Lipids in the Classification and Identification of Coryneform Bacteria Containing Peptidoglycans Based on 2, 4-diaminobutyric Acid

Amycolatopsis alkalitolerans sp. nov., isolated from Gastrodia elata Blume

A Gram-staining positive and nonmotile strain designated SYSUP0005^T was isolated from tubers of Gastrodia elata Blume. The 16S rRNA gene sequence result showed that strain SYSUP0005^T shared highest sequence similarity with the type strain of Amycolatopsis cappadoca (95.7%), Amycolatopsis taiwanensis (95.4%), Amycolatopsis pigmentata (95.4%), Amycolatopsis ruanii (95.1%), and Amycolatopsis helveola (94.8%). Growth occurs at 14-37 °C (optimum temperature, 28 °C), at pH 6-9 (optimum, pH 8) and in the presence of up to 6% (w/v) NaCl. Strain SYSUP0005^T had meso-diaminopimelic acid in its peptidoglycan. The whole cell sugars were galactose, ribose, and xylose. The predominant menaquinone was MK-9(H₄) and minor menaquinones were MK-9(H₂) and MK-9(H₈). The polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol (DPG); phosphatidylmonomethylethanolamine (PME), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidylinositol (PI), unidentified glycolipid (GL), and unidentified phospholipid (PL). The genomic DNA G + C content was 69.6 mol%. The major fatty acids were iso-C_16:0, anteiso-C_17:0, C_16:0, iso-C_14:0, C_17:1 ω6c, C_17:0, and Summed Feature 3 (C_16:1 ω7c/C_16:1 ω6c). On the basis of the phenotypic, phylogenetic, chemotaxonomic characters, and genomic comparison, SYSUP0005^T represents a novel species of the genus Amycolatopsis, for which the name Amycolatopsis alkalitolerans sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is SYSUP0005^T (=KCTC 49024^T = CGMCC4.7463^T).

Thermus caldilimi sp. nov., a thermophilic bacterium isolated from a geothermal area

A Gram-stain negative, aerobic bacterium, designated strain YIM 78456^T, was isolated from a hot spring sediment, Ngamring county, Tibet, south-west China. The taxonomic position of the isolate was investigated by a polyphasic approach. The novel isolate was found to be aerobic and rod-shaped. Colonies were observed to be pale yellow and circular. The strain was found to grow at pH 7.0-8.0 (optimum, pH 7.0), 45-65 °C (optimum, 55 °C) and in the presence of up to 1.5% NaCl. Comparison of the 16S rRNA gene sequence of strain YIM 78456^T and other members of the genus Thermus showed sequence similarities ranging from 90.3 to 97.3%, with strain YIM 78456^T showing close sequence similarity to Thermus caliditerrae YIM 77925^T (97.3%). The phylogenetic trees based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain YIM 78456^T forms a distinct clade with T. caliditerrae YIM 77925^T. The predominant menaquinone was identified as MK-8 and the DNA G+C content was determined to be 65.1 mol%. The major cellular fatty acids (> 10%) were identified as iso-C_15:0, anteiso-C_15:0 and iso-C_17:0. The polar lipids were found to consist of an aminophospholipid, a phospholipid and glycolipids. On the basis of the morphological and chemotaxonomic characteristics, as well as genotypic data, it is proposed that strain YIM 78456^T represents a novel species of the genus Thermus, for which the name Thermus caldilimi sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is YIM 78456^T (= KCTC 52948^T = NBRC 113036^T).

Chitinophaga aurantiaca sp. nov., isolated from a soil sample from a tangerine field

A Gram-stain-negative, facultatively anaerobic, non-motile and rod-shaped bacterial strain, designated THG-SD5.5^T, was isolated from a soil sample collected in a tangerine field, Republic of Korea. According to the 16S rRNA gene sequence comparisons, the isolate was identified as a member of the genus Chitinophaga and to be closely related to Chitinophaga ginsengihumi KACC 17604^T (97.9%) and Chitinophaga rupis KACC 14521^T (97.5%). The 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities with other species of the genus Chitinophaga were in the range 92.8-95.5%. Catalase test was positive. Oxidase test was negative. The DNA G + C content was determined to be 46.1 mol%. DNA-DNA hybridization values between strain THG-SD5.5^T and C. ginsengihumi KACC 17604^T and C. rupis KACC 14521^T were 45.1% and 15.6%, respectively. Strain THG-SD5.5^T was also found to be able to grow at 24-33 °C, at 0-5% NaCl and at pH 5.5-9.0. The major fatty acids were identified as anteiso-C_15:0, C_16:0, anteiso-C_17:0 and C_18:0. The dominant respiratory quinone was identified as menaquinone-7 (MK-7). The polar lipids were found to be diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, an unidentified aminolipid, two unidentified phospholipids and three unidentified lipids. Based on these phenotypic, genotypic and phylogenetic characterisations, strain THG-SD5.5^T (= KACC 19338^T = CGMCC 1.16304^T) is concluded to represent a novel species of the genus Chitinophaga, for which the name Chitinophaga aurantiaca sp. nov. is proposed.

Description of Sphingomonas mesophila sp. nov., isolated from Gastrodia elata Blume

A Gram-staining-negative, strictly aerobic, non-motile strain, SYSUP0001^T, was isolated from tubers of Gastrodia elata Blume. The 16S rRNA gene sequence result indicated that SYSUP0001^T represents a member of the genus Sphingomonas, with the highest sequence similarity (97.7 %) to the type strain of Sphingomonasginsengisoli. SYSUP0001^T grew at 14-37 °C and pH 6-8, with optimum growth at 28 °C and pH 7. Tolerance to NaCl was up to 3 % (w/v) with optimum growth in the absence of NaCl. The respiratory quinone was Q-10. The major fatty acids were C18 : 1ω7c, Summed feature 3 (C16 : 1ω7c/C16 : 1ω6c), and C16 : 0. The polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol (DPG), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidylglycerol (PG), sphingoglycolipid (SGL), phosphatidylcholine (PC) and four unidentified polar lipids (L). The DNA G+C content was 67.5 %. The average nucleotide identity (ANI) values between SYSUP0001^T and closely related members of the genus Sphingomonas were below the cut-off level (95-96 %) for species delineation. On the basis of the phenotypic, phylogenetic and chemotaxonomic characterizations, SYSUP0001^T represents a novel species of the genus Sphingomonas, for which the name Sphingomonasmesophila sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is SYSUP0001^T (=KCTC 62179 ^T=CGMCC 1.16462^T).

