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Brzezinski JL, Craft DL. Evaluation of an in vitro bioassay for the detection of purified ricin and castor bean in beverages and liquid food matrices. J Food Prot 2007; 70:2377-82. [PMID: 17969621 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-70.10.2377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The potential use of ricin as a biological weapon in food highlights the necessity for the development of food-specific detection methods. Current methods for the detection of ricin consist of various immunoassays, which detect only one subunit of the ricin toxin and therefore may not be indicative of a biologically active molecule. An in vivo assay, such as a mouse bioassay, can indicate the biological activity of the toxin; however, this method is not feasible for laboratories that do not have animal testing facilities. The purpose of this study was to develop an in vitro assay for the detection of biologically active ricin in beverages and liquid foods. Acidic and high-protein beverages were spiked with either purified ricin or ground castor beans and added to cultured human Jurkat cells. After an overnight incubation, the supernatant was tested for lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity with a colorimetric assay. LDH was released from the cytosol upon cell damage and was positively correlated with cell death. Ricin was detectable in all the matrices tested, with a sensitivity of 10 to 100 pg/ml. Biologically active ricin was detectable in all the matrices incubated with ground castor bean material. This method provides a confirmatory way to detect biologically active ricin that can be utilized by laboratories lacking animal facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Brzezinski
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Forensic Chemistry Center, 6751 Steger Drive, Cincinnati, Ohio 45237, USA.
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202
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Kiesling T, Cox K, Davidson EA, Dretchen K, Grater G, Hibbard S, Lasken RS, Leshin J, Skowronski E, Danielsen M. Sequence specific detection of DNA using nicking endonuclease signal amplification (NESA). Nucleic Acids Res 2007; 35:e117. [PMID: 17827214 PMCID: PMC2094061 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkm654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We have developed a new method for identifying specific single- or double-stranded DNA sequences called nicking endonuclease signal amplification (NESA). A probe and target DNA anneal to create a restriction site that is recognized by a strand-specific endonuclease that cleaves the probe into two pieces leaving the target DNA intact. The target DNA can then act as a template for fresh probe and the process of hybridization, cleavage and dissociation repeats. Laser-induced fluorescence coupled with capillary electrophoresis was used to measure the probe cleavage products. The reaction is rapid; full cleavage of probe occurs within one minute under ideal conditions. The reaction is specific since it requires complete complementarity between the oligonucleotide and the template at the restriction site and sufficient complementarity overall to allow hybridization. We show that both Bacillus subtilis and B. anthracis genomic DNA can be detected and specifically differentiated from DNA of other Bacillus species. When combined with multiple displacement amplification, detection of a single copy target from less than 30 cfu is possible. This method should be applicable whenever there is a requirement to detect a specific DNA sequence. Other applications include SNP analysis and genotyping. The reaction is inherently simple to multiplex and is amenable to automation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Traci Kiesling
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology & Cellular Biology, Department of Pharmacology, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington DC 20057, Anteon Corporation, Fairfax, VA 22030, J. Craig Venter Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037 and General Dynamics, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA
| | - Kendra Cox
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology & Cellular Biology, Department of Pharmacology, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington DC 20057, Anteon Corporation, Fairfax, VA 22030, J. Craig Venter Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037 and General Dynamics, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA
| | - Eugene A. Davidson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology & Cellular Biology, Department of Pharmacology, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington DC 20057, Anteon Corporation, Fairfax, VA 22030, J. Craig Venter Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037 and General Dynamics, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA
| | - Kenneth Dretchen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology & Cellular Biology, Department of Pharmacology, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington DC 20057, Anteon Corporation, Fairfax, VA 22030, J. Craig Venter Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037 and General Dynamics, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA
| | - Guy Grater
