201
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Neuroactive Multifunctional Tacrine Congeners with Cholinesterase, Anti-Amyloid Aggregation and Neuroprotective Properties. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2011. [PMCID: PMC4053961 DOI: 10.3390/ph4020382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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202
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Rubio J, Qiong W, Liu X, Jiang Z, Dang H, Chen SL, Gonzales GF. Aqueous Extract of Black Maca (Lepidium meyenii) on Memory Impairment Induced by Ovariectomy in Mice. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2011; 2011:253958. [PMID: 18955369 PMCID: PMC3096456 DOI: 10.1093/ecam/nen063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2008] [Accepted: 09/11/2008] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
The present study aims to test two different doses of aqueous extract of black maca on learning and memory in ovariectomized (OVX) mice and their relation with malonalehyde (MDA), acetylcholinesterase (Ache) and monoamine oxidase (MAO) brain levels. Female mice were divided into five groups: (i) naive (control), (ii) sham, (iii) OVX mice and OVX mice treated with (iv) 0.50 g kg−1 and (v) 2.00 g kg−1 black maca. Mice were orally treated with distilled water or black maca during 35 days starting 7 days after surgery. Memory and learning were assessed using the water Morris maze (from day 23–27) and the step-down avoidance test (days 34 and 35). At the end of each treatment, mice were sacrificed by decapitation and brains were dissected out for MDA, Ache and MAO determinations. Black maca (0.5 and 2.0 g/kg) increased step-down latency when compared to OVX control mice. Black maca decreased MDA and Ache levels in OVX mice; whereas, no differences were observed in MAO levels. Finally, black maca improved experimental memory impairment induced by ovariectomy, due in part, by its antioxidant and Ache inhibitory activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio Rubio
- Research Center for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
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203
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Jesky R, Hailong C. Are Herbal Compounds the Next Frontier for Alleviating Learning and Memory Impairments? An Integrative Look at Memory, Dementia and the Promising Therapeutics of Traditional Chinese Medicines. Phytother Res 2011; 25:1105-18. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.3388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2010] [Revised: 11/18/2010] [Accepted: 11/22/2010] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Jesky
- Department of General Surgery-Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine; 1st Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University; No. 222, Zhongshan Road, Xigang District Dalian China
| | - Chen Hailong
- Department of General Surgery-Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine; 1st Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University; No. 222, Zhongshan Road, Xigang District Dalian China
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204
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Tun MKM, Wüstmann DJ, Herzon SB. A robust and scalable synthesis of the potent neuroprotective agent (−)-huperzine A. Chem Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c1sc00455g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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205
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Abstract
This review focuses on recent developments in the use of natural products as therapeutics for Alzheimer's disease. The compounds span a diverse array of structural classes and are organized according to their mechanism of action, with the focus primarily on the major hypotheses. Overall, the review discusses more than 180 compounds and summarizes 400 references.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Williams
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA
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206
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Azevedo Marques L, Giera M, Lingeman H, Niessen WM. Analysis of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors: bioanalysis, degradation and metabolism. Biomed Chromatogr 2010; 25:278-99. [PMID: 21154892 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.1573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2010] [Revised: 10/14/2010] [Accepted: 10/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's is a neurodegenerative disease. Its symptoms are attributed to a deficiency of cholinergic neurotransmission. The drugs of choice for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease are acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors. Starting in the 1980's from non-specific AChE inhibitors, the first-generation drugs such as physostigmine, a second generation of more selective and better tolerated products has been developed. Methods to detect and quantify these drugs and their metabolites in biological samples have been developed for analysis in plasma, blood, urine and cerebrospinal fluid. Diverse detection techniques have been used, such as ultraviolet, fluorescence, electrochemical and mass spectrometry. In this review, the methods applied to the analysis of these drugs and their metabolites in different biological matrices are reviewed and discussed. The stability of these drugs in biological matrices and under stress-conditions is also included in the discussion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lygia Azevedo Marques
- VU University Amsterdam, Faculty of Sciences, BioMolecular Analysis group, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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207
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Potential therapeutic agents against Alzheimer’s disease from natural sources. Arch Pharm Res 2010; 33:1589-609. [DOI: 10.1007/s12272-010-1010-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2010] [Revised: 08/17/2010] [Accepted: 08/18/2010] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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208
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The clinical approach to the person with dementia. DEMENTIA 2010. [DOI: 10.1017/cbo9780511780615.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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209
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Shi J, Liu Q, Wang Y, Luo G. Coadministration of huperzine A and ligustrazine phosphate effectively reverses scopolamine-induced amnesia in rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2010; 96:449-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2010.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2010] [Revised: 05/26/2010] [Accepted: 07/05/2010] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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210
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Effect of aqueous antler extract on scopolamine-induced memory impairment in mice and antioxidant activities. Food Sci Biotechnol 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s10068-010-0092-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
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211
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Defect in efferocytosis leads to alternative activation of macrophages in Francisella infections. Immunol Cell Biol 2010; 89:167-72. [PMID: 20585334 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2010.81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The macrophage is a versatile cell type that can sense and respond to a particular need based on the conditions of the microenvironment. Some studies have recently suggested that pathogens can directly influence the polarization of macrophages. As Francisella infections are characterized by intense necrotic infiltrates in the lung as well as in distal sites of infection, we sought to investigate whether pulmonary Francisella infections could cause the polarization of alternatively activated macrophages (M2/aaMs). Our results indicate that Francisella infections can cause the polarization of M2/aaM in vivo and that macrophages can be polarized toward an M2/aaM phenotype more potently if dead cell debris is used for stimulation in the presence and absence of Francisella infections. Finally, we also demonstrate that efferocytosis is inhibited in macrophages infected with Francisella, thus providing a potential explanation for the lack of clearance and eventual accumulation of dead cell debris associated with this disease.
