201
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Brennan IG, Keogh JS. Miocene biome turnover drove conservative body size evolution across Australian vertebrates. Proc Biol Sci 2018; 285:rspb.2018.1474. [PMID: 30333208 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2018.1474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
On deep time scales, changing climatic trends can have a predictable influence on macroevolution. From evidence of mass extinctions, we know that rapid climatic oscillations can indirectly open niche space and precipitate adaptive radiation, changing the course of ecological diversification. These dramatic shifts in the global climate, however, are rare events relative to extended periods of protracted climate change and biome turnover. It remains unclear whether during gradually changing periods, shifting habitats may instead promote non-adaptive speciation by facilitating allopatry and phenotypic conservatism. Using fossil-calibrated, species-level phylogenies for five Australian radiations comprising more than 800 species, we investigated temporal trends in biogeography and body size evolution. Here, we demonstrate that gradual Miocene cooling and aridification correlates with the restricted phenotypic diversification of multiple ecologically diverse vertebrate groups. This probably occurred as species ranges became fractured and isolated during continental biome restructuring, encouraging a shift towards conservatism in body size evolution. Our results provide further evidence that abiotic changes, not only biotic interactions, may act as selective forces influencing phenotypic macroevolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian G Brennan
- Division of Ecology and Evolution, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - J Scott Keogh
- Division of Ecology and Evolution, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
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202
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Law CJ, Duran E, Hung N, Richards E, Santillan I, Mehta RS. Effects of diet on cranial morphology and biting ability in musteloid mammals. J Evol Biol 2018; 31:1918-1931. [DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Revised: 09/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chris J. Law
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Coastal Biology Building University of California, Santa Cruz Santa Cruz CA USA
| | - Emma Duran
- Scotts Valley High School Scotts Valley CA USA
| | - Nancy Hung
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge MA USA
| | - Ekai Richards
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Coastal Biology Building University of California, Santa Cruz Santa Cruz CA USA
| | | | - Rita S. Mehta
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Coastal Biology Building University of California, Santa Cruz Santa Cruz CA USA
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203
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Aristide L, Bastide P, Dos Reis SF, Pires Dos Santos TM, Lopes RT, Perez SI. Multiple factors behind early diversification of skull morphology in the continental radiation of New World monkeys. Evolution 2018; 72:2697-2711. [PMID: 30246282 DOI: 10.1111/evo.13609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the origin of diversity is a fundamental problem in evolutionary biology. The null expectation for the evolutionary diversification is that all changes in biological diversity are the result of random processes. Adaptive radiations depart from this expectation as ecological factors and natural selection are supposed to play a central role in driving exceptional diversification. However, it is not well understood how large-scale continental radiations, given their characteristics, fit to these opposing theoretical models. Here, we used phylogenetic comparative methods and geometric morphometrics to study the evolutionary process of cranial diversification in the continental radiation of New World monkeys. Particularly, we tested several alternative evolutionary scenarios for morphological evolution in the clade. Results indicated that despite the platyrrhine radiation being old and geographically widespread, the formative patterns arising from the initial stages of diversification probably associated with an adaptive radiation can still be recognized today. We also show that no single explored factor (e.g., ecological or allometric) can be invoked as a complete explanation for the observed phenotypic diversity patterns in the clade and, moreover, that different cranial regions exhibit particular macroevolutionary patterns. Together, our results highlight the evident complexity behind large-scale evolutionary radiations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro Aristide
- División Antropología, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, 1900 La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,École Normale Supérieure, Paris Sciences et Lettres (PSL) Research University, Institut de Biologie de l'École Normale Supérieure (IBENS), CNRS UMR 8197, INSERM U1024, 46 rue d'Ulm, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Paul Bastide
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Herestraat 49 box 1030 BE-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sergio Furtado Dos Reis
- Departamento de Biologia Animal, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, CEP 13.083-862 Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Thaís M Pires Dos Santos
- Laboratório de Instrumentação Nuclear, Centro de Tecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Ilha do Fundão, CEP 21949-900, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ricardo T Lopes
- Laboratório de Instrumentação Nuclear, Centro de Tecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Ilha do Fundão, CEP 21949-900, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - S Ivan Perez
- División Antropología, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, 1900 La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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204
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Liedtke HC, Gower DJ, Wilkinson M, Gomez-Mestre I. Macroevolutionary shift in the size of amphibian genomes and the role of life history and climate. Nat Ecol Evol 2018; 2:1792-1799. [PMID: 30250158 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-018-0674-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The evolution and great diversity of genome size has been of long-standing interest to biologists, but has seldom been investigated on a broad phylogenetic scale. Here we present a comparative quantitative analysis of factors shaping genome size evolution in amphibians, the extant class of vertebrates with the largest variation in genome size. We find that amphibian genomes have undergone saltations in size, although these are rare and the evolutionary history of genome size in amphibians has otherwise been one of gradual, time-dependent variation (that is, Brownian motion). This macroevolutionary homogeneity is remarkable given the evolutionary and ecological diversity of most other aspects of the natural history of amphibians. Contrary to previous claims, we find no evidence for associations between life cycle complexity and genome size despite the high diversity of reproductive modes and the multiple events of independent evolution of divergent life cycles in the group. Climate (temperature and humidity) affects genome size indirectly, at least in frogs, as a consequence of its effect on premetamorphic developmental period, although directionality of the relationship between developmental period and genome size is not unequivocal.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Christoph Liedtke
- Ecology, Evolution and Developmental Group, Department of Wetland Ecology, Estación Biológica de Doñana (CSIC), Sevilla, Spain
| | - David J Gower
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, UK
| | - Mark Wilkinson
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, UK
| | - Ivan Gomez-Mestre
- Ecology, Evolution and Developmental Group, Department of Wetland Ecology, Estación Biológica de Doñana (CSIC), Sevilla, Spain.