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology & Cellular Biology, Department of Pharmacology, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington DC 20057, Anteon Corporation, Fairfax, VA 22030, J. Craig Venter Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037 and General Dynamics, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA
| | - Shannon Hibbard
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology & Cellular Biology, Department of Pharmacology, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington DC 20057, Anteon Corporation, Fairfax, VA 22030, J. Craig Venter Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037 and General Dynamics, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA
| | - Roger S. Lasken
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology & Cellular Biology, Department of Pharmacology, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington DC 20057, Anteon Corporation, Fairfax, VA 22030, J. Craig Venter Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037 and General Dynamics, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA
| | - Jonathan Leshin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology & Cellular Biology, Department of Pharmacology, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington DC 20057, Anteon Corporation, Fairfax, VA 22030, J. Craig Venter Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037 and General Dynamics, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA
| | - Evan Skowronski
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology & Cellular Biology, Department of Pharmacology, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington DC 20057, Anteon Corporation, Fairfax, VA 22030, J. Craig Venter Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037 and General Dynamics, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA
| | - Mark Danielsen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology & Cellular Biology, Department of Pharmacology, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington DC 20057, Anteon Corporation, Fairfax, VA 22030, J. Craig Venter Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037 and General Dynamics, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA
- *To whom correspondence should be addressed. +1 202 687 4169+1 202 687 7186
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203
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Mulvaney SP, Cole CL, Kniller MD, Malito M, Tamanaha CR, Rife JC, Stanton MW, Whitman LJ. Rapid, femtomolar bioassays in complex matrices combining microfluidics and magnetoelectronics. Biosens Bioelectron 2007; 23:191-200. [PMID: 17532619 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2007.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2007] [Revised: 03/23/2007] [Accepted: 03/29/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A significant challenge for all biosensor systems is to achieve high assay sensitivity and specificity while minimizing sample preparation requirements, operational complexity, and sample-to-answer time. We have achieved multiplexed, unamplified, femtomolar detection of both DNA and proteins in complex matrices (including whole blood, serum, plasma, and milk) in minutes using as few as two reagents by labeling conventional assay schemes with micrometer-scale magnetic beads, and applying fluidic force discrimination (FFD). In FFD assays, analytes captured onto a microarray surface are labeled with microbeads, and a controlled laminar flow is then used to apply microfluidic forces sufficient to preferentially remove only nonspecifically bound bead labels. The density of beads that remain bound is proportional to the analyte concentration and can be determined with either optical counting or magnetoelectronic detection of the magnetic labels. Combining FFD assays with chip-based magnetoelectronic detection enables a simple, potentially handheld, platform capable of both nucleic acid hybridization assays and immunoassays, including orthogonal detection and identification of bacterial and viral pathogens, and therefore suitable for a wide range of biosensing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- S P Mulvaney
- Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA
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204
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Saikaly PE, Barlaz MA, de Los Reyes FL. Development of quantitative real-time PCR assays for detection and quantification of surrogate biological warfare agents in building debris and leachate. Appl Environ Microbiol 2007; 73:6557-65. [PMID: 17720820 PMCID: PMC2075066 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00779-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Evaluation of the fate and transport of biological warfare (BW) agents in landfills requires the development of specific and sensitive detection assays. The objective of the current study was to develop and validate SYBR green quantitative real-time PCR (Q-PCR) assays for the specific detection and quantification of surrogate BW agents in synthetic building debris (SBD) and leachate. Bacillus atrophaeus (vegetative cells and spores) and Serratia marcescens were used as surrogates for Bacillus anthracis (anthrax) and Yersinia pestis (plague), respectively. The targets for SYBR green Q-PCR assays were the 16S-23S rRNA intergenic transcribed spacer (ITS) region and recA gene for B. atrophaeus and the gyrB, wzm, and recA genes for S. marcescens. All