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Heidelberg JF, Paulsen IT, Nelson KE, Gaidos EJ, Nelson WC, Read TD, Eisen JA, Seshadri R, Ward N, Methe B, Clayton RA, Meyer T, Tsapin A, Scott J, Beanan M, Brinkac L, Daugherty S, DeBoy RT, Dodson RJ, Durkin AS, Haft DH, Kolonay JF, Madupu R, Peterson JD, Umayam LA, White O, Wolf AM, Vamathevan J, Weidman J, Impraim M, Lee K, Berry K, Lee C, Mueller J, Khouri H, Gill J, Utterback TR, McDonald LA, Feldblyum TV, Smith HO, Venter JC, Nealson KH, Fraser CM. Genome sequence of the dissimilatory metal ion-reducing bacterium Shewanella oneidensis. Nat Biotechnol 2002; 20:1118-23. [PMID: 12368813 DOI: 10.1038/nbt749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 592] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2002] [Accepted: 09/05/2002] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Shewanella oneidensis is an important model organism for bioremediation studies because of its diverse respiratory capabilities, conferred in part by multicomponent, branched electron transport systems. Here we report the sequencing of the S. oneidensis genome, which consists of a 4,969,803-base pair circular chromosome with 4,758 predicted protein-encoding open reading frames (CDS) and a 161,613-base pair plasmid with 173 CDSs. We identified the first Shewanella lambda-like phage, providing a potential tool for further genome engineering. Genome analysis revealed 39 c-type cytochromes, including 32 previously unidentified in S. oneidensis, and a novel periplasmic [Fe] hydrogenase, which are integral members of the electron transport system. This genome sequence represents a critical step in the elucidation of the pathways for reduction (and bioremediation) of pollutants such as uranium (U) and chromium (Cr), and offers a starting point for defining this organism's complex electron transport systems and metal ion-reducing capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- John F Heidelberg
- The Institute for Genomic Research, 9712 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
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Myers CR, Myers JM. MtrB is required for proper incorporation of the cytochromes OmcA and OmcB into the outer membrane of Shewanella putrefaciens MR-1. Appl Environ Microbiol 2002; 68:5585-94. [PMID: 12406753 PMCID: PMC129928 DOI: 10.1128/aem.68.11.5585-5594.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
When grown under anaerobic conditions, Shewanella putrefaciens MR-1 synthesizes multiple outer membrane (OM) cytochromes, some of which have a role in the use of insoluble electron acceptors (e.g., MnO2) for anaerobic respiration. The cytochromes OmcA and OmcB are localized to the OM and the OM-like intermediate-density membrane (IM) in MR-1. The components necessary for proper localization of these cytochromes to the OM have not been identified. A gene replacement mutant (strain MTRB1) lacking the putative OM protein MtrB was isolated and characterized. The specific cytochrome content of the OM of MTRB1 was only 36% that of MR-1. This was not the result of a general decline in cytochrome content, however, because the cytoplasmic membrane (CM) and soluble fractions were not cytochrome deficient. While OmcA and OmcB were detected in the OM and IM fractions of MTRB1, significant amounts were mislocalized to the CM. OmcA was also detected in the soluble fraction of MTRB1. While OmcA and OmcB in MR-1 fractions were resistant to solubilization with Triton X-100 in the presence of Mg2+, Triton X-100 readily solubilized these proteins from all subcellular fractions of MTRB1. Together, these data suggest that MtrB is required for the proper localization and insertion of OmcA and OmcB into the OM of MR-1. The inability of MTRB1 to properly insert these, and possibly other, proteins into its OM likely contributes to its marked deficiency in manganese(IV) and iron(III) reduction. While the localization of another putative OM cytochrome (MtrF) could not be directly determined, an mtrF gene replacement mutant exhibited wild-types rates of Mn(IV) and Fe(III) reduction. Therefore, even if MtrF were mislocalized in MTRB1, it would not contribute to the loss of metal reduction activity in this strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles R Myers
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226, USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yves F Dufrêne
- Unité de Chimie des Interfaces, Université Catholique de Louvain, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.