Nocardioides ferulae sp. nov., isolated from root of an endangered medicinal plant Ferula songorica Pall. ex Spreng

A novel endophytic bacterium, designated strain SZ4R5S7^T, was isolated from surface-sterilized root of an endangered medicinal plant (Ferula songorica Pall. ex Spreng) collected from Xinjiang, north-west China. The taxonomic position of the strain was investigated by using a polyphasic approach. The strain was found to be aerobic, Gram-stain-positive, oxidase-negative and catalase-positive, short rods and non-motile. Strain SZ4R5S7^T grew at 4-37 °C (optimum, 28 °C), pH 5.0-9.0 (pH 6.0-8.0) and in the presence of 0-4 % (w/v) NaCl. The polar lipids detected for strain SZ4R5S7^T were phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol and two unidentified lipids. The predominant menaquinone of strain SZ4R5S7^T was MK-8(H4), and the major fatty acids were iso-C16 : 0 and anteiso-C14 : 0. The DNA G+C content was determined to be 72.4 mol%. Phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence indicated that strain SZ4R5S7^T belongs to the genus Nocardioides and showed highest levels of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity to members of the strain Nocardioideskribbensis KSL-2^T (97.8 %). On the basis of phenotypic, genotypic and phylogenetic data, strain SZ4R5S7^T represents a novel species in the genus Nocardioides, for which the name Nocardioides ferulae sp. nov. is proposed and the type strain is SZ4R5S7^T (=CGMCC 4.7456^T=KCTC 39994^T).

Botryobacter ruber gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel member of the family Hymenobacteraceae

Strain SYSU D60016^T, a rod-shaped bacterium that tends to form clusters, was isolated from a soil sample collected from the Gurbantunggut desert, China. Cells were Gram-stain-negative, catalase-negative and oxidase-positive. The 16S rRNA gene sequence of strain SYSU D60016^T shared less than 94 % sequence identity with members of the family Hymenobacteraceae. The strain exhibited growth at 15-50 °C, pH 6-8 and in the presence of up to 3 % (w/v) NaCl. Its chemotaxonomic features included MK-7 as the respiratory menaquinone, iso-C15 : 0 and summed feature 4 (iso-C17 : 1 I and/or anteiso-C17 : 1 B) as major cellular fatty acids and phosphatidylethanolamine as the main polar lipid. The DNA G+C content was determined to be 50.1 % (genome). Analyses of the phylogenetic data and differences in the chemotaxonomic and biochemical features from related genera in the family Hymenobacteraceae indicated that strain SYSU D60016^T merits representation of a novel species of a novel genus in the family Hymenobacteraceae. The name Botryobacter ruber gen. nov., sp. nov. is, therefore, proposed to represent the phylogenetic position of strain SYSU D60016^T in the family Hymenobacteraceae. The type strain of the proposed new taxon is SYSU D60016^T (=KCTC 52794^T=NBRC 112957^T).

Flaviflagellibacter deserti gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel member of the order Rhizobiales isolated from a desert soil

A motile, rod-shaped and yellow coloured proteobacterium, designated strain SYSU D60017^T, was isolated from a desert soil sample. The bacterium was found to be an obligately aerobic, mesophilic and neutrophilic chemo-heterotroph. Cells were observed to be Gram-stain negative, catalase positive and oxidase positive. The major cellular fatty acids were identified as C_19:0ω8c cyclo and Summed Feature 8 (C_18:1ω7c and/or C_18:1ω6c). The main respiratory quinone identified was ubiquinone-10. The DNA G + C content was determined to be 63.8% based on draft genome sequence data. The polar lipids detected were identified as diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol and five unidentified polar lipids. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain SYSU D60017^T is a member of the order Rhizobiales, but forms a distinct phylogenetic lineage. The differences in the phenotypic characteristics from members of related genera and its distinct phylogenetic position suggested that the isolate SYSU D60017^T represents a novel species of a novel genus within the order Rhizobiales, for which the name Flaviflagellibacter deserti gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of the new taxon is SYSU D60017^T (= CGMCC 1.16444^T = NBRC 112958^T).

Glaciecola amylolytica sp. nov., an amylase-producing bacterium isolated from seawater

A Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, non-motile and coccus-shaped bacterium (THG-3.7^T) was isolated from seawater. Growth occurred at 10-30 °C (optimum 25 °C), at pH 6-8 (optimum 7) and in the presence of 1-8 % (w/v) NaCl (optimum 4 %). Based on 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, the nearest phylogenetic neighbours of strain THG-3.7^T were identified as Paraglaciecola mesophila DSM 15026^T (95.3 % similarity), Glaciecola pallidula DSM 14239^T (95.2 %), Paraglaciecola aquimarina KCTC 32108^T (95.1 %), Paraglaciecola arctica KACC 14537^T (94.9 %), Glaciecola nitratireducens KCTC 12276^T (94.7 %) and Paraglaciecola psychrophila CGMCC 1.6130^T (94.7 %). 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities among strain THG-3.7^T and other species were lower than 94.7 %. The polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol, one unidentified lipid and one unidentified aminolipid. The quinone system was composed of Q-8. The major fatty acids were C16 : 0, C18 : 1ω7c and summed feature 3 (C16 : 1ω7c and/or iso-C15 : 0 2-OH). The DNA G+C content of strain THG-3.7^T was 47.9 mol%. On the basis of the data presented, strain THG-3.7^T represents a novel species of the genus Glaciecola, for which the name Glaciecola amylolytica sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is THG-3.7^T (=KACC 19478^T=CCTCC AB 2017258^T).