assays showed high specificity when tested against 5 ng of closely related Bacillus and Serratia nontarget DNA from 21 organisms. Several spore lysis methods that include a combination of one or more of freeze-thaw cycles, chemical lysis, hot detergent treatment, bead beat homogenization, and sonication were evaluated. All methods tested showed similar threshold cycle values. The limit of detection of the developed Q-PCR assays was determined using DNA extracted from a pure bacterial culture and DNA extracted from sterile water, leachate, and SBD samples spiked with increasing quantities of surrogates. The limit of detection for B. atrophaeus genomic DNA using the ITS and B. atrophaeus recA Q-PCR assays was 7.5 fg per PCR. The limits of detection of S. marcescens genomic DNA using the gyrB, wzm, and S. marcescens recA Q-PCR assays were 7.5 fg, 75 fg, and 7.5 fg per PCR, respectively. Quantification of B. atrophaeus vegetative cells and spores was linear (R(2) > 0.98) over a 7-log-unit dynamic range down to 10(1) B. atrophaeus cells or spores. Quantification of S. marcescens (R(2) > 0.98) was linear over a 6-log-unit dynamic range down to 10(2) S. marcescens cells. The developed Q-PCR assays are highly specific and sensitive and can be used for monitoring the fate and transport of the BW surrogates B. atrophaeus and S. marcescens in building debris and leachate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal E Saikaly
- Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
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205
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van Doorn R, Szemes M, Bonants P, Kowalchuk GA, Salles JF, Ortenberg E, Schoen CD. Quantitative multiplex detection of plant pathogens using a novel ligation probe-based system coupled with universal, high-throughput real-time PCR on OpenArrays. BMC Genomics 2007; 8:276. [PMID: 17697351 PMCID: PMC2064939 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-8-276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2007] [Accepted: 08/14/2007] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Diagnostics and disease-management strategies require technologies to enable the simultaneous detection and quantification of a wide range of pathogenic microorganisms. Most multiplex, quantitative detection methods available suffer from compromises between the level of multiplexing, throughput and accuracy of quantification. Here, we demonstrate the efficacy of a novel, high-throughput, ligation-based assay for simultaneous quantitative detection of multiple plant pathogens. The ligation probes, designated Plant Research International-lock probes (PRI-lock probes), are long oligonucleotides with target complementary regions at their 5' and 3' ends. Upon perfect target hybridization, the PRI-lock probes are circularized via enzymatic ligation, subsequently serving as template for individual, standardized amplification via unique probe-specific primers. Adaptation to OpenArrays™, which can accommodate up to 3072 33 nl PCR amplifications, allowed high-throughput real-time quantification. The assay combines the multiplex capabilities and specificity of ligation reactions with high-throughput real-time PCR in the OpenArray™, resulting in a flexible, quantitative multiplex diagnostic system. Results The performance of the PRI-lock detection system was demonstrated using 13 probes targeting several significant plant pathogens at different taxonomic levels. All probes specifically detected their corresponding targets and provided perfect discrimination against non-target organisms with very similar ligation target sites. The nucleic acid targets could be reliably quantified over 5 orders of magnitude with a dynamic detection range of more than 104. Pathogen quantification was equally robust in single target versus mixed target assays. Conclusion This novel assay enables very specific, high-throughput, quantitative detection of multiple pathogens over a wide range of target concentrations and should be easily adaptable for versatile diagnostic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald van Doorn
- Plant Research International B.V., Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, the Netherlands
- NIOO-Centre for Terrestrial Ecology, P.O. Box 40, 6666 ZG, Heteren, the Netherlands
| | - Marianna Szemes
- Plant Research International B.V., Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, the Netherlands
- University of Bristol, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University Walk, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Peter Bonants
- Plant Research International B.V., Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - George A Kowalchuk
- NIOO-Centre for Terrestrial Ecology, P.O. Box 40, 6666 ZG, Heteren, the Netherlands
- Free University of Amsterdam, Institute of Ecological Science, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Joana F Salles
- Plant Research International B.V., Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, the Netherlands
- UMR CNRS 5557- Université Lyon 1, USC INRA 1193, Microbial Ecology Centre, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Elen Ortenberg
- BioTrove, Inc. 12 Gill Street, Woburn, MA 01801-1728, USA
| | - Cor D Schoen
- Plant Research International B.V., Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, the Netherlands
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206