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205
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Sauquet H, Magallón S. Key questions and challenges in angiosperm macroevolution. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2018; 219:1170-1187. [PMID: 29577323 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Contents Summary 1170 I. Introduction 1170 II. Six key questions 1172 III. Three key challenges 1177 IV. Conclusions 1181 Acknowledgements 1182 References 1183 SUMMARY: The origin and rapid diversification of angiosperms (flowering plants) represent one of the most intriguing topics in evolutionary biology. Despite considerable progress made in complementary fields over the last two decades (paleobotany, phylogenetics, ecology, evo-devo, genomics), many important questions remain. For instance, what has been the impact of mass extinctions on angiosperm diversification? Are the angiosperms an adaptive radiation? Has morphological evolution in angiosperms been gradual or pulsed? We propose that the recent and ongoing revolution in macroevolutionary methods provides an unprecedented opportunity to explore long-standing questions that probably hold important clues to understand present-day biodiversity. We present six key questions that explore the origin and diversification of angiosperms. We also identify three key challenges to address these questions: (1) the development of new integrative models that include diversification, multiple intrinsic and environmental traits, biogeography and the fossil record all at once, whilst accounting for sampling bias and heterogeneity of macroevolutionary processes through time and among lineages; (2) the need for large and standardized synthetic databases of morphological variation; and (3) continuous effort on sampling the fossil record, but with a revolution in current paleobotanical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hervé Sauquet
- National Herbarium of New South Wales (NSW), Royal Botanic Gardens and Domain Trust, Sydney, NSW, 2000, Australia
- Laboratoire Écologie, Systématique, Évolution, Université Paris-Sud, CNRS, UMR 8079, Orsay, 91405, France
| | - Susana Magallón
- Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, México City, 04510, México
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206
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Lewitus E. Inferring Evolutionary Process From Neuroanatomical Data. Front Neuroanat 2018; 12:54. [PMID: 30100868 PMCID: PMC6072856 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2018.00054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain evolution has interested neuroanatomists for over a century. These interests often fall on how free the brain is to evolve independently of the body, how free brain regions are to evolve independently of each other, and how different environmental and ecological factors affect the brain over evolutionary time. But despite major advances in phylogenetic methods, comparative neuroanatomists have tended to limit their macroevolutionary toolbox to regression-based analyses and ignored the scope of evolutionary process-based models at their disposal. This Review summarizes the history of comparative neuroanatomy and highlights the pitfalls of the methodologies traditionally used. It provides an overview of evolutionary process-based modeling approaches for investigating univariate and multivariate data, as well as more sophisticated methods that incorporate hypotheses about biotic and abiotic pressures that may drive brain evolution. The benefits of evolutionary process-based models, and shortcomings of regression-based ones, are illustrated with widely used neuroanatomical data. Ultimately, the intent of this Review is to be a guide for subsuming macroevolutionary methods not typically used in comparative neuroanatomy, in order to improve our understanding of how the brain evolves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Lewitus
- Institut de Biologie de l'ENS, Paris Sciences et Lettres Université, Paris, France
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207
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Keck F, Vasselon V, Rimet F, Bouchez A, Kahlert M. Boosting DNA metabarcoding for biomonitoring with phylogenetic estimation of operational taxonomic units' ecological profiles. Mol Ecol Resour 2018; 18:1299-1309. [PMID: 29923321 DOI: 10.1111/1755-0998.12919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
DNA metabarcoding has been introduced as a revolutionary way to identify organisms and monitor ecosystems. However, the potential of this approach for biomonitoring remains partially unfulfilled because a significant part of the sampled DNA cannot be affiliated to species due to incomplete reference libraries. Thus, biotic indices, which are based on the estimated abundances of species in a community and their ecological profiles, can be inaccurate. We propose to compute biotic indices using phylogenetic imputation of operational taxonomic units (OTUs') ecological profiles (OTU-PITI approach). First, OTUs sequences are inserted within a reference phylogeny. Second, OTUs' ecological profiles are estimated on the basis of their phylogenetic relationships with reference species whose ecology is known. Based on these ecological profiles, biotic indices can be computed using all available OTUs. Using freshwater diatoms as a case study, we show that short DNA barcodes can be placed accurately within a phylogeny and their ecological preferences estimated with a satisfactory level of precision. In the light of these results, we tested the approach with a data set of 139 environmental samples of benthic river diatoms for which the same biotic index (specific sensitivity index) was calculated using (a) traditional microscopy, (b) OTUs with taxonomic assignment approach, (c) OTUs with phylogenetic estimation of ecological profiles (OTU-PITI) and (d) OTU with taxonomic assignment completed by the phylogenetic approach (OTU-PITI) for unclassified OTUs. Using traditional microscopy as a reference, we found that the combination of the OTUs' taxonomic assignment completed by the phylogenetic method performed satisfactorily and substantially better than the other methods tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Keck
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.,UMR CARRTEL, INRA, Université Savoie Mont Blanc, Thonon, France
| | | | - Frédéric Rimet
- UMR CARRTEL, INRA, Université Savoie Mont Blanc, Thonon, France
| | - Agnès Bouchez
- UMR CARRTEL, INRA, Université Savoie Mont Blanc, Thonon, France
| | - Maria Kahlert
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
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208
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Ashman LG, Bragg JG, Doughty P, Hutchinson MN, Bank S, Matzke NJ, Oliver P, Moritz C. Diversification across biomes in a continental lizard radiation. Evolution 2018; 72:1553-1569. [PMID: 29972238 DOI: 10.1111/evo.13541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Revised: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Ecological opportunity is a powerful driver of evolutionary diversification, and predicts rapid lineage and phenotypic diversification following colonization of competitor-free habitats. Alternatively, topographic or environmental heterogeneity could be key to generating and sustaining diversity. We explore these hypotheses in a widespread lineage of Australian lizards: the Gehyra variegata group. This clade occurs across two biomes: the Australian monsoonal tropics (AMT), where it overlaps a separate, larger bodied clade of Gehyra and is largely restricted to rocks; and in the larger Australian arid zone (AAZ) where it has no congeners and occupies trees and rocks. New phylogenomic data and coalescent analyses of AAZ taxa resolve lineages and their relationships and reveal high diversity in the western AAZ (Pilbara region). The AMT and AAZ radiations represent separate radiations with no difference in speciation rates. Most taxa occur on rocks, with small geographic ranges relative to widespread generalist taxa across the vast central AAZ. Rock-dwelling and generalist taxa differ morphologically, but only the lineage-poor central AAZ taxa have accelerated evolution. This accords with increasing evidence that lineage and morphological diversity are poorly correlated, and suggests environmental heterogeneity and refugial dynamics have been more important than ecological release in elevating lineage diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- L G Ashman
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
| | - J G Bragg
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
- Royal Botanic Garden, Sydney, NSW 2000, Australia
| | - P Doughty
- Department of Terrestrial Zoology, Western Australian Museum, Perth, WA 6016, Australia
| | - M N Hutchinson
- South Australian Museum, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA 5042, Australia
| | - S Bank
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
- Johann-Friedrich-Blumenbach Institute for Zoology and Anthropology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen 37073, Germany
| | - N J Matzke
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - P Oliver
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
- Environmental Futures Research Institute, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia
- Biodiversity and Geosciences Program, Queensland Museum, Brisbane, QLD 4101, Australia
| | - C Moritz
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
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209
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Mayhew PJ. Comparative analysis of behavioural traits in insects. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2018; 27:52-60. [PMID: 30025635 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2018.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Revised: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Comparative studies of insect behaviour based on evolutionary trees are currently blossoming, because of the increasing ease of phylogeny estimation, the availability of new trait data to analyze, and a vast and growing array of statistical techniques for exploring data and testing hypotheses. These studies address not only the selective forces and constraints on insect behaviour, which are the realm of traditional behavioural ecology, but also their ecological and evolutionary consequences. Recent studies have significantly increased our understanding of foraging behaviour, interspecific interactions, locomotion and dispersal, communication and signalling, mate choice and sexual selection, parental care and the evolution of sociality. The curating of trait data remains a significant challenge to maximize the future potential of insect comparative studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Mayhew
- Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK.