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212
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Zhang ZB, Zeng QG, Yan RM, Wang Y, Zou ZR, Zhu D. Endophytic fungus Cladosporium cladosporioides LF70 from Huperzia serrata produces Huperzine A. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-010-0476-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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213
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Wang Y, Huang LQ, Tang XC, Zhang HY. Retrospect and prospect of active principles from Chinese herbs in the treatment of dementia. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2010; 31:649-64. [PMID: 20523337 PMCID: PMC4002969 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2010.46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2010] [Accepted: 03/23/2010] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
With an ageing population, dementia has become one of the world's primary health challenges. However, existing remedies offer limited benefits with certain side effects, which has prompted researchers to seek complementary and alternative therapies. China has long been known for abundant usage of various herbs. Some of these herbal decoctions are effective in stimulating blood circulation, supplementing vital energy and resisting aging, the lack of which are believed to underlie dementia. These herbs are regarded as new and promising sources of potential anti-dementia drugs. With the rapid evolution of life science and technology, numerous active components have been identified that are highly potent and multi-targeted with low toxicity, and therefore meet the requirements for dementia therapy. This review updates the research progress of Chinese herbs in the treatment of dementia, focusing on their effective principles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Lu-qi Huang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Xi-can Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Hai-yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
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214
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Photohuperzine A-A new photoisomer of huperzine A: structure elucidation, formation kinetics and activity assessment. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2010; 52:190-4. [PMID: 20133099 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2010.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2009] [Revised: 01/07/2010] [Accepted: 01/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A new photoisomer of the promising "anti-Alzheimer" drug candidate (+/-) huperzine A is described. The new substance was formed via a photoisomerization reaction and was found to be 1-amino-13-ethylidene-11-methyl-6-aza-tetracyclo-[7.3.1.0(2.7).0(4.7)]-trideca-2,10-diene-5-one using NMR analysis. The kinetics of its formation was studied and proven to be of first-order. The described photoisomer showed a significant loss in activity, being more than 100 times less active than (-) huperzine A itself. The new substance was named photohuperzine A, referring to its photopyridone substructure.
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215
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Kutsuna S, Tsuruta R, Fujita M, Todani M, Yagi T, Ogino Y, Igarashi M, Takahashi K, Izumi T, Kasaoka S, Yuasa M, Maekawa T. Cholinergic agonist physostigmine suppresses excessive superoxide anion radical generation in blood, oxidative stress, early inflammation, and endothelial injury in rats with forebrain ischemia/reperfusion. Brain Res 2009; 1313:242-9. [PMID: 19968973 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2009.11.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2009] [Revised: 11/25/2009] [Accepted: 11/29/2009] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway is reportedly important in modulating the inflammatory response in local and systemic diseases, including ischemia/reperfusion pathophysiology. In this study, we investigated the effects of the cholinergic agonist, physostigmine, on jugular venous superoxide radical (O(2)(-)) generation, oxidative stress, early inflammation, and endothelial activation during forebrain ischemia/reperfusion (FBI/R) in rats. Fourteen male Wistar rat were allocated to the control group (n=7) or physostigmine group (n=7). The physostigmine group received 80 ng/g physostigmine intraperitoneally 24 h and 1 h before forebrain ischemia was established. The jugular venous O(2)(-) current was measured for 10 min during forebrain ischemia and for 120 min after reperfusion. The O(2)(-) current increased gradually during forebrain ischemia in both groups. The current increased markedly immediately after reperfusion in the control group but was significantly attenuated in the physostigmine group after reperfusion. Brain and plasma malondialdehyde, high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) protein, and intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM1) were significantly attenuated in the physostigmine group compared with the control group, except for brain HMGB1. The amount of O(2)(-) generated during FBI/R correlated with malondialdehyde, HMGB1, and ICAM1 in both the brain and plasma. In conclusion, the cholinergic agonist physostigmine suppressed jugular venous O(2)(-) generation, oxidative stress, early inflammation, and endothelial activation in the brain and plasma in the acute phase of cerebral ischemia/reperfusion. Therefore, the suppression of O(2)(-) is a key mechanism of the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway in the pathophysiology of cerebral ischemia/reperfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Kutsuna
- Advanced Medical Emergency and Critical Care Center, Yamaguchi University Hospital, 1-1-1 Minami-Kogushi, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan
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216
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Myers TM, Sun W, Saxena A, Doctor BP, Bonvillain AJ, Clark MG. Systemic administration of the potential countermeasure huperzine reversibly inhibits central and peripheral acetylcholinesterase activity without adverse cognitive-behavioral effects. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2009; 94:477-81. [PMID: 19909771 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2009.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2009] [Revised: 10/26/2009] [Accepted: 10/30/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Huperzine A is potentially superior to pyridostigmine bromide as a pretreatment for nerve agent intoxication because it inhibits acetylcholinesterase both peripherally and centrally, unlike pyridostigmine, which acts only peripherally. Using rhesus monkeys, we evaluated the time course of acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase inhibition following four different doses of -(-)huperzine A: 5, 10, 20, and 40 microg/kg. Acetylcholinesterase inhibition peaked 30 min after intramuscular injection and varied dose dependently, ranging from about 30% to 75%. Subsequently, cognitive-behavioral functioning was also evaluated at each dose of huperzine A using a six-item serial-probe recognition task that assessed attention, motivation, and working memory. Huperzine did not impair performance, but physostigmine did. The results demonstrate that huperzine A can selectively and reversibly inhibit acetylcholinesterase without cognitive-behavioral side effects, thus warranting further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd M Myers
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, 3100 Ricketts Point Road, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010, USA.
