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Georgescu VP, de Souza Junior TP, Behrens C, Barros MP, Bueno CA, Utter AC, McAnulty LS, McAnulty SR. Effect of exercise-induced dehydration on circulatory markers of oxidative damage and antioxidant capacity. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2017; 42:694-699. [DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2016-0701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Dehydration is a common event associated with exercise. However, few studies have examined the effects of dehydration on plasma redox status in humans. Eighty-two athletes were recruited and baseline anthropometrics and blood samples were obtained. Athletes then engaged in a dehydration protocol, training until 3% of preweight body mass was lost. Athletes returned to the lab and had postdehydration blood collected. Athletes then consumed an isotonic drink until pre-exercise body weight was reestablished. Blood was then recollected (1 h post full rehydration (PFR)). Samples were centrifuged and the plasma snap frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at −80 °C. Lipid and protein oxidative stress was determined by measuring F2-isoprostanes and protein carbonyls (PC), respectively. Antioxidant capacity was determined by the ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) and trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) assays. Plasma osmolality was determined using an osmometer. Statistical analysis utilized a 1-way ANOVA with posthoc testing. Values are reported as mean ± SD. Plasma osmolality was significantly elevated immediately postdehydration (p ≤ 0.001) but decreased to baseline at PFR. Plasma TEAC increased immediately postdehydration and at PFR (p ≤ 0.001). FRAP increased immediately postdehydration (p ≤ 0.001) and decreased to below baseline at PFR (p ≤ 0.05). Conversely, F2-isoprostanes declined significantly from baseline to immediately postdehydration and then significantly rose at PFR (p ≤ 0.001), whereas PC declined at PFR (p ≤ 0.01). This study indicates that dehydration and exercise cause a significant increase in plasma osmolality and antioxidant potential immediately postexercise. We propose dehydration significantly elevates antioxidant concentration which suppresses F2-isoprostanes and PC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent P. Georgescu
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Appalachian State University, 111 Rivers Street, Boone, NC USA
| | - Tacito P. de Souza Junior
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Appalachian State University, 111 Rivers Street, Boone, NC USA
- Universidade Federal do Parana, Research Group on Metabolism, Nutrition, and Strength Training, Rua Coração de Maria, 92 - BR 116, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Christian Behrens
- Department of Nutrition and Health Care Management, Appalachian State University, 261 Locust Street, Boone, NC USA
| | - Marcelo P. Barros
- Postgraduate program in Human Movement Sciences, Institute of Physical Activity and Sports Sciences (ICAFE), Cruzeiro do Sul University, Rua Coração de Maria, 192 - BR 16 Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carlos Alves Bueno
- Universidade Federal do Parana, Research Group on Metabolism, Nutrition, and Strength Training, Rua Coração de Maria, 92 - BR 116, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Alan C. Utter
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Appalachian State University, 111 Rivers Street, Boone, NC USA
| | - Lisa S. McAnulty
- Department of Nutrition and Health Care Management, Appalachian State University, 261 Locust Street, Boone, NC USA
| | - Steven R. McAnulty
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Appalachian State University, 111 Rivers Street, Boone, NC USA
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202
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The Treadmill Exercise Protects against Dopaminergic Neuron Loss and Brain Oxidative Stress in Parkinsonian Rats. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2017; 2017:2138169. [PMID: 28713483 PMCID: PMC5497606 DOI: 10.1155/2017/2138169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Revised: 04/23/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD), a progressive neurological pathology, presents motor and nonmotor impairments. The objectives were to support data on exercise benefits to PD. Male Wistar rats were distributed into sham-operated (SO) and 6-OHDA-lesioned, both groups without and with exercise. The animals were subjected to treadmill exercises (14 days), 24 h after the stereotaxic surgery and striatal 6-OHDA injection. Those from no-exercise groups stayed on the treadmill for the same period and, afterwards, were subjected to behavioral tests and euthanized for neurochemical and immunohistochemical assays. The data, analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey post hoc test, were considered significant for p < 0.05. The results showed behavioral change improvements in the 6-OHDA group, after the treadmill exercise, evaluated by apomorphine rotational behavior, open field, and rota rod tests. The exercise reduced striatal dopaminergic neuronal loss and decreased the oxidative stress. In addition, significant increases in BDNF contents and in immunoreactive cells to TH and DAT were also observed, in striata of the 6-OHDA group with exercise, relatively to those with no exercise. We conclude that exercise improves behavior and dopaminergic neurotransmission in 6-OHDA-lesioned animals. The increased oxidative stress and decreased BDNF contents were also reversed, emphasizing the importance of exercise for the PD management.