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210
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Tucker CM, Davies TJ, Cadotte MW, Pearse WD. On the relationship between phylogenetic diversity and trait diversity. Ecology 2018; 99:1473-1479. [DOI: 10.1002/ecy.2349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Caroline M. Tucker
- Department of Biology University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Coker Hall, CB #3280 120 South Road Chapel Hill North Carolina 27599‐3280 USA
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive CNRS 1919, Route de Mende Montpellier Cedex 5 34293 France
| | - T. Jonathan Davies
- Department of Biology McGill University 1205 Avenue Docteur Penfield Montreal Quebec QC H3A 0G4 Canada
- African Centre for DNA Barcoding University of Johannesburg PO Box 524, Auckland Park Johannesburg 2006 South Africa
- Departments of Botany, Forest & Conservation Sciences University of British Columbia 6270 University Blvd. Vancouver British Columbia V6T 1Z4 Canada
| | - Marc W. Cadotte
- Department of Biological Sciences University of Toronto‐Scarborough 1265 Military Trail Toronto Ontario M1C 1A4 Canada
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Toronto 25 Willcocks St Toronto Ontario M5S 3B2 Canada
| | - William D. Pearse
- Department of Biology & Ecology Center Utah State University Logan Utah 84322 USA
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211
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Raia P, Boggioni M, Carotenuto F, Castiglione S, Di Febbraro M, Di Vincenzo F, Melchionna M, Mondanaro A, Papini A, Profico A, Serio C, Veneziano A, Vero VA, Rook L, Meloro C, Manzi G. Unexpectedly rapid evolution of mandibular shape in hominins. Sci Rep 2018; 8:7340. [PMID: 29743608 PMCID: PMC5943523 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-25309-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the hominins - namely the so-called 'australopiths' and the species of the genus Homo - are known to possess short and deep mandibles and relatively small incisors and canines. It is commonly assumed that this suite of traits evolved in early members of the clade in response to changing environmental conditions and increased consumption of though food items. With the emergence of Homo, the functional meaning of mandible shape variation is thought to have been weakened by technological advancements and (later) by the control over fire. In contrast to this expectation, we found that mandible shape evolution in hominins is exceptionally rapid as compared to any other primate clade, and that the direction and rate of shape change (from the ape ancestor) are no different between the australopiths and Homo. We deem several factors including the loss of honing complex, canine reduction, and the acquisition of different diets may have concurred in producing such surprisingly high evolutionary rates. This study reveals the evolution of mandibular shape in hominins has strong morpho-functional and ecological significance attached.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Raia
- Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Department of Earth Sciences, Environment and Resources, L.go San Marcellino 10, 80138, Naples, Italy.
| | - M Boggioni
- Università degli Studi di Roma La Sapienza, Department of Environmental Biology, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 5, 00185, Roma, Italy
| | - F Carotenuto
- Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Department of Earth Sciences, Environment and Resources, L.go San Marcellino 10, 80138, Naples, Italy
| | - S Castiglione
- Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Department of Earth Sciences, Environment and Resources, L.go San Marcellino 10, 80138, Naples, Italy
| | - M Di Febbraro
- Università degli Studi del Molise, Department of Biosciences and The Territory, Contrada Fonte Lappone, 86090, Pesche, Isernia, Italy
| | - F Di Vincenzo
- Università degli Studi di Roma La Sapienza, Department of Environmental Biology, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 5, 00185, Roma, Italy.,Istituto Italiano di Paleontologia Umana, Via Ulisse Aldrovandi, 18, 00197, Roma, Italy
| | - M Melchionna
- Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Department of Earth Sciences, Environment and Resources, L.go San Marcellino 10, 80138, Naples, Italy
| | - A Mondanaro
- Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Department of Earth Sciences, Environment and Resources, L.go San Marcellino 10, 80138, Naples, Italy.,Università degli Studi di Firenze, Department of Earth Sciences, Via Giorgio La Pira, 4, 50121, Florence, Italy
| | - A Papini
- Università degli Studi di Roma La Sapienza, Department of Environmental Biology, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 5, 00185, Roma, Italy
| | - A Profico
- Università degli Studi di Roma La Sapienza, Department of Environmental Biology, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 5, 00185, Roma, Italy
| | - C Serio
- Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Department of Earth Sciences, Environment and Resources, L.go San Marcellino 10, 80138, Naples, Italy
| | - A Veneziano
- Università degli Studi di Roma La Sapienza, Department of Environmental Biology, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 5, 00185, Roma, Italy
| | - V A Vero
- Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Department of Earth Sciences, Environment and Resources, L.go San Marcellino 10, 80138, Naples, Italy
| | - L Rook
- Università degli Studi di Firenze, Department of Earth Sciences, Via Giorgio La Pira, 4, 50121, Florence, Italy
| | - C Meloro
- Liverpool John Moores University, School of Natural Science and Psychology, Byrom Street, L3 3AF, Liverpool, UK
| | - G Manzi
- Università degli Studi di Roma La Sapienza, Department of Environmental Biology, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 5, 00185, Roma, Italy
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212
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García-Navas V, Rodríguez-Rey M. The Evolution of Climatic Niches and its Role in Shaping Diversity Patterns in Diprotodontid Marsupials. J MAMM EVOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10914-018-9435-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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213
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Evolutionary Mechanisms of Varying Chromosome Numbers in the Radiation of Erebia Butterflies. Genes (Basel) 2018; 9:genes9030166. [PMID: 29547586 PMCID: PMC5867887 DOI: 10.3390/genes9030166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2017] [Revised: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The evolution of intrinsic barriers to gene flow is a crucial step in the process of speciation. Chromosomal changes caused by fusion and fission events are one such barrier and are common in several groups of Lepidoptera. However, it remains unclear if and how chromosomal changes have contributed to speciation in this group. I tested for a phylogenetic signal of varying chromosome numbers in Erebia butterflies by combining existing sequence data with karyological information. I also compared different models of trait evolution in order to infer the underlying evolutionary mechanisms. Overall, I found significant phylogenetic signals that are consistent with non-neutral trait evolution only when parts of the mitochondrial genome were included, suggesting cytonuclear discordances. The adaptive evolutionary model tested in this study consistently outperformed the neutral model of trait evolution. Taken together, these results suggest that, unlike other Lepidoptera groups, changes in chromosome numbers may have played a role in the diversification of Erebia butterflies.
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214
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Cavender-Bares J, Kothari S, Meireles JE, Kaproth MA, Manos PS, Hipp AL. The role of diversification in community assembly of the oaks (Quercus L.) across the continental U.S. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2018; 105:565-586. [PMID: 29689630 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY Evolutionary and biogeographic history, including past environmental change and diversification processes, are likely to have influenced the expansion, migration, and extinction of populations, creating evolutionary legacy effects that influence regional species pools and the composition of communities. We consider the consequences of the diversification process in shaping trait evolution and assembly of oak-dominated communities throughout the continental United States (U.S.). METHODS Within the U.S. oaks, we tested for phylogenetic and functional trait patterns at different spatial scales, taking advantage of a dated phylogenomic analysis of American oaks and the U.S. Forest Service (USFS) Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA). KEY RESULTS We find (1) phylogenetic overdispersion at small grain sizes throughout the U.S. across all spatial extents and (2) a shift from overdispersion to clustering with increasing grain sizes. Leaf traits have evolved in a convergent manner, and these traits are clustered in communities at all spatial scales, except in the far west, where species with contrasting leaf types co-occur. CONCLUSIONS Our results support the hypotheses that (1) interspecific interactions were important in parallel adaptive radiation of the genus into a range of habitats across the continent and (2) that the diversification process is a critical driver of community assembly. Functional convergence of complementary species from distinct clades adapted to the same local habitats is a likely mechanism that allows distantly related species to coexist. Our findings contribute to an explanation of the long-term maintenance of high oak diversity and the dominance of the oak genus in North America.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeannine Cavender-Bares
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, 1479 Gortner Avenue, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Shan Kothari
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Minnesota, 1479 Gortner Ave, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - José Eduardo Meireles
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, 1479 Gortner Avenue, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Matthew A Kaproth
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, 1479 Gortner Avenue, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Minnesota State University, Mankato, MN, 56001, USA
| | - Paul S Manos
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Andrew L Hipp
- The Morton Arboretum, 4100 Illinois Route 53, Lisle, IL, 60532, USA
- The Field Museum, 1400 S Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, IL, 60605, USA
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215
