: 24842537 PMCID: PMC4140606 DOI: 10.1002/yea.3020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Revised: 05/07/2014] [Accepted: 05/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The identification and characterization of the molecular determinants governing ageing represents the key to counteracting age-related diseases and eventually prolonging our health span. A large number of fundamental insights into the ageing process have been provided by research into the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which couples a wide array of technical advantages with a high degree of genetic, proteomic and mechanistic conservation. Indeed, this unicellular organism harbours regulatory pathways, such as those related to programmed cell death or nutrient signalling, that are crucial for ageing control and are reminiscent of other eukaryotes, including mammals. Here, we summarize and discuss three different paradigms of yeast ageing: replicative, chronological and colony ageing. We address their physiological relevance as well as the specific and common characteristics and regulators involved, providing an overview of the network underlying ageing in one of the most important eukaryotic model organisms.
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219
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Herrero-de-Dios C, Alonso-Monge R, Pla J. The lack of upstream elements of the Cek1 and Hog1 mediated pathways leads to a synthetic lethal phenotype upon osmotic stress in Candida albicans. Fungal Genet Biol 2014; 69:31-42. [PMID: 24905535 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2014.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Revised: 05/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Different signal transduction pathways mediated by MAP kinases have been described in Candida albicans. These pathways sense different stimuli and, therefore, elaborate specific responses. Hog1 was identified as the MAPK that is primarily involved in stress response and virulence, while Cek1 was more specific to cell wall biogenesis, mating and biofilm formation. In the present work, mutants defective in both pathways have been characterized under osmotic stress. Both routes are required for a full response against high osmotic challenge, since mutants defective in both pathways displayed aberrant morphology, cell polarity defects and abnormal chitin deposition, which correlate with loss of viability and appearance of apoptotic markers. These alterations occurred in spite of proper Hog1 and Cek1 phosphorylation and increased intra-cellular glycerol accumulation. The relevance of both routes in virulence is shown as ssk1 msb2 sho1 opy2 mutants are avirulent in a mouse systemic model of infection and display reduced virulence in the Galleria mellonella model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Herrero-de-Dios
- Aberdeen Fungal Group, University of Aberdeen, Institute of Medical Sciences, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, United Kingdom(1)
| | - Rebeca Alonso-Monge
- Departamento de Microbiología II, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza de Ramón y Cajal s/n, E-28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Jesús Pla
- Departamento de Microbiología II, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza de Ramón y Cajal s/n, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
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220
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Shirazi F, Kontoyiannis DP. Heat shock protein 90 and calcineurin pathway inhibitors enhance the efficacy of triazoles against Scedosporium prolificans via induction of apoptosis. MICROBIAL CELL 2014; 1:179-188. [PMID: 28357242 PMCID: PMC5354560 DOI: 10.15698/mic2014.06.150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Scedosporium prolificans is a pathogenic mold resistant to
current antifungals, and infection results in high mortality. Simultaneous
targeting of both ergosterol biosynthesis and heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) or
the calcineurin pathway in S. prolificans may be an important
strategy for enhancing the potency of antifungal agents. We hypothesized that
the inactive triazoles posaconazole (PCZ) and itraconazole (ICZ) acquire
fungicidal activity when combined with the calcineurin inhibitor tacrolimus
(TCR) or Hsp90 inhibitor 17-demethoxy-17-(2-propenylamino) geldanamycin (17AAG).
PCZ, ICZ, TCR and 17AAG alone were inactive in vitro against
S. prolificans spores (MICs > 128 μg/ml). In contrast,
MICs for PCZ or ICZ in combination with TCR or 17AAG (0.125-0.50 μg/ml) were
much lower compared with drug alone. In addition PCZ and ICZ in combination with
TCR or 17AAG became fungicidal. Because apoptosis is regulated by the
calcineurin pathway in fungi and is under the control of Hsp90, we hypothesized
that this synergistic fungicidal effect is mediated via apoptosis. This observed
fungicidal activity was mediated by increased apoptosis of S.
prolificans germlings, as evidenced by reactive oxygen species
accumulation, decreased mitochondrial membrane potential, phosphatidylserine
externalization, and DNA fragmentation. Furthermore, induction of caspase-like
activity was correlated with TCR or 17AAG + PCZ/ICZ-induced cell death. In
conclusion, we report for the first time that PCZ or ICZ in combination with TCR
or 17AAG renders S. prolificans exquisitely sensitive to PCZ or
ICZ via apoptosis. This finding may stimulate the development of new therapeutic
strategies for patients infected with this recalcitrant fungus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fazal Shirazi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Infection Control and Employee Health, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, U.S.A
| | - Dimitrios P Kontoyiannis
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Infection Control and Employee Health, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, U.S.A
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221
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Hill SM, Hao X, Liu B, Nyström T. Life-span extension by a metacaspase in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Science 2014; 344:1389-92. [PMID: 24855027 DOI: 10.1126/science.1252634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Single-cell species harbor ancestral structural homologs of caspase proteases, although the evolutionary benefit of such apoptosis-related proteins in unicellular organisms is unclear. Here, we found that the yeast metacaspase Mca1 is recruited to the insoluble protein deposit (IPOD) and juxtanuclear quality-control compartment (JUNQ) during aging and proteostatic stress. Elevating MCA1 expression counteracted accumulation of unfolded proteins and aggregates and extended life span in a heat shock protein Hsp104 disaggregase- and proteasome-dependent manner. Consistent with a role in protein quality control, genetic interaction analysis revealed that MCA1 buffers against deficiencies in the Hsp40 chaperone YDJ1 in a caspase cysteine-dependent manner. Life-span extension and aggregate management by Mca1 was only partly dependent on its conserved catalytic cysteine, which suggests that Mca1 harbors both caspase-dependent and independent functions related to life-span control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Malmgren Hill
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology (CMB), University of Gothenburg, Medicinaregatan 9C, S-413 90 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Xinxin Hao
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology (CMB), University of Gothenburg, Medicinaregatan 9C, S-413 90 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Beidong Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology (CMB), University of Gothenburg, Medicinaregatan 9C, S-413 90 Göteborg, Sweden.
| | - Thomas Nyström
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology (CMB), University of Gothenburg, Medicinaregatan 9C, S-413 90 Göteborg, Sweden.