Nocardioides speluncae sp. nov., a novel actinobacterium isolated from a karstic subterranean environment sample

A novel actinobacterial strain, designated YIM ART13^T, was isolated from a soil sample collected from a karst cave in Xingyi county, Guizhou province, South western China. The taxonomic position of the strain was investigated using a polyphasic approach. Cells of the strain were found to aerobic and Gram-stain positive. On the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, strain YIM ART13^T was found to be closely related to Nocardioides pakistanensis NCCP 1340^T (96.1% sequence similarity) and is therefore considered to represent a member of the genus Nocardioides. In addition, LL-diaminopimelic acid was identified as the diagnostic diamino acid in the cell wall peptidoglycan. The whole cell sugars were found to be mannose, galactose, glucose and ribose. The major isoprenoid quinone was identified as MK-8(H₄), while the major fatty acids (> 10%) were identified as iso-C_16:0, C_18:1ω9c and C_18:0 10-methyl. The polar lipids were found to contain diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidylinositol mannoside, an unidentified phospholipid. The genomic DNA G+C content of strain YIM ART13^T was determined from the draft genome sequence to be 70.1 mol%. On the basis of phenotypic, genotypic and phylogenetic data, strain YIM ART13^T represents a novel species of the genus Nocardioides, for which the name Nocardioides speluncae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is YIM ART13^T (= KCTC 39593^T = DSM 100493^T).

Microbacterium ureisolvens sp. nov., isolated from a Yellow River sample

A Gram-stain positive, aerobic, non-motile and short-rod-shaped strain, CFH S00084^T, was isolated from a sediment sample of the Yellow River in Henan Province, China. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain CFH S00084^T clustered within members of Microbacterium and was most closely related to the type strains Microbacterium yannicii JCM 18959^T and Microbacterium arthrosphaerae DSM 22421^T (98.97 % and 98.36 % similarity, respectively). The strain grew optimally at 25-37 °C, at pH 7.0 and in 0-3 % (w/v) NaCl. The major whole-cell sugars were rhamnose and glucose. The cell-wall peptidoglycan mainly contained glycine, alanine and ornithine. The menaquinones of strain CFH S00084^T were MK-13, MK-12 and MK-11. The major fatty acids detected were anteiso-C15 : 0, anteiso-C17 : 0 and iso-C16 : 0. The genome of strain CFH S00084^T was 4.03 Mbp with a G+C content of 70.5 mol%. The average nucleotide identity (ANI) and digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH) values between CFH S00084^T and the other species of the genus Microbacterium were found to be low (ANIm <85 %, ANIb <75 % and dDDH <24 %). The phylogenomic analysis provided evidence for clear phylogenetic divergence between strain CFH S00084^T and its closely related type strains. On the basis of the differential physiological properties, chemotaxonomic characteristics and low ANI and dDDH results, strain CFH S00084^T is considered to represent a novel species for which the name Microbacteriumureisolvens sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is CFH S00084^T (=KCTC 39802^T=DSM 103157^T).

Sphingosinicella humi sp. nov., isolated from arsenic-contaminated farmland soil and emended description of the genus Sphingosinicella

A Gram-stain-negative, strictly aerobic bacterium, designated strain QZX222^T, was isolated from arsenic-contaminated farmland soil. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain QZX222^T was clustered with Sphingosinicella vermicomposti YC7378^T (97.0 %), Sphingosinicellaxenopeptidilytica 3-2W4^T (96.1 %), Sphingosinicella microcystinivorans Y2^T (96.0 %) and Sphingosinicella soli KSL-125^T (95.9 %). Compared to strain QZX222^T, Spingomonas olgophenolica JCM 12082^T and Sphingobium boeckii 469^T had 16S rRNA gene similarities of 96.2 and 95.9 %, respectively, but they located in other phylogenetic clusters. DNA-DNA hybridization and genomic ANI values between strain QZX222^T and Sphingosinicella vermicomposti DSM 21593^T (KCTC 22446^T) were 34.8 and 75.0 %, respectively. The genome size of strain QZX222^T was 3.0 Mb including 2982 predicted genes. The strain had a DNA G+C content of 65.9 mol%. Strain QZX222^T had ubiquinone Q-10 as the major respiratory quinone and homospermidine as the major polyamine. The major fatty acids (>10 %) of strain QZX222^T were C17 : 1ω6c, summed feature 8 (C18 : 1ω7c and/or C18 : 1ω6c) and C17 : 1ω8c. The polar lipids were sphingoglycolipid, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylcholine and an unidentified glycolipid. Strain QZX222^T could be distinguished from other Sphingosinicella strains based on the results of phylogenetic and genomic analyses, DNA-DNA hybridization, white colour colony, hydrolysis of urea, alkaline phosphatase activity, lack of phosphatidylmonomethylethanolamine, and presence of phosphatidylcholine. Therefore, strain QZX222^T represents a novel species of Sphingosinicella, for which the name Sphingosinicellahumi sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is QZX222^T (=KCTC 62519^T=CCTCC AB 2018030^T).

