201
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Georgevsky D, Carrasco JJ, Valenzuela M, McGreevy PD. Domestic dog skull diversity across breeds, breed groupings, and genetic clusters. J Vet Behav 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jveb.2014.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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202
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Benítez HA, Lemic D, Bažok R, Bravi R, Buketa M, Püschel T. Morphological integration and modularity in Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) hind wings. ZOOL ANZ 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcz.2014.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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203
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Martínez-Vargas J, Muñoz-Muñoz F, Medarde N, López-Fuster MJ, Ventura J. Effect of chromosomal reorganizations on morphological covariation of the mouse mandible: insights from a Robertsonian system of Mus musculus domesticus. Front Zool 2014. [DOI: 10.1186/s12983-014-0051-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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204
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205
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Fu G, Saunders G, Stevens J. Holm multiple correction for large-scale gene-shape association mapping. BMC Genet 2014; 15 Suppl 1:S5. [PMID: 25079623 PMCID: PMC4118635 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2156-15-s1-s5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Linkage Disequilibrium (LD) is a powerful approach for the identification and characterization of morphological shape, which usually involves multiple genetic markers. However, multiple testing corrections substantially reduce the power of the associated tests. In addition, the principle component analysis (PCA), used to quantify the shape variations into several principal phenotypes, further increases the number of tests. As a result, a powerful multiple testing correction for simultaneous large-scale gene-shape association tests is an essential part of determining statistical significance. Bonferroni adjustments and permutation tests are the most popular approaches to correcting for multiple tests within LD based Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL) models. However, permutations are extremely computationally expensive and may mislead in the presence of family structure. The Bonferroni correction, though simple and fast, is conservative and has low power for large-scale testing. Results We propose a new multiple testing approach, constructed by combining an Intersection Union Test (IUT) with the Holm correction, which strongly controls the family-wise error rate (FWER) without any additional assumptions on the joint distribution of the test statistics or dependence structure of the markers. The power improvement for the Holm correction, as compared to the standard Bonferroni correction, is examined through a simulation study. A consistent and moderate increase in power is found under the majority of simulated circumstances, including various sample sizes, Heritabilities, and numbers of markers. The power gains are further demonstrated on real leaf shape data from a natural population of poplar, Populus szechuanica var tietica, where more significant QTL associated with morphological shape are detected than under the previously applied Bonferroni adjustment. Conclusion The Holm correction is a valid and powerful method for assessing gene-shape association involving multiple markers, which not only controls the FWER in the strong sense but also improves statistical power.
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206
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Shape variation in the Skull Within and Between Wild Populations of the Raccoon Dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides) in Japan. MAMMAL STUDY 2014. [DOI: 10.3106/041.039.0206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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207
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Hedgehog signaling mediates adaptive variation in a dynamic functional system in the cichlid feeding apparatus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:8530-4. [PMID: 24912175 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1323154111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Adaptive variation in the craniofacial skeleton is a key component of resource specialization and habitat divergence in vertebrates, but the proximate genetic mechanisms that underlie complex patterns of craniofacial variation are largely unknown. Here we demonstrate that the Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway mediates widespread variation across a complex functional system that affects the kinematics of lower jaw depression--the opercular four-bar linkage apparatus--among Lake Malawi cichlids. By using a combined quantitative trait locus mapping and population genetics approach, we show that allelic variation in the Hh receptor, ptch1, affects the development of distinct bony elements in the head that represent two of three movable links in this functional system. The evolutionarily derived allele is found in species that feed from the water column, and is associated with shifts in anatomy that translate to a four-bar system capable of faster jaw rotation. Alternatively, the ancestral allele is found in species that feed on attached algae, and is associated with the development of a four-bar system that predicts slower jaw movement. Experimental manipulation of the Hh pathway during cichlid development recapitulates functionally salient natural variation in craniofacial geometry. In all, these results significantly extend our understanding of the mechanisms that fine-tune the craniofacial skeletal complex during adaptation to new foraging niches.
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208
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Abstract
1. Sexual size dimorphism (SSD) is a common phenomenon in animals. Rensch's rule states that larger species generally exhibit a higher male to female body size ratio than smaller ones. 2. Domesticated animals offer excellent opportunities for testing predictions of the functional explanations of Rensch's rule and this was tested in a meta-analysis of SSD in 38 breeds of domestic geese compared among themselves and with their wild relatives (subfamily Anserinae, 35 species). 3. Domestic geese and wild Anser species taken together supported Rench's rule but the wild species did not. 4. The non-targeted sex selection hypothesis seems to provide the best intuitive explanation for the lack of SSD in geese.
