201
|
Scientific Opinion on the maintenance of the list of QPS biological agents intentionally added to food and feed (2010 update). EFSA J 2010. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2010.1944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
|
202
|
Klein G. Antibiotic resistance and molecular characterization of probiotic and clinical Lactobacillus strains in relation to safety aspects of probiotics. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2010; 8:267-81. [PMID: 21034236 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2010.0672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The evaluation of the safety of probiotic strains includes the exclusion of antibiotic resistance of clinical importance. Ninety-two strains from the genus Lactobacillus isolated from probiotics, food, and clinical sources were included in the investigation. Species tested were the L. acidophilus group, L. casei group, L. reuteri/fermentum group, and L. sakei/curvatus group. Cell and colony morphology, fermentation patterns, and growth characteristics as well as soluble whole cell proteins were analyzed. Antibiotic resistance against clinically important agents was determined by broth dilution tests. The vanA and tet genes were confirmed. Resistances occurred mainly against gentamicin, ciprofloxacin, clindamycin, sulfonamides, and, in some cases, glycopeptides. The natural glycopeptide resistance within the L. casei group and L. reuteri appears to be not of clinical relevance, as there was no vanA gene present. Therefore, the transfer of this resistance is very unlikely. Tet-(A), -(B), -(C), -(M), or -(O) gene could not be detected. The protein fingerprinting within the L. casei group proved that L. rhamnosus strains of clinical origin clustered together with probiotic strains. For safety evaluations resistance patterns of a broad range of strains are a useful criterion together with the exclusion of known resistance genes (like the vanA gene) and can be used for decision making on the safety of probiotics, both by authorization bodies and manufacturers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Günter Klein
- Institute of Food Quality and Food Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
203
|
Hovhannisyan HG, Barseghyan AA, Grigoryan NG, Topchyan AV. Genetic improvement of technological characteristics of starters for fermented milk products. APPL BIOCHEM MICRO+ 2010. [DOI: 10.1134/s0003683810040058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
204
|
Ooi LG, Liong MT. Cholesterol-lowering effects of probiotics and prebiotics: a review of in vivo and in vitro findings. Int J Mol Sci 2010; 11:2499-522. [PMID: 20640165 PMCID: PMC2904929 DOI: 10.3390/ijms11062499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 364] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2010] [Revised: 05/26/2010] [Accepted: 06/16/2010] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Probiotics are live microorganisms that promote health benefits upon consumption, while prebiotics are nondigestible food ingredients that selectively stimulate the growth of beneficial microorganisms in the gastrointestinal tract. Probiotics and/or prebiotics could be used as alternative supplements to exert health benefits, including cholesterol-lowering effects on humans. Past in vivo studies showed that the administration of probiotics and/or prebiotics are effective in improving lipid profiles, including the reduction of serum/plasma total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol and triglycerides or increment of HDL-cholesterol. However, other past studies have also shown that probiotics and prebiotics had insignificant effects on lipid profiles, disputing the hypocholesterolemic claim. Additionally, little information is available on the effective dosage of probiotics and prebiotics needed to exert hypocholesterolemic effects. Probiotics and prebiotics have been suggested to reduce cholesterol via various mechanisms. However, more clinical evidence is needed to strengthen these proposals. Safety issues regarding probiotics and/or prebiotics have also been raised despite their long history of safe use. Although probiotic-mediated infections are rare, several cases of systemic infections caused by probiotics have been reported and the issue of antibiotic resistance has sparked much debate. Prebiotics, classified as food ingredients, are generally considered safe, but overconsumption could cause intestinal discomfort. Conscientious prescription of probiotics and/or prebiotics is crucial, especially when administering to specific high risk groups such as infants, the elderly and the immuno-compromised.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lay-Gaik Ooi
- School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia; E-Mail:
| | - Min-Tze Liong
- School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia; E-Mail:
| |
Collapse
|
205
|
Guglielmetti S, Taverniti V, Minuzzo M, Arioli S, Stuknyte M, Karp M, Mora D. Oral bacteria as potential probiotics for the pharyngeal mucosa. Appl Environ Microbiol 2010; 76:3948-58. [PMID: 20418429 PMCID: PMC2893495 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00109-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2010] [Accepted: 04/10/2010] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The research described here was aimed at the selection of oral bacteria that displayed properties compatible with their potential use as probiotics for the pharyngeal mucosa. We included in the study 56 bacteria newly isolated from the pharynges of healthy donors, which were identified at the intraspecies level and characterized in vitro for their probiotic potential. The experiments led us to select two potential probiotic bacterial strains (Streptococcus salivarius RS1 and ST3) and to compare them with the prototype oral probiotic S. salivarius strain K12. All three strains efficiently bound to FaDu human epithelial pharyngeal cells and thereby antagonized Streptococcus pyogenes adhesion and growth. All were sensitive to a variety of antibiotics routinely used for the control of upper respiratory tract infections. Immunological in vitro testing on a FaDu layer revealed different responses to RS1, ST3, and K12. RS1 and ST3 modulated NF-kappaB activation and biased proinflammatory cytokines at baseline and after interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) induction. In conclusion, we suggest that the selected commensal streptococci represent potential pharyngeal probiotic candidates. They could display a good degree of adaptation to the host and possess potential immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simone Guglielmetti