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222
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Lastauskienė E, Zinkevičienė A, Girkontaitė I, Kaunietis A, Kvedarienė V. Formic acid and acetic acid induce a programmed cell death in pathogenic Candida species. Curr Microbiol 2014; 69:303-10. [PMID: 24752490 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-014-0585-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cutaneous fungal infections are common and widespread. Antifungal agents used for the treatment of these infections often have undesirable side effects. Furthermore, increased resistance of the microorganisms to the antifungal drugs becomes the growing problem. Accordingly, the search for natural antifungal compounds continues to receive attention. Apoptosis is highly regulated programmed cell death. During yeast cell apoptosis, amino acids and peptides are released and can stimulate regeneration of human epithelium cells. Thus, detection of chemical compounds inducing apoptosis in yeast and nontoxic for humans is of great medical relevance. The aim of this study was to detect chemical compound inducing apoptosis in pathogenic Candida species with the lowest toxicity to the mammalian cells. Five chemical compounds--acetic acid, sodium bicarbonate, potassium carbonate, lithium acetate, and formic acid--were tested for evaluation of antifungal activity on C. albicans, C. guilliermondii, and C. lusitaniae. The results showed that acetic acid and formic acid at the lowest concentrations induced yeast cells death. Apoptosis analysis revealed that cells death was accompanied by activation of caspase. Minimal inhibitory concentrations of potassium carbonate and sodium bicarbonate induced Candida cells necrosis. Toxicity test with mammalian cell cultures showed that formic acid has the lowest effect on the growth of Jurkat and NIH 3T3 cells. In conclusion, our results show that a low concentration of formic acid induces apoptosis-like programmed cell death in the Candida yeast and has a minimal effect on the survivability of mammalian cells, suggesting potential applications in the treatment of these infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eglė Lastauskienė
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Vilnius University, M.K. Čiurlionio str. 21/27, LT-03101, Vilnius, Lithuania
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Chen Y, Zeng H, Tian J, Ban X, Ma B, Wang Y. Dill (Anethum graveolens L.) seed essential oil induces Candida albicans apoptosis in a metacaspase-dependent manner. Fungal Biol 2014; 118:394-401. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2014.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2013] [Revised: 02/16/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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225
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Tsang CK, Liu Y, Thomas J, Zhang Y, Zheng XFS. Superoxide dismutase 1 acts as a nuclear transcription factor to regulate oxidative stress resistance. Nat Commun 2014; 5:3446. [PMID: 24647101 PMCID: PMC4678626 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms4446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 281] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2013] [Accepted: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Superoxide dismutase 1 (Sod1) has been known for nearly half a century for catalysis of superoxide to hydrogen peroxide. Here we report a new Sod1 function in oxidative signalling: in response to elevated endogenous and exogenous reactive oxygen species (ROS), Sod1 rapidly relocates into the nucleus, which is important for maintaining genomic stability. Interestingly, H2O2 is sufficient to promote Sod1 nuclear localization, indicating that it is responding to general ROS rather than Sod1 substrate superoxide. ROS signalling is mediated by Mec1/ATM and its effector Dun1/Cds1 kinase, through Dun1 interaction with Sod1 and regulation of Sod1 by phosphorylation at S60, 99. In the nucleus, Sod1 binds to promoters and regulates the expression of oxidative resistance and repair genes. Altogether, our study unravels an unorthodox function of Sod1 as a transcription factor and elucidates the regulatory mechanism for its localization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Kwan Tsang
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, 195 Little Albany Street, New Brunswick, NJ 08903
- Department of Pharmacology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School (RWJMS), Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, 195 Little Albany Street, New Brunswick, NJ 08903
| | - Yuan Liu
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, 195 Little Albany Street, New Brunswick, NJ 08903
- The Graduate Program in Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, 195 Little Albany Street, New Brunswick, NJ 08903
| | - Janice Thomas
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, 195 Little Albany Street, New Brunswick, NJ 08903
- Department of Pharmacology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School (RWJMS), Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, 195 Little Albany Street, New Brunswick, NJ 08903
| | - Yanjie Zhang
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, 195 Little Albany Street, New Brunswick, NJ 08903
- Department of Pharmacology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School (RWJMS), Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, 195 Little Albany Street, New Brunswick, NJ 08903
| | - X. F. Steven Zheng
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, 195 Little Albany Street, New Brunswick, NJ 08903
- Department of Pharmacology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School (RWJMS), Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, 195 Little Albany Street, New Brunswick, NJ 08903
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226
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Facile and quantitative electrochemical detection of yeast cell apoptosis. Sci Rep 2014; 4:4373. [PMID: 24625374 PMCID: PMC3953722 DOI: 10.1038/srep04373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2013] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
An electrochemical method based on square wave anodic stripping voltammetry (SWASV) was developed to detect the apoptosis of yeast cells conveniently and quantitatively through the high affinity between Cu2+ and phosphatidylserine (PS) translocated from the inner to the outer plasma membrane of the apoptotic cells. The combination of negatively charged PS and Cu2+ could decrease the electrochemical response of Cu2+ on the electrode. The results showed that the apoptotic rates of cells could be detected quantitatively through the variations of peak currents of Cu2+ by SWASV, and agreed well with those obtained through traditional flow cytometry detection. This work thus may provide a novel, simple, immediate and accurate detection method for cell apoptosis.