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Affiliation(s)
- P M Parés-Casanova
- a Department of Animal Production , University of Lleida , 25198 Lleida , Spain
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209
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Arias-Martorell J, Potau JM, Bello-Hellegouarch G, Pérez-Pérez A. Brief communication: Developmental versus functional three-dimensional geometric morphometric-based modularity of the human proximal humerus. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2014; 154:459-65. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.22520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Arias-Martorell
- Anthropology Unit; Animal Biology Department; University of Barcelona; 08028 Barcelona Spain
| | - Josep Maria Potau
- Anthropology Unit; Animal Biology Department; University of Barcelona; 08028 Barcelona Spain
| | | | - Alejandro Pérez-Pérez
- Anthropology Unit; Animal Biology Department; University of Barcelona; 08028 Barcelona Spain
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210
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Crowther MS, Fillios M, Colman N, Letnic M. An updated description of the
A
ustralian dingo (
C
anis dingo
M
eyer, 1793). J Zool (1987) 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/jzo.12134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. S. Crowther
- School of Biological Sciences University of Sydney Sydney NSW Australia
| | - M. Fillios
- Department of Archaeology University of Sydney Sydney NSW Australia
| | - N. Colman
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment University of Western Sydney Penrith NSW Australia
| | - M. Letnic
- Centre for Ecosystem Science School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences University of New South Wales Sydney NSW Australia
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211
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212
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Tsuboi M, Gonzalez-Voyer A, Kolm N. Phenotypic integration of brain size and head morphology in Lake Tanganyika Cichlids. BMC Evol Biol 2014; 14:39. [PMID: 24593160 PMCID: PMC4015177 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-14-39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Phenotypic integration among different anatomical parts of the head is a common phenomenon across vertebrates. Interestingly, despite centuries of research into the factors that contribute to the existing variation in brain size among vertebrates, little is known about the role of phenotypic integration in brain size diversification. Here we used geometric morphometrics on the morphologically diverse Tanganyikan cichlids to investigate phenotypic integration across key morphological aspects of the head. Then, while taking the effect of shared ancestry into account, we tested if head shape was associated with brain size while controlling for the potentially confounding effect of feeding strategy. Results The shapes of the anterior and posterior parts of the head were strongly correlated, indicating that the head represents an integrated morphological unit in Lake Tanganyika cichlids. After controlling for phylogenetic non-independence, we also found evolutionary associations between head shape, brain size and feeding ecology. Conclusions Geometric morphometrics and phylogenetic comparative analyses revealed that the anterior and posterior parts of the head are integrated, and that head morphology is associated with brain size and feeding ecology in Tanganyikan cichlid fishes. In light of previous results on mammals, our results suggest that the influence of phenotypic integration on brain diversification is a general process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahito Tsuboi
- Department of Animal Ecology, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18D, 75236 Uppsala, Sweden.
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213
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Openshaw GH, Keogh JS. Head shape evolution in monitor lizards (Varanus
): interactions between extreme size disparity, phylogeny and ecology. J Evol Biol 2014; 27:363-73. [DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Revised: 11/10/2013] [Accepted: 11/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G. H. Openshaw
- Division of Evolution, Ecology & Genetics; Research School of Biology; The Australian National University; Canberra ACT Australia
| | - J. S. Keogh
- Division of Evolution, Ecology & Genetics; Research School of Biology; The Australian National University; Canberra ACT Australia
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214
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Reponen SEM, Brown SK, Barnett BD, Sacks BN. Genetic and morphometric evidence on a Galápagos Island exposes founder effects and diversification in the first-known (truly) feral western dog population. Mol Ecol 2013; 23:269-83. [PMID: 24261528 DOI: 10.1111/mec.12595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2013] [Revised: 11/14/2013] [Accepted: 11/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Domesticated animals that revert to a wild state can become invasive and significantly impact native biodiversity. Although dogs can be problematic locally, only the Australasian dingo is known to occur in isolation from humans. Western dogs have experienced more intense artificial selection, which potentially limits their invasiveness. However, feral dogs eradicated from Isabela Island, Galápagos in the 1980s could be the first-known exception. We used DNA and morphometric data from 92 of these dogs to test the hypotheses that (i) these dogs persisted independently of humans for up to a century and a half since descending from a handful of dogs introduced in the early 1800s, vs. (ii) similarly to other western feral dog populations, they reflected continuous recruitment of strays from human settlements on a portion of the Island. We detected one dominant maternal lineage and one dominant paternal lineage shared by the three subpopulations, along with low autosomal genetic diversity, consistent with the hypothesized common origins from a small founder population. Genetic diversity patterns among the three island subpopulations were consistent with stepping-stone founder effects, while morphometric differentiation suggested rapid phenotypic divergence, possibly due to drift and reinforced by selection corresponding to distinct microclimates and habitats on Isabela. Despite the continued presence of free-ranging dogs in the vicinity of settlements on Isabela and other Galápagos Islands, feral populations have not reestablished in remote areas since the 1980s, emphasizing the rarity of conditions necessary for feralization of modern western dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sini E M Reponen