Dyadobacter luticola sp. nov., isolated from a sewage sediment sample

A Gram-stain-negative, non-motile, aerobic bacterial strain, designated T17^T was isolated from a sample of sewage sediment from a Busan park (Republic of Korea). Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain T17^T had the highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity to Dyadobacter soli KCTC 22481^T (97.3 %), D.yadobacter fermentans DSM 18053^T (97.1 %) and D.yadobacter sediminis CGMCC 1.12895^T (97.1 %). The isolate exhibited relatively low levels of DNA-DNA relatedness with respect to D. soli KCTC 22481^T (28.2±3.6 %). The DNA G+C content was 49.1 mol%. The unique respiratory quinone was MK-7 and the major polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, five unidentified lipids, four aminolipids, two unidentified phospholipids and one glycophospholipid. The predominant cellular fatty acids (>5 % of total) were summed feature 3 (C16 : 1ω7c and/or iso-C15 : 0 2-OH; 44.3 %), iso-C15 : 0 (15.7 %), C16 : 1ω5c (9.6 %), iso-C17 : 0 3-OH (9.3 %) and C16 : 0 (5.6 %). Moreover, physiological and biochemical characteristics distinguished strain T17^T from its related species, including temperature and pH ranges for growth, being positive for acetate hydrolysis, and being negative for acid produced from melibiose and rhamnose. The genotypic, chemotaxonomic and phenotypic data revealed that strain T17^T represents a novel species of the genus Dyadobacter, for which the name Dyadobacter luticola sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is T17^T (=KCTC 52981^T=CCTCC AB 2017091^T).

Jiangella endophytica sp. nov., an endophytic actinomycete isolated from the rhizome of Kaempferia elegans

An endophytic actinobacterium, designated strain KE2-3^T, was isolated from surface-sterilised rhizome of Kaempferia elegans. The polyphasic approach was used for evaluating the taxonomic position of this strain. The taxonomic affiliation of this strain at genus level could be confirmed by its chemotaxonomic characteristic, i.e. the presence of ll-diaminopimelic acid in the cell peptidoglycan, MK-9(H4) as the major menaquinone, iso-C16 : 0, anteiso-C15 : 0, iso-C14 : 0 and iso-C15 : 0 as the predominant fatty acids in cells, and the presence of diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidylinositol mannoside in its membranes. Based on 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, strain KE2-3^T was identified as a member of the genus Jiangella and showed the highest similarities to Jiangella muralis DSM 45357^T (99.3 %) followed by Jiangella albaDSM 45237^T (99.2 %), Jiangella alkaliphilia DSM 45079^T (99.0 %), Jiangella gansuensisDSM 44835^T (98.8 %) and Jiangella mangrovi3SM4-07^T (98.6 %). However, the draft genome sequence of strain KE2-3^T exhibited low average nucleotide identity values to the reference strains (85.5-90.2 %), which were well below the 95-96 % species circumscription threshold. The DNA G+C content of genomic DNA was 72.3 mol%. With the differences of physiological, biochemical and genotypic data, strain KE2-3^T could be discriminated from its closest neighbour. Thus, strain KE2-3^T should be recognised as a novel species of genus Jiangella, for which the name Jiangellaendophytica sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is KE2-3^T (=BCC 66359^T=NBRC 110004^T).

Blastococcus deserti sp. nov., isolated from a desert sample

A Gram-positive and aerobic actinobacterium, strain SYSU D8006^T, was isolated from a desert sand sample collected from Gurbantunggut desert, China. Phenotypically, the strain was found to grow at 14-50 °C, pH 6.0-9.0 and in the presence of up to 4% (w/v) NaCl. The chemotaxonomic features of strain SYSU D8006^T included menaquinone MK-9(H₄) as the respiratory quinone, diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidylinositol mannoside as known polar lipids, iso-C_15:0, iso-C_16:0, C_17:1ω8c and C_18:1ω9c as the predominant fatty acids, and arabinose, galactose and glucose as the whole cell sugars. Strain SYSU D8006^T shared the highest 16S rRNA gene sequence identity with Blastococcus jejuensis DSM 19597^T (98.2%). Based on the analyses of the phenotypic, genotypic and phylogenetic characteristics, strain SYSU D8006^T is characterized to represent a novel species of the genus Blastococcus, for which the name Blastococcus deserti sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is SYSU D8006^T (= CGMCC 1.15935^T = KCTC 49026^T = CPCC 204618^T).

Nocardia aurea sp. nov., a novel actinobacterium isolated from a karstic subterranean environment

A novel actinobacterium, designated strain SYSU K10002^T, was isolated from a soil sample collected from a karst cave in Xingyi county, Guizhou province, south-western China. The taxonomic position of the strain was investigated using a polyphasic approach. Cells of the strain were aerobic and Gram-stain-positive. On the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities and phylogenetic analysis, strain SYSU K10002^T was most closely related to the type strains of Nocardiaaltamirensis NBRC 108246^T (99.0 % sequence similarity) and Nocardiatenerifensis NBRC 101015^T (98.8 %) and is therefore considered to represent a member of the genus Nocardia. DNA-DNA hybridization values between strain SYSU K10002^T and the closely related type strains of the genus Nocardia were less than 70 %. In addition, meso-diaminopimelic acid was the diagnostic diamino acid in the cell-wall peptidoglycan. The whole-cell sugars were arabinose, ribose and galactose. The major isoprenoid quinone was MK-8(H4,ω-cycl), while the major fatty acids (>10 %) were C16 : 0, C18 : 1ω9c and C18 : 0 10-methyl. The polar lipids contained diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylinositol mannoside and an unidentified glycolipid. Mycolic acids were present. The genomic DNA G+C content of strain SYSU K10002^T was 67.4 mol%. On the basis of phenotypic, genotypic and phylogenetic data, strain SYSU K10002^T represents a novel species of the genus Nocardia, for which the name Nocardiaaurea sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is SYSU K10002^T (=KCTC 39849^T=DSM 103986^T).