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227
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Franco FP, Santiago AC, Henrique-Silva F, de Castro PA, Goldman GH, Moura DS, Silva-Filho MC. The sugarcane defense protein SUGARWIN2 causes cell death in Colletotrichum falcatum but not in non-pathogenic fungi. PLoS One 2014; 9:e91159. [PMID: 24608349 PMCID: PMC3946703 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0091159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants respond to pathogens and insect attacks by inducing and accumulating a large set of defense-related proteins. Two homologues of a barley wound-inducible protein (BARWIN) have been characterized in sugarcane, SUGARWIN1 and SUGARWIN2 (sugarcane wound-inducible proteins). Induction of SUGARWINs occurs in response to Diatraea saccharalis damage but not to pathogen infection. In addition, the protein itself does not show any effect on insect development; instead, it has antimicrobial activities toward Fusarium verticillioides, an opportunistic fungus that usually occurs after D. saccharalis borer attacks on sugarcane. In this study, we sought to evaluate the specificity of SUGARWIN2 to better understand its mechanism of action against phytopathogens and the associations between fungi and insects that affect plants. We used Colletotrichum falcatum, a fungus that causes red rot disease in sugarcane fields infested by D. saccharalis, and Ceratocystis paradoxa, which causes pineapple disease in sugarcane. We also tested whether SUGARWIN2 is able to cause cell death in Aspergillus nidulans, a fungus that does not infect sugarcane, and in the model yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which is used for bioethanol production. Recombinant SUGARWIN2 altered C. falcatum morphology by increasing vacuolization, points of fractures and a leak of intracellular material, leading to germling apoptosis. In C. paradoxa, SUGARWIN2 showed increased vacuolization in hyphae but did not kill the fungi. Neither the non-pathogenic fungus A. nidulans nor the yeast S. cerevisiae was affected by recombinant SUGARWIN2, suggesting that the protein is specific to sugarcane opportunistic fungal pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flávia P. Franco
- Departamento de Genética, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Adelita C. Santiago
- Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Flávio Henrique-Silva
- Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Gustavo H. Goldman
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
- Laboratório Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia do Bioetanol (CTBE), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Daniel S. Moura
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcio C. Silva-Filho
- Departamento de Genética, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
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228
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Bustamante FL, Miranda FS, Castro FA, Resende JA, Pereira MD, Lanznaster M. A study on the properties and reactivity of naphthoquinone–cobalt(III) prototypes for bioreductive prodrugs. J Inorg Biochem 2014; 132:37-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2013.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2013] [Revised: 11/14/2013] [Accepted: 11/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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229
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Sukhanova EI, Rogov AG, Severin FF, Zvyagilskaya RA. Phenoptosis in yeasts. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2014; 77:761-75. [PMID: 22817540 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297912070097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The current view on phenoptosis and apoptosis as genetic programs aimed at eliminating potentially dangerous organisms and cells, respectively, is given. Special emphasis is placed on apoptosis (phenoptosis) in yeasts: intracellular defects and a plethora of external stimuli inducing apoptosis in yeasts; distinctive morphological and biochemical hallmarks accompanying apoptosis in yeasts; pro- and antiapoptotic factors involved in yeast apoptosis signaling; consecutive stages of apoptosis from external stimulus to the cell death; a prominent role of mitochondria and other organelles in yeast apoptosis; possible pathways for release of apoptotic factors from the intermembrane mitochondrial space into the cytosol are described. Using some concrete examples, the obvious physiological importance and expediency of altruistic death of yeast cells is shown. Poorly known aspects of yeast apoptosis and prospects for yeast apoptosis study are defined.