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217
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Polygalasaponin XXXII from Polygala tenuifolia root improves hippocampal-dependent learning and memory. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2009; 30:1211-9. [PMID: 19684611 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2009.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM The aim of this study was to investigate the cognition-enhancing activity and underlying mechanisms of a triterpenoid saponin (polygalasaponin XXXII, PGS32) isolated from the roots of Polygala tenuifolia Willd. METHODS The Morris water maze was used to evaluate the spatial learning and memory of mice. To detect the basic properties of synaptic transmission and long-term potentiation (LTP) in the dentate gyrus of rats, electrophysiological recordings were made of evoked potentials. Western blotting analysis and immunofluorescence assays were used to determine the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB), synapsin I and the expression of brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). RESULTS When administered at 0.125, 0.5, or 2 mg/kg, PGS32 could significantly prevent scopolamine-induced cognitive impairments in mice. Intracerebroventricular (icv) administration of PGS32 greatly enhanced basic synaptic transmission in the dentate gyrus of rats and induced LTP. In primary hippocampal neurons, as well as in the hippocampus of maze-trained mice, PGS32 activated the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase cascade by promoting phosphorylation of ERK, CREB and synapsin I. The expression of BDNF was also greatly enhanced in the hippocampus. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that PGS32 can improve hippocampus-dependent learning and memory, possibly through improvement of synaptic transmission, activation of the MAP kinase cascade and enhancement of the level of BDNF. Therefore, PGS32 shows promise as a potential cognition-enhancing therapeutic drug.
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218
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Yan J, Sun L, Wu G, Yi P, Yang F, Zhou L, Zhang X, Li Z, Yang X, Luo H, Qiu M. Rational design and synthesis of highly potent anti-acetylcholinesterase activity huperzine A derivatives. Bioorg Med Chem 2009; 17:6937-41. [PMID: 19726199 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2009.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2009] [Revised: 08/07/2009] [Accepted: 08/11/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
By targeting multi-active sites of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), a series of huperzine A (Hup A) derivatives with various aromatic ring groups were designed and synthesized by Schiff reaction. They were evaluated as AChE and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) inhibitors. Results showed very significant specificity that the group of imine derivatives could inhibit TcAChE and hAChE, but no inhibitory effect on hBChE was detected. The experiment was explained by a docking study. In the docking model, we confirmed that aromatic ring of Hup A derivatives played the pi-pi stacking against aminophenol residues of AChE, and the structure-activity relationship (SAR) was discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650204, PR China.
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219
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Shi YF, Zhang HY, Wang W, Fu Y, Xia Y, Tang XC, Bai DL, He XC. Novel 16-substituted bifunctional derivatives of huperzine B: multifunctional cholinesterase inhibitors. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2009; 30:1195-203. [PMID: 19578388 PMCID: PMC4006674 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2009.91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2009] [Accepted: 05/06/2009] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To design novel bifunctional derivatives of huperzine B (HupB) based on the concept of dual binding site of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and evaluate their pharmacological activities for seeking new drug candidates against Alzheimer's disease (AD). METHODS Novel 16-substituted bifunctional derivatives of HupB were synthesized through chemical reactions. The inhibitory activities of the derivatives toward AChE and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) were determined in vitro by modified Ellman's method. Cell viability was quantified by the reduction of MTT. RESULTS A new preparative method was developed for the generation of 16-substituted derivatives of HupB, and pharmacological trials indicated that the derivatives were multifunctional cholinesterase inhibitors targeting both AChE and BuChE. Among the derivatives tested, 9c, 9e, 9f, and 9i were 480 to 1360 times more potent as AChE inhibitors and 370 to 1560 times more potent as BuChE inhibitors than the parent HupB. Further preliminary pharmacological trials of derivatives 9c and 9i were performed, including examining the mechanism of AChE inhibition, the substrate kinetics of the enzyme inhibition, and protection against hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced cytotoxicity in PC12 cells. CONCLUSION Preliminary pharmacological evaluation indicated that 16-substituted derivatives of HupB, particularly 9c and 9i, would be potentially valuable new drug candidates for AD therapy, and further exploration is needed to evaluate their pharmacological and clinical efficacies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-fang Shi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Hai-yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Department of Neuropharmacology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Department of Neuropharmacology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yan Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Department of Neuropharmacology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yu Xia
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xi-can Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Department of Neuropharmacology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Dong-lu Bai
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xu-chang He
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
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220
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Zhao W, Zhu G, Zhang S, Zhao X, Sun Y, Wang H, Yang H, Han J. Relationship between the later strong gas-charging and the improvement of the reservoir capacity in deep Ordovician carbonate reservoir in Tazhong area, Tarim Basin. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s11434-009-0457-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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221
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Wang J, Zhang HY, Tang XC. Cholinergic deficiency involved in vascular dementia: possible mechanism and strategy of treatment. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2009; 30:879-88. [PMID: 19574993 PMCID: PMC4006646 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2009.82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2009] [Accepted: 04/29/2009] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular dementia (VaD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease with a high prevalence. Several studies have recently reported that VaD patients present cholinergic deficits in the brain and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) that may be closely related to the pathophysiology of cognitive impairment. Moreover, cholinergic therapies have shown promising effects on cognitive improvement in VaD patients. The precise mechanisms of these cholinergic agents are currently not fully understood; however, accumulating evidence indicates that these drugs may act through the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway, in which the efferent vagus nerve signals suppress pro-inflammatory cytokine release and inhibit inflammation, although regulation of oxidative stress and energy metabolism, alleviation of apoptosis may also be involved. In this paper, we provide a brief overview of the cholinergic treatment strategy for VaD and its relevant mechanisms of anti-inflammation.Acta Pharmacologica Sinica (2009) 30: 879-888; doi: 10.1038/aps.2009.82.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Hai-yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xi-can Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