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Paweska JT, Jansen van Vuren P, Swanepoel R. Validation of an indirect ELISA based on a recombinant nucleocapsid protein of Rift Valley fever virus for the detection of IgG antibody in humans. J Virol Methods 2007; 146:119-24. [PMID: 17645952 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2007.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2007] [Revised: 06/07/2007] [Accepted: 06/11/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
An indirect enzyme-linked immunoassay (I-ELISA) based on the recombinant nucleocapsid protein (rNp) of Rift Valley fever virus was validated for the detection of specific IgG antibody in human sera. Validation data sets derived from testing sera collected in Africa (n=2967) were categorized according to the results of a virus neutralisation test. The assay had high intra- and inter-plate repeatability in routine runs. No detectable cross-reactions between IgG antibodies generated from mice experimentally infected with viruses representing genus Phlebovirus, Nairovirus, Orthobunyavirus and Bhanja virus of the family Bunyaviridae were observed. At a cut-off optimised by the two-graph receiver operating characteristics analysis at 95% accuracy level, the diagnostic sensitivity of the I-ELISA was 99.72% and diagnostic specificity 99.62% while estimates for the Youden's index (J) and efficiency (Ef) were 0.993 and 99.62%. When cut-off values determined by mean plus two and by mean plus three standard deviations derived from I-ELISA readings in an uninfected reference population were used, the diagnostic sensitivity was 100% but estimates of Y, Ef and other combined measures of diagnostic accuracy were lower. The I-ELISA based on rNp is highly sensitive, specific and robust and can be applied for diagnosis of infection of Rift Valley fever and disease-surveillance studies in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janusz T Paweska
- Special Pathogens Unit, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Sandringham 2131, South Africa.
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207
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Kotsimbos T, McCormack J. Respiratory infectious disease: complacency with empiricism in the age of molecular science. We can do better! Intern Med J 2007; 37:432-5. [PMID: 17547721 PMCID: PMC7165702 DOI: 10.1111/j.1445-5994.2007.01424.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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208
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Fischer NO, Tarasow TM, Tok JBH. Aptasensors for biosecurity applications. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2007; 11:316-28. [PMID: 17548236 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2007.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2007] [Accepted: 05/18/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Nucleic acid (aptasensors) have found steadily increased utility and application over the past decade. In particular, aptamers have been touted as a valuable complement to and, in some cases, replacement for antibodies owing to their structural and functional robustness as well as their ease in generation and synthesis. They are thus attractive for biosecurity applications (e.g. pathogen detection) and are especially well suited because their in vitro generation process does not require infection of any host systems. Herein we provide a brief overview of the aptamers generated against pathogens and toxins over the past few years. In addition, a few recently described detection platforms using aptamers and potentially suitable applications for biosecurity will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas O Fischer
- BioSecurity and NanoSciences Laboratory, Chemistry, Materials & Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94551, USA
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209
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Carter DJ, Cary RB. Lateral flow microarrays: a novel platform for rapid nucleic acid detection based on miniaturized lateral flow chromatography. Nucleic Acids Res 2007; 35:e74. [PMID: 17478499 PMCID: PMC1904290 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkm269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Widely used nucleic acid assays are poorly suited for field deployment where access to laboratory instrumentation is limited or unavailable. The need for field deployable nucleic acid detection demands inexpensive, facile systems without sacrificing information capacity or sensitivity. Here we describe a novel microarray platform capable of rapid, sensitive nucleic acid detection without specialized instrumentation. The approach is based on a miniaturized lateral flow device that makes use of hybridization-mediated target capture. The miniaturization of lateral flow nucleic acid detection provides multiple advantages over traditional lateral flow devices. Ten-microliter sample volumes reduce reagent consumption and yield analyte detection times, excluding sample preparation and amplification, of <120 s while providing sub-femtomole sensitivity. Moreover, the use of microarray technology increases the potential information capacity of lateral flow. Coupled with a hybridization-based detection scheme, the lateral flow microarray (LFM) enables sequence-specific detection, opening the door to highly multiplexed implementations for broad-range assays well suited for point-of-care and other field applications. The LFM system is demonstrated using an isothermal amplification strategy for detection of Bacillus anthracis, the etiologic agent of anthrax. RNA from as few as two B. anthracis cells was detected without thermocycling hardware or fluorescence detection systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - R. Bruce Cary