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Affiliation(s)
- E I Sukhanova
- Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119071, Russia
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230
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Wang CQ, Li X, Wang MQ, Qian J, Zheng K, Bian HW, Han N, Wang JH, Pan JW, Zhu MY. Protective effects of ETC complex III and cytochrome c against hydrogen peroxide-induced apoptosis in yeast. Free Radic Res 2014; 48:435-44. [PMID: 24437935 DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2014.885116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
In mammals, the mitochondrial electron transfer components (ETC) complex III and cytochrome c (cyt c) play essential roles in reactive oxygen species (ROS)-induced apoptosis. However, in yeast, the functions of cyt c and other ETC components remain unclear. In this study, three ETC-defective yeast mutants qcr7Δ, cyc1Δcyc7Δ, and cox12Δ, lacking cyt c oxidoreductase (complex III), cyt c, and cyt c oxidase (complex IV), respectively, were used to test the roles of these proteins in the response of cells to hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂). Mutants qcr7Δ and cyc1Δcyc7Δ displayed greater H₂O₂ sensitivity than the wild-type or cox12Δ mutant. Consistent with this, qcr7Δ and cyc1Δcyc7Δ produced higher ROS levels, displayed derepressed expression of the proapoptotic genes AIF1, NUC1, and NMA111, but not YCA1, at the mRNA level, and were more vulnerable to H₂O₂-induced apoptosis. Interestingly, mutants lacking these proapoptotic genes displayed enhanced H₂O₂ tolerance, but unaffected ROS accumulation. Furthermore, the overexpression of antiapoptotic genes (Bcl-2, Ced-9, AtBI-1, and PpBI-1) reduced the levels of AIF1, NUC1, and NMA111 mRNAs, and reduced H₂O₂-induced cell death. Our findings identify two ETC components as early-inhibitory members of the ROS-mediated apoptotic pathway, suggesting their essential roles in metabolizing H₂O₂, probably by providing reduced cyt c, allowing cyt c peroxidase to remove H₂O₂ from the cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-qun Wang
- Institute of Genetics, Key Laboratory for Cell and Gene Engineering of Zhejiang Province, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , P. R. China
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231
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Yu X, Wang H, Liu L. Two non-exclusive strategies employed to protect Torulopsis glabrata against hyperosmotic stress. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 98:3099-110. [PMID: 24562390 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-014-5589-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2013] [Revised: 01/25/2014] [Accepted: 02/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Several recent reports described an apoptosis-like programmed cell death (PCD) process in yeast in response to different environmental challenges. In this study, hyperosmotic stress caused by high NaCl concentration in culture medium induced cell death in the haploid yeast Torulopsis glabrata. Propidium iodide (PI) and PI/rhodamine-123 (Rh123) dual staining with flow cytometry showed that high salinity decreased intact cells by 16.5 %, increased necrotic cells by nearly twofold, and altered fermentative parameters appreciably. Morphological and biochemical indicators of apoptosis were apparent, specifically a decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential (∆Ψm), translocation of phosphatidylserine (PS) from the inner to the outer side of the plasma membrane, generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and involvement of caspase all while plasma membrane integrity was maintained. Additionally, it was found that overexpression of YCA1 drastically stimulated cell death, indicating that activation of metacaspase might lead to cell death. However, T. glabrata growth under hyperosmotic stress was enhanced when FIS1, HOG1, and GPD2 were overexpressed, or when exogenous proline or glutathione (GSH) were added into the cultures, both of which could repress caspase-3 activity. Thus, in these concrete cases of overexpression of anti-apoptotic or anti-necrotic factors and pharmacological manipulations, it decreased T. glabrata cell death that might help to achieve higher fermentative efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxia Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
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232
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TMBIM protein family: ancestral regulators of cell death. Oncogene 2014; 34:269-80. [DOI: 10.1038/onc.2014.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Revised: 12/27/2013] [Accepted: 01/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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233
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Jin C, Strich R, Cooper KF. Slt2p phosphorylation induces cyclin C nuclear-to-cytoplasmic translocation in response to oxidative stress. Mol Biol Cell 2014; 25:1396-407. [PMID: 24554767 PMCID: PMC3983003 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e13-09-0550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The conserved transcription factor cyclin C is both translocated to the cytoplasm and destroyed after oxidative stress. The signaling pathway that transmits the stress signal to cyclin C is complex and uses both the MAPK Slt2p and its pseudokinase homologue, Kdx1, via different mechanisms. The yeast C-type cyclin represses the transcription of genes required for the stress response and meiosis. To relieve this repression, cyclin C undergoes nuclear-to-cytoplasmic translocation in response to many stressors, including hydrogen peroxide, where it is destroyed by ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis. Before its destruction, cyclin C promotes stress-induced mitochondrial fission and programmed cell death, indicating that relocalization is an important cell fate regulator. Here we show that cyclin C cytoplasmic translocation requires the cell wall integrity (CWI) mitogen-activated protein kinase Slt2p, its pseudokinase paralogue, Kdx1p, and an associating transcription factor, Ask10p. Furthermore, Slt2p and Kdx1p regulate cyclin C stability through different but required mechanisms. Slt2p associates with, and directly phosphorylates, cyclin C at Ser-266. Eliminating or mimicking phosphorylation at this site restricts or enhances cyclin C cytoplasmic translocation and degradation, respectively. Conversely, Kdx1p does not bind cyclin C but instead coimmunoprecipitates with Ask10p, a transcription factor previously identified as a regulator of cyclin C destruction. These results reveal a complex regulatory circuitry involving both downstream effectors of the CWI mitogen-activated protein kinase signal transduction pathway to target the relocalization and consequent destruction of a single transcriptional repressor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyan Jin
- Department of Molecular Biology, Rowan University School of Osteopathic Medicine, Stratford, NJ 08084
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234
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Yu SL, Kang MS, Kim HY, Gorospe CM, Kim TS, Lee SK. The PCNA binding domain of Rad2p plays a role in mutagenesis by modulating the cell cycle in response to DNA damage. DNA Repair (Amst) 2014; 16:1-10. [PMID: 24674623 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2014.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Revised: 01/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The xeroderma pigmentosum group G (XPG) gene, encoding an essential element in nucleotide excision repair (NER), has a proliferating cell nuclear antigen-binding domain (PCNA-BD) at its C-terminal region. However, the role of this domain is controversial because its presence does not affect NER. Using yeast RAD2, a homolog of human XPG, we show that Rad2p interacts with PCNA through its PCNA-BD and the PCNA-BD of Rad2p plays a role in UV-induced mutagenesis. While a mutation of Rad2p endonuclease activity alone causes dramatically increased mutation rates and UV sensitivity, as well as growth retardation after UV irradiation, a mutation of the Rad2p PCNA-BD in the same mutant causes dramatically decreased mutation rates, reduced UV sensitivity and increased growth rate after UV irradiation. After UV irradiation, large-budded cells of Rad2p endonuclease defective mutants wane due to a mutation of the Rad2p PCNA-BD. Besides, the Rad2p PCNA-BD mutant protein exhibits alleviated PCNA-binding efficiency. These results show a hitherto unsuspected role of the Rad2p PCNA-BD that controls mutagenesis via cell cycle modulation together with PCNA. Furthermore, the high mutation rate of cells with other NER gene mutations was also decreased by the mutation of the Rad2p PCNA-BD, which indicates that the Rad2p-PCNA interaction might be responsible for mutagenesis control in the general NER pathway. Our results suggest that the drastically increased incidence of skin cancer in xeroderma pigmentosum patients could arise from the synergistic effects between cell cycle arrest due to the XPG-PCNA interaction and the accumulation of damaged DNA via defects in DNA damage repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Lim Yu
- Inha Research Institute for Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon 400-712, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Sun Kang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon 400-712, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho-Yeol Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon 400-712, Republic of Korea
| | - Choco Michael Gorospe
- Department of Molecular Biomedicine, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon 400-712, Republic of Korea
| | - Tong-Soo Kim
- Department of Parasitology, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon 400-712, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Keun Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon 400-712, Republic of Korea.