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222
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Gao X, Zheng CY, Yang L, Tang XC, Zhang HY. Huperzine A protects isolated rat brain mitochondria against beta-amyloid peptide. Free Radic Biol Med 2009; 46:1454-62. [PMID: 19272446 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2009.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2008] [Revised: 01/19/2009] [Accepted: 02/13/2009] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Our previous work in cells and animals showed that mitochondria are involved in the neuroprotective effect of huperzine A (HupA). In this study, the effects of HupA on isolated rat brain mitochondria were investigated. In addition to inhibiting the Abeta(25-35) (40 microM)-induced decrease in mitochondrial respiration, adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) synthesis, enzyme activity, and transmembrane potential, HupA (0.01 or 0.1 microM) effectively prevented Abeta-induced mitochondrial swelling, reactive oxygen species increase, and cytochrome c release. More interestingly, administration of HupA to isolated mitochondria promoted the rate of ATP production and blocked mitochondrial swelling caused by normal osmosis. These results indicate that HupA protects mitochondria against Abeta at least in part by preserving membrane integrity and improving energy metabolism. These direct effects on mitochondria further extend the noncholinergic functions of HupA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China
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223
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Abstract
Dementia is becoming one of the biggest threats to human health. However, there is no efficient therapeutic approach so far. Thus, traditional medicines, which have accumulated certain experience in the treatment of dementia, are attracting more and more attention. Indeed, many anti-dementia drugs or drug candidates have been derived from these medicines. In this article, the profile of anti-dementia agents contained in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is described. It is indicated that TCM is not only a rich source of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, but also of great potential to derive other kinds of anti-dementia agents which are either directly associated with ameliorating dementia or have complementary effects. These agents have apparent implications for anti-dementia drug discovery, especially for finding multicomponent anti-dementia drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Juan Li
- Shandong Provincial Research Center for Bioinformatic Engineering and Technique, Center for Advanced Study, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, P. R. China
| | - Hong-Yu Zhang
- Institute of Bioinformatics and State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, P R China
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224
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Huperzine A, a form of herbal medicine, has been considered as an alternative treatment for vascular dementia (VaD) in China. OBJECTIVES To assess the efficacy and safety of Huperzine A in patients with vascular dementia. SEARCH STRATEGY The Specialized Register of the Cochrane Dementia and Cognitive Improvement Group (CDCIG) was searched on 7 July 2008 using the terms: huperzi* OR ayapin OR scoparon*. The CDCIG Specialized Register contains records from all major health care databases (The Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO, CINAHL, LILACS) as well as from many trials databases and grey literature sources. The review authors searched the following databases in August 2008 using the terms 'Huperzine A', 'Shishanjianjia', 'Haboyin' and 'Shuangyiping': The Chinese Biomedical Database (CBM) (1977 to August 2008); Chinese Science and Technique Journals Database (VIP) (1989 to August 2008); China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) (1979 to August 2008); The Chinese Clinical Trials Register (ChiCTR, August 2008); Google (August 2008). In addition, the review authors searched reference lists, relevant clinical trials and contacted researchers in an effort to identify further published and unpublished studies. SELECTION CRITERIA Randomized controlled trials comparing Huperzine A with placebo in patients with vascular dementia were considered eligible for inclusion. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two review authors independently selected trials for inclusion, assessed trial quality, and extracted data. MAIN RESULTS Only one small trial, involving 14 participants, was included. No significant beneficial effect of Huperzine A on the improvement of cognitive function measured by MMSE for VaD (WMD 2.40; 95% CI -4.78 to 9.58) was observed. No death from all causes at the end of treatment were reported. At present, other outcome measures were not available in any of the trials. Although no statistically significant differences were found between the Huperzine A-treated and control groups, the confidence intervals for the treatment effect estimates were wide and included both clinically significant benefits and clinically significant harms. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS There is no [convincing] evidence that Huperzine A is of value in vascular dementia based on one small trial. It deserves further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zilong Hao
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ming Liu
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhiqin Liu
- Department of Neurology, Xi’an Central Hospital, Xi’an, China
| | - DongHao Lu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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225
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Complimentary and alternative medicine has an extensive worldwide history and is commonly used by older patients. A number of different alternative medicines are used by patients having Alzheimer disease. It is both desirable and expected for clinicians to be acquainted with these medications. REVIEW SUMMARY This paper discusses the available clinical trial evidence regarding 8 agents commonly used by people having Alzheimer disease. We provide an overview of the history and basic scientific evidence available for each agent, followed by a critical analysis of the evidence available from clinical trials, including the number of participants, trial duration, and specific outcomes evaluated. CONCLUSION Although many of these compounds have been associated with interesting basic science, none has shown clear clinical benefit to date. Data available for some, such as Ginkgo biloba, curcumin, and huperzine A, suggest that further evaluation is warranted. Familiarity with this literature will allow clinicians to provide meaningful recommendations to patients who wish to use these agents.
