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Abstract
The search for more accessible mesenchymal stem cells than those found in bone marrow has propelled interest in dental tissues. Human dental stem/progenitor cells (collectively termed dental stem cells [DSCs]) that have been isolated and characterized include dental pulp stem cells, stem cells from exfoliated deciduous teeth, stem cells from apical papilla, periodontal ligament stem cells, and dental follicle progenitor cells. Common characteristics of these cell populations are the capacity for self-renewal and the ability to differentiate into multiple lineages. In vitro and animal studies have shown that DSCs can differentiate into osseous, odontogenic, adipose, endothelial, and neural-like tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine M Sedgley
- Department of Endodontology, School of Dentistry, Oregon Health and Science University, 611 Southwest Campus Drive, Portland, OR 97239, USA.
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202
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Chen FM, Sun HH, Lu H, Yu Q. Stem cell-delivery therapeutics for periodontal tissue regeneration. Biomaterials 2012; 33:6320-44. [PMID: 22695066 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.05.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2012] [Accepted: 05/20/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Periodontitis, an inflammatory disease, is the most common cause of tooth loss in adults. Attempts to regenerate the complex system of tooth-supporting apparatus (i.e., the periodontal ligament, alveolar bone and root cementum) after loss/damage due to periodontitis have made some progress recently and provide a useful experimental model for the evaluation of future regenerative therapies. Concentrated efforts have now moved from the use of guided tissue/bone regeneration technology, a variety of growth factors and various bone grafts/substitutes toward the design and practice of endogenous regenerative technology by recruitment of host cells (cell homing) or stem cell-based therapeutics by transplantation of outside cells to enhance periodontal tissue regeneration and its biomechanical integration. This shift is driven by the general inability of conventional therapies to deliver satisfactory outcomes, particularly in cases where the disease has caused large tissue defects in the periodontium. Cell homing and cell transplantation are both scientifically meritorious approaches that show promise to completely and reliably reconstitute all tissue and connections damaged through periodontal disease, and hence research into both directions should continue. In view of periodontal regeneration by paradigms that unlock the body's innate regenerative potential has been reviewed elsewhere, this paper specifically explores and analyses the stem cell types and cell delivery strategies that have been or have the potential to be used as therapeutics in periodontal regenerative medicine, with particular emphasis placed on the efficacy and safety concerns of current stem cell-based periodontal therapies that may eventually enter into the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fa-Ming Chen
- Department of Periodontology and Oral Medicine, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi, PR China.
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203
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Jung IH, Park JC, Kim JC, Jeon DW, Choi SH, Cho KS, Im GI, Kim BS, Kim CS. Novel Application of Human Periodontal Ligament Stem Cells and Water-Soluble Chitin for Collagen Tissue Regeneration:In VitroandIn VivoInvestigations. Tissue Eng Part A 2012; 18:643-53. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2011.0164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Im Hee Jung
- Department of Periodontology, Research Institute for Periodontal Regeneration, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
- Brain Korea 21 Project, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jung Chul Park
- Department of Periodontology, Research Institute for Periodontal Regeneration, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jane C. Kim
- Department of Periodontology, Research Institute for Periodontal Regeneration, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Dong Won Jeon
- Department of Clothing and Textiles, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seong Ho Choi
- Department of Periodontology, Research Institute for Periodontal Regeneration, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
- Brain Korea 21 Project, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kyoo Sung Cho
- Department of Periodontology, Research Institute for Periodontal Regeneration, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
- Brain Korea 21 Project, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Gun Il Im
- Department of Orthopedics, Dongguk University International Hospital, Goyang, Korea
| | - Byung Soo Kim
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chang Sung Kim
- Department of Periodontology, Research Institute for Periodontal Regeneration, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
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204