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Leighton GM, Lees AC, Miller ET. The hairy–downy game revisited: an empirical test of the interspecific social dominance mimicry hypothesis. Anim Behav 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2018.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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216
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Adams DC, Collyer ML. Multivariate Phylogenetic Comparative Methods: Evaluations, Comparisons, and Recommendations. Syst Biol 2018. [PMID: 28633306 DOI: 10.1093/sysbio/syx055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent years have seen increased interest in phylogenetic comparative analyses of multivariate data sets, but to date the varied proposed approaches have not been extensively examined. Here we review the mathematical properties required of any multivariate method, and specifically evaluate existing multivariate phylogenetic comparative methods in this context. Phylogenetic comparative methods based on the full multivariate likelihood are robust to levels of covariation among trait dimensions and are insensitive to the orientation of the data set, but display increasing model misspecification as the number of trait dimensions increases. This is because the expected evolutionary covariance matrix (V) used in the likelihood calculations becomes more ill-conditioned as trait dimensionality increases, and as evolutionary models become more complex. Thus, these approaches are only appropriate for data sets with few traits and many species. Methods that summarize patterns across trait dimensions treated separately (e.g., SURFACE) incorrectly assume independence among trait dimensions, resulting in nearly a 100% model misspecification rate. Methods using pairwise composite likelihood are highly sensitive to levels of trait covariation, the orientation of the data set, and the number of trait dimensions. The consequences of these debilitating deficiencies are that a user can arrive at differing statistical conclusions, and therefore biological inferences, simply from a dataspace rotation, like principal component analysis. By contrast, algebraic generalizations of the standard phylogenetic comparative toolkit that use the trace of covariance matrices are insensitive to levels of trait covariation, the number of trait dimensions, and the orientation of the data set. Further, when appropriate permutation tests are used, these approaches display acceptable Type I error and statistical power. We conclude that methods summarizing information across trait dimensions, as well as pairwise composite likelihood methods should be avoided, whereas algebraic generalizations of the phylogenetic comparative toolkit provide a useful means of assessing macroevolutionary patterns in multivariate data. Finally, we discuss areas in which multivariate phylogenetic comparative methods are still in need of future development; namely highly multivariate Ornstein-Uhlenbeck models and approaches for multivariate evolutionary model comparisons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dean C Adams
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA.,Department of Statistics, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
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217
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Fišer C, Robinson CT, Malard F. Cryptic species as a window into the paradigm shift of the species concept. Mol Ecol 2018; 27:613-635. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.14486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 263] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Revised: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cene Fišer
- SubBio Lab; Department of Biology; Biotechnical Faculty; University of Ljubljana; Ljubljana Slovenia
| | - Christopher T. Robinson
- Department of Aquatic Ecology; Eawag; Dübendorf Switzerland
- Institute of Integrative Biology; ETH Zürich; Zürich Switzerland
| | - Florian Malard
- Université Lyon; Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1; CNRS; ENTPE; UMR5023 LEHNA Villeurbanne France
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218
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Mazel F, Mooers AO, Riva GVD, Pennell MW. Conserving Phylogenetic Diversity Can Be a Poor Strategy for Conserving Functional Diversity. Syst Biol 2018; 66:1019-1027. [PMID: 28595366 DOI: 10.1093/sysbio/syx054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
For decades, academic biologists have advocated for making conservation decisions in light of evolutionary history. Specifically, they suggest that policy makers should prioritize conserving phylogenetically diverse assemblages. The most prominent argument is that conserving phylogenetic diversity (PD) will also conserve diversity in traits and features (functional diversity [FD]), which may be valuable for a number of reasons. The claim that PD-maximized ("maxPD") sets of taxa will also have high FD is often taken at face value and in cases where researchers have actually tested it, they have done so by measuring the phylogenetic signal in ecologically important functional traits. The rationale is that if traits closely mirror phylogeny, then saving the maxPD set of taxa will tend to maximize FD and if traits do not have phylogenetic structure, then saving the maxPD set of taxa will be no better at capturing FD than criteria that ignore PD. Here, we suggest that measuring the phylogenetic signal in traits is uninformative for evaluating the effectiveness of using PD in conservation. We evolve traits under several different models and, for the first time, directly compare the FD of a set of taxa that maximize PD to the FD of a random set of the same size. Under many common models of trait evolution and tree shapes, conserving the maxPD set of taxa will conserve more FD than conserving a random set of the same size. However, this result cannot be generalized to other classes of models. We find that under biologically plausible scenarios, using PD to select species can actually lead to less FD compared with a random set. Critically, this can occur even when there is phylogenetic signal in the traits. Predicting exactly when we expect using PD to be a good strategy for conserving FD is challenging, as it depends on complex interactions between tree shape and the assumptions of the evolutionary model. Nonetheless, if our goal is to maintain trait diversity, the fact that conserving taxa based on PD will not reliably conserve at least as much FD as choosing randomly raises serious concerns about the general utility of PD in conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florent Mazel
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby BC V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Arne O Mooers
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby BC V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Giulio Valentino Dalla Riva
- Department of Zoology and Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Matthew W Pennell
- Department of Zoology and Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
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219
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McLean BS, Helgen KM, Goodwin HT, Cook JA. Trait‐specific processes of convergence and conservatism shape ecomorphological evolution in ground‐dwelling squirrels. Evolution 2018; 72:473-489. [DOI: 10.1111/evo.13422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bryan S. McLean
- Department of Biology and Museum of Southwestern Biology University of New Mexico Albuquerque New Mexico 87131
- Florida Museum of Natural History University of Florida Gainesville Florida 32611
| | - Kristofer M. Helgen
- School of Biological Sciences University of Adelaide Adelaide SA 5005 Australia
| | - H. Thomas Goodwin
- Department of Biology Andrews University Berrien Springs Michigan 49104
| | - Joseph A. Cook
- Department of Biology and Museum of Southwestern Biology University of New Mexico Albuquerque New Mexico 87131
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220
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Joly S, Lambert F, Alexandre H, Clavel J, Léveillé‐Bourret É, Clark JL. Greater pollination generalization is not associated with reduced constraints on corolla shape in Antillean plants. Evolution 2018; 72:244-260. [DOI: 10.1111/evo.13410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Simon Joly
- Montreal Botanical Garden 4101 Sherbrooke East Montréal QC, H1X 2B2 Canada
- Institut de recherche en biologie végétale, Département de sciences biologiquesUniversité de MontréalMontréal Canada
| | - François Lambert
- Institut de recherche en biologie végétale, Département de sciences biologiquesUniversité de MontréalMontréal Canada
| | - Hermine Alexandre
- Institut de recherche en biologie végétale, Département de sciences biologiquesUniversité de MontréalMontréal Canada
| | - Julien Clavel
- École Normale Supérieure, Paris Sciences et Lettres (PSL) Research University, Institut de Biologie de l'École Normale Supérieure (IBENS), CNRS UMR 8197, INSERM U1024, 46 rue d'Ulm F‐75005 Paris France
| | - Étienne Léveillé‐Bourret
- Institut de recherche en biologie végétale, Département de sciences biologiquesUniversité de MontréalMontréal Canada
- Current Address: Department of BiologyUniversity of OttawaOttawa Canada
| | - John L. Clark
- Department of Biological SciencesThe University of AlabamaTuscaloosa, Alabama 35487
- Science DepartmentThe Lawrenceville SchoolLawrenceville, New Jersey U.S.A
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221
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Arnold P, Esteve-Altava B, Fischer MS. Musculoskeletal networks reveal topological disparity in mammalian neck evolution. BMC Evol Biol 2017; 17:251. [PMID: 29237396 PMCID: PMC5729486 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-017-1101-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The increase in locomotor and metabolic performance during mammalian evolution was accompanied by the limitation of the number of cervical vertebrae to only seven. In turn, nuchal muscles underwent a reorganization while forelimb muscles expanded into the neck region. As variation in the cervical spine is low, the variation in the arrangement of the neck muscles and their attachment sites (i.e., the variability of the neck's musculoskeletal organization) is thus proposed to be an important source of neck disparity across mammals. Anatomical network analysis provides a novel framework to study the organization of the anatomical arrangement, or connectivity pattern, of the bones and muscles that constitute the mammalian neck in an evolutionary context. RESULTS Neck organization in mammals is characterized by a combination of conserved and highly variable network properties. We uncovered a conserved regionalization of the musculoskeletal organization of the neck into upper, mid and lower cervical modules. In contrast, there is a varying degree of complexity or specialization and of the integration of the pectoral elements. The musculoskeletal organization of the monotreme neck is distinctively different from that of therian mammals. CONCLUSIONS Our findings reveal that the limited number of vertebrae in the mammalian neck does not result in a low musculoskeletal disparity when examined in an evolutionary context. However, this disparity evolved late in mammalian history in parallel with the radiation of certain lineages (e.g., cetartiodactyls, xenarthrans). Disparity is further facilitated by the enhanced incorporation of forelimb muscles into the neck and their variability in attachment sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Arnold
- Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
- Institut für Spezielle Zoologie und Evolutionsbiologie mit Phyletischem Museum, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Borja Esteve-Altava
- Structure & Motion Lab, Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, UK
| | - Martin S. Fischer
- Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
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222
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Alexandre H, Faure J, Ginzbarg S, Clark J, Joly S. Bioclimatic niches are conserved and unrelated to pollination syndromes in Antillean Gesneriaceae. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2017; 4:170293. [PMID: 29291050 PMCID: PMC5717624 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.170293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The study of the evolution of abiotic niches can be informative regarding the speciation drivers in a given group. Yet, two factors that could potentially affect niche evolution have seldom been addressed concomitantly, which are biotic interactions and geographical isolation. In this study, we used as a model group the Antillean plant genera Gesneria and Rhytidophyllum (Gesneriaceae) to evaluate the effect of pollinators and geographical isolation on the bioclimatic niche. These genera possess species characterized by interspecific geographical isolation in different islands and are pollinated by different pollinators. Some species are pollinated by hummingbirds, other by bats, while some are more generalists and are pollinated by pollinators from both functional groups. After describing the bioclimatic niches of plant species, we measured niche overlap for species pairs and we fitted Brownian motion and Ornstein-Uhlenbeck (OU) evolution models with multiple evolutionary regimes to test for an effect of pollination strategy or geographical isolation on bioclimatic niche evolution of these plants. The analysis of niche overlap between plant species, which could not be corrected for phylogenetic relationships, showed that it was significantly influenced by pollination mode and island distribution. By contrast, the best fitting evolutionary model on niche optima and tolerance was always an OU model with a unique selective regime, suggesting that neither pollination strategy nor island isolation had an important effect on bioclimatic niches at a macroevolutionary scale. Instead, we conclude that bioclimatic niches of Antillean Gesneriaceae evolved under phylogenetic conservatism and hypothesize that this macroevolutionary pattern could result from adaptation to temporally variable climates in the Antilles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hermine Alexandre
- Institut de Recherche en Biologie Végétale, Université de Montréal, 4101 Sherbrooke East, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H1X2B2
| | - Julie Faure
- Institut de Recherche en Biologie Végétale, Université de Montréal, 4101 Sherbrooke East, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H1X2B2
| | - Steven Ginzbarg
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487-0344, USA
| | - John Clark
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487-0344, USA
- Science Department, The Lawrenceville School, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648-1699, USA
| | - Simon Joly
- Institut de Recherche en Biologie Végétale, Université de Montréal, 4101 Sherbrooke East, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H1X2B2
- Montreal Botanical Garden, 4101 Rue Sherbrooke E, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H1X 2B2
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223
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Püschel TA, Gladman JT, Bobe R, Sellers WI. The evolution of the platyrrhine talus: A comparative analysis of the phenetic affinities of the Miocene platyrrhines with their modern relatives. J Hum Evol 2017; 111:179-201. [PMID: 28874270 PMCID: PMC5603972 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2017.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Revised: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Platyrrhines are a diverse group of primates that presently occupy a broad range of tropical-equatorial environments in the Americas. However, most of the fossil platyrrhine species of the early Miocene have been found at middle and high latitudes. Although the fossil record of New World monkeys has improved considerably over the past several years, it is still difficult to trace the origin of major modern clades. One of the most commonly preserved anatomical structures of early platyrrhines is the talus. This work provides an analysis of the phenetic affinities of extant platyrrhine tali and their Miocene counterparts through geometric morphometrics and a series of phylogenetic comparative analyses. Geometric morphometrics was used to quantify talar shape affinities, while locomotor mode percentages (LMPs) were used to test if talar shape is associated with locomotion. Comparative analyses were used to test if there was convergence in talar morphology, as well as different models that could explain the evolution of talar shape and size in platyrrhines. Body mass predictions for the fossil sample were also computed using the available articular surfaces. The results showed that most analyzed fossils exhibit a generalized morphology that is similar to some 'generalist' modern species. It was found that talar shape covaries with LMPs, thus allowing the inference of locomotion from talar morphology. The results further suggest that talar shape diversification can be explained by invoking a model of shifts in adaptive peak to three optima representing a phylogenetic hypothesis in which each platyrrhine family occupied a separate adaptive peak. The analyses indicate that platyrrhine talar centroid size diversification was characterized by an early differentiation related to a multidimensional niche model. Finally, the ancestral platyrrhine condition was reconstructed as a medium-sized, generalized, arboreal, quadruped.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A Püschel
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Manchester, M13 9PL, United Kingdom.
| | - Justin T Gladman
- Department of Anthropology, The Graduate Center, CUNY, New York, NY, USA; NYCEP, New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology, New York, NY, USA
| | - René Bobe
- Departamento de Antropología, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Institute of Cognitive and Evolutionary Anthropology, School of Anthropology, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - William I Sellers
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Manchester, M13 9PL, United Kingdom
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224
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Kilbourne BM. Selective regimes and functional anatomy in the mustelid forelimb: Diversification toward specializations for climbing, digging, and swimming. Ecol Evol 2017; 7:8852-8863. [PMID: 29152182 PMCID: PMC5677490 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Revised: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Anatomical traits associated with locomotion often exhibit specializations for ecological niche, suggesting that locomotor specializations may constitute selective regimes acting on limb skeletal traits. To test this, I sampled 42 species of Mustelidae, encompassing climbing, digging, and swimming specialists, and determined whether trait variation reflects locomotor specialization by performing a principal components analysis on 14 forelimb traits. In addition to Brownian motion models, three Ornstein–Uhlenbeck models of selective regimes were applied to PC scores describing trait variation among mustelids: one without a priori defined phenotypic optima, one with optima based upon locomotor habit, and one with a single phenotypic optimum. PC1, which explained 43.8% of trait variance, represented a trade‐off in long bone gracility and deltoid ridge length vs. long robustness and olecranon process length and distinguished between climbing specialists and remaining mustelids. PC2, which explained 17.4% of trait variance, primarily distinguished the sea otter from other mustelids. Best fitting trait diversification models are selective regimes differentiating between scansorial and nonscansorial mustelids (PC1) and selective regimes distinguishing the sea otter and steppe polecat from remaining mustelids (PC2). Phylogenetic half‐life values relative to branch lengths suggest that, in spite of a strong rate of adaptation, there is still the influence of past trait values. However, simulations of likelihood ratios suggest that the best fitting models are not fully adequate to explain morphological diversification within extant mustelids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon M Kilbourne
- Museum für Naturkunde Leibniz-Institut für Evolutions- und Biodiversitätsforschung Berlin Germany
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225
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The ancestral flower of angiosperms and its early diversification. Nat Commun 2017; 8:16047. [PMID: 28763051 PMCID: PMC5543309 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms16047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in molecular phylogenetics and a series of important palaeobotanical discoveries have revolutionized our understanding of angiosperm diversification. Yet, the origin and early evolution of their most characteristic feature, the flower, remains poorly understood. In particular, the structure of the ancestral flower of all living angiosperms is still uncertain. Here we report model-based reconstructions for ancestral flowers at the deepest nodes in the phylogeny of angiosperms, using the largest data set of floral traits ever assembled. We reconstruct the ancestral angiosperm flower as bisexual and radially symmetric, with more than two whorls of three separate perianth organs each (undifferentiated tepals), more than two whorls of three separate stamens each, and more than five spirally arranged separate carpels. Although uncertainty remains for some of the characters, our reconstruction allows us to propose a new plausible scenario for the early diversification of flowers, leading to new testable hypotheses for future research on angiosperms.