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226
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Robles A. Pharmacological Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease: Is it Progressing Adequately? Open Neurol J 2009; 3:27-44. [PMID: 19461897 PMCID: PMC2684708 DOI: 10.2174/1874205x00903010027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2008] [Revised: 12/26/2008] [Accepted: 01/02/2009] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Between 1993 and 2000 four acetylcholinesterase inhibitors were marketed as a symptomatic treatment for Alzheimer's disease (AD), as well as memantine in 2003. Current research is focused on finding drugs that favorably modify the course of the disease. However, their entrance into the market does not seem to be imminent. RESEARCH DEVELOPMENT The aim of AD research is to find substances that inhibit certain elements of the AD pathogenic chain (beta- and gamma-secretase inhibitors, alpha-secretase stimulants, beta-amyloid aggregability reducers or disaggregation and elimination inductors, as well as tau-hyperphosphorylation, glutamate excitotoxicity, oxidative stress and mitochondrial damage reducers, among other action mechanisms). Demonstrating a disease's retarding effect demands longer trials than those necessary to ascertain symptomatic improvement. Besides, a high number of patients (thousands of them) is necessary, all of which turns out to be difficult and costly. Furthermore, it would be necessary to count on diagnosis and progression markers in the disease's pre-clinical stage, markers for specific phenotypes, as well as high-selectivity molecules acting only where necessary. In order to compensate these difficulties, drugs acting on several defects of the pathogenic chain or showing both symptomatic and neuroprotective action simultaneously are being researched. CONCLUSIONS There are multiple molecules used in research to modify AD progression. Although it turns out to be difficult to obtain drugs with sufficient efficacy so that their marketing is approved, if they were achieved they would lead to a reduction of AD prevalence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo Robles
- La Rosaleda Hospital, Santiago León de Caracas street, no. 1, 15706 – Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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227
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May BH, Lit M, Xue CCL, Yang AWH, Zhang AL, Owens MD, Head R, Cobiac L, Li CG, Hugel H, Story DF. Herbal medicine for dementia: a systematic review. Phytother Res 2009; 23:447-59. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.2656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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228
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Wang BS, Wang H, Wei ZH, Song YY, Zhang L, Chen HZ. Efficacy and safety of natural acetylcholinesterase inhibitor huperzine A in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease: an updated meta-analysis. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2009; 116:457-65. [DOI: 10.1007/s00702-009-0189-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2008] [Accepted: 01/24/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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229
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Where is the hope for drug discovery? Let history tell the future. Drug Discov Today 2009; 14:115-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2008.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2008] [Revised: 06/29/2008] [Accepted: 07/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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230
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Zhou JL, An JJ, Li P, Li HJ, Jiang Y, Cheng JF. Two-dimensional turbulent flow chromatography coupled on-line to liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry for solution-based ligand screening against multiple proteins. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:2394-403. [PMID: 19203758 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2008] [Accepted: 01/07/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We present herein a novel bioseparation/chemical analysis strategy for protein-ligand screening and affinity ranking in compound mixtures, designed to increase screening rates and improve sensitivity and ruggedness in performance. The strategy is carried out by combining on-line two-dimensional turbulent flow chromatography (2D-TFC) with liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), and accomplished through the following steps: (1) a reversed-phase TFC stage to separate the protein/ligand complex from the unbound free molecules, (2) an on-line dissociation process to release the bound ligands from the complexes, and (3) a second mixed-mode cation-exchange/reversed-phase TFC stage to trap the bound ligands and to remove the proteins and salts, followed by LC-MS analysis for identification and determination of the binding affinities. The technique can implement an ultra-fast isolation of protein/ligand complex with the retention time of a complex peak in about 5s, and on-line prepare the "clean" sample to be directly compatible with the LC-MS analysis. The improvement in performance of this 2D-TFC/LC-MS approach over the conventional approach has been demonstrated by determining affinity-selected ligands of the target proteins acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase from a small library with known binding affinities and a steroidal alkaloid library composed of structurally similar compounds. Our results show that 2D-TFC/LC-MS is a generic and efficient tool for high-throughput screening of ligands with low-to-high binding affinities, and structure-activity relationship evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Liang Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
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231
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MK801- and scopolamine-induced amnesias are reversed by an Amazonian herbal locally used as a "brain tonic". Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2009; 202:165-72. [PMID: 18695930 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-008-1272-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2008] [Accepted: 07/21/2008] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Traditional remedies prepared from Ptychopetalum olacoides (PO) are used throughout the Amazon to alleviate age-related conditions. These formulas are mainly used by elders, and alleged effects may be related to the anticholinesterase properties identified in a standardized ethanol extract of this species [P. olacoides standardized ethanol extract (POEE)]. OBJECTIVES To further characterize the potential of this extract for developing drugs useful to treat cognitive deficits, the effects of POEE on scopolamine (scop)- and MK801-induced amnesias (acquisition, consolidation, and retrieval) in mice were investigated. RESULTS Scop (3.0 mg/kg, ip) significantly impaired memory (all three phases) in the step-down inhibitory avoidance protocol. As expected, MK801 (0.1 mg/kg, ip) was amnesic regarding acquisition and consolidation, but not retrieval. POEE (100 mg/kg, ip) reversed the scop-induced impairment in all three phases of long-term and short memories, whereas only the memory consolidation deficit was reversed with MK801-induced amnesia. CONCLUSIONS This study complements previously reported promnesic properties of this plant extract and suggests that POEE may be further developed for treating conditions associated with cognitive deficits, especially those linked with cholinergic malfunction.