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Alimentari, Universita degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
206
|
Ruiz-Moyano S, Martín A, Benito MJ, Hernández A, Casquete R, Córdoba MDG. Safety and functional aspects of pre-selected pediococci for probiotic use in Iberian dry-fermented sausages. Int J Food Sci Technol 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2621.2010.02244.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
207
|
Cordeiro RP, Du T, Mulvey MR, Krause DO, Holley RA. Susceptibility of meat starter cultures to antimicrobials used in food animals in Canada. J Food Prot 2010; 73:916-22. [PMID: 20501043 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-73.5.916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are extensively used in the food industry for fermentation processes. However, it is possible that these bacteria may serve as a reservoir for antibiotic resistance genes that can be transferred to pathogens, giving rise to public health concerns. Animal operations that use antimicrobials as growth promotants have been linked to the origin of resistance due to the selective effect of low levels of antimicrobial used in this management strategy. The objective of this study was to determine the antimicrobial susceptibilities and mechanisms of resistance for 30 isolates of meat starter cultures commonly used in dry sausage fermentations to 20 antimicrobial agents. Susceptibility tests were performed by broth microdilution using Iso-Sensitest broth (90%, vol/vol) and de Man Rogosa Sharpe (MRS) broth (10%, vol/vol). The results showed that all 30 isolates exhibited resistance to at least three antimicrobials regardless of antimicrobial class while 17 or 30% of strains were resistant to antibiotics in three or six different classes, respectively. The incidence of antimicrobial resistance was higher among Pediococcus pentosaceus and lower for Staphylococcus carnosus strains. Genetic determinants for the lincosamide, macrolide, and tetracycline antimicrobials were not found using PCR. Phenotypic resistance in the absence of known resistance genes found here suggests that other mechanisms or genes might have contributed to the negative results. Further studies are needed to explore the genetic mechanisms underlying the prevalence of antibiotic resistance in Pediococcus species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R P Cordeiro
- Department of Food Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T2N2, Canada
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
208
|
Intra- and interlaboratory performances of two commercial antimicrobial susceptibility testing methods for bifidobacteria and nonenterococcal lactic acid bacteria. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2010; 54:2567-74. [PMID: 20385863 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00407-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In a small-scale harmonization study involving nine laboratories in eight European countries, the intra- and interlaboratory performances of two commercially available systems, i.e., the VetMIC microplate system and Etest, for antimicrobial susceptibility testing of nonenterococcal lactic acid bacteria (NELAB) and bifidobacteria were analyzed. In addition, one laboratory also performed standard broth microdilution as a reference method. MICs of tetracycline, erythromycin, ampicillin, gentamicin, clindamycin, and streptomycin for the type strains of 25 species of NELAB and bifidobacteria and MICs of vancomycin for a selection of relevant taxa were determined. The previously described lactic acid bacterium susceptibility test medium (LSM) and related mixed-medium formulations, all including Iso-Sensitest broth as a basic component, were used as test media. The overall agreement of median MIC ranges +/- 1 log(2) dilution determined by the VetMIC and Etest methods with the median MICs determined by the reference method was very good for tetracycline, ampicillin, and streptomycin (92.3 to 100%) but low for erythromycin (19.5 to 30.7%) and clindamycin (50.0 to 80.8%). There was a consensus among the participating laboratories that VetMIC was preferred over Etest because of its lower cost, better growth support, and more uniform criteria for MIC end point reading. With the range for acceptable intralaboratory reproducibility being defined as the median MIC +/- 1 log(2) dilution, VetMIC results (with 69.2% of all data sets in the acceptable range) were shown to display greater reproducibility than Etest results (with 58.8% of all data sets in the acceptable range). Also at the interlaboratory level, the proportion of MIC values obtained with VetMIC that belonged to the complete agreement category (60.0%) was higher than the proportion of such values obtained with Etest (47.0%), which indicates a higher degree of interlaboratory reproducibility for the former method. Apart from some agent-specific effects, the majority of VetMIC and Etest replicate data sets were situated within a 1- to 2-log(2) dilution range, suggesting that the two methods can be considered to be equivalent for recognizing resistance phenotypes. This multicenter study has further validated the standard use of LSM and related mixed-medium formulations with commercially available systems and formed the basis for the ongoing development of the ISO 10932/IDF 223 standard for susceptibility testing of NELAB and bifidobacteria.