- Mammalian Ecology and Conservation Unit, Veterinary Genetics Laboratory, University of California, One Shields Avenue/Old Davis Road, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Sarah K Brown
- Mammalian Ecology and Conservation Unit, Veterinary Genetics Laboratory, University of California, One Shields Avenue/Old Davis Road, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.,Department of Anthropology, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Bruce D Barnett
- Barnett Environmental, 5214 El Cemonte Ave., Davis, CA, 95618, USA
| | - Benjamin N Sacks
- Mammalian Ecology and Conservation Unit, Veterinary Genetics Laboratory, University of California, One Shields Avenue/Old Davis Road, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.,Department of Population Health and Reproduction, University of California, One Shields Avenue/Old Davis Road, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
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215
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Santana SE, Lofgren SE. Does nasal echolocation influence the modularity of the mammal skull? J Evol Biol 2013; 26:2520-6. [DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2013] [Revised: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S. E. Santana
- Department of Biology and Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture; University of Washington; Seattle WA USA
| | - S. E. Lofgren
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies; University of Edinburgh; Edinburgh UK
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216
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Segura V, Prevosti F, Cassini G. Cranial ontogeny in the Puma lineage,Puma concolor,Herpailurus yagouaroundi, andAcinonyx jubatus(Carnivora: Felidae): a three-dimensional geometric morphometric approach. Zool J Linn Soc 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Segura
- División Mastozoología; Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales Bernardino Rivadavia; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET); Buenos Aires; Argentina
| | - Francisco Prevosti
- División Mastozoología; Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales Bernardino Rivadavia; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET); Buenos Aires; Argentina
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217
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Suzuki TK. Modularity of a leaf moth-wing pattern and a versatile characteristic of the wing-pattern ground plan. BMC Evol Biol 2013; 13:158. [PMID: 23890367 PMCID: PMC3733769 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-13-158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2013] [Accepted: 07/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND One of the most intriguing questions in evolutionary developmental biology is how an insect acquires a mimicry pattern within its body parts. A striking example of pattern mimicry is found in the pattern diversity of moth and butterfly wings, which is thought to evolve from preexisting elements illustrated by the nymphalid ground plan (NGP). Previous studies demonstrated that individuality of the NGP facilitates the decoupling of associated common elements, leading to divergence. In contrast, recent studies on the concept of modularity have argued the importance of a combination of coupling and decoupling of the constituent elements. Here, we examine the modularity of a mimicry wing pattern in a moth and explore an evolvable characteristic of the NGP. RESULTS This study examined the wings of the noctuid moth Oraesia excavata, which closely resemble leaves with a leaf venation pattern. Based on a comparative morphological procedure, we found that this leaf pattern was formed by the NGP common elements. Using geometric morphometrics combined with network analysis, we found that each of the modules in the leaf pattern integrates the constituent components of the leaf venation pattern (i.e., the main and lateral veins). Moreover, the detected modules were established by coupling different common elements and decoupling even a single element into different modules. The modules of the O. excavata wing pattern were associated with leaf mimicry, not with the individuality of the NGP common elements. For comparison, we also investigated the modularity of a nonmimetic pattern in the noctuid moth Thyas juno. Quantitative analysis demonstrated that the modules of the T. juno wing pattern regularly corresponded to the individuality of the NGP common elements, unlike those in the O. excavata wing pattern. CONCLUSIONS This study provides the first evidence for modularity in a leaf mimicry pattern. The results suggest that the evolution of this pattern involves coupling and decoupling processes to originate these modules, free from the individuality of the NGP system. We propose that this evolution has been facilitated by a versatile characteristic of the NGP, allowing the association of freely modifiable subordinate common elements to make modules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takao K Suzuki
- Laboratory for Evolutionary Morphology, Center for Developmental Biology, RIKEN, Chuo-ku Kobe, Japan.
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218
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Abstract
A dog's craniofacial diversity is the result of continual human intervention in natural selection, a process that began tens of thousands of years ago. To date, we know little of the genetic underpinnings and developmental mechanisms that make dog skulls so morphologically plastic. In this Perspectives, we discuss the origins of dog skull shapes in terms of history and biology and highlight recent advances in understanding the genetics of canine skull shapes. Of particular interest are those molecular genetic changes that are associated with the development of distinct breeds.