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205
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Korenevsky AA, Vinogradov E, Gorby Y, Beveridge TJ. Characterization of the lipopolysaccharides and capsules of Shewanella spp. Appl Environ Microbiol 2002; 68:4653-7. [PMID: 12200327 PMCID: PMC124090 DOI: 10.1128/aem.68.9.4653-4657.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Electron microscopy, sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis with silver staining and (1)H, (13)C, and (31)P-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) were used to detect and characterize the lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) of several Shewanella species. Many expressed only rough LPS; however, approximately one-half produced smooth LPS (and/or capsular polysaccharides). Some LPSs were affected by growth temperature with increased chain length observed below 25 degrees C. Maximum LPS heterogeneity was found at 15 to 20 degrees C. Thin sections of freeze-substituted cells revealed that Shewanella oneidensis, S. algae, S. frigidimarina, and Shewanella sp. strain MR-4 possessed either O-side chains or capsular fringes ranging from 20 to 130 nm in thickness depending on the species. NMR detected unusual sugars in S. putrefaciens CN32 and S. algae BrY(DL). It is possible that the ability of Shewanella to adhere to solid mineral phases (such as iron oxides) could be affected by the composition and length of surface polysaccharide polymers. These same polymers in S. algae may also contribute to this opportunistic pathogen's ability to promote infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton A Korenevsky
- Department of Microbiology, College of Biological Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada, N1G 2W1
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206
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Vinogradov E, Korenevsky A, Beveridge TJ. The structure of the carbohydrate backbone of the LPS from Shewanella putrefaciens CN32. Carbohydr Res 2002; 337:1285-9. [PMID: 12151208 DOI: 10.1016/s0008-6215(02)00160-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from a natural rough strain of Shewanella putrefaciens CN32 was analyzed using NMR and mass spectroscopy and chemical methods, and the following structure of its carbohydrate backbone is proposed: beta-Galf-(1-->3)-beta-Gal-(1-->4)-beta-Glc-(1-->4)-alpha-DDHep2PEtN-(1-->5)-alpha-Kdo4P-(1-->6)-beta-GlcN4P-(1-->6)-alpha-GlcN1P
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgeny Vinogradov
- Institute for Biological Sciences, National Research Council, Ottawa, Ont., Canada.
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207
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Myers JM, Myers CR. Genetic complementation of an outer membrane cytochrome omcB mutant of Shewanella putrefaciens MR-1 requires omcB plus downstream DNA. Appl Environ Microbiol 2002; 68:2781-93. [PMID: 12039733 PMCID: PMC123961 DOI: 10.1128/aem.68.6.2781-2793.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Anaerobically grown cells of the metal-reducing bacterium Shewanella putrefaciens MR-1 contain multiple outer membrane (OM) cytochromes. A gene replacement mutant (strain OMCB1) lacking the OM cytochrome OmcB is markedly deficient in the reduction of MnO2 and exhibits reduced rates of Fe(III) reduction. The levels of other OM cytochromes are also decreased in OMCB1. Complementation of OMCB1 with wild-type omcB did not restore any of these defects. However, a 21-kb genomic fragment from MR-1, which included omcB and 19 kb of downstream DNA, fully restored MnO2 and Fe(III) reduction and the full complement of OM cytochromes to OMCB1. A 14.7-kb DNA fragment, including omcB and 12 kb of downstream DNA, provided only a modest increase in MnO2 reduction and OM cytochrome content, but it fully restored Fe(III) citrate reduction and partially restored FeOOH reduction. While omcB mRNA was readily detected in this complement, the OmcB protein was not detected in any cellular compartment. The restoration of Fe(III) reduction despite the absence of OmcB suggests that OmcB itself is not required for Fe(III) reduction. Another OM cytochrome, OmcA, was mislocalized to the cytoplasmic membrane of OMCB1. Only the 21-kb genomic fragment was able to restore proper localization of OmcA to the OM. This 21-kb fragment does not contain omcA, but it does contain several open reading frames (ORFs) downstream from omcB. The most downstream of these ORFs (altA) encodes a putative AraC-like transcriptional regulator. However, a gene replacement mutant of altA resembled the wild type with respect to MnO2 reduction, OM cytochrome content, and the localization of OmcA and OmcB to the OM. Since OMCB1 continues to express genes immediately downstream from omcB, the lack of expression of this downstream DNA does not explain its phenotype or the need for the large complementing fragment. The results suggest that the DNA downstream of omcB must be present in cis in order to restore Fe(III) reduction, MnO2 reduction, OM cytochrome content, and the localization of OmcA and OmcB to the OM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith M Myers
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226, USA
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208
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Abstract
Dissimilatory metal-ion-reducing bacteria (DMRB) can couple the reduction of a variety of different metal ions to cellular respiration and growth. The excitement of this metabolic group lies not only in the elucidation of a new type of metabolism, but also in the potential use of these abilities for the removal of toxic organics, and in their ability to reduce (and thus, detoxify) other toxic metals, such as U(VI) and Cr(VI). This review focuses on recent advances in the study of DMRB, including the use of external electron shuttles to enhance rates of metal reduction; genome sequencing and consequent genomic and proteomic analyses; new imaging approaches for high resolution analysis of both cells and chemical components; the demonstration of fractionation of stable isotopes of iron during iron reduction; and the elucidation of the types and patterns of secondary mineral formation during metal reduction. One of the secondary minerals is magnetite, the subject of intense controversy regarding the possibility of evidence for life from the Martian meteorite ALH84001. This review thus ends with a short consideration of the evidence for magnetic 'proof' of the existence of past life on Mars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth H Nealson
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-0740, USA.