Aquabacterium tepidiphilum sp. nov., a moderately thermophilic bacterium isolated from a hot spring

A Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, non-spore-forming and rod-shaped bacterium, designated YIM 730274^T, was isolated from a sediment sample collected from a hot spring located in Tibet, PR China, and was characterized by using a polyphasic taxonomy approach. Cells were motile by means of a polar flagellum. The strain was oxidase- and catalase-positive, and contained polyalkanoates and polyphosphate as storage polymers. Growth occurred at 25-50 °C, at pH 6.0-8.5 and with 0.5-1.0 % NaCl. The major fatty acids (>10 %) were summed feature 3 (C16 : 1ω6c and/or C16 : 1ω7c), summed feature 8 (C18 : 1ω7c and/or C18 : 1ω6c) and C16 : 0. The known polar lipids comprised of diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylserine. The isoprenoid quinone was Q-8. The G+C content of genomic DNA was 70.7 mol%. The results of phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that the strain forms a monophyletic branch at the periphery of the evolutionary radiation occupied by the genus Aquabacterium in the class Betaproteobacteria. The most closely related phylogenetic neighbours were Aquabacterium limnoticumABP-4^T (97.8 % 16S rRNA gene sequence identity) and Aquabacterium communeB8^T (97.2 % 16SrRNA gene sequence identity). DNA-DNA relatedness values between YIM 730274^T and A. limnoticum KCTC 23306^T (46.4±0.4 %) and A. commune DSM 11901^T (42.2±1.2 %) were well below the 70 % limit for species identification. YIM 730274^T was distinguishable from other members of the genus Aquabacterium by the differences in phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and genotypic characteristics. YIM 730274^T merits recognition as a representative of a novel species of the genus Aquabacterium. It is proposed that the isolate should be classified in the genus Aquabacterium as representing a novel species, Aquabacteriumtepidiphilum sp. nov. The type strain is YIM 730274^T (=KCTC 52716^T=CCTCC AB 2016295^T).

Halomonas litopenaei sp. nov., a moderately halophilic, exopolysaccharide-producing bacterium isolated from a shrimp hatchery

Two Gram-stain negative, moderately halophilic, exopolysaccharide-producing bacteria, designated strains SYSU ZJ2214^T and SYSU XM8, were isolated from rearing water and larvae from shrimp hatcheries, respectively. Cells of the strains were aerobic, motile and short-rod-shaped. They grew at NaCl concentrations of 0.5-22 % (w/v), at 4-45 °C and at pH 6-9. Pairwise comparison of 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strains SYSU ZJ2214^T and SYSU XM8 were most closely related to Halomonas denitrificans M29^T (98.3 and 98.2 % similarity, respectively). Strains SYSU ZJ2214^T and SYSU XM8 shared an average nucleotide identity of 99.9 % between them. The DNA G+C contents were calculated at 64.1 % for both strains from the draft genome information. The major cellular fatty acids (>5 %) were summed feature 8 (C18 : 1ω7c and/or C18 : 1ω6c), summed feature 3 (C16 : 1ω7c and/or C16 : 1ω6c), C16 : 0 and C12 : 0 3-OH, and the predominant respiratory quinone was ubiquinone Q-9. Their main polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, four unidentified phospholipids and three unidentified lipids. On the basis of phenotypic, genotypic and phylogenetic data, strains SYSU ZJ2214^T and SYSU XM8 merit recognition as representatives of a novel species of the genus Halomonas, for which the name Halomonas litopenaei sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is SYSU ZJ2214^T (=NBRC 111829^T=KCTC 42974^T).

Microbacterium halophytorum sp. nov., a novel endophytic actinobacterium isolated from halophytes

Two actinobacterial strains, YJYP 303^T and YZYP 518, were isolated from two species of halophytes collected from the southern edge of the Gurbantunggut Desert. Cells were Gram-stain-positive, aerobic, short rods and without flagella. Growth of the two strains was found to occur at 4-44 °C, pH 6.0-12.0 and in the presence of up to 15 % (w/v) NaCl. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that the two strains are associated with members of the genus Microbacterium. In the phylogenetic tree, the two strains shared a clade with Microbacterium halotolerans YIM 70130^T (97.58 % 16S rRNA gene sequence identity) and Microbacterium populi KCTC 29152^T (96.54 %). The average nucleotide identity values of strain YJYP 303^T and YZYP 518 to M. halotolerans YIM 70130^T were determined to be 79.97 and 80.03 %, respectively. The genomic DNA G+C contents of strains YJYP 303^T and YZYP 518 were 69.72 and 70.57 %, respectively. The major fatty acids were anteiso-C15 : 0, anteiso-C17 : 0 and iso-C16 : 0. The predominant respiratory quinones was MK-11, followed by MK-10 and MK-12. The muramic acid type of peptidoglycan was N-glycolyl. The whole-cell sugars were mannose, ribose, rhamnose, glucose, galactose and two unidentified sugars. The cell-wall amino acids were glutamic acid, ornithine, glycine and alanine. The polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, an unidentified phospholipid and an unidentified glycolipid. On the basis of the evidence presented in this study, strains YJYP 303^T and YZYP 518 are characterized as members of a novel species in the genus Microbacterium, for which the name Microbacteriumhalophytorum sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is YJYP 303^T (=CGMCC 1.16264^T=KCTC 49100^T).