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219
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Claverie T, Patek SN. MODULARITY AND RATES OF EVOLUTIONARY CHANGE IN A POWER-AMPLIFIED PREY CAPTURE SYSTEM. Evolution 2013; 67:3191-207. [DOI: 10.1111/evo.12185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2011] [Accepted: 05/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Claverie
- Department of Biology; Organismic and Evolutionary Biology Graduate Program; University of Massachusetts; Amherst Massachusetts
| | - S. N. Patek
- Department of Biology; Organismic and Evolutionary Biology Graduate Program; University of Massachusetts; Amherst Massachusetts
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220
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Ekdale EG. Comparative Anatomy of the Bony Labyrinth (Inner Ear) of Placental Mammals. PLoS One 2013; 8:e66624. [PMID: 23805251 PMCID: PMC3689836 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0066624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2012] [Accepted: 05/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Variation is a naturally occurring phenomenon that is observable at all levels of morphology, from anatomical variations of DNA molecules to gross variations between whole organisms. The structure of the otic region is no exception. The present paper documents the broad morphological diversity exhibited by the inner ear region of placental mammals using digital endocasts constructed from high-resolution X-ray computed tomography (CT). Descriptions cover the major placental clades, and linear, angular, and volumetric dimensions are reported. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS The size of the labyrinth is correlated to the overall body mass of individuals, such that large bodied mammals have absolutely larger labyrinths. The ratio between the average arc radius of curvature of the three semicircular canals and body mass of aquatic species is substantially lower than the ratios of related terrestrial taxa, and the volume percentage of the vestibular apparatus of aquatic mammals tends to be less than that calculated for terrestrial species. Aspects of the bony labyrinth are phylogenetically informative, including vestibular reduction in Cetacea, a tall cochlear spiral in caviomorph rodents, a low position of the plane of the lateral semicircular canal compared to the posterior canal in Cetacea and Carnivora, and a low cochlear aspect ratio in Primatomorpha. SIGNIFICANCE The morphological descriptions that are presented add a broad baseline of anatomy of the inner ear across many placental mammal clades, for many of which the structure of the bony labyrinth is largely unknown. The data included here complement the growing body of literature on the physiological and phylogenetic significance of bony labyrinth structures in mammals, and they serve as a source of data for future studies on the evolution and function of the vertebrate ear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric G. Ekdale
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, United States of America
- Department of Paleontology, San Diego Natural History Museum, San Diego, California, United States of America
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221
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Asahara M. Shape variation in the skull and lower carnassial in a wild population of raccoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides). Zoolog Sci 2013; 30:205-10. [PMID: 23480380 DOI: 10.2108/zsj.30.205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Individual variations in skull and lower carnassial morphology within a wild population of raccoon dog were examined using geometric morphometric techniques. We compared individual morphological variations by using relative warp analysis, and then tested morphological integration between the skull and carnassial by using partial least square (PLS) analysis. The most marked variation in skull shape was the dorsoventral flexion; i.e., deformation from klinorhynchy to airorhynchy. Two remarkable variations were observed, including tilting between the trigonid (or carnassial blade) and the talonid in the lower carnassial, and the relative sizes of the trigonid and the talonid. This observed variation in skull shape was similar to previous reports of variations among dog breeds that correlate with a polymorphism of the Runx2 gene. This polymorphism has also been reported to correlate with snout length, which is strongly related to carnivorous or omnivorous dietary adaptations, across the entire order Carnivora. Our results in the lower carnassial were also similar to previously reported patterns observed for carnivorous or omnivorous dietary adaptations among Carnivora. However, in our PLS analysis between skull and carnassial shapes, we only found a significant correlation in a lower dimension, suggesting a lower degree of integration. These results indicate that shape variations, which could be sources of natural selection in the skull and carnassial, were present in a wild population, suggesting high evolvability of these variations in the raccoon dog and the order Carnivora in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masakazu Asahara
- Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan.