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203
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Schuch FB, Deslandes AC, Stubbs B, Gosmann NP, Silva CTBD, Fleck MPDA. Factors that influence the neurobiological effects of exercise likely extend beyond age and intensity in people with major depression. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2017; 77:301-302. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Revised: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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204
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Córdova Martínez A, Pascual Fernández J, Fernandez Lázaro D, Alvarez Mon M. Muscular and heart adaptations of execise in hypoxia. Is training in slow hypoxy healthy? Med Clin (Barc) 2017; 148:469-474. [PMID: 28341369 DOI: 10.1016/j.medcli.2017.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Revised: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo Córdova Martínez
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Molecular y Fisiología, Facultad de Fisioterapia, Campus Universitario de Soria, Universidad de Valladolid, Soria, España.
| | | | - Diego Fernandez Lázaro
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Molecular y Fisiología, Facultad de Fisioterapia, Campus Universitario de Soria, Universidad de Valladolid, Soria, España
| | - Melchor Alvarez Mon
- Departamento de Medicina y Especialidades Médicas, Hospital Universitario Príncipe de Asturias, Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, España
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205
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Debevec T, Millet GP, Pialoux V. Hypoxia-Induced Oxidative Stress Modulation with Physical Activity. Front Physiol 2017; 8:84. [PMID: 28243207 PMCID: PMC5303750 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased oxidative stress, defined as an imbalance between prooxidants and antioxidants, resulting in molecular damage and disruption of redox signaling, is associated with numerous pathophysiological processes and known to exacerbate chronic diseases. Prolonged systemic hypoxia, induced either by exposure to terrestrial altitude or a reduction in ambient O2 availability is known to elicit oxidative stress and thereby alter redox balance in healthy humans. The redox balance modulation is also highly dependent on the level of physical activity. For example, both high-intensity exercise and inactivity, representing the two ends of the physical activity spectrum, are known to promote oxidative stress. Numerous to-date studies indicate that hypoxia and exercise can exert additive influence upon redox balance alterations. However, recent evidence suggests that moderate physical activity can attenuate altitude/hypoxia-induced oxidative stress during long-term hypoxic exposure. The purpose of this review is to summarize recent findings on hypoxia-related oxidative stress modulation by different activity levels during prolonged hypoxic exposures and examine the potential mechanisms underlying the observed redox balance changes. The paper also explores the applicability of moderate activity as a strategy for attenuating hypoxia-related oxidative stress. Moreover, the potential of such moderate intensity activities used to counteract inactivity-related oxidative stress, often encountered in pathological, elderly and obese populations is also discussed. Finally, future research directions for investigating interactive effects of altitude/hypoxia and exercise on oxidative stress are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadej Debevec
- Department of Automation, Biocybernetics and Robotics, Jozef Stefan InstituteLjubljana, Slovenia
| | - Grégoire P. Millet
- Faculty of Biology and Medicine, Institute of Sport Sciences, University of LausanneLausanne, Switzerland
| | - Vincent Pialoux
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité EA 7424, Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1Villeurbanne, France
- Institut Universitaire de FranceParis, France
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206
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Hardee JP, Carson JA. Understanding Sarcopenia Development: A Role for Healthy Behaviors. Am J Lifestyle Med 2017; 11:17-20. [PMID: 28819350 DOI: 10.1177/1559827616674163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
For decades the biomedical community has documented the accelerated loss of muscle mass that occurs with advancing aging, termed sarcopenia. The timely review article ("Attenuation of Adverse Effects of Aging on Skeletal Muscle by Regular Exercise and Nutritional Support") by Arthur Leon presents our current state of knowledge on the biological processes responsible for age-induced loss of muscle mass and function. This loss of skeletal muscle has critical health implications as it can negatively affect morbidity and mortality. A significant theme throughout the review is that a lifelong commitment to regular physical activity and good dietary habits is extremely important to combat age related reductions in muscle mass and function. However, multi-targeted therapeutic approaches, in conjunction with nutrition and exercise, may be beneficial to prevent or treat sarcopenia. Additionally, while significant progress has been made in our understanding of the molecular and biochemical contributors to sarcopenia, further research using well-controlled clinical trials are needed to determine the long-term benefit of exercise and nutrition on aging skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin P Hardee
- Integrative Muscle Biology Laboratory, Division of Applied Physiology, Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC
| | - James A Carson
- Integrative Muscle Biology Laboratory, Division of Applied Physiology, Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC
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207
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Gomez-Cabrera MC, Viña J, Ji LL. Role of Redox Signaling and Inflammation in Skeletal Muscle Adaptations to Training. Antioxidants (Basel) 2016; 5:E48. [PMID: 27983587 PMCID: PMC5187546 DOI: 10.3390/antiox5040048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Revised: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The inflammatory response to exercise-induced muscle damage has been extensively described. Exercise has important modulatory effects on immune function. These effects are mediated by diverse factors including pro-inflammatory cytokines, classical stress hormones, and hemodynamic effects leading to cell redistribution. As has been reported regarding oxidative stress, inflammation can have both detrimental and beneficial effects in skeletal muscle. In this review we will address the role of inflammation on protein metabolism in skeletal muscle. Specifically, we will review studies showing that treatment with cyclooxygenase-inhibiting drugs modulate the protein synthesis response to one bout of resistance exercise and to training. Understanding how these drugs work is important for the millions of individuals worldwide that consume them regularly. We will also discuss the importance of reactive oxygen species and inflammatory cytokines in muscle adaptations to exercise and the Janus faced of the use of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory drugs by athletes for optimizing their performance, especially during the periods in which muscle hypertrophy is expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Carmen Gomez-Cabrera
- Department of Physiology, Fundacion Investigacion Hospital Clinico Universitario/INCLIVA, University of Valencia, València 46010, Spain.