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226
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Caetano DS, Harmon LJ. ratematrix: An
R
package for studying evolutionary integration among several traits on phylogenetic trees. Methods Ecol Evol 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/2041-210x.12826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel S. Caetano
- Department of Biological Sciences Institute for Bioinformatics and Evolutionary Studies (IBEST) University of Idaho Moscow ID USA
| | - Luke J. Harmon
- Department of Biological Sciences Institute for Bioinformatics and Evolutionary Studies (IBEST) University of Idaho Moscow ID USA
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227
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Frédérich B, Santini F, Konow N, Schnitzler J, Lecchini D, Alfaro ME. Body shape convergence driven by small size optimum in marine angelfishes. Biol Lett 2017; 13:20170154. [PMID: 28615351 PMCID: PMC5493737 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2017.0154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Convergent evolution of small body size occurs across many vertebrate clades and may reflect an evolutionary response to shared selective pressures. However it remains unclear if other aspects of phenotype undergo convergent evolution in miniaturized lineages. Here we present a comparative analysis of body size and shape evolution in marine angelfishes (Pomacanthidae), a reef fish family characterized by repeated transitions to small body size. We ask if lineages that evolve small sizes show convergent evolution in body shape. Our results reveal that angelfish lineages evolved three different stable size optima with one corresponding to the group of pygmy angelfishes (Centropyge). Then, we test if the observed shifts in body size are associated with changes to new adaptive peaks in shape. Our data suggest that independent evolution to small size optima have induced repeated convergence upon deeper body and steeper head profile in Centropyge These traits may favour manoeuvrability and visual awareness in these cryptic species living among corals, illustrating that functional demands on small size may be related to habitat specialization and predator avoidance. The absence of shape convergence in large marine angelfishes also suggests that more severe requirements exist for small than for large size optima.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Frédérich
- Laboratoire de Morphologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, Université de Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | | | - Nicolai Konow
- Department of Biological Sciences, UMass, Lowell, MA, USA
| | - Joseph Schnitzler
- Institute for Terrestrial and Aquatic Wildlife Research, TiHo Hannover, Büsum, Germany
| | - David Lecchini
- USR 3278, PSL, Labex 'Corail', CRIOBE, Moorea, French Polynesia
| | - Michael E Alfaro
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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228
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Thacker CE. Patterns of divergence in fish species separated by the Isthmus of Panama. BMC Evol Biol 2017; 17:111. [PMID: 28486928 PMCID: PMC5424344 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-017-0957-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The Pleistocene closure of Isthmus of Panama, separating the basins of the Eastern Pacific and the Caribbean Sea, created a unique natural experiment that reveals how marine faunas respond to environmental change. To explore how fishes have been affected by this tectonic event, I compare transisthmian patterns in phylogeny and morphology for geminate lineages in two families, Eleotridae (sleepers) and Apogonidae (cardinalfishes). Results Time-calibrated phylogenies for these families show different diversification patterns. In Eleotridae, several independent shallow instances of transisthmian divergences occur, with one or a few species on either side of the Isthmus. Among Apogonidae, a single clade of Eastern Pacific species is nested within a broad Caribbean radiation that also includes a species known from the Mediterranean. Divergence time estimates for taxa isolated by closure of the Isthmus are broadly congruent. Hypotheses dated with deeper, fossil-based legacy calibrations put the divergences in the Miocene at 7.4–15.1 Ma, while those estimated with a shallow biogeographic calibration of final Isthmus closure range from 5.1 to 9.9 Ma, in the late Miocene/early Pliocene. Eleotridae are more euryhaline than Apogonidae, but do not exhibit shallower transisthmian divergences. In both families, descendent lineages on either side of the Isthmus of Panama exhibit significant shape differences, although that distinction disappears for Apogonidae when I apply a correction for phylogenetic relationships. To evaluate the tempo and mode of continuous character evolution, I fit several single and multiple rate evolutionary models to morphometric data reconstructed on the Apogonidae phylogeny. I find that the most highly favored model, as estimated on both legacy and isthmus calibrated hypotheses, is a multiple rate Ornstein-Uhlbeck model, with a mosaic of rate shifts postulated for shape changes among fishes in the Caribbean and Eastern Pacific. Conclusions Although many transisthmian taxa have been compared and their phylogenies calibrated to estimate the dates associated with population sundering, few studies correlate these timing estimates with morphological change. I show that in transisthmian fish lineages, morphometric distinctions are detectable across the Isthmus, and that rates and patterns of shape change have also shifted, with variable manifestations across the body and between the Caribbean and Eastern Pacific. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12862-017-0957-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine E Thacker
- Research and Collections, Section of Ichthyology, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, 900 Exposition Blvd, Los Angeles, CA, 90007, USA.
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229
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Werneburg I, Laurin M, Koyabu D, Sánchez-Villagra MR. Evolution of organogenesis and the origin of altriciality in mammals. Evol Dev 2017; 18:229-44. [PMID: 27402569 DOI: 10.1111/ede.12194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Mammals feature not only great phenotypic disparity, but also diverse growth and life history patterns, especially in maturity level at birth, ranging from altriciality to precocity. Gestation length, morphology at birth, and other markers of life history are fundamental to our understanding of mammalian evolution. Based on the first synthesis of embryological data and the study of new ontogenetic series, we reconstructed estimates of the ancestral chronology of organogenesis and life-history modes in placental mammals. We found that the ancestor of marsupial and placental mammals was placental-like at birth but had a long, marsupial-like infancy. We hypothesize that mammalian viviparity might have evolved in association with the extension of growth after birth, enabled through lactation, and that mammalian altriciality is inherited from the earliest amniotes. The precocial lifestyle of extant sauropsids and that of many placental mammals were acquired secondarily. We base our conclusions on the best estimates and provide a comprehensive discussion on the methods used and the limitations of our dataset. We provide the most comprehensive embryological dataset ever published, "rescue" old literature sources, and apply available methods and illustrate thus an approach on how to investigate comparatively organogenesis in macroevolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingmar Werneburg
- Paläontologisches Institut und Museum der Universität Zürich, Karl Schmid Strasse 4, 8006 Zürich, Switzerland.,Senckenberg Center for Human Evolution and Palaeoenvironment (HEP) at Eberhard Karls Universität, Sigwartstraße 10, 72074 Tübingen, Germany.,Fachbereich Geowissenschaften, Eberhard Karls Universität, Hölderlinstraße 12, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany.,Museum für Naturkunde, Leibniz-Institut für Evolutions- and Biodiversitätsforschung an der Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Invalidenstraße 43, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Michel Laurin
- Sorbonne Universités, CR2P, CNRS/MNHN/UPMC (U. Paris 6), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Batiment de Géologie, Case postale 48, 43 rue Buffon, F-75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Daisuke Koyabu
- University Museum, University of Tokyo, Hongo 7-3-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Marcelo R Sánchez-Villagra
- Paläontologisches Institut und Museum der Universität Zürich, Karl Schmid Strasse 4, 8006 Zürich, Switzerland
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230
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Accelerated body size evolution during cold climatic periods in the Cenozoic. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:4183-4188. [PMID: 28373536 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1606868114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
How ecological and morphological diversity accumulates over geological time is much debated. Adaptive radiation theory has been successful in testing the effects of biotic interactions on the rapid divergence of phenotypes within a clade, but this theory ignores abiotic effects. The role of abiotic drivers on the tempo of phenotypic evolution has been tested only in a few lineages or small clades from the fossil record. Here, we develop a phylogenetic comparative framework for testing if and how clade-wide rates of phenotypic evolution vary with abiotic drivers. We apply this approach to comprehensive bird and mammal phylogenies, body size data for 9,465 extant species, and global average temperature trends over the Cenozoic. Across birds and mammals, we find that the rate of body size evolution is primarily driven by past climate. Unexpectedly, evolutionary rates are inferred to be higher during periods of cold rather than warm climates in most groups, suggesting that temperature influences evolutionary rates by modifying selective pressures rather than through its effect on energy availability and metabolism. The effect of climate on the rate of body size evolution seems to be a general feature of endotherm evolution, regardless of wide differences in species' ecology and evolutionary history. These results suggest that climatic changes played a major role in shaping species' evolution in the past and could also play a major role in shaping their evolution in the future.