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Kim YT, Park JC, Choi SH, Cho KS, Im GI, Kim BS, Kim CS. The dynamic healing profile of human periodontal ligament stem cells: histological and immunohistochemical analysis using an ectopic transplantation model. J Periodontal Res 2012; 47:514-24. [PMID: 22308979 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.2011.01463.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Human periodontal ligament stem cells (hPDLSCs) have been reported to play the pivotal role in periodontal regeneration. However, the dynamic cellular healing process initiated by hPDLSCs still remains to be elucidated. In the present study, the sequence of regeneration by hPDLSCs was assessed using histological and immunohistochemical observation in an ectopic transplantation model, which is a well-standardized assessment tool that excludes the innate healing factors from the animals. MATERIAL AND METHODS Human periodontal ligament stem cells that were isolated and characterized from teeth (n=12) extracted for the purpose of orthodontic treatment were transplanted with carriers into ectopic subcutaneous pouches in immunocompromised mice (n=20). Animals were killed after several different healing periods: 3 d (n=4), 1 (n=4), 2 (n=4), 4 (n=4) and 8 wk (n=4). Histological analysis for regenerated tissues formed by hPDLSCs was conducted using hematoxylin and eosin, Masson's trichrome and picrosirius red staining. In addition, immunohistochemical staining was performed to observe the sequential expression of osteogenic/cementogenic and periodontal ligament tissue-specific markers associated with periodontal regeneration. RESULTS The whole healing process by transplanted hPDLSCs could be broadly divided into four distinctive phases. In the first phase, proliferated hPDLSCs migrated evenly all over the carrier, and collagenous tissues appeared in the form of amorphous collagen matrices. In the second phase, collagen fibers were well arranged among the carriers, and cementoid-like tissues were observed. In the third phase, the formation of mature collagen fibers, resembling Sharpey's fibers, was associated with active mineralization of cementum-like tissues, and in the fourth phase, the maturation of cementum-like tissues was observed on carrier surfaces. Various osteogenic/cementogenic markers related to the regeneration processes were expressed in a well-orchestrated time order. Interestingly, well-organized cementum-like and periodontal ligament fiber-like tissues and cells with early and late osteogenic/cementogenic markers were frequently observed in the secluded area of carrier surfaces. We termed this area the cell-rich zone. CONCLUSION The results from this study clearly demonstrated the sequential histological changes during periodontal tissue regeneration by hPDLSCs. Understanding of this process would potentially enable us to develop better cell-based treatment techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y-T Kim
- Department of Periodontology, Research Institute for Periodontal Regeneration, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
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205
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Park JC, Lee SM, Kim JC, Yun JH, Cho KS, Im GI, Kim BS, Kim CS. Effect of humoral factors from hPDLSCs on the biologic activity of hABCs. Oral Dis 2012; 18:537-47. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-0825.2012.01906.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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206
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Current status and future development of cell transplantation therapy for periodontal tissue regeneration. Int J Dent 2012; 2012:307024. [PMID: 22315604 PMCID: PMC3272354 DOI: 10.1155/2012/307024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2011] [Accepted: 10/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been shown that stem cell transplantation can regenerate periodontal tissue, and several clinical trials involving transplantation of stem cells into human patients have already begun or are in preparation. However, stem cell transplantation therapy is a new technology, and the events following transplantation are poorly understood. Several studies have reported side effects and potential risks associated with stem cell transplantation therapy. To protect patients from such risks, governments have placed regulations on stem cell transplantation therapies. It is important for the clinicians to understand the relevant risks and governmental regulations. This paper describes the ongoing clinical studies, basic research, risks, and governmental controls related to stem cell transplantation therapy. Then, one clinical study is introduced as an example of a government-approved periodontal cell transplantation therapy.
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207
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Chen FM, Zhao YM, Jin Y, Shi S. Prospects for translational regenerative medicine. Biotechnol Adv 2011; 30:658-72. [PMID: 22138411 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2011.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2011] [Revised: 11/12/2011] [Accepted: 11/15/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Translational medicine is an evolutional concept that encompasses the rapid translation of basic research for use in clinical disease diagnosis, prevention and treatment. It follows the idea "from bench to bedside and back", and hence relies on cooperation between laboratory research and clinical care. In the past decade, translational medicine has received unprecedented attention from scientists and clinicians and its fundamental principles have penetrated throughout biomedicine, offering a sign post that guides modern medical research toward a patient-centered focus. Translational regenerative medicine is still in its infancy, and significant basic research investment has not yet achieved satisfactory clinical outcomes for patients. In particular, there are many challenges associated with the use of cell- and tissue-based products for clinical therapies. This review summarizes the transformation and global progress in translational medicine over the past decade. The current obstacles and opportunities in translational regenerative medicine are outlined in the context of stem cell therapy and tissue engineering for the safe and effective regeneration of functional tissue. This review highlights the requirement for multi-disciplinary and inter-disciplinary cooperation to ensure the development of the best possible regenerative therapies within the shortest timeframe possible for the greatest patient benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fa-Ming Chen
- Department of Periodontology & Oral Medicine, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi, PR China.