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235
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The role of iron and reactive oxygen species in cell death. Nat Chem Biol 2014; 10:9-17. [PMID: 24346035 DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.1416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1466] [Impact Index Per Article: 146.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 11/19/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The transition metal iron is essential for life, yet potentially toxic iron-catalyzed reactive oxygen species (ROS) are unavoidable in an oxygen-rich environment. Iron and ROS are increasingly recognized as important initiators and mediators of cell death in a variety of organisms and pathological situations. Here, we review recent discoveries regarding the mechanism by which iron and ROS participate in cell death. We describe the different roles of iron in triggering cell death, targets of iron-dependent ROS that mediate cell death and a new form of iron-dependent cell death termed ferroptosis. Recent advances in understanding the role of iron and ROS in cell death offer unexpected surprises and suggest new therapeutic avenues to treat cancer, organ damage and degenerative disease.
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236
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Nishida N, Noguchi M, Kuroda K, Ueda M. A design for the control of apoptosis in genetically modified Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 78:358-62. [DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2014.878224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
We have engineered a system that holds potential for use as a safety switch in genetically modified yeasts. Human apoptotic factor BAX (no homolog in yeast), under the control of the FBP1 (gluconeogenesis enzyme) promoter, was conditionally expressed to induce yeast cell apoptosis after glucose depletion. Such systems might prove useful for the safe use of genetically modified organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nao Nishida
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Misa Noguchi
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kouichi Kuroda
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Mitsuyoshi Ueda
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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237
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Fujita KI, Tatsumi M, Ogita A, Kubo I, Tanaka T. Anethole induces apoptotic cell death accompanied by reactive oxygen species production and DNA fragmentation in Aspergillus fumigatus and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. FEBS J 2014; 281:1304-13. [PMID: 24393541 DOI: 10.1111/febs.12706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2013] [Revised: 12/17/2013] [Accepted: 12/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
trans-Anethole (anethole), a major component of anise oil, has a broad antimicrobial spectrum, and antimicrobial activity that is weaker than that of other antibiotics on the market. When combined with polygodial, nagilactone E, and n-dodecanol, anethole has been shown to possess significant synergistic antifungal activity against a budding yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and a human opportunistic pathogenic yeast, Candida albicans. However, the antifungal mechanism of anethole has not been completely determined. We found that anethole stimulated cell death of a human opportunistic pathogenic fungus, Aspergillus fumigatus, in addition to S. cerevisiae. The anethole-induced cell death was accompanied by reactive oxygen species production, metacaspase activation, and DNA fragmentation. Several mutants of S. cerevisiae, in which genes related to the apoptosis-initiating execution signals from mitochondria were deleted, were resistant to anethole. These results suggest that anethole-induced cell death could be explained by oxidative stress-dependent apoptosis via typical mitochondrial death cascades in fungi, including A. fumigatus and S. cerevisiae.
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238
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Cooper KF, Khakhina S, Kim SK, Strich R. Stress-induced nuclear-to-cytoplasmic translocation of cyclin C promotes mitochondrial fission in yeast. Dev Cell 2014; 28:161-73. [PMID: 24439911 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2013.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Revised: 11/08/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial morphology is maintained by the opposing activities of dynamin-based fission and fusion machines. In response to stress, this balance is dramatically shifted toward fission. This study reveals that the yeast transcriptional repressor cyclin C is both necessary and sufficient for stress-induced hyperfission. In response to oxidative stress, cyclin C translocates from the nucleus to the cytoplasm, where it is destroyed. Prior to its destruction, cyclin C both genetically and physically interacts with Mdv1p, an adaptor that links the GTPase Dnm1p to the mitochondrial receptor Fis1p. Cyclin C is required for stress-induced Mdv1p mitochondrial recruitment and the efficient formation of functional Dnm1p filaments. Finally, coimmunoprecipitation studies and fluorescence microscopy revealed an elevated association between Mdv1p and Dnm1p in stressed cells that is dependent on cyclin C. This study provides a mechanism by which stress-induced gene induction and mitochondrial fission are coordinated through translocation of cyclin C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrina F Cooper
- Department of Molecular Biology, Rowan University School of Osteopathic Medicine, Stratford, NJ 08084, USA
| | - Svetlana Khakhina
- Department of Molecular Biology, Rowan University School of Osteopathic Medicine, Stratford, NJ 08084, USA
| | - Stephen K Kim
- Department of Molecular Biology, Rowan University School of Osteopathic Medicine, Stratford, NJ 08084, USA
| | - Randy Strich
- Department of Molecular Biology, Rowan University School of Osteopathic Medicine, Stratford, NJ 08084, USA.