Marinactinospora rubrisoli sp. nov., isolated from red soil

A novel Marinactinospora strain JX35-4^T was isolated from red soil which was collected from Wushan, northern Jiangxi Province, China. Analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain JX35-4^T belongs to the genus Marinactinospora and formed a distinct phylogenetic clade with Marinactinospora thermotolerans SCSIO 00652^T and Marinactinospora endophytica YIM 690053^T with sequence similarity of 96.97% and 96.42%, respectively. The strain was Gram-positive and formed branched substrate hyphae with no fragmentation, and abundant aerial hyphae that differentiated into long spore chains, and short rod-shaped spores. Growth occurred at 20-45 °C, pH 7.0-12.0 and in the presence of 0-7.5% (w/v) NaCl. The genomic DNA G + C content was determined to be 68.3 mol%. The cell wall of strain JX35-4^T contained meso-diaminopimelic acid and xylose. Polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylinositol mannosides and one unidentified phospholipid. The major fatty acids of strain JX35-4^T consisted of anteiso-C_17:0 and iso-C_16:0. Major menaquinones were MK-9(H₁₀), MK-12 and MK-10(H₂). Based on the polyphasic data, strain JX35-4^T (= CGMCC 4.7382^T = DSM 104977^T) is concluded to represent a novel species of the genus Marinactinospora, for which the name Marinactinospora rubrisoli sp. nov. is proposed.

Desertimonas flava gen. nov., sp. nov. isolated from a desert soil, and proposal of Ilumatobacteraceae fam. nov

A non-motile, coccobacilli-shaped and yellow-coloured bacterium, designated strain SYSU D60003^T, was isolated from a desert soil sample. Cells were Gram-stain-positive, catalase-negative and oxidase-positive. The whole cell hydrolysates contained ll-diaminopimelic acid as the diagnostic amino acid. The major fatty acids were C16 : 0, summed feature 3 (C16 : 1ω7c and/or C16 : 1ω6c) and iso-C16 : 0. The respiratory menaquinones were MK-9(H8), MK-9(H4) and MK-9(H6). The DNA G+C content was determined to be 70.2 % (genome). The polar lipids detected were diphosphatidylglycerol, an unidentified glycolipid and seven unidentified polar lipids. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain SYSU D60003^T belonged to the order Acidimicrobiales (class Acidimicrobiia), but formed a clade closely linked to members of the genus Ilumatobacter. Data from a polyphasic taxonomy study suggested that the isolate represents a novel species of a novel genus in the order Acidimicrobiales, for which the name Desertimonas flava gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of the proposed new taxon is SYSU D60003^T (=KCTC 39917^T=NBRC 112924^T). Additionally, the new taxon along with the genus Ilumatobater (family unassigned) were distinctly separated from the related families Acidimicrobiaceae, Iamiaceae and 'Microtrichaceae' in the phylogenetic trees, besides presenting a unique 16S rRNA gene signature nucleotides. Therefore, we propose a new family Ilumatobacteraceae fam. nov. within the order Acidimicrobiales to accommodate members of these two genera.

A polyphasic approach leads to seven new species of the cellulose-decomposing genus Sorangium, Sorangium ambruticinum sp. nov., Sorangium arenae sp. nov., Sorangium bulgaricum sp. nov., Sorangium dawidii sp. nov., Sorangium kenyense sp. nov., Sorangium orientale sp. nov. and Sorangium reichenbachii sp. nov

Seventy-three strains of Sorangium have been isolated from soil samples collected from all over the world. The strains were characterized using a polyphasic approach and phenotypic, genotypic and chemotype analyses clarified their taxonomic relationships. 16S rRNA, xynB1, groEL1, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ioniziation time-of-flight mass spectrometry and API-ZYM analyses were conducted. In addition, from selected representative strains, fatty acids, quinones and phospholipids were analysed. In silico DNA-DNA hybridization and DNA-DNA hybridization against the current type species of Sorangiumcellulosum strain Soce 1871^T (DSM 14627^T) completed the analyses. Finally, our study revealed seven new species of Sorangium: Sorangium ambruticinum (Soce 176^T; DSM 53252^T, NCCB 100639^T, sequence accession number ERS2488998), Sorangium arenae (Soce 1078^T; DSM 105768^T, NCCB 100643^T, ERS2489002), Sorangium bulgaricum (Soce 321^T; DSM 53339^T, NCCB 100640^T, ERS2488999), Sorangium dawidii (Soce 362^T; DSM 105767^T, NCCB 100641^T, ERS2489000), Sorangium kenyense (Soce 375^T; DSM 105741^T, NCCB 100642^T, ERS2489001), Sorangium orientale (Soce GT47^T; DSM 105742^T, NCCB 100638^T, ERS2501484) and Sorangium reichenbachii (Soce 1828^T; DSM 105769^T, NCCB 100644^T, ERS2489003).

Thermus sediminis sp. nov., a thiosulfate-oxidizing and arsenate-reducing organism isolated from Little Hot Creek in the Long Valley Caldera, California

Thermus species are widespread in natural and artificial thermal environments. Two new yellow-pigmented strains, L198^T and L423, isolated from Little Hot Creek, a geothermal spring in eastern California, were identified as novel organisms belonging to the genus Thermus. Cells are Gram-negative, rod-shaped, and non-motile. Growth was observed at temperatures from 45 to 75 °C and at salinities of 0-2.0% added NaCl. Both strains grow heterotrophically or chemolithotrophically by oxidation of thiosulfate to sulfate. L198^T and L423 grow by aerobic respiration or anaerobic respiration with arsenate as the terminal electron acceptor. Values for 16S rRNA gene identity (≤ 97.01%), digital DNA-DNA hybridization (≤ 32.7%), OrthoANI (≤ 87.5%), and genome-to-genome distance (0.13) values to all Thermus genomes were less than established criteria for microbial species. The predominant respiratory quinone was menaquinone-8 and the major cellular fatty acids were iso-C_15:0, iso-C_17:0 and anteiso-C_15:0. One unidentified phospholipid (PL1) and one unidentified glycolipid (GL1) dominated the polar lipid pattern. The new strains could be differentiated from related taxa by β-galactosidase and β-glucosidase activity and the presence of hydroxy fatty acids. Based on phylogenetic, genomic, phenotypic, and chemotaxonomic evidence, the novel species Thermus sediminis sp. nov. is proposed, with the type strain L198^T (= CGMCC 1.13590^T = KCTC XXX).