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232
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Ma X, Gang DR. In vitro production of huperzine A, a promising drug candidate for Alzheimer's disease. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2008; 69:2022-8. [PMID: 18538805 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2008.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2007] [Revised: 01/22/2008] [Accepted: 04/22/2008] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is growing in impact on human health. With no known cure, AD is one of the most expensive diseases in the world to treat. Huperzine A (HupA), a anti-AD drug candidate from the traditional Chinese medicine Qian Ceng Ta (Huperzia serrata), has been shown to be a powerful and selective inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase and has attracted widespread attention because of its unique pharmacological activities and low toxicity. As a result, HupA is becoming an important lead compound for drugs to treat AD. HupA is obtained naturally from very limited and slowly growing natural resources, members of the Huperziaceae. Unfortunately, the content of HupA is very low in the raw plant material. This has led to strong interest in developing sources of HupA. We have developed a method to propagate in vitro tissues of Phlegmariurus squarrosus, a member of the Huperziaceae, that produce high levels of HupA. The in vitro propagated tissues produce even higher levels of HupA than the natural plant, and may represent an excellent source for HupA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqiang Ma
- Department of Plant Sciences and BIO5 Institute, The University of Arizona, Thomas W Keating Bioresearch Building, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
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233
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Wang ZF, Wang J, Zhang HY, Tang XC. Huperzine A exhibits anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects in a rat model of transient focal cerebral ischemia. J Neurochem 2008; 106:1594-603. [PMID: 18513368 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2008.05504.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Huperzine A, a reversible and selective acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor, has been reported to display neuroprotective properties. The present study investigated the protective effects of huperzine A in a rat model of transient focal cerebral ischemia created by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Huperzine A (0.1 mg/kg), administrated intraperitoneally at the onset of occlusion and 6 h later, markedly restored regional cerebral blood flow, reduced infarct size, and decreased neurological deficit score at 24 h after reperfusion. Along with inhibiting AChE activity, huperzine A inhibited nuclear translocation of transcription factor nuclear factor-kappa B, decreased overexpression of proinflammatory factors in both ipsilateral cortex and striatum, and suppressed activation of glial cells in the ischemic penumbra. Neurological deficit and glial cells activation were also reduced by daily administration of huperzine A for 14 days. Mecamylamine, a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) antagonist, totally abolished the inhibitory effects of huperzine A on ischemia-induced glial cells activation. Meanwhile, mecamylamine partially reversed the infarct size-reducing effects of huperzine A. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that huperzine A exhibits neuroprotective effects against transient focal cerebral ischemia-induced brain injury and suggest that the protection mechanism may involve a cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway, in which nAChR plays an essential role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Fei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Shanghai, P.R. China
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234
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Zhang HY, Zheng CY, Yan H, Wang ZF, Tang LL, Gao X, Tang XC. Potential therapeutic targets of huperzine A for Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia. Chem Biol Interact 2008; 175:396-402. [PMID: 18565502 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2008.04.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2007] [Revised: 04/22/2008] [Accepted: 04/23/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Huperzine A (HupA), a novel Lycopodium alkaloid isolated from Chinese folk medicine Huperzia serrata (Qian Ceng Ta), is a potent, selective and well-tolerated inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase (AChE). It has been proven to significantly improve the learning and memory impairment in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and vascular dementia (VaD) patients in China. Interestingly, our recent data indicate that HupA also possesses other protective functions. This paper will give an overview on the protective effects of HupA, which includes regulating beta-amyloid precursor protein (APP) metabolism, protecting against Abeta-mediated oxidative stress, apoptosis and mitochondrial dysfunction, as well as anti-inflammation. The multiple neuroprotective effects of HupA might yield additional beneficial effects in AD and VaD therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai, China
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235
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Ye J, Zeng S, Zheng G, Chen G. Pharmacokinetics of Huperzine A after transdermal and oral administration in beagle dogs. Int J Pharm 2008; 356:187-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2008.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2007] [Revised: 12/18/2007] [Accepted: 01/07/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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236
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Li W, Li J, Hu Q. Determination of huperzine A in human plasma by liquid chromatography–electrospray tandem mass spectrometry: application to a bioequivalence study on Chinese volunteers. Biomed Chromatogr 2008; 22:354-60. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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237
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Ji HF, Zhang HY. Multipotent natural agents to combat Alzheimer's disease. Functional spectrum and structural features. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2008; 29:143-51. [PMID: 18215342 DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-7254.2008.00752.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
With the accelerated aging of human society, Alzheimeros disease (AD) is becoming one of the biggest threats to human health. Since multiple pathogenetic factors are implicated in the disease, the current hitting-one-target therapeutic strategy has proved inefficient to AD. As a result, finding multipotent agents that aim at multiple targets is attracting more and more attention. Although multifunctional anti-AD agents can be created by incorporating two or more pharmacophores in one scaffold, naturally occurring multipotent agents also attracted much attention. In this review, we first describe the functions of some typical naturally originated multipotent anti-AD compounds, then summarize their structural features and reveal that phenolics with certain flexibility predominate in these agents, which are of significance to find novel multipotent drugs to combat AD and other neurodegenerative diseases as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-fang Ji
- Shandong Provincial Research Center for Bioinformatic Engineering and Technique, Center for Advanced Study, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, China
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238
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Potterat O, Hamburger M. Drug discovery and development with plant-derived compounds. PROGRESS IN DRUG RESEARCH. FORTSCHRITTE DER ARZNEIMITTELFORSCHUNG. PROGRES DES RECHERCHES PHARMACEUTIQUES 2007; 65:45, 47-118. [PMID: 18084913 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7643-8117-2_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