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239
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Chin C, Donaghey F, Helming K, McCarthy M, Rogers S, Austriaco N. Deletion of AIF1 but not of YCA1/MCA1 protects Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Candida albicans cells from caspofungin-induced programmed cell death. MICROBIAL CELL 2014; 1:58-63. [PMID: 28357223 PMCID: PMC5348969 DOI: 10.15698/mic2014.01.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Caspofungin was the first member of a new class of antifungals called echinocandins to be approved by a drug regulatory authority. Like the other echinocandins, caspofungin blocks the synthesis of β(1,3)-D-glucan of the fungal cell wall by inhibiting the enzyme, β(1,3)-D-glucan synthase. Loss of β(1,3)-D-glucan leads to osmotic instability and cell death. However, the precise mechanism of cell death associated with the cytotoxicity of caspofungin was unclear. We now provide evidence that Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells cultured in media containing caspofungin manifest the classical hallmarks of programmed cell death (PCD) in yeast, including the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), the fragmentation of mitochondria, and the production of DNA strand breaks. Our data also suggests that deleting AIF1 but not YCA1/MCA1 protects S. cerevisiae and Candida albicans from caspofungin-induced cell death. This is not only the first time that AIF1 has been specifically tied to cell death in Candida but also the first time that caspofungin resistance has been linked to the cell death machinery in yeast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Chin
- Department of Biology, Providence College, Providence, RI 02918, U.S.A. ; Current address: University of Massachusetts School of Medicine, 55 Lake Ave. N., Worcester, MA 01655, U.S.A
| | - Faith Donaghey
- Department of Biology, Providence College, Providence, RI 02918, U.S.A
| | - Katherine Helming
- Department of Biology, Providence College, Providence, RI 02918, U.S.A. ; Current address: Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 44 Binney St., Boston, MA 02115, U.S.A
| | - Morgan McCarthy
- Department of Biology, Providence College, Providence, RI 02918, U.S.A
| | - Stephen Rogers
- Department of Biology, Providence College, Providence, RI 02918, U.S.A
| | - Nicanor Austriaco
- Department of Biology, Providence College, Providence, RI 02918, U.S.A
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240
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Carmona-Gutierrez D, Kroemer G, Madeo F. One cell, one love: a journal for microbial research. MICROBIAL CELL 2014; 1:1-5. [PMID: 28357205 PMCID: PMC5349160 DOI: 10.15698/mic2014.01.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Guido Kroemer
- INSERM, U848, Villejuif, France ; Metabolomics Platform, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France ; Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France ; Pôle de Biologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP, Paris, France ; Université Paris Descartes, Paris 5, Paris, France
| | - Frank Madeo
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
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241
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Almshawit H, Pouniotis D, Macreadie I. Cell density impacts onCandida glabratasurvival in hypo-osmotic stress. FEMS Yeast Res 2013; 14:508-16. [DOI: 10.1111/1567-1364.12122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2013] [Revised: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hala Almshawit
- Applied Sciences; RMIT University; Bundoora Vic. Australia
| | - Dodie Pouniotis
- School of Medical Sciences; RMIT University; Bundoora Vic. Australia
| | - Ian Macreadie
- Applied Sciences; RMIT University; Bundoora Vic. Australia
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242
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Sousa M, Duarte AM, Fernandes TR, Chaves SR, Pacheco A, Leão C, Côrte-Real M, Sousa MJ. Genome-wide identification of genes involved in the positive and negative regulation of acetic acid-induced programmed cell death in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. BMC Genomics 2013; 14:838. [PMID: 24286259 PMCID: PMC4046756 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-14-838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Accepted: 11/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acetic acid is mostly known as a toxic by-product of alcoholic fermentation carried out by Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which it frequently impairs. The more recent finding that acetic acid triggers apoptotic programmed cell death (PCD) in yeast sparked an interest to develop strategies to modulate this process, to improve several biotechnological applications, but also for biomedical research. Indeed, acetate can trigger apoptosis in cancer cells, suggesting its exploitation as an anticancer compound. Therefore, we aimed to identify genes involved in the positive and negative regulation of acetic acid-induced PCD by optimizing a functional analysis of a yeast Euroscarf knock-out mutant collection. RESULTS The screen consisted of exposing the mutant strains to acetic acid in YPD medium, pH 3.0, in 96-well plates, and subsequently evaluating the presence of culturable cells at different time points. Several functional categories emerged as greatly relevant for modulation of acetic acid-induced PCD (e.g.: mitochondrial function, transcription of glucose-repressed genes, protein synthesis and modifications, and vesicular traffic for protection, or amino acid transport and biosynthesis, oxidative stress response, cell growth and differentiation, protein phosphorylation and histone deacetylation for its execution). Known pro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic genes were found, validating the approach developed. Metabolism stood out as a main regulator of this process, since impairment of major carbohydrate metabolic pathways conferred resistance to acetic acid-induced PCD. Among these, lipid catabolism arose as one of the most significant new functions identified. The results also showed that many of the cellular and metabolic features that constitute hallmarks of tumour cells (such as higher glycolytic energetic dependence, lower mitochondrial functionality, increased cell division and metabolite synthesis) confer sensitivity to acetic acid-induced PCD, potentially explaining why tumour cells are more susceptible to acetate than untransformed cells and reinforcing the interest in exploiting this acid in cancer therapy. Furthermore, our results clearly establish a connection between cell proliferation and cell death regulation, evidencing a conserved developmental role of programmed cell death in unicellular eukaryotes. CONCLUSIONS This work advanced the characterization of acetic acid-induced PCD, providing a wealth of new information on putative molecular targets for its control with impact both in biotechnology and biomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlene Sousa
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA), Department of Biology, Universidade do Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal.