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222
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Klingenberg CP, Marugán-Lobón J. Evolutionary Covariation in Geometric Morphometric Data: Analyzing Integration, Modularity, and Allometry in a Phylogenetic Context. Syst Biol 2013; 62:591-610. [DOI: 10.1093/sysbio/syt025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 267] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Peter Klingenberg
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK; and 2Unidad de Paleontología, Departamento de Biología, C/Darwin 2, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Marugán-Lobón
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK; and 2Unidad de Paleontología, Departamento de Biología, C/Darwin 2, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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223
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Jones AW, Palkovacs EP, Post DM. Recent parallel divergence in body shape and diet source of alewife life history forms. Evol Ecol 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10682-013-9650-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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224
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Evo-devo beyond morphology: from genes to resource use. Trends Ecol Evol 2013; 28:267-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2012.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2012] [Revised: 12/10/2012] [Accepted: 12/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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225
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Goswami A, Foley L, Weisbecker V. Patterns and implications of extensive heterochrony in carnivoran cranial suture closure. J Evol Biol 2013; 26:1294-306. [PMID: 23530892 PMCID: PMC4166780 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2012] [Revised: 01/10/2013] [Accepted: 01/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Heterochronic changes in the rate or timing of development underpin many evolutionary transformations. In particular, the onset and rate of bone development have been the focus of many studies across large clades. In contrast, the termination of bone growth, as estimated by suture closure, has been studied far less frequently, although a few recent studies have shown this to represent a variable, although poorly understood, aspect of developmental evolution. Here, we examine suture closure patterns across 25 species of carnivoran mammals, ranging from social-insectivores to hypercarnivores, to assess variation in suture closure across taxa, identify heterochronic shifts in a phylogenetic framework and elucidate the relationship between suture closure timing and ecology. Our results show that heterochronic shifts in suture closure are widespread across Carnivora, with several shifts identified for most major clades. Carnivorans differ from patterns identified for other mammalian clades in showing high variability of palatal suture closure, no correlation between size and level of suture closure, and little phylogenetic signal outside of musteloids. Results further suggest a strong influence of feeding ecology on suture closure pattern. Most of the species with high numbers of heterochronic shifts, such as the walrus and the aardwolf, feed on invertebrates, and these taxa also showed high frequency of closure of the mandibular symphysis, a state that is relatively rare among mammals. Overall, caniforms displayed more heterochronic shifts than feliforms, suggesting that evolutionary changes in suture closure may reflect the lower diversity of cranial morphology in feliforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Goswami
- Department of Genetics, Evolution & Environment, University College London, London, UK.
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226
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Figueirido B, Tseng ZJ, Martín-Serra A. SKULL SHAPE EVOLUTION IN DUROPHAGOUS CARNIVORANS. Evolution 2013; 67:1975-93. [DOI: 10.1111/evo.12059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2012] [Revised: 12/31/2012] [Accepted: 01/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Borja Figueirido
- Departamento de Ecología y Geología de la Facultad de Ciencias; Universidad de Málaga, 29071-Málaga; Spain
| | - Zhijie Jack Tseng
- Department of Vertebrate Paleontology; Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County; 900 Exposition Boulevard Los Angeles California 90007
| | - Alberto Martín-Serra
- Departamento de Ecología y Geología de la Facultad de Ciencias; Universidad de Málaga, 29071-Málaga; Spain
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227
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Quantitative genetic analysis of subspecific differences in body shape in the snail-feeding carabid beetle Damaster blaptoides. Heredity (Edinb) 2012; 110:86-93. [PMID: 23073391 DOI: 10.1038/hdy.2012.68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
A dimorphic pattern of macrocephalic (wide, short) and stenocephalic (narrow, long) body shapes is observed in snail-feeding carabid beetles globally. The former exhibits high performance in crushing snail shells with powerful jaws, whereas the latter specializes in eating snails' soft body directly by inserting the head into the shell. In the snail-feeding species Damaster blaptoides, the subspecies D. b. capito has a wide, short forebody, and D. b. fortunei has a narrow, long forebody. They exhibit distinct morphologies despite their geographic and phylogenetic proximity. To examine the genetic basis of the morphological differences between these two subspecies, we conducted quantitative genetic analyses by crossing these subspecies and producing F(1) and backcross hybrids. The hybrids had body shapes intermediate between the parental subspecies. The variation between wide, short and narrow, long forebodies was based on negative genetic correlations between width and length of the head and thorax. Between one and eight genetic factors were involved in the morphological differences between subspecies. We suggest that the morphological integration of forebody parts in a small number of loci has facilitated the marked morphological diversification between subspecies of D. blaptoides.