An overview is given on current efforts in drug development based on plant-derived natural products. Emphasis is on projects which have advanced to clinical development. Therapeutic areas covered include cancer, viral infections including HIV, malaria, inflammatory diseases, nociception and vaccine adjuvants, metabolic disorders, and neurodegenerative diseases. Aspects which are specific to plant-based drug discovery and development are also addressed, such as supply issues in the commercial development, and the Convention on Biological Diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Potterat
- University of Basel, Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
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239
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Muñoz-Torrero D, Camps P. Huprines for Alzheimer's disease drug development. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2007; 3:65-81. [DOI: 10.1517/17460441.3.1.65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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240
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Abstract
The already considerable public health burden of Alzheimer's disease will likely worsen as populations around the world age. As a result, there is considerable motivation to develop effective strategies for preventing the disease. A wide variety of such strategies are under investigation and include pharmaceuticals, nutriceuticals, diet, physical activity and cognitive activity. We review here the most promising candidates and the epidemiologic evidence for their efficacy. Although none of these have yet to be definitively shown to prevent Alzheimer's disease, further research should help to clarify what role they may play in reducing the burden of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Szekely
- Department of Mental Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
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241
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Zhang HY, Tang XC. Studies of natural products on treating neurological disorders in China. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2007; 28:9-12. [PMID: 18041577 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-007-9239-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2007] [Accepted: 11/05/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hai Yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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242
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Inhibition of Acetylcholinesterase in Different Structures of the Rat Brain Following Soman Intoxication Pretreated with Huperzine A. Int J Mol Sci 2007. [DOI: 10.3390/i8111165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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243
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Rubio J, Dang H, Gong M, Liu X, Chen SL, Gonzales GF. Aqueous and hydroalcoholic extracts of Black Maca (Lepidium meyenii) improve scopolamine-induced memory impairment in mice. Food Chem Toxicol 2007; 45:1882-90. [PMID: 17543435 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2007.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2006] [Revised: 04/08/2007] [Accepted: 04/10/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Lepidium meyenii Walp. (Brassicaceae), known as Maca, is a Peruvian hypocotyl growing exclusively between 4,000 and 4,500 m altitude in the central Peruvian Andes, particularly in Junin plateau. Previously, Black variety of Maca showed to be more beneficial than other varieties of Maca on learning and memory in ovariectomized mice on the water finding test. The present study aimed to test two different doses of aqueous (0.50 and 2.00 g/kg) and hydroalcoholic (0.25 and 1.00 g/kg) extracts of Black Maca administered for 35 days on memory impairment induced by scopolamine (1mg/kg body weight i.p.) in male mice. Memory and learning were evaluated using the water Morris maze and the step-down avoidance test. Brain acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and monoamine oxidase (MAO) activities in brain were also determined. Both extracts of Black Maca significantly ameliorated the scopolamine-induced memory impairment as measured in both the water Morris maze and the step-down avoidance tests. Black Maca extracts inhibited AChE activity, whereas MAO activity was not affected. These results indicate that Black Maca improves scopolamine-induced memory deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio Rubio
- Department of Biological and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences and Philosophy and Instituto de Investigaciones de la Altura, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, P.O. Box 1843, Lima, Peru.
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244
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Peng Y, Lee DYW, Jiang L, Ma Z, Schachter SC, Lemere CA. Huperzine A regulates amyloid precursor protein processing via protein kinase C and mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways in neuroblastoma SK-N-SH cells over-expressing wild type human amyloid precursor protein 695. Neuroscience 2007; 150:386-95. [PMID: 17945434 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2007.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2007] [Revised: 09/04/2007] [Accepted: 10/04/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Alpha-secretase (alpha-secretase), cleaves the amyloid precursor protein (APP) within the amyloid-beta (Abeta) sequence, resulting in the release of a secreted fragment of APP (alphaAPPs) and precluding Abeta generation. We investigated the effects of the acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, huperzine A (Hup A), on APP processing and Abeta generation in human neuroblastoma SK-N-SH cells overexpressing wild-type human APP695. Hup A dose-dependently (0-10 microM) increased alphaAPPs release. Therefore, we evaluated two alpha-secretase candidates, a disintegrin and metalloprotease (ADAM) 10 and ADAM17 in Hup A-induced non-amyloidogenic APP metabolism. Hup A enhanced the level of ADAM10, and the inhibitor of tumor necrosis factor-alpha converting enzyme (TACE)/ADAM17 inhibited the Hup A-induced rise in alphaAPPs levels, further suggesting Hup A directed APP metabolism toward the non-amyloidogenic alpha-secretase pathway. Hup A had no effect on Abeta generation in this cell line. The steady-state levels of full-length APP and cell viability were unaffected by Hup A. Alpha-APPs release induced by Hup A treatment was significantly reduced by muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antagonists (particularly by an M1 antagonist), protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitors, GF109203X and calphostin C, and the mitogen-activated kinase kinase (MEK) inhibitors, U0126 and PD98059. Furthermore, Hup A markedly increased the phosphorylation of p44/p42 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase, which was blocked by treatment with U0126 and PD98059. In addition, Hup A inhibited acetylcholinesterase activity by 20% in neuroblastoma cells. Our results indicate that the activation of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors, PKC and MAP kinase may be involved in Hup A-induced alphaAPPs secretion in neuroblastoma cells and suggest multiple pharmacological mechanisms of Hup A regarding the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Peng
- Center for Neurologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard New Research Building, Room 636F, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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245
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Ma X, Tan C, Zhu D, Gang DR, Xiao P. Huperzine A from Huperzia species--an ethnopharmacolgical review. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2007; 113:15-34. [PMID: 17644292 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2007.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2007] [Revised: 05/28/2007] [Accepted: 05/30/2007] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Huperzine A (HupA), isolated originally from a traditional Chinese medicine Qiang Ceng Ta, whole plant of Huperzia serrata (Thunb. ex Murray) Trev., a member of the Huperziaceae family, has attracted intense attention since its marked anticholinesterase activity was discovered by Chinese scientists. Several members of the Huperziaceae (Huperzia and Phlegmariurus species) have been used as medicines in China for contusions, strains, swellings, schizophrenia, myasthenia gravis and organophosphate poisoning. HupA has been marketed in China as a new drug for Alzheimer's disease (AD) treatment and its derivative ZT-1 is being developed as anti-AD new drug candidate both in China and in Europe. A review of the chemistry, bioactivities, toxicology, clinical trials and natural resources of HupA source plants is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqiang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Institute of Materia Medica, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, PR China