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243
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Mirisola MG, Braun RJ, Petranovic D. Approaches to study yeast cell aging and death. FEMS Yeast Res 2013; 14:109-18. [DOI: 10.1111/1567-1364.12112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2013] [Revised: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ralf J. Braun
- Institut für Zellbiologie; Universität Bayreuth; Bayreuth Germany
| | - Dina Petranovic
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Systems and Synthetic Biology; Chalmers University of Technology; Göteborg Sweden
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244
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Lastauskienė E, Zinkevičienė A, Čitavičius D. Ras/PKA signal transduction pathway participates in the regulation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell apoptosis in an acidic environment. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2013; 61:3-10. [PMID: 24267639 DOI: 10.1002/bab.1183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2013] [Accepted: 11/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The acidification of the medium is observed during yeast cell growth. This process contributes to the emission of organic acids, mainly acetic acid. Acetic acid is known as the inducer of apoptosis in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In this study, we showed that hydrochloric acid can also induce apoptosis in yeast cells, and the apoptotic phenotype triggered by treating yeast cells with hydrochloric acid is modulated by the Ras/PKA pathway. The Ras/PKA pathway is highly conserved between all eukaryotic organisms, as well as cell processes that are related to apoptosis and aging. In this research, we demonstrated that the activation of the Ras/PKA pathway by insertion of Ras2(Val19) allele or deletion of PDE2 gene increases cell death, displaying the markers of apoptosis in an acidic environment. Downregulation of the pathway by deletion of RAS2, RAS1, PDE1, and insertion of the Ha-ras gene increases the cell viability and diminishes cell death with the apoptotic phenotypes. The deletion of PDE1 gene and double deletion of both phosphodiesterase genes prevent the induction of apoptosis in the cells. Modulations in the Ras/PKA pathway affect cell viability and apoptosis during natural gradual acidification of the medium as well as in acid stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eglė Lastauskienė
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
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245
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Ruggles KV, Garbarino J, Liu Y, Moon J, Schneider K, Henneberry A, Billheimer J, Millar JS, Marchadier D, Valasek MA, Joblin-Mills A, Gulati S, Munkacsi AB, Repa JJ, Rader D, Sturley SL. A functional, genome-wide evaluation of liposensitive yeast identifies the "ARE2 required for viability" (ARV1) gene product as a major component of eukaryotic fatty acid resistance. J Biol Chem 2013; 289:4417-31. [PMID: 24273168 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.515197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The toxic subcellular accumulation of lipids predisposes several human metabolic syndromes, including obesity, type 2 diabetes, and some forms of neurodegeneration. To identify pathways that prevent lipid-induced cell death, we performed a genome-wide fatty acid sensitivity screen in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We identified 167 yeast mutants as sensitive to 0.5 mm palmitoleate, 45% of which define pathways that were conserved in humans. 63 lesions also impacted the status of the lipid droplet; however, this was not correlated to the degree of fatty acid sensitivity. The most liposensitive yeast strain arose due to deletion of the "ARE2 required for viability" (ARV1) gene, encoding an evolutionarily conserved, potential lipid transporter that localizes to the endoplasmic reticulum membrane. Down-regulation of mammalian ARV1 in MIN6 pancreatic β-cells or HEK293 cells resulted in decreased neutral lipid synthesis, increased fatty acid sensitivity, and lipoapoptosis. Conversely, elevated expression of human ARV1 in HEK293 cells or mouse liver significantly increased triglyceride mass and lipid droplet number. The ARV1-induced hepatic triglyceride accumulation was accompanied by up-regulation of DGAT1, a triglyceride synthesis gene, and the fatty acid transporter, CD36. Furthermore, ARV1 was identified as a transcriptional of the protein peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα), a key regulator of lipid homeostasis whose transcriptional targets include DGAT1 and CD36. These results implicate ARV1 as a protective factor in lipotoxic diseases due to modulation of fatty acid metabolism. In conclusion, a lipotoxicity-based genetic screen in a model microorganism has identified 75 human genes that may play key roles in neutral lipid metabolism and disease.
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246
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Crambescidin-816 acts as a fungicidal with more potency than crambescidin-800 and -830, inducing cell cycle arrest, increased cell size and apoptosis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mar Drugs 2013; 11:4419-34. [PMID: 24217285 PMCID: PMC3853736 DOI: 10.3390/md11114419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Revised: 10/25/2013] [Accepted: 10/29/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In this paper, we show the effect of crambescidin-816, -800, and -830 on Saccharomyces cerevisiae viability. We determined that, of the three molecules tested, crambescidin-816 was the most potent. Based on this result, we continued by determining the effect of crambescidin-816 on the cell cycle of this yeast. The compound induced cell cycle arrest in G2/M followed by an increase in cell DNA content and size. When the type of cell death was analyzed, we observed that crambescidin-816 induced apoptosis. The antifungal effect indicates that crambescidins, and mostly crambescidin-816, could serve as a lead compound to fight fungal infections.