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228
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Martinez PA, Berbel-Filho WM, Jacobina UP. Is formalin fixation and ethanol preservation able to influence in geometric morphometric analysis? Fishes as a case study. ZOOMORPHOLOGY 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s00435-012-0176-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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229
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Frynta D, Baudyšová J, Hradcová P, Faltusová K, Kratochvíl L. Allometry of sexual size dimorphism in domestic dog. PLoS One 2012; 7:e46125. [PMID: 23049956 PMCID: PMC3458007 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0046125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2012] [Accepted: 08/28/2012] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The tendency for male-larger sexual size dimorphism (SSD) to scale with body size - a pattern termed Rensch's rule - has been empirically supported in many animal lineages. Nevertheless, its theoretical elucidation is a subject of debate. Here, we exploited the extreme morphological variability of domestic dog (Canis familiaris) to gain insights into evolutionary causes of this rule. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We studied SSD and its allometry among 74 breeds ranging in height from less than 19 cm in Chihuahua to about 84 cm in Irish wolfhound. In total, the dataset included 6,221 individuals. We demonstrate that most dog breeds are male-larger, and SSD in large breeds is comparable to SSD of their wolf ancestor. Among breeds, SSD becomes smaller with decreasing body size. The smallest breeds are nearly monomorphic. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE SSD among dog breeds follows the pattern consistent with Rensch's rule. The variability of body size and corresponding changes in SSD among breeds of a domestic animal shaped by artificial selection can help to better understand processes leading to emergence of Rensch's rule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Frynta
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Baudyšová
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Hradcová
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Faltusová
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lukáš Kratochvíl
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
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230
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Jojić V, Blagojević J, Vujošević M. Two-module organization of the mandible in the yellow-necked mouse: a comparison between two different morphometric approaches. J Evol Biol 2012; 25:2489-500. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2012.02612.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2012] [Revised: 07/11/2012] [Accepted: 08/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- V. Jojić
- Department of Genetic Research; Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”; University of Belgrade; Belgrade; Serbia
| | - J. Blagojević
- Department of Genetic Research; Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”; University of Belgrade; Belgrade; Serbia
| | - M. Vujošević
- Department of Genetic Research; Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”; University of Belgrade; Belgrade; Serbia
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231
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Grieco TM, Rizk OT, Hlusko LJ. A MODULAR FRAMEWORK CHARACTERIZES MICRO- AND MACROEVOLUTION OF OLD WORLD MONKEY DENTITIONS. Evolution 2012; 67:241-59. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2012.01757.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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232
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Pertoldi C, Sonne C, Wiig Ø, Baagøe HJ, Loeschcke V, Bechshøft TØ. East Greenland and Barents Sea polar bears (Ursus maritimus): adaptive variation between two populations using skull morphometrics as an indicator of environmental and genetic differences. Hereditas 2012; 149:99-107. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-5223.2012.02259.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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233
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Hallgrímsson B, Jamniczky HA, Young NM, Rolian C, Schmidt-Ott U, Marcucio RS. The generation of variation and the developmental basis for evolutionary novelty. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART B-MOLECULAR AND DEVELOPMENTAL EVOLUTION 2012; 318:501-17. [PMID: 22649039 DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.22448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2011] [Revised: 01/31/2012] [Accepted: 02/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Organisms exhibit an incredible diversity of form, a fact that makes the evolution of novelty seemingly self-evident. However, despite the "obvious" case for novelty, defining this concept in evolutionary terms is highly problematic, so much so that some have suggested discarding it altogether. Approaches to this problem tend to take either an adaptation- or development-based perspective, but we argue here that an exclusive focus on either of these misses the original intent of the novelty concept and undermines its practical utility. We propose instead that for a feature to be novel, it must have evolved both by a transition between adaptive peaks on the fitness landscape and that this transition must have overcome a previous developmental constraint. This definition focuses novelty on the explanation of apparently difficult or low-probability evolutionary transitions and highlights how the integration of developmental and functional considerations are necessary to evolutionary explanation. It further reinforces that novelty is a central concern not just of evolutionary developmental biology (i.e., "evo-devo") but of evolutionary biology more generally. We explore this definition of novelty in light of four examples that range from the obvious to subtle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedikt Hallgrímsson
- Department of Cell Biology & Anatomy, McCaig Bone and Joint Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
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234
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Rethinking dog domestication by integrating genetics, archeology, and biogeography. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:8878-83. [PMID: 22615366 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1203005109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The dog was the first domesticated animal but it remains uncertain when the domestication process began and whether it occurred just once or multiple times across the Northern Hemisphere. To ascertain the value of modern genetic data to elucidate the origins of dog domestication, we analyzed 49,024 autosomal SNPs in 1,375 dogs (representing 35 breeds) and 19 wolves. After combining our data with previously published data, we contrasted the genetic signatures of 121 breeds with a worldwide archeological assessment of the earliest dog remains. Correlating the earliest archeological dogs with the geographic locations of 14 so-called "ancient" breeds (defined by their genetic differentiation) resulted in a counterintuitive pattern. First, none of the ancient breeds derive from regions where the oldest archeological remains have been found. Second, three of the ancient breeds (Basenjis, Dingoes, and New Guinea Singing Dogs) come from regions outside the natural range of Canis lupus (the dog's wild ancestor) and where dogs were introduced more than 10,000 y after domestication. These results demonstrate that the unifying characteristic among all genetically distinct so-called ancient breeds is a lack of recent admixture with other breeds likely facilitated by geographic and cultural isolation. Furthermore, these genetically distinct ancient breeds only appear so because of their relative isolation, suggesting that studies of modern breeds have yet to shed light on dog origins. We conclude by assessing the limitations of past studies and how next-generation sequencing of modern and ancient individuals may unravel the history of dog domestication.