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208
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Sreenivas SD, Rao AS, Satyavani SS, Reddy BH, Vasudevan S. Where will the stem cells lead us? Prospects for dentistry in the 21 century. J Indian Soc Periodontol 2011; 15:199-204. [PMID: 22028504 PMCID: PMC3200012 DOI: 10.4103/0972-124x.85660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2011] [Accepted: 09/03/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
It is dentists’ dream to achieve bone repair with predictability, but without donor site morbidity as well as reconstruction of injured or pathologically damaged complex dental structures, however, this will no longer be a dream as these are being made into a reality using stem cell science. Stem cell science is clearly an intriguing and promising area of science. Stem cells have been isolated from a variety of embryonic and adult tissues. Dental stem cells are multipotent mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) brought new enthusiasm among the researchers because of their easy accessibility, high quality and they don’t pose the same ethical concerns and controversy in comparison with embryonic stem cells. This review article provides brief insights about stem cell basics, the state of art in human dental stem cell research and its possible impact on future dentistry. Even though most of these modalities are still in infancy, it is evident that the 21st century dentist is going to play a critical role in the field of medicine. The aim of this article is to bring awareness among the dentists about the huge potential associated with the use of stem cells in a clinical setting, as well as proper understanding of related problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Durga Sreenivas
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, MNR Dental College and Hospital, Sangareddy, Andhra Pradesh, India
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209
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Maeda H, Tomokiyo A, Fujii S, Wada N, Akamine A. Promise of periodontal ligament stem cells in regeneration of periodontium. Stem Cell Res Ther 2011; 2:33. [PMID: 21861868 PMCID: PMC3219064 DOI: 10.1186/scrt74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
A great number of patients around the world experience tooth loss that is attributed to irretrievable damage of the periodontium caused by deep caries, severe periodontal diseases or irreversible trauma. The periodontium is a complex tissue composed mainly of two soft tissues and two hard tissues; the former includes the periodontal ligament (PDL) tissue and gingival tissue, and the latter includes alveolar bone and cementum covering the tooth root. Tissue engineering techniques are therefore required for regeneration of these tissues. In particular, PDL is a dynamic connective tissue that is subjected to continual adaptation to maintain tissue size and width, as well as structural integrity, including ligament fibers and bone modeling. PDL tissue is central in the periodontium to retain the tooth in the bone socket, and is currently recognized to include somatic mesenchymal stem cells that could reconstruct the periodontium. However, successful treatment using these stem cells to regenerate the periodontium efficiently has not yet been developed. In the present article, we discuss the contemporary standpoints and approaches for these stem cells in the field of regenerative medicine in dentistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidefumi Maeda
- Department of Endodontology & Operative Dentistry, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan.
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210
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Martínez C, Smith PC, Rodriguez JP, Palma V. Sonic hedgehog stimulates proliferation of human periodontal ligament stem cells. J Dent Res 2011; 90:483-8. [PMID: 21441223 DOI: 10.1177/0022034510391797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulation of cell renewal in the periodontium is a critical cell function that has not been clarified. Sonic hedgehog (Shh) is a secreted signaling molecule that plays a key role during development and adult tissue homeostasis. In the present study, we have analyzed the role played by Shh in human periodontal ligament stem cell (HPLSC) proliferation. HPLSC were isolated with anti-STRO-1 antibodies. Shh increased the expression of GLI1 and PTC-1 and selectively stimulated cell proliferation in STRO-1(+) derived from adult periodontal ligament. Shh components were localized to primary cilia in STRO-1(+) cells after Shh stimulation. STRO-1(+) also expressed Shh, suggesting an autocrine-regulated phenomenon. Thus, we propose that Shh plays a critical role in the regulation of cell proliferation in STRO-1(+)/HPLSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Martínez
- Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Center for Genomics of the Cell, Las Palmeras 3425, Santiago, Chile
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211