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209
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Newman DK, Banfield JF. Geomicrobiology: how molecular-scale interactions underpin biogeochemical systems. Science 2002; 296:1071-7. [PMID: 12004119 DOI: 10.1126/science.1010716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Microorganisms populate every habitable environment on Earth and, through their metabolic activity, affect the chemistry and physical properties of their surroundings. They have done this for billions of years. Over the past decade, genetic, biochemical, and genomic approaches have allowed us to document the diversity of microbial life in geologic systems without cultivation, as well as to begin to elucidate their function. With expansion of culture-independent analyses of microbial communities, it will be possible to quantify gene activity at the species level. Genome-enabled biogeochemical modeling may provide an opportunity to determine how communities function, and how they shape and are shaped by their environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dianne K Newman
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
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Shyu JBH, Lies DP, Newman DK. Protective role of tolC in efflux of the electron shuttle anthraquinone-2,6-disulfonate. J Bacteriol 2002; 184:1806-10. [PMID: 11872737 PMCID: PMC134904 DOI: 10.1128/jb.184.6.1806-1810.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular electron transfer can play an important role in microbial respiration on insoluble minerals. The humic acid analog anthraquinone-2,6-disulfonate (AQDS) is commonly used as an electron shuttle during studies of extracellular electron transfer. Here we provide genetic evidence that AQDS enters Shewanella oneidensis strain MR-1 and causes cell death if it accumulates past a critical concentration. A tolC homolog protects the cell from toxicity by mediating the efflux of AQDS. Electron transfer to AQDS appears to be independent of the tolC pathway, however, and requires the outer membrane protein encoded by mtrB. We suggest that there may be structural and functional relationships between quinone-containing electron shuttles and antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Bruce H Shyu
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
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211
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Horton M, Charras G, Lehenkari P. Analysis of ligand-receptor interactions in cells by atomic force microscopy. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 2002; 22:169-90. [PMID: 12503614 DOI: 10.1081/rrs-120014594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Atomic force microscopy (AFM) increasingly has been used to analyse "receptor" function, either by using purified proteins ("molecular recognition microscopy") or, more recently, in situ in living cells. The latter approach has been enabled by the use of a modified commercial AFM, linked to a confocal microscope, which has allowed adhesion forces between ligands and receptors in cells to be measured and mapped, and downstream cellular responses analysed. We review the application of AFM to cell biology and, in particular, to the study of ligand-receptor interactions and draw examples from our own work and that of others to show the utility of AFM, including for the exploration of cell surface functionalities. We also identify shortcomings of AFM in comparison to "standard" methods, such as receptor auto-radiography or immuno-detection, that are widely applied in cell biology and pharmacological analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Horton
- Department of Medicine, University College London, London WC IE 6JJ, UK.
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212
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213
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Murakami Y, Fujita Y, Naganuma T, Iwatsuki T. Abundance and Viability of the Groundwater Microbial Communities from a Borehole in the Tono Uranium Deposit Area, Central Japan. Microbes Environ 2002. [DOI: 10.1264/jsme2.2002.63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Yuka Fujita
- School of Biosphere Sciences, Hiroshima University
| | | | - Teruki Iwatsuki
- Tono Geosciene Center, Japan Nuclear Cycle Development Institute
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214
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Hoppert M, Berker R, Flies C, Kämper M, Pohl W, Schneider J, Ströbel S. Biofilms and their extracellular environment on geomaterials: methods for investigation down to nanometre scale. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1144/gsl.sp.2002.205.01.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
AbstractOn solid surfaces of building material, micro-organisms form a tightly attached layer that may affect the underlying substratum. The biofilm is mainly composed of cells and extracellular polymeric substances (EPS; mostly various polysaccharides). Attachment of the mature biofilm on the substratum is mediated by the EPS. For analysis by transmission electron microscopy, the biofilm structure must be maintained by appropriate methods that stabilize the organisms and especially the EPS. Specially adapted preparation techniques allow detachment of a surface biofilm or dissolution of the substratum without affecting the biofilm structure. The cellular and extracellular structures are retained in such a way that they are detectable by various specific marker systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Hoppert
- Institut für Mikrobiologie und Genetik, Universität Göttingen
Grisebachstrasse 8, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - R. Berker
- Institut für Mikrobiologie und Genetik, Universität Göttingen
Grisebachstrasse 8, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - C. Flies
- Institut für Mikrobiologie und Genetik, Universität Göttingen
Grisebachstrasse 8, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - M. Kämper
- Institut für Mikrobiologie und Genetik, Universität Göttingen
Grisebachstrasse 8, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - W. Pohl
- Institut für Geologie und Dynamik der Lithosphäre, Universität Göttingen
Goldschmidstrasse 3, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - J. Schneider
- Institut für Geologie und Dynamik der Lithosphäre, Universität Göttingen
Goldschmidstrasse 3, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - S. Ströbel
- Institut für Mikrobiologie und Genetik, Universität Göttingen
Grisebachstrasse 8, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
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215
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Lower SK, Hochella MF, Banfield JF, Rosso KM. Nanogeoscience: From the movement of electrons to lithosphere plates. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2002eo000036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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218
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Niemeyer CM. Nanoparticles, Proteins, and Nucleic Acids: Biotechnology Meets Materials Science. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2001; 40:4128-4158. [DOI: 10.1002/1521-3773(20011119)40:22<4128::aid-anie4128>3.0.co;2-s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2006] [Impact Index Per Article: 87.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2001] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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219
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Affiliation(s)
- D K Newman
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.
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