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236
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Olson ME. The developmental renaissance in adaptationism. Trends Ecol Evol 2012; 27:278-87. [PMID: 22326724 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2011.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2011] [Revised: 12/01/2011] [Accepted: 12/31/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
From an adaptation perspective, unoccupied patches of morphological space are inferred to be empty because they are of low fitness and selected against. These inferences hinge on venturesome assumptions, because emptiness is explained by low fitness and low fitness is inferred from emptiness. Moreover, non-adaptive factors, such as developmental constraint, could also plausibly account for empty morphospace. In response, biologists increasingly study ontogeny to test the assumption that unobserved phenotypes could be produced if selection were to favor them; finding that empty space morphologies can be readily produced in development helps reject constraint and lends support to adaptive hypotheses. This developmental approach to adaptation calls on manifold techniques, including embryology, artificial selection and comparative methods. Belying their diversity, all of these methods examine the causes of empty morphospace and mark a return of development, long excluded from traditional evolutionary biology, to adaptationist practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark E Olson
- Departamento de Botánica, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tercer Circuito de Ciudad Universitaria, México DF 04510, Mexico.
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237
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Evolutionary genomics of dog domestication. Mamm Genome 2012; 23:3-18. [DOI: 10.1007/s00335-011-9386-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2011] [Accepted: 11/29/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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238
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Gómez-Robles A, Polly PD. MORPHOLOGICAL INTEGRATION IN THE HOMININ DENTITION: EVOLUTIONARY, DEVELOPMENTAL, AND FUNCTIONAL FACTORS. Evolution 2012; 66:1024-43. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2011.01508.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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239
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Singh N, Harvati K, Hublin JJ, Klingenberg CP. Morphological evolution through integration: A quantitative study of cranial integration in Homo, Pan, Gorilla and Pongo. J Hum Evol 2012; 62:155-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2011.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2009] [Revised: 10/21/2011] [Accepted: 11/08/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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240
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Sanger TJ, Mahler DL, Abzhanov A, Losos JB. ROLES FOR MODULARITY AND CONSTRAINT IN THE EVOLUTION OF CRANIAL DIVERSITY AMONGANOLISLIZARDS. Evolution 2011; 66:1525-42. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2011.01519.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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241
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Martínez-Abadías N, Esparza M, Sjøvold T, González-José R, Santos M, Hernández M, Klingenberg CP. Pervasive genetic integration directs the evolution of human skull shape. Evolution 2011; 66:1010-23. [PMID: 22486686 DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2011.01496.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
It has long been unclear whether the different derived cranial traits of modern humans evolved independently in response to separate selection pressures or whether they resulted from the inherent morphological integration throughout the skull. In a novel approach to this issue, we combine evolutionary quantitative genetics and geometric morphometrics to analyze genetic and phenotypic integration in human skull shape. We measured human skulls in the ossuary of Hallstatt (Austria), which offer a unique opportunity because they are associated with genealogical data. Our results indicate pronounced covariation of traits throughout the skull. Separate simulations of selection for localized shape changes corresponding to some of the principal derived characters of modern human skulls produced outcomes that were similar to each other and involved a joint response in all of these traits. The data for both genetic and phenotypic shape variation were not consistent with the hypothesis that the face, cranial base, and cranial vault are completely independent modules but relatively strongly integrated structures. These results indicate pervasive integration in the human skull and suggest a reinterpretation of the selective scenario for human evolution where the origin of any one of the derived characters may have facilitated the evolution of the others.
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242
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Klingenberg CP, Duttke S, Whelan S, Kim M. Developmental plasticity, morphological variation and evolvability: a multilevel analysis of morphometric integration in the shape of compound leaves. J Evol Biol 2011; 25:115-29. [PMID: 22070353 DOI: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2011.02410.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The structure of compound leaves provides flexibility for morphological change by variation in the shapes, sizes and arrangement of leaflets. Here, we conduct a multilevel analysis of shape variation in compound leaves to explore the developmental plasticity and evolutionary potential that are the basis of diversification in leaf shape. We use the methods of geometric morphometrics to study the shapes of individual leaflets and whole leaves in 20 taxa of Potentilla (sensu lato). A newly developed test based on the bootstrap approach suggests that uncertainty in the molecular phylogeny precludes firm conclusions whether there is a phylogenetic signal in the data on leaf shape. For variation among taxa, variation within taxa, as well as fluctuating asymmetry, there is evidence of strong morphological integration. The patterns of variation are similar across all three levels, suggesting that integration within taxa may act as a constraint on evolutionary change.