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Tsumanuma Y, Iwata T, Washio K, Yoshida T, Yamada A, Takagi R, Ohno T, Lin K, Yamato M, Ishikawa I, Okano T, Izumi Y. Comparison of different tissue-derived stem cell sheets for periodontal regeneration in a canine 1-wall defect model. Biomaterials 2011; 32:5819-25. [PMID: 21605900 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2011.04.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2011] [Accepted: 04/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Cytotherapeutic approaches have been investigated to overcome the limitations of existing procedures for periodontal regeneration. In this study, cell sheet transplantation was performed using three kinds of mesenchymal tissue (periodontal ligament, alveolar periosteum, and bone marrow)-derived cells to compare the differences between cell sources in a canine severe defect model (one-wall intrabony defect). Periodontal ligament cells (PDLCs), iliac bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells (BMMSCs), and alveolar periosteal cells (APCs) were obtained from each dog; a total of four dogs were used. Three-layered cell sheets of each cell source supported with woven polyglycolic acid were autologously transplanted to the denuded root surface. One-wall intrabony defects were filled with a mixture of β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) and collagen. Eight weeks after the transplantation, periodontal regeneration was significantly observed with both newly formed cementum and well-oriented PDL fibers more in the PDLC group than in the other groups. In addition, nerve filament was observed in the regenerated PDL tissue only in the PDLC group. The amount of alveolar bone regeneration was highest in the PDLC group, although it did not reach statistical significance among the groups. These results indicate that PDLC sheets combined with β-TCP/collagen scaffold serve as a promising tool for periodontal regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuka Tsumanuma
- Department of Hard Tissue Engineering, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
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212
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Rodríguez-Lozano FJ, Bueno C, Insausti CL, Meseguer L, Ramírez MC, Blanquer M, Marín N, Martínez S, Moraleda JM. Mesenchymal stem cells derived from dental tissues. Int Endod J 2011; 44:800-6. [PMID: 21477154 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2591.2011.01877.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Regeneration of tissues occurs naturally due to the existence of stem cells with the capacity to self-regenerate and differentiate; however, regenerative capacity decreases with age, and in many cases, regeneration is not sufficient to repair the damage produced by degenerative, ischaemic, inflammatory, or tumour-based diseases. In the last decade, advances have been made in the understanding of stem cells, the genes that control the alternative fates of quiescence and differentiation, and the niches that provide specific signals that modulate cell fate decisions. Embryonic stem-cell research is shedding light on the secrets of development. Adult stem cells (AS cells) are available from several sources. Bone marrow and connective tissue have been used in preliminary clinical trials for regenerative therapy. Recently, several types of AS cells have been isolated from teeth, including dental pulp stem cells, stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth, periodontal ligament stem cells, dental follicle progenitor stem cells and stem cells from apical papilla. Preliminary data suggest that these cells have the capacity to differentiate into osteoblasts, adipocytes, chondrocytes and neural cells. If confirmed, these data would support the use of these cells, which are easily obtained from extracted teeth, in dental therapies, including in regenerative endodontics, providing a new therapeutic modality.
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Affiliation(s)
- F J Rodríguez-Lozano
- Cell Therapy Unit. Hospital Universitary Virgen de la Arrixaca, Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
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213
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Wada N, Wang B, Lin NH, Laslett AL, Gronthos S, Bartold PM. Induced pluripotent stem cell lines derived from human gingival fibroblasts and periodontal ligament fibroblasts. J Periodontal Res 2011; 46:438-47. [PMID: 21443752 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.2011.01358.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Human induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells, which have similar properties to human embryonic stem (hES) cells, have been generated from neonatal and adult human dermal fibroblasts by reprogramming. iPS cells have high pluripotency and differentiation potential, and may be a potential autologous stem cell source for future regenerative therapy. MATERIAL AND METHODS iPS cell lines from human gingival fibroblasts and, for the first time, from periodontal ligament fibroblasts, were generated by reprogramming using a retroviral transduction cocktail of OCT3/4, SOX2, KLF4 and c-MYC. iPS induction was investigated through expression of the embryonic stem cell markers SSEA4, OCT4, NANOG, GCTM-2, TG30 and TRA-1-60. Following in vitro differentiation, the expression of genes for differentiation markers for ectoderm (SOX1, PAX6), mesoderm [RUNX1, T(Brachyury)] and endoderm (GATA4, AFP) was assessed by real-time RT-PCR. The ability to form teratomas following implantation into mouse testes was assessed by histology. RESULTS Human gingival fibroblast- and periodontal ligament fibroblast-derived iPS cells showed similar characteristics to hES cells. Both sets of iPS cells displayed colony morphology comparable to that of hES cells and expressed the hES cell-associated cell-surface antigens, SSEA3, SSEA4, GCTM-2, TG30 (CD9) and Tra-1-60, and the hES cell marker genes, OCT4, NANOG and GDF3. These iPS cells showed differentiation potential to form embryoid bodies in vitro and expressed genes for endoderm, ectoderm and mesoderm. Teratoma formation following implantation into mouse testes was observed. CONCLUSION These results demonstrate that iPS cells can be successfully generated from adult human gingival and periodontal ligament fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Wada