- *To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: 505 665 6874; Fax: 505 665 3024;
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210
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Phillippy AM, Mason JA, Ayanbule K, Sommer DD, Taviani E, Huq A, Colwell RR, Knight IT, Salzberg SL. Comprehensive DNA signature discovery and validation. PLoS Comput Biol 2007; 3:e98. [PMID: 17511514 PMCID: PMC1868776 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.0030098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2007] [Accepted: 04/18/2007] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA signatures are nucleotide sequences that can be used to detect the presence of an organism and to distinguish that organism from all other species. Here we describe Insignia, a new, comprehensive system for the rapid identification of signatures in the genomes of bacteria and viruses. With the availability of hundreds of complete bacterial and viral genome sequences, it is now possible to use computational methods to identify signature sequences in all of these species, and to use these signatures as the basis for diagnostic assays to detect and genotype microbes in both environmental and clinical samples. The success of such assays critically depends on the methods used to identify signatures that properly differentiate between the target genomes and the sample background. We have used Insignia to compute accurate signatures for most bacterial genomes and made them available through our Web site. A sample of these signatures has been successfully tested on a set of 46 Vibrio cholerae strains, and the results indicate that the signatures are highly sensitive for detection as well as specific for discrimination between these strains and their near relatives. Our approach, whereby the entire genomic complement of organisms are compared to identify probe targets, is a promising method for diagnostic assay development, and it provides assay designers with the flexibility to choose probes from the most relevant genes or genomic regions. The Insignia system is freely accessible via a Web interface and has been released as open source software at: http://insignia.cbcb.umd.edu. Now that the genome sequences of hundreds of bacteria and viruses are known, we can design tests that will rapidly detect the presence of these species based solely on their DNA. Such tests have a wide range of applications, from diagnosing infections to detecting harmful microbes in a water supply. These tests can detect a pathogen in a complex mixture of organic material by recognizing short, distinguishing sequences—called DNA signatures—that occur in the pathogen and not in any other species. We present Insignia, a new computational system that identifies DNA signatures of any length in bacterial and viral genomes. Insignia uses highly efficient algorithms to compare sequenced bacterial and viral genomes against each other and to additional background genomes including plants, animals, and human. These comparisons are stored in a database and used to rapidly compute signatures for any particular target species. To maximize its utility for the community, we have made Insignia available as free, open-source software and as a Web application. We have also validated 50 Insignia-designed assays on a panel of 46 strains of Vibrio cholerae, and our results show that the signatures are both sensitive and specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam M Phillippy
- Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States of America.
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211
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Biologie moléculaire et microbiologie clinique en 2007. IMMUNO-ANALYSE & BIOLOGIE SPÉCIALISÉE 2007. [PMCID: PMC7148721 DOI: 10.1016/j.immbio.2006.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
La biologie moléculaire est omniprésente en biologie médicale et plus particulièrement en microbiologie. De nombreux articles démontrent son importance tant dans le domaine du diagnostic que du pronostic, de l'évaluation thérapeutique, de l'épidémiologie ou des risques biologiques naturels ou non. La quantité considérable d'articles sur ce sujet n'apporte pas toujours une réponse évidente sur le rôle de la biologie moléculaire dans un laboratoire de microbiologie qu'il soit hospitalier ou non. Cette revue constitue une synthèse des apports de cette discipline en microbiologie. À partir de cet état des lieux, certaines questions se posent, par exemple : la biologie moléculaire constitue-t-elle un réel apport en microbiologie ? Dans quelles indications prescrire un examen de biologie moléculaire ? Les réponses ne sont pas toujours simples. Elles sont évidentes dans certains cas (l'hépatite C par exemple) et le sont moins dans d'autres, la tuberculose par exemple. Dans la première partie de l'article, nous avons parlé des généralités appliquées à la microbiologie. Dans cette deuxième partie, nous abordons certaines applications, reflets de l'importance prise par la biologie moléculaire en microbiologie.