Collapse
|
209
|
BACHA KETEMA, MEHARI TETEMKE, ASHENAFI MOGESSIE. ANTIMICROBIAL SUSCEPTIBILITY PATTERNS OF LAB ISOLATED FROM WAKALIM, A TRADITIONAL ETHIOPIAN FERMENTED SAUSAGE. J Food Saf 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-4565.2009.00201.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
210
|
Rodríguez-Alonso P, Fernández-Otero C, Centeno JA, Garabal JI. Antibiotic resistance in lactic acid bacteria and Micrococcaceae/Staphylococcaceae isolates from artisanal raw milk cheeses, and potential implications on cheese making. J Food Sci 2010; 74:M284-93. [PMID: 19723213 DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3841.2009.01217.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Antibiotic susceptibility against 19 antimicrobial agents was evaluated in isolates of the genera Lactococcus (46 isolates), Leuconostoc (22), Lactobacillus (19), Staphylococcus (8), Enterococcus (7), and Microccoccus/Kocuria (5) obtained from the predominant microflora of nonrecent and recent types of artisanal raw cow's milk cheeses. Beta-lactams showed broad activity against all genera, although leuconostocs and lactobacilli were highly resistant to oxacillin (80% to 95.5%). Resistance to aminoglycosides was frequent for lactococci and enterococci (particularly for streptomycin), whereas lower rates of resistance were detected for lactobacilli and leuconostocs. Technologically interesting traits for the food industry were distributed among isolates that showed different degrees of resistance to common antibiotics. However, isolates showing resistance to less than 2 antibiotics were mainly those with properties of greatest technological interest (acidifying activity, proteolytic/lipolytic activities, or diacetyl production).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Rodríguez-Alonso
- Dairy Science and Technology Laboratory, Agricultural Research Center of Mabegondo (CIAM), Xunta de Galicia, 15080 A Coruña, Spain
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
211
|
Egervärn M, Roos S, Lindmark H. Identification and characterization of antibiotic resistance genes inLactobacillus reuteriandLactobacillus plantarum. J Appl Microbiol 2009; 107:1658-68. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2009.04352.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
|
212
|
Belletti N, Gatti M, Bottari B, Neviani E, Tabanelli G, Gardini F. Antibiotic resistance of lactobacilli isolated from two italian hard cheeses. J Food Prot 2009; 72:2162-9. [PMID: 19833040 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-72.10.2162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
One hundred forty-one lactobacilli strains isolated from natural whey starter cultures and ripened Grana Padano and Parmigiano Reggiano cheeses were tested for their susceptibility to 13 antibiotics, in particular, penicillin G, ampicillin, amoxicillin, oxacillin, cephalotin, cefuroxime, vancomycin, gentamicin, tetracycline, erythromycin, clindamycin, co-trimoxazole, and nitrofurantoin. The strains belonged to the species Lactobacillus helveticus, L. delbrueckii subsp. lactis, L. rhamnosus, and L. casei. The strains of the first two species were isolated from whey starter cultures, and the strains of the last two species were from the ripened cheeses. Significant differences among the strains in their antibiotic resistance were found in relation to the type of cheese and, especially, the strains from Parmigiano Reggiano were more resistant to gentamicin and penicillin G. The strains isolated in the ripened cheese were generally more resistant than those isolated from natural whey starter cultures; in particular, significant differences regarding oxacillin, vancomycin, cephalotin, and co-trimoxazole were observed. Finally, no significant difference in relation to the type of cheese was found among the thermophilic lactobacilli isolated from whey cultures, while the facultatively heterofermentative lactobacilli isolated from Parmigiano Reggiano showed higher resistance toward gentamicin and penicillin G than did the same species isolated from Grana Padano.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicoletta Belletti
- Dipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti, Università di Bologna-Sede di Cesena, Piazza Goidanich 60, 47023, Cesena, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
213
|
Fukao M, Tomita H, Yakabe T, Nomura T, Ike Y, Yajima N. Assessment of antibiotic resistance in probiotic strain Lactobacillus brevis KB290. J Food Prot 2009; 72:1923-9. [PMID: 19777895 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-72.9.1923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Our purpose was to investigate the safety of the probiotic strain Lactobacillus brevis KB290. The European Qualified Presumption of Safety (QPS) evaluation approach was applied to the strain. We determined the strain's antibiotic resistance, verified it at the genetic level, and determined whether it could be transferred to intestinal microflora. Of 14 antibiotics tested, 11 showed MICs within the limits of the QPS criteria. However, the L. brevis KB290 MICs of ciprofloxacin (a fluoroquinolone), tetracycline, and vancomycin were two, four, and eight times, respectively, the breakpoint MICs suggested by the European Scientific Committee on Animal Nutrition, and the MIC of tetracycline was eight times the breakpoint MIC suggested by the European Scientific Panel on Additives and Products or Substances Used in Animal Feed. Using analysis of gapped-genome sequences, we found no known transferable determinants for tetracycline or vancomycin resistance, and we found no mutations in the quinolone resistance-determining regions of the genes encoding GyrA or ParC for ciprofloxacin resistance associated with insertion sequences, integrons, or transposons. These data were confirmed by using PCR primers specific for the respective genes. We assessed the transferability of the resistance traits in conjugation experiments with enterococci and obtained no transconjugants, strongly suggesting that the resistance traits were not transferable. This study demonstrated that the antibiotic resistance observed in L. brevis KB290 was due not to dedicated mechanisms but to intrinsic resistance. According to the QPS criteria, these results provide safety assurance for the ongoing use of L. brevis KB290 as a probiotic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masanori Fukao
- Probiotics Research Department, Research Institute, Kagome Company, Limited, 17 Nishitomiyama, Nasushiobara, Tochigi, 329-2762, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
214
|
Burgos MJG, López RL, Abriouel H, Omar NB, Galvez A. Multilocus sequence typing of Enterococcus faecalis from vegetable foods reveals two new sequence types. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2009; 6:321-7. [PMID: 19272006 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2008.0169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A collection of 16 isolates of Enterococcus faecalis from different vegetable foods were characterized by multilocus sequence typing (MLST). One isolate belonged to sequence type (ST) 9 of the previously described clonal complex 9, which is frequently associated with hospital environments. The rest of the isolates were grouped into two new STs named 168 and 169. ST168 represented a singleton clone that included 14 isolates and seemed to be the predominant type among E. faecalis from vegetable samples. ST168 was closely related to ST72, differing only by one allele type. Singleton ST169 was not related to any of the previously described STs.