Bhargavaea changchunensis sp. nov. isolated from soil in China

A Gram-staining-positive, aerobic, rod-shaped (201802YP6^T) bacteria was isolated from soil, Northeast of China. Growth occurred at 10-40 °C (optimum 25-30 °C), at pH 6.0-8.0 (optimum 7.0) and at 0-2% NaCl. Based on 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, the nearest phylogenetic neighbors of strain 201802YP6^T were identified as Bhargavaea cecembensis DSE10^T (99.52%), Bhargavaea beijingensis ge10^T (99.45%), Bhargavaea indica KJW98^T (99.45%), Bhargavaea ullalensis ZMA19^T (98.81%), and Bhargavaea ginsengi ge14^T (98.76%). Levels of similarity among strain 201802YP6^T and other Bhargavaea species were lower than 98.76%. GyrB amino acid sequence-based analysis supported the phylogenetic position and also distinguished strain 201802YP6^T from the other species of the genus Bhargavaea. DNA-DNA hybridization values between strain 201802YP6^T and B. cecembensis, B. beijingensis, B. indica, B. ullalensis, B. ginsengi were 43.5%, 43%, 32.5%, 30.5% and 20.4%, respectively. The DNA G + C content of strain 201802YP6^T was 51.23 mol%. The average nucleotide identity (ANI) of the draft genome was 87.04% to B. cecembensis DSE10^T. The major polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, glycolipids, phosphatidylethanolamine, and phosphatidyllipid. The predominant menaquinone was MK-8. The major fatty acids were iso-C_15:0 (39.91%), anteiso-C_15:0 (28.86%), anteiso-C_17:0 (6.30%) and C_16:0 (6.13%). On the basis of the phylogenetic analysis, chemotaxonomic data, physiological characteristics and DNA-DNA hybridization data, strain 201802YP6^T represents a novel species of the genus Bhargavaea, for which the name Bhargavaea changchunensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is 201802YP6^T (= CGMCC 1.13508^T = KCTC 33975^T).

Aestuariimicrobium soli sp. nov., isolated from farmland soil, and emended description of the genus Aestuariimicrobium

A Gram-reaction-positive, catalase-positive, non-spore-forming and short rod- or oval-shaped bacterial strain, designated D6^T, was isolated from farmland soil in Xuancheng, Anhui Province, China. Growth occurred at 4-37 °C (optimum, 30 °C), at pH 6.5-8.5 (optimum, 7.0) and with 0-7 % (w/v) NaCl (optimum, 0.5 % NaCl). Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain D6^T was most closely related to Aestuariimicrobium kwangyangense DSM 21549^T (98.47 %), followed by Tessaracoccus rhinocerotis YIM 101269^T (94.46 %). Strain D6^T had a cell-wall peptidoglycan based on ll-diaminopimelic acid. MK-9(H4) was the predominant menaquinone. The major fatty acids of strain D6^T were anteiso-C15 : 0, iso-C15 : 0 and summed feature 4 (iso-C17 : 1 I and/or anteiso-C17 : 1 B). The major polar lipids were a lipid, glycolipid and phospholipid. The DNA G+C content was 69.2 mol% and strain D6^T showed low DNA-DNA relatedness to A. kwangyangense DSM 21549^T (36.45±0.42 %). Based on these genotypic and phenotypic data, strain D6^T represents a novel species in the genus Aestuariimicrobium, for which the name Aestuariimicrobium soli sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is D6^T (=KCTC 39995^T=DSM 105824^T). An emended description of the genus Aestuariimicrobium is presented.

Georgenia alba sp. nov., a novel halotolerant actinobacterium isolated from a desert sand sample

Strain SYSU D8008^T was isolated from a desert sand sample collected from Saudi Arabia. The strain was observed to be Gram-stain positive, non-motile and aerobic. It can grow at 15-37 °C, pH 6.0-10.0 and can tolerant up to 7% (w/v) NaCl. Pairwise comparison of the 16S rRNA gene sequence indicated that strain SYSU D8008^T shares high sequence similarities with Georgenia deserti SYSU D8004^T (96.8%) and Georgenia halophila YIM 93316^T (96.8%). Menaquinone MK-8(H₄) was detected as the respiratory isoprenologue. The polar lipid profile of strain SYSU D8008^T was found to consist of diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol, two phosphatidylinositol mannosides, an unidentified glycolipid and an unidentified phospholipid. Strain SYSU D8008^T was found to contain anteiso-C_15:0 and iso-C_15:0 as the predominant fatty acids. Galactose, glucose and rhamnose were detected as the whole cell sugars. Based on the phenotypic, genotypic and phylogenetic characteristics, strain SYSU D8008^T can be differentiated from other closely related members of the genus Georgenia. The strain SYSU D8008^T, therefore, is concluded to represent a novel species of the genus Georgenia, for which the name Georgenia alba sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is SYSU D8008^T (= CGMCC 1.15800^T = KCTC 39988^T).

Ornithinimicrobium cavernae sp. nov., an actinobacterium isolated from a karst cave

A novel actinobacterium, designated strain CFH 30183^T, was isolated from a soil sample collected from a karst cave in Luoyang, Henan Province. The taxonomic position of the strain was investigated using a polyphasic approach. Cells of strain CFH 30183^T were observed to be Gram-stain positive, motile, asporogenous and coccoid to rod shaped. The strain was found to be aerobic and oxidase positive. On the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, strain CFH 30183^T was found to be closely related to Ornithinimicrobium murale 01-Gi-040^T (97.8% sequence identity). The ANIb/ANIm values between strain CFH 30183^T and O. murale DSM 22056^T were found to be 80.3%/85.9%. Strain CFH 30183^T was found to grow optimally at 28-32 °C, at pH 8.0-9.0 and in the presence of up to 7% NaCl (w/v). Whole cell hydrolysates of strain CFH 30183^T contained L-ornithine as the diagnostic diamino acid, and arabinose, glucose, mannose and rhamnose as whole cell sugars. The respiratory quinone was determined to be MK-8(H₄), while the major fatty acids were found to consist of iso-C_15:0 and iso-C_16:0. The polar lipids profile was found to include diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol, an unidentified phospholipid, an unidentified phosphoglycolipid and four unidentified lipids. The DNA G + C content of strain CFH 30183^T was calculated to be 70.9%. Based on the phenotypic, genotypic and phylogenetic data obtained, strain CFH 30183^T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Ornithinimicrobium, for which the name Ornithinimicrobium cavernae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is CFH 30183^T (= KCTC 49018^T = CGMCC 1.16393^T).