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212
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Stern E, Klemic JF, Routenberg DA, Wyrembak PN, Turner-Evans DB, Hamilton AD, LaVan DA, Fahmy TM, Reed MA. Label-free immunodetection with CMOS-compatible semiconducting nanowires. Nature 2007; 445:519-22. [PMID: 17268465 DOI: 10.1038/nature05498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 635] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2006] [Accepted: 11/30/2006] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Semiconducting nanowires have the potential to function as highly sensitive and selective sensors for the label-free detection of low concentrations of pathogenic microorganisms. Successful solution-phase nanowire sensing has been demonstrated for ions, small molecules, proteins, DNA and viruses; however, 'bottom-up' nanowires (or similarly configured carbon nanotubes) used for these demonstrations require hybrid fabrication schemes, which result in severe integration issues that have hindered widespread application. Alternative 'top-down' fabrication methods of nanowire-like devices produce disappointing performance because of process-induced material and device degradation. Here we report an approach that uses complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) field effect transistor compatible technology and hence demonstrate the specific label-free detection of below 100 femtomolar concentrations of antibodies as well as real-time monitoring of the cellular immune response. This approach eliminates the need for hybrid methods and enables system-scale integration of these sensors with signal processing and information systems. Additionally, the ability to monitor antibody binding and sense the cellular immune response in real time with readily available technology should facilitate widespread diagnostic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Stern
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, P O Box 208284, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA
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213
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Fischer NO, Tarasow TM, Tok JBH. Heightened sense for sensing: recent advances in pathogen immunoassay sensing platforms. Analyst 2007; 132:187-91. [PMID: 17325749 DOI: 10.1039/b615477h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Rapid and efficient sensors are essential for effective defense against the emerging threat of bioterrorism and biological warfare. This review article describes several recent immunosensing advances that are relevant to biothreat detection. These highly diverse examples are intended to demonstrate the breadth of these immunochemical sensing systems and platforms while highlighting those technologies that are suitable for pathogen detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas O Fischer
- BioSecurity and NanoSciences Laboratory, Chemistry, Materials & Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94551, USA
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214
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Lazcka O, Del Campo FJ, Muñoz FX. Pathogen detection: A perspective of traditional methods and biosensors. Biosens Bioelectron 2007; 22:1205-17. [PMID: 16934970 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2006.06.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 813] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2006] [Revised: 05/15/2006] [Accepted: 06/30/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The detection of pathogenic bacteria is key to the prevention and identification of problems related to health and safety. Legislation is particularly tough in areas such as the food industry, where failure to detect an infection may have terrible consequences. In spite of the real need for obtaining analytical results in the shortest time possible, traditional and standard bacterial detection methods may take up to 7 or 8 days to yield an answer. This is clearly insufficient, and many researchers have recently geared their efforts towards the development of rapid methods. The advent of new technologies, namely biosensors, has brought in new and promising approaches. However, much research and development work is still needed before biosensors become a real and trustworthy alternative. This review not only offers an overview of trends in the area of pathogen detection but it also describes main techniques, traditional methods, and recent developments in the field of pathogen bacteria biosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Lazcka
- Instituto de Microelectrónica de Barcelona (IMB-CNM), CSIC, Campus Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, Barcelona 08193, Spain
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215
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Eubanks LM, Dickerson TJ, Janda KD. Technological advancements for the detection of and protection against biological and chemical warfare agents. Chem Soc Rev 2007; 36:458-70. [PMID: 17325785 DOI: 10.1039/b615227a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
There is a growing need for technological advancements to combat agents of chemical and biological warfare, particularly in the context of the deliberate use of a chemical and/or biological warfare agent by a terrorist organization. In this tutorial review, we describe methods that have been developed both for the specific detection of biological and chemical warfare agents in a field setting, as well as potential therapeutic approaches for treating exposure to these toxic species. In particular, nerve agents are described as a typical chemical warfare agent, and the two potent biothreat agents, anthrax and botulinum neurotoxin, are used as illustrative examples of potent weapons for which countermeasures are urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M Eubanks