Collapse
|
215
|
Kushiro A, Chervaux C, Cools-Portier S, Perony A, Legrain-Raspaud S, Obis D, Onoue M, van de Moer A. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of lactic acid bacteria and bifidobacteria by broth microdilution method and Etest. Int J Food Microbiol 2009; 132:54-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2009.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2008] [Revised: 03/12/2009] [Accepted: 03/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
216
|
Maragkoudakis PA, Papadelli M, Georgalaki M, Panayotopoulou EG, Martinez-Gonzalez B, Mentis AF, Petraki K, Sgouras DN, Tsakalidou E. In vitro and in vivo safety evaluation of the bacteriocin producer Streptococcus macedonicus ACA-DC 198. Int J Food Microbiol 2009; 133:141-7. [PMID: 19515446 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2009.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2009] [Revised: 04/15/2009] [Accepted: 05/08/2009] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcus macedonicus ACA-DC 198, a bacteriocin producer isolated from Greek Kasseri cheese, was used in a series of in vitro and in vivo experiments in order to evaluate its pathogenic potential. The strain was examined in vitro for haemolytic activity, antibiotic resistance and presence of pathogenicity genes encountered in Streptococcus pyogenes. Subsequently, the strain was orally administered to mice (8.9 log cfu daily), continuously over a period of 12 weeks, in order to ascertain the effects of its long term consumption on animal health and gastric inflammation. S. macedonicus ACA-DC 198 was found to be non-haemolytic and sensitive to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, erythromycin, streptomycin, tetracycline, and vancomycin, with the only resistance observed against kanamycin. PCR amplification and DNA-DNA hybridization did not reveal the presence of any of the S.pyogenes pathogenicity genes examined, namely emm, scpA, hasA, speB, smez2, speJ, sagAB, hylA, ska, speF, speG, slo, hylP2 and mga. In the mouse study, no detrimental effects were observed in the behaviour, general well being, weight gain and water consumption of the animals receiving S. macedonicus ACA-DC 198. Histologic analysis showed no evidence of inflammation in the stomach of the animals receiving S. macedonicus ACA-DC 198, while faecal microbiological analysis revealed that the strain retained its viability passing through the mouse gastrointestinal tract. Finally, no evidence of translocation to the liver, spleen and mesenteric lymph nodes was observed. In conclusion, none of the examined virulence determinants were detected in S. macedonicus ACA-DC 198 and its long term, high dosage oral administration did not appear to induce any pathogenic effect in mice.
Collapse
|
217
|
Zonenschain D, Rebecchi A, Morelli L. Erythromycin- and tetracycline-resistant lactobacilli in Italian fermented dry sausages. J Appl Microbiol 2009; 107:1559-68. [PMID: 19426258 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2009.04338.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To assess the frequency of erythromycin- and tetracycline-resistant lactobacilli in Italian fermented dry sausages. METHODS AND RESULTS We isolated lactobacilli colonies from 20 salami from the north of Italy (Piacenza province) using selective medium supplemented with erythromycin or tetracycline; we determined the minimum inhibitory concentration and searched for selected erythromycin and tetracycline resistance genes. A total of 312 lactobacilli colonies were genetically ascribed to 60 different strains belonging to seven Lactobacillus species. Lactobacillus sakei, Lactobacillus curvatus and Lactobacillus plantarum were the most frequently found species. Thirty strains (50%) were phenotypically resistant to erythromycin, 45 (75%) to tetracycline and 27 (45%) were resistant to both. The most frequently detected resistance genes were tet(M) and erm(B). CONCLUSIONS This study provides evidence of the presence of tetracycline- and, to a lesser extent, erythromycin-resistant lactobacilli in fermented dry sausages produced in northern Italy. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Although these antibiotic-resistant lactobacilli could serve as reservoir organisms, in our study, 16 of 20 salami could be considered safe in regard to possible antibiotic resistance gene transfer to pathogens, whereas 4 of 20 could represent a borderline situation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Zonenschain
- Istituto di Microbiologia, Facoltà di Agraria, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
218
|
Hacin B, Rogelj I, Matijašić BB. Lactobacillus isolates from weaned piglets’ mucosa with inhibitory activity against common porcine pathogens. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2009; 53:569-76. [DOI: 10.1007/s12223-008-0091-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2008] [Revised: 09/03/2008] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
219
|