| | - Jose Viña
- Department of Physiology, Fundacion Investigacion Hospital Clinico Universitario/INCLIVA, University of Valencia, València 46010, Spain.
| | - Li Li Ji
- Laboratory of Physiological Hygiene and Exercise Science, School of Kinesiology, University of Minnesota, 1900 University Avenue, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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208
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Sthijns MMJPE, Weseler AR, Bast A, Haenen GRMM. Time in Redox Adaptation Processes: From Evolution to Hormesis. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17101649. [PMID: 27690013 PMCID: PMC5085682 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17101649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Revised: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Life on Earth has to adapt to the ever changing environment. For example, due to introduction of oxygen in the atmosphere, an antioxidant network evolved to cope with the exposure to oxygen. The adaptive mechanisms of the antioxidant network, specifically the glutathione (GSH) system, are reviewed with a special focus on the time. The quickest adaptive response to oxidative stress is direct enzyme modification, increasing the GSH levels or activating the GSH-dependent protective enzymes. After several hours, a hormetic response is seen at the transcriptional level by up-regulating Nrf2-mediated expression of enzymes involved in GSH synthesis. In the long run, adaptations occur at the epigenetic and genomic level; for example, the ability to synthesize GSH by phototrophic bacteria. Apparently, in an adaptive hormetic response not only the dose or the compound, but also time, should be considered. This is essential for targeted interventions aimed to prevent diseases by successfully coping with changes in the environment e.g., oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mireille M J P E Sthijns
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, P.O. Box 616, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Antje R Weseler
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, P.O. Box 616, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Aalt Bast
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, P.O. Box 616, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Guido R M M Haenen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, P.O. Box 616, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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209
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Li F, Nie J, Lu Y, Tong TKK, Yi L, Yan H, Fu FHK, Ma S. The impact of intermittent exercise in a hypoxic environment on redox status and cardiac troponin release in the serum of well-trained marathon runners. Eur J Appl Physiol 2016; 116:2045-51. [PMID: 27572505 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-016-3460-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the effects of hypoxic training on redox status and cardiac troponin (cTn) release after intermittent exercise. METHOD Nine well-trained male marathon runners (age, 21.7 ± 2.3 year; body mass, 64.7 ± 4.8 kg; height, 177.9 ± 3.8 cm; and VO2max, 64.3 ± 6.7 ml kg(-1) min(-1)) completed intermittent exercise under normoxic [trial N; fraction of inspiration oxygen (FIO2), 21.0 %] and hypoxic (trial H; FIO2, 14.4 %) conditions in random order. Each bout of intermittent exercise included hard run (16.2 ± 0.8 km h(-1)) at 90 % VO2max for 2 min followed by easy run (9.0 ± 0.4 km h(-1)) at 50 % VO2max for 2 min and 23 bouts in 92 min totally. Malondialdehyde, reduced glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase, an estimate of total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), high-sensitivity cardiac troponin T (hs-cTnT), and cardiac troponin I (cTnI) were measured before, immediately after (0 h), and 2, 4, and 24 h after the completion of trials N and H. RESULT GSH was increased immediately after trial N. T-AOC was lower 4 h after trial H than trial N. Hs-cTnT was elevated from 0 to 4 h and returned to baseline 24 h after both trials. CTnI was increased after trial H; peaked at 2-4 h and returned to below the detection by 24 h. CONCLUSION The overall redox status was balanced under normoxic conditions, and exercise-induced cTn release did not deviate. However, the protective effects of antioxidant were weaker in the hypoxic state than normoxic, and the stress on the myocardium induced by intermittent exercise was transiently aggravated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feifei Li
- Department of Rehabilitation, Beijing Sport University, 48 Xinxi Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100084, China.
| | - Jinlei Nie
- School of Physical Education and Sports, Macao Polytechnic Institute, Macao, China
| | - Yifan Lu
- Department of Rehabilitation, Beijing Sport University, 48 Xinxi Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Tom Kwok Keung Tong
- Department of Physical Education, Dr. Stephen Hui Research Centre for Physical Recreation and Wellness, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Longyan Yi
- Sport Science Research Centre, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Huiping Yan
- Department of Rehabilitation, Beijing Sport University, 48 Xinxi Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Frank Hoo Kin Fu
- Department of Physical Education, Dr. Stephen Hui Research Centre for Physical Recreation and Wellness, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Shengxia Ma
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
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