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246
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Zhang HY, Yan H, Tang XC. Non-cholinergic Effects of Huperzine A: Beyond Inhibition of Acetylcholinesterase. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2007; 28:173-83. [PMID: 17657601 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-007-9163-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2007] [Accepted: 06/15/2007] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The use of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors to decrease the breakdown of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine has been the main symptomatic therapy for mild to moderate Alzheimer's patients, though the etiology of Alzheimer's disease remains unclear and seems to involve multiple factors. Further evidence has indicated that some of these acetylcholinesterase inhibitors also have non-cholinergic functions on the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease including the formation and deposition of beta-amyloid. Huperzine A, a potent and reversible inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase that was initially isolated from a Chinese herb, has been found to improve cognitive deficits in a broad range of animal models and has been used for Alzheimer's disease treatment in China. The novel neuroprotective effects of huperzine A might yield beneficial effects in Alzheimer's disease therapy and provide a potential template for the design of new selective and powerful anti-Alzheimer's drugs. The present paper gives an overview on the neuroprotective effects of huperzine A beyond its acetylcholinesterase inhibition. These effects include regulating beta-amyloid precursor protein metabolism, protecting against beta-amyloid-mediated oxidative stress and apoptosis. The structure-function relationship of huperzine A is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Rd, Shanghai, 201203, China
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247
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Liang YQ, Huang XT, Tang XC. Huperzine A Reverses Cholinergic and Monoaminergic Dysfunction Induced by Bilateral Nucleus Basalis Magnocellularis Injection of β-Amyloid Peptide (1–40) in Rats. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2007; 28:87-101. [PMID: 17636406 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-007-9158-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2007] [Accepted: 05/05/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
(1) Huperzine A, a promising therapeutic agent for Alzheimer's disease (AD), was tested for its effects on cholinergic and monoaminergic dysfunction induced by injecting beta-amyloid peptide-(1-40) into nucleus basalis magnocellularis of the rat. (2) Bilateral injection of 10 microg beta-amyloid peptide-(1-40) into nucleus basalis magnocellularis produced local deposits of amyloid plaque and functional abnormalities detected by microdialysis. In medial prefrontal cortex, reductions in the basal levels and stimulated release of acetylcholine, dopamine, norepinephrine, and 5-hydroxytryptamine were observed. However, oral huperzine A (0.18 mg/kg, once daily for 21 consecutive days) markedly reduced morphologic abnormalities at the injection site in rats infused with beta-amyloid peptide-(1-40). Likewise, this treatment ameliorated the beta-amyloid peptide-(1-40)-induced deficits in extracellular acetylcholine, dopamine, and norepinephrine (though not 5-hydroxytryptamine) in medial prefrontal cortex, and lessened the reduction in nicotine or methoctramine-stimulated release of acetylcholine and K(+)-evoked releases of acetylcholine and dopamine. (3) The present results provide the first direct evidence that huperzine A acts to oppose neurotoxic effects of beta-amyloid peptide on cholinergic, dopaminergic, and noradrenergic systems of the rat forebrain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Qi Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Shanghai, 201203, P.R. China
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248
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Wilkinson D, Roughan L. The BRAINz trial: a novel approach to acetylcholinesterase-inhibitor treatment for Alzheimer’s disease. FUTURE NEUROLOGY 2007. [DOI: 10.2217/14796708.2.4.379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The only currently available treatments for Alzheimer’s disease (AD) are symptomatic, based on neurotransmitter modification. The most established of these are the cholinesterase inhibitors (ChEIs), which act at the synaptic level and cause a significant increase in the concentration of ACh in the brain. The efficacy of ChEIs is somewhat limited by gastrointestinal side effects that are often worsened by lack of compliance, which can be especially problematic in AD. Patients may refuse medication owing to impaired insight and the feeling that they do not need it, causing distress to carers, or they may simply forget, which is a major problem when treating patients who live alone. ZT-1, a prodrug of the ChEI huperzine, which has a long history of use in China, has demonstrated good efficacy and tolerability in its oral form in early trials in comparison with donepezil. To address the compliance issue, it is now being tested in a multinational study as a monthly subcutaneous implant. If successful this could, by its steady 24 h release, offer a major improvement in side effects, which are known to be related to fluctuating plasma levels. It will also aid compliance as it ensures regular dosing and takes away the onus of monitoring compliance from the carer, which in some cases may reduce carer stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Wilkinson
- Consultant in Old Age Psychiatry, Chief UK investigator for the BRAINz trial Moorgreen Hospital, Memory Assessment & Research Centre, Southampton SO30 3JB, UK
| | - Laura Roughan
- Assistant Psychologist Moorgreen Hospital, Memory Assessment & Research Centre, Southampton SO30 3JB, UK
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249
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter J Lukiw
- Louisiana State University Health Science Center, LSU Neuroscience Center and Department of Ophthalmology, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
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250
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Yan H, Zhang HY, Tang XC. Involvement of M1-muscarinic acetylcholine receptors, protein kinase C and mitogen-activated protein kinase in the effect of huperzine A on secretory amyloid precursor protein-α. Neuroreport 2007; 18:689-92. [PMID: 17426600 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0b013e3280c1e28c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
This study is to explore the involvement of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors/protein kinase C cascade and the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway in the effect of huperzine A on the secretory amyloid precursor protein-alpha. Upregulation of secretory amyloid precursor protein-alpha by huperzine A was attenuated by muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist (specifically by M1-muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist), and markedly blocked (-37.7%) by protein kinase C inhibitor as well. Meanwhile, huperzine A can activate the phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinase and, accordingly, partly restored PD98059-decreased secretory amyloid precursor protein-alpha secretion. In addition, huperzine A largely inhibited (-55.4%) acetylcholinesterase activity of the cell line. Our results suggest that activated M1-muscarinic acetylcholine receptor/protein kinase C pathway and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling are involved in the process of huperzine A enhancing the secretory amyloid precursor protein-alpha secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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