Leifsonia flava sp. nov., a novel actinobacterium isolated from the rhizosphere of Aquilegia viridiflora

SYP-B2174^T is a yellow-pigmented, Gram-positive, non-motile, and rod-shaped actinobacterium isolated from the rhizospheric soil of Aquilegia viridiflora Pall. collected from the Xinjiang uygur autonomous region of China. The strain's growth temperature ranges from 1 to 35°C, with an optimal growth being observed at 28°C. Growth occurs from 0 to 5% NaCl and at pH 6-8, with optimal growth being observed in 1% NaCl at pH 7. Comparative 16S rRNA gene sequence-based phylogenetic analysis placed the strain in a clade with the species Leifsonia kafniensis JCM 17021^T and Leifsonia psychrotolerans DSM 22824^T with similarities of 97.8 and 97.6%, respectively. The DNA-DNA hybridization values of the strain SYP-B2174^T to its closest phylogenetic neighbors were significantly lower than 35.7%. The strain was identified as a novel species of the genus Leifsonia judging by the coryneform morphology, peptidoglycans based upon 2,4-diaminobutyric acid, principal phospholipids phosphatidylglycerol and diphosphatidylglycerol, major menaquinone MK-11, predominant fatty acids of anteiso-C_15:0, anteiso-C_17:0, and iso-C_16:0, and a DNA G + C base composition of 68.7 mol%, for which the name Leifsonia flava sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is SYP-B2174^T (= CGMCC 1.15856^T = DSM 105144^T = KCTC 39963T).

Actinophytocola glycyrrhizae sp. nov. isolated from the rhizosphere of Glycyrrhiza inflata

A Gram-stain-positive, aerobic actinomycete, designated strain BMP B8152^T, was isolated from the rhizosphere of Glycyrrhiza inflata collected ashore, in Kashi, Xinjiang province, northwest PR China. A polyphasic approach was used to establish the taxonomic position of this strain. BMP B8152^T was observed to form non-fragmented substrate mycelium, and relatively scanty aerial mycelium with rod-shaped spores. Cell-wall hydrolysates contained meso-diaminopimelic acid, galactose, arabinose, glucose and rhamnose (trace). Mycolic acids were not detected. The diagnostic phospholipids were identified as diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, hydroxyphosphatidylethanolamine, ninhydrin-positive phosphoglycolipid and phosphatidylinositol. The predominant menaquinone and fatty acid were MK-9(H4) and iso-branched hexadecanoate (iso-C16 : 0), respectively. The phylogenetic analyses based on the 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that BMP B8152^T formed a distinct monophyletic clade clustered with Actinophytocola timorensisID05-A0653^T (98.8 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity), Actinophytocola oryzaeGMKU 367^T (98.6 %), Actinophytocola corallinaID06-A0464^T (98.2 %) and Actinophytocola burenkhanensisMN08-A0203^T (97.5 %). In addition, DNA-DNA hybridization values between BMP B8152^T and A. timorensisID05-A0653^T(44.2±3.6 %) and A. oryzaeGMKU 367^T(36.7±2.3 %) were well below the 70 % limit for species identification. The combined phenotypic and genotypic data indicate that the isolate represents a novel species of the genus Actinophytocola, for which the name Actinophytocola glycyrrhizae sp. nov., is proposed, with the type strain BMP B8152^T (=KCTC 49002^T=CGMCC 4.7433^T).

Anoxybacillus sediminis sp. nov., a novel moderately thermophilic bacterium isolated from a hot spring

A Gram-stain positive, moderately thermophilic, aerobic, spore-forming and rod-shaped bacterium, designated YIM 73012^T, was isolated from a sediment sample collected from a hot spring located in Tibet, China, and was characterized by using a polyphasic taxonomy approach. The strain is oxidase positive and catalase negative. Growth occurred at 37-65 °C (optimum, 45-50 °C), at pH 6.0-8.5 (optimum, pH 7.0-7.5) and with 0.5-3.5% NaCl (optimum, 0.5-1.0%, w/v). The major fatty acids were iso-C_15:0, iso-C_16:0 and C_16:0. The major polar lipids comprised of diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylmethylethanolamine and phosphatidylglycerol. The cell wall peptidoglycan contained meso-diaminopimelic acid. The respiratory quinone was MK-7. The G+C content of genomic DNA was 43.6 mol%. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that the strain YIM 73012^T forms a distinct lineage with respect to the genus Anoxybacillus in the family Bacillaceae. Based on 16S rRNA gene sequence identities the closely related phylogenetic neighbours are Anoxybacillus caldiproteolyticus DSM 15730^T (96.7%) and Saccharococcus thermophilus DSM 4749^T (96.6%). Strain YIM 73012^T was distinguishable from the closely related reference strains by the differences in phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and genotypic characteristics, and represents a novel species of the genus Anoxybacillus, for which the name Anoxybacillus sp. nov. is proposed. The type species is Anoxybacillus sediminis sp. nov., with the type strain YIM 73012^T (= KCTC 33884^T = DSM 103835^T).