- Department of Chemistry, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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216
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Turos E, Long TE, Heldreth B, Leslie JM, Reddy GSK, Wang Y, Coates C, Konaklieva M, Dickey S, Lim DV, Alonso E, Gonzalez J. N-Thiolated β-lactams: A new family of anti-Bacillus agents. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2006; 16:2084-90. [PMID: 16473509 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2006.01.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2005] [Revised: 01/13/2006] [Accepted: 01/13/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This report describes the evaluation of N-thiolated beta-lactam antibiotics as potential anti-Bacillus agents. N-Thiolated beta-lactams are a new family of antibacterials that previously have been found to selectively inhibit the growth of Staphylococcus bacteria over many other genera of microbes. From the data presented herein, these lactams similarly inhibit a variety of Bacillus species, including Bacillus anthracis. The preliminary structure-activity studies suggest that there is a need to balance the lipophilic character of the C3/C4 groups in order to obtain optimal anti-Bacillus activity. Elongation or extensive branching of the organothio substituent diminishes antibacterial effects, with the sec-butylthio derivative providing the strongest activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Turos
- Department of Chemistry, 4202 East Fowler Avenue, CHE 207, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA.
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217
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Pien BC, Saah JR, Miller SE, Woods CW. Use of sentinel laboratories by clinicians to evaluate potential bioterrorism and emerging infections. Clin Infect Dis 2006; 42:1311-24. [PMID: 16586392 PMCID: PMC7107841 DOI: 10.1086/503260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2005] [Accepted: 01/11/2006] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
With the persistent threat of emerging infectious diseases and bioterrorism, it has become increasingly important that clinicians be able to identify the diseases that might signal the occurrence of these unusual events. Essential to a thoughtful diagnostic approach is understanding when to initiate a public health investigation and how to appropriately use commonly performed microbiology procedures in the sentinel laboratory to evaluate potential pathogens. Although diagnostic test development is evolving rapidly, recognizing many of these pathogens continues to challenge the capabilities of most sentinel laboratories. Therefore, effective, ongoing communication and education among clinicians, infection control personnel, sentinel laboratorians, public health authorities, and Laboratory Response Network reference laboratorians is the key to preparedness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian C. Pien
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Duke University Medical Center, Durham
| | - J. Royden Saah
- Bioterrorism and Emerging Pathogens Unit, North Carolina State Laboratory of Public Health, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Sara E. Miller
- Departments of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham
- Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham
| | - Christopher W. Woods
- Departments of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham
- Pathology, Durham Veterans Administration Medical Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham
- Reprints or correspondence: Dr. Christopher W. Woods, Chief, Infectious Diseases, Section 113, Durham VA Medical Center, Durham, NC 27705 ()
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218
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Patientennahe Diagnostik in Krisensituationen / Near patient testing in exceptional situations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1515/jlm.2006.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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219
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Abstract
We identified 1113 articles (103 reviews, 1010 primary research articles) published in 2005 that describe experiments performed using commercially available optical biosensors. While this number of publications is impressive, we find that the quality of the biosensor work in these articles is often pretty poor. It is a little disappointing that there appears to be only a small set of researchers who know how to properly perform, analyze, and present biosensor data. To help focus the field, we spotlight work published by 10 research groups that exemplify the quality of data one should expect to see from a biosensor experiment. Also, in an effort to raise awareness of the common problems in the biosensor field, we provide side-by-side examples of good and bad data sets from the 2005 literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Rich
- Center for Biomolecular Interaction Analysis, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
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