- School of Dentistry, Colgate Australian Clinical Dental Research Centre, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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214
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Kato T, Hattori K, Deguchi T, Katsube Y, Matsumoto T, Ohgushi H, Numabe Y. Osteogenic potential of rat stromal cells derived from periodontal ligament. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2011; 5:798-805. [PMID: 22002923 DOI: 10.1002/term.379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2010] [Accepted: 09/02/2010] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Various mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) have been applied to regenerative medicine. MSCs derived from periodontal tissue could also be a useful cell source for alveolar bone regeneration. However, only a few attempts of direct comparisons have been made between MSCs from periodontal tissues and those from other somatic tissues. The purpose of this study was to clarify the osteogenic characteristics of mesenchymal stromal cells derived from bone marrow (BMSCs), adipose tissue (ASCs) and periodontal ligament (PDLSCs). BMSCs, ASCs and PDLSCs were isolated from Fisher 344 rats. After 1 week of primary culture, stromal cells were subjected to cell surface analysis and osteogenic differentiation. The cells were subcultured for 2 weeks with and without osteogenic supplements (OS), followed by biochemical and histological analyses. With regard to cell surface antigens, all MSCs were positive for CD29 and CD90 and negative for CD45. With regard to osteogenic differentiation, BMSCs with OS had the highest ALP activity, calcium uptake and osteocalcin content. Without OS, PDLSCs had the highest levels of these bone differentiation markers. RT-PCR analysis and histological analysis showed similar trends. These results indicate that PDLSCs are an ideal candidate for alveolar bone regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomotaka Kato
- Nippon Dental University, School of Life Dentistry at Tokyo, Department of Periodontology, Tokyo, Japan
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215
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Song DS, Park JC, Jung IH, Choi SH, Cho KS, Kim CK, Kim CS. Enhanced adipogenic differentiation and reduced collagen synthesis induced by human periodontal ligament stem cells might underlie the negative effect of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 on periodontal regeneration. J Periodontal Res 2010; 46:193-203. [PMID: 21118417 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.2010.01328.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 (rhBMP-2) is a potent inducer for the regeneration of mineralized tissue, but has a limited effect on the regeneration of cementum and periodontal ligament (PDL). The aim of the present study was to determine the effects of rhBMP-2 on the in vitro and in vivo biologic activity of well-characterized human PDL stem cells (hPDLSCs) and to elucidate the underlying mechanism of minimal periodontal regeneration by rhBMP-2. MATERIAL AND METHODS hPDLSCs were isolated and cultured, and then transplanted into an ectopic subcutaneous mouse model using a carrier treated either with or without rhBMP-2. Comprehensive histologic, histometric and immunohistochemical analyses were performed after an 8-wk healing period. The effects of rhBMP-2 on the adipogenic and osteogenic/cementogenic differentiation of hPDLSCs were also evaluated. The effect of rhBMP-2 on both soluble and insoluble collagen synthesis was analyzed, and the expression of mRNA and protein for collagen types I, II, III and V was assessed. RESULTS In the present study, rhBMP-2 promoted both adipogenic and osteogenic/cementogenic differentiation of hPDLSCs in vitro, and the in vivo potential of hPDLSCs to form mineralized cementum and organized PDL tissue was down-regulated following treatment with rhBMP-2. Collagen synthesis, which plays a crucial role in the regeneration of cementum and the periodontal attachment, was significantly reduced, with associated modification of the relevant mRNA and protein expression profiles. CONCLUSION In summary, the findings of the present study suggest that enhanced adipogenic differentiation and inhibition of collagen synthesis by hPDLSCs appear to be partly responsible for the minimal effect of rhBMP-2 on cementum and PDL tissue regeneration by hPDLSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- D-S Song
- Department of Periodontology, Research Institute for Periodontal Regeneration, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
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