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243
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Beyond bilateral symmetry: geometric morphometric methods for any type of symmetry. BMC Evol Biol 2011; 11:280. [PMID: 21958045 PMCID: PMC3209460 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-11-280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2011] [Accepted: 09/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies of symmetric structures have made important contributions to evolutionary biology, for example, by using fluctuating asymmetry as a measure of developmental instability or for investigating the mechanisms of morphological integration. Most analyses of symmetry and asymmetry have focused on organisms or parts with bilateral symmetry. This is not the only type of symmetry in biological shapes, however, because a multitude of other types of symmetry exists in plants and animals. For instance, some organisms have two axes of reflection symmetry (biradial symmetry; e.g. many algae, corals and flowers) or rotational symmetry (e.g. sea urchins and many flowers). So far, there is no general method for the shape analysis of these types of symmetry. RESULTS We generalize the morphometric methods currently used for the shape analysis of bilaterally symmetric objects so that they can be used for analyzing any type of symmetry. Our framework uses a mathematical definition of symmetry based on the theory of symmetry groups. This approach can be used to divide shape variation into a component of symmetric variation among individuals and one or more components of asymmetry. We illustrate this approach with data from a colonial coral that has ambiguous symmetry and thus can be analyzed in multiple ways. Our results demonstrate that asymmetric variation predominates in this dataset and that its amount depends on the type of symmetry considered in the analysis. CONCLUSIONS The framework for analyzing symmetry and asymmetry is suitable for studying structures with any type of symmetry in two or three dimensions. Studies of complex symmetries are promising for many contexts in evolutionary biology, such as fluctuating asymmetry, because these structures can potentially provide more information than structures with bilateral symmetry.
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Monteiro LR, Nogueira MR. Evolutionary patterns and processes in the radiation of phyllostomid bats. BMC Evol Biol 2011; 11:137. [PMID: 21605452 PMCID: PMC3130678 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-11-137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2010] [Accepted: 05/23/2011] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The phyllostomid bats present the most extensive ecological and phenotypic radiation known among mammal families. This group is an important model system for studies of cranial ecomorphology and functional optimisation because of the constraints imposed by the requirements of flight. A number of studies supporting phyllostomid adaptation have focused on qualitative descriptions or correlating functional variables and diet, but explicit tests of possible evolutionary mechanisms and scenarios for phenotypic diversification have not been performed. We used a combination of morphometric and comparative methods to test hypotheses regarding the evolutionary processes behind the diversification of phenotype (mandible shape and size) and diet during the phyllostomid radiation. Results The different phyllostomid lineages radiate in mandible shape space, with each feeding specialisation evolving towards different axes. Size and shape evolve quite independently, as the main directions of shape variation are associated with mandible elongation (nectarivores) or the relative size of tooth rows and mandibular processes (sanguivores and frugivores), which are not associated with size changes in the mandible. The early period of phyllostomid diversification is marked by a burst of shape, size, and diet disparity (before 20 Mya), larger than expected by neutral evolution models, settling later to a period of relative phenotypic and ecological stasis. The best fitting evolutionary model for both mandible shape and size divergence was an Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process with five adaptive peaks (insectivory, carnivory, sanguivory, nectarivory and frugivory). Conclusions The radiation of phyllostomid bats presented adaptive and non-adaptive components nested together through the time frame of the family's evolution. The first 10 My of the radiation were marked by strong phenotypic and ecological divergence among ancestors of modern lineages, whereas the remaining 20 My were marked by stasis around a number of probable adaptive peaks. A considerable amount of cladogenesis and speciation in this period is likely to be the result of non-adaptive allopatric divergence or adaptations to peaks within major dietary categories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro R Monteiro
- Department of Biological Sciences and Hull York Medical School, The University of Hull, Hull, HU6 7RX, UK.
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247
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Jojić V, Blagojević J, Vujošević M. B chromosomes and cranial variability in yellow-necked field mice (Apodemus flavicollis). J Mammal 2011. [DOI: 10.1644/10-mamm-a-158.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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248
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Webster M, Zelditch ML. Evolutionary Lability of Integration in Cambrian Ptychoparioid Trilobites. Evol Biol 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s11692-011-9110-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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249
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REMEŠ V, SZÉKELY T. Domestic chickens defy Rensch’s rule: sexual size dimorphism in chicken breeds. J Evol Biol 2010; 23:2754-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2010.02126.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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250
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Abstract
Increasingly, data on shape are analysed in combination with molecular genetic or ecological information, so that tools for geometric morphometric analysis are required. Morphometric studies most often use the arrangements of morphological landmarks as the data source and extract shape information from them by Procrustes superimposition. The MorphoJ software combines this approach with a wide range of methods for shape analysis in different biological contexts. The program offers an integrated and user-friendly environment for standard multivariate analyses such as principal components, discriminant analysis and multivariate regression as well as specialized applications including phylogenetics, quantitative genetics and analyses of modularity in shape data. MorphoJ is written in Java and versions for the Windows, Macintosh and Unix/Linux platforms are freely available from http://www.flywings.org.uk/MorphoJ_page.htm.
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