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231
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Pie MR, Meyer ALS. The Evolution of Range Sizes in Mammals and Squamates: Heritability and Differential Evolutionary Rates for Low- and High-Latitude Limits. Evol Biol 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11692-017-9412-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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232
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Evans KM, Waltz B, Tagliacollo V, Chakrabarty P, Albert JS. Why the short face? Developmental disintegration of the neurocranium drives convergent evolution in neotropical electric fishes. Ecol Evol 2017; 7:1783-1801. [PMID: 28331588 PMCID: PMC5355199 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.2704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Revised: 11/13/2016] [Accepted: 11/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Convergent evolution is widely viewed as strong evidence for the influence of natural selection on the origin of phenotypic design. However, the emerging evo‐devo synthesis has highlighted other processes that may bias and direct phenotypic evolution in the presence of environmental and genetic variation. Developmental biases on the production of phenotypic variation may channel the evolution of convergent forms by limiting the range of phenotypes produced during ontogeny. Here, we study the evolution and convergence of brachycephalic and dolichocephalic skull shapes among 133 species of Neotropical electric fishes (Gymnotiformes: Teleostei) and identify potential developmental biases on phenotypic evolution. We plot the ontogenetic trajectories of neurocranial phenotypes in 17 species and document developmental modularity between the face and braincase regions of the skull. We recover a significant relationship between developmental covariation and relative skull length and a significant relationship between developmental covariation and ontogenetic disparity. We demonstrate that modularity and integration bias the production of phenotypes along the brachycephalic and dolichocephalic skull axis and contribute to multiple, independent evolutionary transformations to highly brachycephalic and dolichocephalic skull morphologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kory M Evans
- Department of Biology University of Louisiana at Lafayette Lafayette LA USA
| | - Brandon Waltz
- Department of Biology University of Louisiana at Lafayette Lafayette LA USA
| | - Victor Tagliacollo
- Universidade Federal do Tocantins Programa de Pós-graduação Ciências do Ambiente (CIAMB) Palmas Tocantins 77001-090 Brazil
| | | | - James S Albert
- Department of Biology University of Louisiana at Lafayette Lafayette LA USA
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233
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Maestri R, Monteiro LR, Fornel R, Upham NS, Patterson BD, Freitas TRO. The ecology of a continental evolutionary radiation: Is the radiation of sigmodontine rodents adaptive? Evolution 2017; 71:610-632. [DOI: 10.1111/evo.13155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Revised: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Renan Maestri
- Programa de Pós‐Graduação em Ecologia Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Porto Alegre RS 91501 Brazil
- Integrative Research Center Field Museum of Natural History Chicago Illinois 60605
| | - Leandro Rabello Monteiro
- Laboratório de Ciências Ambientais, CBB Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Campos dos Goytacazes RJ 28013 Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Fornel
- Programa de Pós‐Graduação em Ecologia Universidade Regional Integrada do Alto Uruguai e das Missões Campus Erechim RS 99709 Brazil
| | - Nathan S. Upham
- Integrative Research Center Field Museum of Natural History Chicago Illinois 60605
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Yale University New Haven Connecticut 06511
| | - Bruce D. Patterson
- Integrative Research Center Field Museum of Natural History Chicago Illinois 60605
| | - Thales Renato Ochotorena Freitas
- Programa de Pós‐Graduação em Ecologia Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Porto Alegre RS 91501 Brazil
- Departamento de Genética Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Porto Alegre RS 91501 Brazil
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234
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Calatayud PA, Dupas S, Frérot B, Genestier G, Ahuya P, Capdevielle-Dulac C, Le Ru B. Relationships of Reproductive Traits With the Phylogeny of the African Noctuid Stem Borers. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE 2016; 8:95-103. [PMID: 27867304 PMCID: PMC5108636 DOI: 10.4137/ijis.s32481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Revised: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The display of the reproductive behavior in most noctuid Lepidoptera follows a diel periodicity and is limited to a precise period of either the day or the night. These behavioral traits and the sex pheromone chemistry can be species specific and thus might be linked to the phylogeny. The objective of this study was to test the relationship of these reproductive traits with phylogeny. The study was undertaken using eight closely related species of noctuid stem borers, which are easy to rear under artificial conditions, namely, Busseola fusca, B. nairobica, B. sp. nr. segeta, Manga melanodonta, M. sp. nr. nubifera, Pirateolea piscator, Sesamia calamistis, and S. nonagrioides. For each species, the adult emergence period, the mating time, and the oviposition period were estimated, referred as biological traits. The components of the sex pheromones emitted by the females of each species were also analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Among the biological traits measured, only those linked to the oviposition pattern (timing and egg loads per night) were significantly correlated with the phylogeny of these species. For the sex pheromone components, among the 13 components identified in all species, only four, namely, Z9-tetradecenyl acetate (Z9-TDA), Z11-TDA, E11-TDA, and Z11-hexadecenyl acetate (Z11-HDA), showed the highest significant correlations with the phylogeny. These results suggest that among the different reproductive traits evaluated, only few are phylogenetically constrained. Their involvement in the reinforcement of ecological speciation in noctuid stem borers is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul-André Calatayud
- Evolution, Génomes, Comportement et Ecologie, Unités Mixtes de Recherche, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Université Paris-Sud, Orsay, France
- Institut Diversité Ecologie et Evolution du Vivant, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
- Noctuid Stem Borers Biodiversity Project, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Stéphane Dupas
- Evolution, Génomes, Comportement et Ecologie, Unités Mixtes de Recherche, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Université Paris-Sud, Orsay, France
- Institut Diversité Ecologie et Evolution du Vivant, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Brigitte Frérot
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Institut d’Ecologie et des Sciences de l’Environnement de Paris, Versailles, France
| | - Gilles Genestier
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Institut d’Ecologie et des Sciences de l’Environnement de Paris, Versailles, France
| | - Peter Ahuya
- Noctuid Stem Borers Biodiversity Project, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Claire Capdevielle-Dulac
- Evolution, Génomes, Comportement et Ecologie, Unités Mixtes de Recherche, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Université Paris-Sud, Orsay, France
- Institut Diversité Ecologie et Evolution du Vivant, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Bruno Le Ru
- Evolution, Génomes, Comportement et Ecologie, Unités Mixtes de Recherche, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Université Paris-Sud, Orsay, France
- Institut Diversité Ecologie et Evolution du Vivant, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
- Noctuid Stem Borers Biodiversity Project, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Nairobi, Kenya
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235
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Weber MG, Mitko L, Eltz T, Ramírez SR. Macroevolution of perfume signalling in orchid bees. Ecol Lett 2016; 19:1314-1323. [PMID: 27581155 DOI: 10.1111/ele.12667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Revised: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Theory predicts that both stabilising selection and diversifying selection jointly contribute to the evolution of sexual signalling traits by (1) maintaining the integrity of communication signals within species and (2) promoting the diversification of traits among lineages. However, for many important signalling traits, little is known about whether these dynamics translate into predictable macroevolutionary signatures. Here, we test for macroevolutionary patterns consistent with sexual signalling theory in the perfume signals of neotropical orchid bees, a group well studied for their chemical sexual communication. Our results revealed both high species-specificity and elevated rates of evolution in perfume signals compared to nonsignalling traits. Perfume complexity was correlated with the number of congeners in a species' range, suggesting that perfume evolution may be tied to the remarkably high number of orchid bee species coexisting together in some neotropical communities. Finally, sister-pair comparisons were consistent with both rapid divergence at speciation and character displacement upon secondary contact. Together, our results provide new insight into the macroevolution of sexual signalling in insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjorie G Weber