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247
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Lin SJ, Austriaco N. Aging and cell death in the other yeasts, Schizosaccharomyces pombe and Candida albicans. FEMS Yeast Res 2013; 14:119-35. [PMID: 24205865 DOI: 10.1111/1567-1364.12113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2013] [Revised: 09/18/2013] [Accepted: 10/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
How do cells age and die? For the past 20 years, the budding yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, has been used as a model organism to uncover the genes that regulate lifespan and cell death. More recently, investigators have begun to interrogate the other yeasts, the fission yeast, Schizosaccharomyces pombe, and the human fungal pathogen, Candida albicans, to determine if similar longevity and cell death pathways exist in these organisms. After summarizing the longevity and cell death phenotypes in S. cerevisiae, this mini-review surveys the progress made in the study of both aging and programed cell death (PCD) in the yeast models, with a focus on the biology of S. pombe and C. albicans. Particular emphasis is placed on the similarities and differences between the two types of aging, replicative aging, and chronological aging, and between the three types of cell death, intrinsic apoptosis, autophagic cell death, and regulated necrosis, found in these yeasts. The development of the additional microbial models for aging and PCD in the other yeasts may help further elucidate the mechanisms of longevity and cell death regulation in eukaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Ju Lin
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
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248
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WetA is required for conidiogenesis and conidium maturation in the ascomycete fungus Fusarium graminearum. EUKARYOTIC CELL 2013; 13:87-98. [PMID: 24186953 DOI: 10.1128/ec.00220-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Fusarium graminearum, a prominent fungal pathogen that infects major cereal crops, primarily utilizes asexual spores to spread disease. To understand the molecular mechanisms underlying conidiogenesis in F. graminearum, we functionally characterized the F. graminearum ortholog of Aspergillus nidulans wetA, which has been shown to be involved in conidiogenesis and conidium maturation. Deletion of F. graminearum wetA did not alter mycelial growth, sexual development, or virulence, but the wetA deletion mutants produced longer conidia with fewer septa, and the conidia were sensitive to acute stresses, such as oxidative stress and heat stress. Furthermore, the survival rate of aged conidia from the F. graminearum wetA deletion mutants was reduced. The wetA deletion resulted in vigorous generation of single-celled conidia through autophagy-dependent microcycle conidiation, indicating that WetA functions to maintain conidial dormancy by suppressing microcycle conidiation in F. graminearum. Transcriptome analyses demonstrated that most of the putative conidiation-related genes are expressed constitutively and that only a few genes are specifically involved in F. graminearum conidiogenesis. The conserved and distinct roles identified for WetA in F. graminearum provide new insights into the genetics of conidiation in filamentous fungi.
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249
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Sheibani S, Richard VR, Beach A, Leonov A, Feldman R, Mattie S, Khelghatybana L, Piano A, Greenwood M, Vali H, Titorenko VI. Macromitophagy, neutral lipids synthesis, and peroxisomal fatty acid oxidation protect yeast from "liponecrosis", a previously unknown form of programmed cell death. Cell Cycle 2013; 13:138-47. [PMID: 24196447 DOI: 10.4161/cc.26885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We identified a form of cell death called "liponecrosis." It can be elicited by an exposure of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae to exogenous palmitoleic acid (POA). Our data imply that liponecrosis is: (1) a programmed, regulated form of cell death rather than an accidental, unregulated cellular process and (2) an age-related form of cell death. Cells committed to liponecrotic death: (1) do not exhibit features characteristic of apoptotic cell death; (2) do not display plasma membrane rupture, a hallmark of programmed necrotic cell death; (3) akin to cells committed to necrotic cell death, exhibit an increased permeability of the plasma membrane for propidium iodide; (4) do not display excessive cytoplasmic vacuolization, a hallmark of autophagic cell death; (5) akin to cells committed to autophagic death, exhibit a non-selective en masse degradation of cellular organelles and require the cytosolic serine/threonine protein kinase Atg1p for executing the death program; and (6) display a hallmark feature that has not been reported for any of the currently known cell death modalities-namely, an excessive accumulation of lipid droplets where non-esterified fatty acids (including POA) are deposited in the form of neutral lipids. We therefore concluded that liponecrotic cell death subroutine differs from the currently known subroutines of programmed cell death. Our data suggest a hypothesis that liponecrosis is a cell death module dynamically integrated into a so-called programmed cell death network, which also includes the apoptotic, necrotic, and autophagic modules of programmed cell death. Based on our findings, we propose a mechanism underlying liponecrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Sheibani
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology; McGill University; Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Royal Military College of Canada; Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Vincent R Richard
- Department of Biology; Concordia University; Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Adam Beach
- Department of Biology; Concordia University; Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Anna Leonov
- Department of Biology; Concordia University; Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Rachel Feldman
- Department of Biology; Concordia University; Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Sevan Mattie
- Department of Biology; Concordia University; Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Amanda Piano
- Department of Biology; Concordia University; Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Michael Greenwood
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Royal Military College of Canada; Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hojatollah Vali
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology; McGill University; Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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250
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Yue Q, Zhou X, Leng Q, Zhang L, Cheng B, Zhang X. 7-ketocholesterol-induced caspase-mediated apoptosis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. FEMS Yeast Res 2013; 13:796-803. [PMID: 24028627 DOI: 10.1111/1567-1364.12089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2013] [Revised: 08/29/2013] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The cytotoxicity of cholesterol oxidation products has been documented in several mammalian cell lines. It can lead to a wide range of diseases. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying this toxicity in vivo are scarce. The objective of the present study was to assess the potential toxic effects of 7-ketocholesterol, an important cholesterol oxidation product, on Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Our data show for the first time that 7-ketocholesterol can induce dose-dependent cell death in S. cerevisiae. These results suggest that the death induced by this compound is apoptotic and accompanied by chromatin condensation, the production of ROS, and translocation of phosphatidylserine from the inner to the outer leaflet of the cytoplasmic membrane. We further showed that 7-ketocholesterol-induced cell death was partially rescued after pretreatment with caspase inhibitor (Z-VAD-fmk). In addition, caspase deletion resulted in promotion of cell viability. All these results strongly indicated that 7-ketocholesterol induces apoptosis in yeast cells through a caspase-dependent pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiulin Yue
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
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