Maragkoudakis PA, Mountzouris KC, Psyrras D, Cremonese S, Fischer J, Cantor MD, Tsakalidou E. Functional properties of novel protective lactic acid bacteria and application in raw chicken meat against Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella enteritidis. Int J Food Microbiol 2009; 130:219-26. [PMID: 19249112 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2009.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2008] [Revised: 01/20/2009] [Accepted: 01/21/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
In this study 635 lactic acid bacteria of food origin were evaluated for their potential application as protective cultures in foods. A stepwise selection method was used to obtain the most appropriate strains for application as protective cultures in chicken meat. Specifically, all strains were examined for antimicrobial activity against various Gram positive and Gram negative pathogenic and spoilage bacteria. Strains exhibiting anti-bacterial activity were subsequently examined for survival in simulated food processing and gastrointestinal tract conditions, such as high temperatures, low pH, starvation and the presence of NaCl and bile salts. Selected strains where then examined for basic safety properties such as antibiotic resistance and haemolytic potential, while their antimicrobial activity was further investigated by PCR screening for possession of known bacteriocin genes. Two chosen strains were then applied on raw chicken meat to evaluate their protective ability against two common food pathogens, Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella enteritidis, but also to identify potential spoilage effects by the application of the protective cultures on the food matrix. Antimicrobial activity in vitro was evident against Gram positive indicators, mainly Listeria and Brochothrix spp., while no antibacterial activity was obtained against any of the Gram negative bacteria tested. The antimicrobial activity was of a proteinaceous nature while strains with anti-listerial activity were found to possess one or more bacteriocin genes, mainly enterocins. Strains generally exhibited sensitivity to pH 2.0, but good survival at 45 degrees C, in the presence of bile salts and NaCl as well as during starvation, while variable survival rates were obtained at 55 degrees C. None of the strains was found to be haemolytic while variable antibiotic resistance profiles were obtained. Finally, when the selected strains Enterococcus faecium PCD71 and Lactobacillus fermentum ACA-DC179 were applied as protective cultures in chicken meat against L. monocytogenes and S. enteritidis respectively, a significantly reduced growth of these pathogenic bacteria was observed. In addition, these two strains did not appear to have any detrimental effect on biochemical parameters related to spoilage of the chicken meat.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Petros A Maragkoudakis
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 118 55 Athens, Greece
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
220
|
Grattepanche F, Miescher-Schwenninger S, Meile L, Lacroix C. Recent developments in cheese cultures with protective and probiotic functionalities. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1051/dst:2008013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
|
221
|
Dharne M, Gupta A, Rangrez A, Ghate H, Patole M, Shouche Y. Antibacterial activities of multi drug resistant Myroides odoratimimus bacteria isolated from adult flesh flies (Diptera: sarcophagidae) are independent of metallo beta-lactamase gene. Braz J Microbiol 2008; 39:397-404. [PMID: 24031236 PMCID: PMC3768384 DOI: 10.1590/s1517-838220080002000035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2007] [Revised: 12/07/2007] [Accepted: 05/04/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
FLESH FLIES (DIPTERA Sarcophagidae) are well known cause of myiasis and their gut bacteria have never been studied for antimicrobial activity against bacteria. Antimicrobial studies of Myroides spp. are restricted to nosocomial strains. A Gram-negative bacterium, Myroides sp., was isolated from the gut of adult flesh flies (Sarcophaga sp.) and submitted to evaluation of nutritional parameters using Biolog GN, 16S rRNA gene sequencing, susceptibility to various antimicrobials by disc diffusion method and detection of metallo β-lactamase genes (TUS/MUS). The antagonistic effects were tested on Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria isolated from human clinical specimens, environmental samples and insect mid gut. Bacterial species included were Aeromonas hydrophila, A. culicicola, Morganella morganii subsp. sibonii, Ochrobactrum anthropi, Weissella confusa, Escherichia coli, Ochrobactrum sp., Serratia sp., Kestersia sp., Ignatzschineria sp., Bacillus sp. The Myroides sp. strain was resistant to penicillin-G, erythromycin, streptomycin, amikacin, kanamycin, gentamycin, ampicillin, trimethoprim and tobramycin. These strain showed antibacterial action against all bacterial strains except W. confusa, Ignatzschineria sp., A. hydrophila and M. morganii subsp. sibonii. The multidrug resistance of the strain was similar to the resistance of clinical isolates, inhibiting growth of bacteria from clinical, environmental and insect gut samples. The metallo β-lactamase (TUS/MUS) genes were absent, and resistance due to these genes was ruled out, indicating involvement of other secretion machinery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M.S. Dharne