- Center for Population Biology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
| | - Lukasz Mitko
- Department of Animal Ecology, Evolution and Biodiversity, University of Bochum, 44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Thomas Eltz
- Department of Animal Ecology, Evolution and Biodiversity, University of Bochum, 44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Santiago R Ramírez
- Center for Population Biology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA. .,Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
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236
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Goolsby EW, Bruggeman J, Ané C. Rphylopars: fast multivariate phylogenetic comparative methods for missing data and within‐species variation. Methods Ecol Evol 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/2041-210x.12612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eric W. Goolsby
- Arnold Arboretum Harvard University Boston MA 02131 USA
- Department of Plant Biology Interdisciplinary Toxicology Program University of Georgia Athens GA 30602 USA
| | - Jorn Bruggeman
- Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Prospect Place, The Hoe Plymouth PL1 3DH UK
| | - Cécile Ané
- Department of Statistics University of Wisconsin‐Madison 1300 University Avenue Madison WI 53706 USA
- Department of Botany University of Wisconsin‐Madison Wisconsin‐Madison WI 53706 USA
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237
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Hu Y, Ghigliotti L, Vacchi M, Pisano E, Detrich HW, Albertson RC. Evolution in an extreme environment: developmental biases and phenotypic integration in the adaptive radiation of antarctic notothenioids. BMC Evol Biol 2016; 16:142. [PMID: 27356756 PMCID: PMC4928320 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-016-0704-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Over the past 40 million years water temperatures have dramatically dropped in the Southern Ocean, which has led to the local extinction of most nearshore fish lineages. The evolution of antifreeze glycoproteins in notothenioids, however, enabled these ancestrally benthic fishes to survive and adapt as temperatures reached the freezing point of seawater (−1.86 °C). Antarctic notothenioids now represent the primary teleost lineage in the Southern Ocean and are of fundamental importance to the local ecosystem. The radiation of notothenioids has been fostered by the evolution of “secondary pelagicism”, the invasion of pelagic habitats, as the group diversified to fill newly available foraging niches in the water column. While elaborate craniofacial modifications have accompanied this adaptive radiation, little is known about how these morphological changes have contributed to the evolutionary success of notothenioids. Results We used a 3D-morphometrics approach to investigate patterns of morphological variation in the craniofacial skeleton among notothenioids, and show that variation in head shape is best explained by divergent selection with respect to foraging niche. We document further an accelerated rate of morphological evolution in the icefish family Channichthyidae, and show that their rapid diversification was accompanied by the evolution of relatively high levels of morphological integration. Whereas most studies suggest that extensive integration should constrain phenotypic evolution, icefish stand out as a rare example of increased integration possibly facilitating evolutionary potential. Finally, we show that the unique feeding apparatus in notothenioids in general, and icefish in particular, can be traced to shifts in early developmental patterning mechanisms and ongoing growth of the pharyngeal skeleton. Conclusion Our work suggests that ecological opportunity is a major factor driving craniofacial variation in this group. Further, the observation that closely related lineages can differ dramatically in integration suggests that this trait can evolve quickly. We propose that the evolution of high levels of phenotypic integration in icefishes may be considered a key innovation that facilitated their morphological evolution and subsequent ecological expansion. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12862-016-0704-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinan Hu
- Graduate Program in Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA. .,Present Address: Department of Biological Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, 02881, USA.
| | - Laura Ghigliotti
- Institute of Marine Sciences (ISMAR), CNR, Via De Marini 6, 16149, Genoa, Italy
| | - Marino Vacchi
- Institute of Marine Sciences (ISMAR), CNR, Via De Marini 6, 16149, Genoa, Italy
| | - Eva Pisano
- Department of Earth, Environmental and Life Sciences (DISTAV), University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV 5, 16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - H William Detrich
- Department of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Northeastern University Marine Science Center, Nahant, MA, 01908, USA
| | - R Craig Albertson
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA.
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238
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Bartoszek K. Phylogenetic effective sample size. J Theor Biol 2016; 407:371-386. [PMID: 27343033 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2016.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2015] [Revised: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 06/18/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
In this paper I address the question-how large is a phylogenetic sample? I propose a definition of a phylogenetic effective sample size for Brownian motion and Ornstein-Uhlenbeck processes-the regression effective sample size. I discuss how mutual information can be used to define an effective sample size in the non-normal process case and compare these two definitions to an already present concept of effective sample size (the mean effective sample size). Through a simulation study I find that the AICc is robust if one corrects for the number of species or effective number of species. Lastly I discuss how the concept of the phylogenetic effective sample size can be useful for biodiversity quantification, identification of interesting clades and deciding on the importance of phylogenetic correlations.
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239
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Khabbazian M, Kriebel R, Rohe K, Ané C. Fast and accurate detection of evolutionary shifts in Ornstein–Uhlenbeck models. Methods Ecol Evol 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/2041-210x.12534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Khabbazian
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Wisconsin 1415 Engineering Drive Madison WI USA
| | - Ricardo Kriebel
- Department of Botany University of Wisconsin 430 Lincoln Drive Madison WI USA
| | - Karl Rohe
- Department of Statistics University of Wisconsin 1300 University Avenue Madison WI 53706 USA
| | - Cécile Ané
- Department of Botany University of Wisconsin 430 Lincoln Drive Madison WI USA
- Department of Statistics University of Wisconsin 1300 University Avenue Madison WI 53706 USA
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240
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Abstract
Primates constitute one of the most diverse mammalian clades, and a notable feature of their diversification is the evolution of brain morphology. However, the evolutionary processes and ecological factors behind these changes are largely unknown. In this work, we investigate brain shape diversification of New World monkeys during their adaptive radiation in relation to different ecological dimensions. Our results reveal that brain diversification in this clade can be explained by invoking a model of adaptive peak shifts to unique and shared optima, defined by a multidimensional ecological niche hypothesis. Particularly, we show that the evolution of convergent brain phenotypes may be related to ecological factors associated with group size (e.g., social complexity). Together, our results highlight the complexity of brain evolution and the ecological significance of brain shape changes during the evolutionary diversification of a primate clade.
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241
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Dale J, Dey CJ, Delhey K, Kempenaers B, Valcu M. The effects of life history and sexual selection on male and female plumage colouration. Nature 2015; 527:367-70. [DOI: 10.1038/nature15509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 238] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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