- Molecular Biology Unit, National Centre for Cell Science, Ganeshkhind, Pune-411 007, Maharashtra, India
- Present address: Produce and Quality and Safety Laboratory, Henry A. Wallace Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, United States
| | - A.K. Gupta
- Molecular Biology Unit, National Centre for Cell Science, Ganeshkhind, Pune-411 007, Maharashtra, India
| | - A.Y. Rangrez
- Molecular Biology Unit, National Centre for Cell Science, Ganeshkhind, Pune-411 007, Maharashtra, India
| | - H.V. Ghate
- Department of Zoology, Modern College of Arts, Science and Commerce, Shivajinagar, Pune-411 005, Maharashtra, India
| | - M.S. Patole
- Molecular Biology Unit, National Centre for Cell Science, Ganeshkhind, Pune-411 007, Maharashtra, India
| | - Y.S. Shouche
- Molecular Biology Unit, National Centre for Cell Science, Ganeshkhind, Pune-411 007, Maharashtra, India
| |
Collapse
|
222
|
Danielsen M, Mayrhofer S, Domig KJ, Amtmann E, Mayer HK, Flórez AB, Mayo B, Korhonen J, Tosi L. Assessment of the antimicrobial wild-type minimum inhibitory concentration distributions of species of theLactobacillusdelbrueckiigroup. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1051/dst:2007002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
|
223
|
Mathara JM, Schillinger U, Kutima PM, Mbugua SK, Guigas C, Franz C, Holzapfel WH. Functional properties of Lactobacillus plantarum strains isolated from Maasai traditional fermented milk products in Kenya. Curr Microbiol 2008; 56:315-21. [PMID: 18175177 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-007-9084-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2007] [Accepted: 10/17/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Lactobacillus plantarum was the major species among the lactic acid bacterial strains isolated from traditional fermented milk of the Maasai in Kenya. Selected strains were characterized for their functional properties using in vitro standard procedures. All strains expressed acid tolerance at pH 2.0 after 2-h exposure of values that ranged from 1% to 100%, while bile tolerance of acid-stressed cells at 0.3% oxgal varied from 30% to 80%. In vitro adhesion to the mucus-secreting cell line HT 29 MTX and binding capacity to extracellular protein matrices was demonstrated for several strains. The four strains tested in a simulated stomach duodenum passage survived with recovery rates ranging from 17% to 100%. Strains were intrinsically resistant to several antibiotics tested. From these in vitro studies, a number of Lb. plantarum strains isolated from the Maasai traditional fermented milk showed probiotic potential. The strains are good candidates for multifunctional starter culture development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julius Maina Mathara
- Institute of Hygiene and Toxicology, Federal Research Centre for Nutrition and Foods (BfEL), Haid-und-Neu-Str. 9, D-76131, Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
224
|
Resistance of potential probiotic lactic acid bacteria and bifidobacteria of African and European origin to antimicrobials: Determination and transferability of the resistance genes to other bacteria. Int J Food Microbiol 2008; 121:217-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2007.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2007] [Revised: 09/19/2007] [Accepted: 11/06/2007] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
225
|
Ge B, Jiang P, Han F, Saleh NK, Dhiman N, Fedorko DP, Nelson NA, Meng J. Identification and antimicrobial susceptibility of lactic acid bacteria from retail fermented foods. J Food Prot 2007; 70:2606-12. [PMID: 18044442 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-70.11.2606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
One important safety criterion of using lactic acid bacteria (LAB) in food applications is to ensure that they do not carry transferable antimicrobial resistance (AR) determinants. In this study, 63 LAB belonging to six genera, Streptococcus, Lactobacillus, Lactococcus, Enterococcus, Leuconostoc, and Pediococcus, were recovered from 28 retail fermented food products in Maryland, identified to species with 16S-23S rRNA spacer PCRs, and characterized for antimicrobial susceptibility against eight antimicrobials. Besides intrinsic resistance to ciprofloxacin or vancomycin in some lactobacilli, tetracycline resistance was observed in two Streptococcus thermophilus isolates from one cheese and one sour cream sample and was associated with the presence of a nonconjugative tet(S) gene. The results indicated a low level of AR among naturally occurring and starter LAB cultures in fermented dairy and meat products in the United States; therefore, the probability for foodborne LAB to serve as reservoirs of AR is low. Further studies involving a larger sample size are needed to assess the potential risk of AR gene transfer from LAB in fermented food products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beilei Ge
- Department of Food Science, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|