201
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Fuse H, Fukamachi H, Inoue M, Igarashi T. Identification and functional analysis of the gene cluster for fructan utilization in Prevotella intermedia. Gene 2013; 515:291-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2012.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2012] [Revised: 12/04/2012] [Accepted: 12/06/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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202
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Bejar W, Gabriel V, Amari M, Morel S, Mezghani M, Maguin E, Fontagné-Faucher C, Bejar S, Chouayekh H. Characterization of glucansucrase and dextran from Weissella sp. TN610 with potential as safe food additives. Int J Biol Macromol 2013; 52:125-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2012.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2012] [Revised: 09/07/2012] [Accepted: 09/17/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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203
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Pijning T, Vujičić-Žagar A, Kralj S, Dijkhuizen L, Dijkstra BW. Structure of the α-1,6/α-1,4-specific glucansucrase GTFA from Lactobacillus reuteri 121. Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun 2012; 68:1448-54. [PMID: 23192022 PMCID: PMC3509963 DOI: 10.1107/s1744309112044168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2012] [Accepted: 10/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The reuteransucrase GTFA from Lactobacillus reuteri 121, which belongs to glycosyl hydrolase family GH70, synthesizes branched α-glucans with both α-1,6- and α-1,4-glycosidic linkages (reuteran) from sucrose. The crystal structure of GTFA-ΔN, a 118 kDa fragment of GTFA comprising residues 745-1763 and including the catalytic domain, was determined at 3.6 Å resolution by molecular replacement. The crystals have large solvent channels and an unusually high solvent content of 85%. GTFA-ΔN has the same domain arrangement and domain topologies as observed in previously determined GH70 glucansucrase structures. The architecture of the GTFA-ΔN active site and binding pocket confirms that glucansucrases have a conserved substrate specificity for sucrose. However, this first crystal structure of an α-1,6/α-1,4-specific glucansucrase shows that residues from conserved sequence motif IV (1128-1136 in GTFA-ΔN) contribute to the acceptor-binding subsites and that they display differences compared with other structurally characterized glucansucrases. In particular, the structure clarifies the importance of residues following the transition-state stabilizer for product specificity, and especially residue Asn1134, which is in a position to interact with sugar units in acceptor subsite +2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tjaard Pijning
- Laboratory of Biophysical Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Andreja Vujičić-Žagar
- Laboratory of Biophysical Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Slavko Kralj
- Laboratory of Microbial Physiology, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lubbert Dijkhuizen
- Laboratory of Microbial Physiology, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bauke W. Dijkstra
- Laboratory of Biophysical Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
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204
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Tonozuka T, Tamaki A, Yokoi G, Miyazaki T, Ichikawa M, Nishikawa A, Ohta Y, Hidaka Y, Katayama K, Hatada Y, Ito T, Fujita K. Crystal structure of a lactosucrose-producing enzyme, Arthrobacter sp. K-1 β-fructofuranosidase. Enzyme Microb Technol 2012; 51:359-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2012.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2012] [Revised: 08/08/2012] [Accepted: 08/08/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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205
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Sandra G, Schwab C, Bello FD, Coffey A, Gänzle M, Arendt E. Comparison of the impact of dextran and reuteran on the quality of wheat sourdough bread. J Cereal Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcs.2012.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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206
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Characterization of a novel dextransucrase from Weissella confusa isolated from sourdough. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2012; 97:5413-22. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-012-4447-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2012] [Revised: 09/16/2012] [Accepted: 09/17/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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207
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Enzymatic synthesis of fructooligosaccharides by levansucrase from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens: specificity, kinetics, and product characterization. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2012.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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208
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Gänzle MG, Follador R. Metabolism of oligosaccharides and starch in lactobacilli: a review. Front Microbiol 2012; 3:340. [PMID: 23055996 PMCID: PMC3458588 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2012.00340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 238] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2012] [Accepted: 09/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Oligosaccharides, compounds that are composed of 2-10 monosaccharide residues, are major carbohydrate sources in habitats populated by lactobacilli. Moreover, oligosaccharide metabolism is essential for ecological fitness of lactobacilli. Disaccharide metabolism by lactobacilli is well understood; however, few data on the metabolism of higher oligosaccharides are available. Research on the ecology of intestinal microbiota as well as the commercial application of prebiotics has shifted the interest from (digestible) disaccharides to (indigestible) higher oligosaccharides. This review provides an overview on oligosaccharide metabolism in lactobacilli. Emphasis is placed on maltodextrins, isomalto-oligosaccharides, fructo-oligosaccharides, galacto-oligosaccharides, and raffinose-family oligosaccharides. Starch is also considered. Metabolism is discussed on the basis of metabolic studies related to oligosaccharide metabolism, information on the cellular location and substrate specificity of carbohydrate transport systems, glycosyl hydrolases and phosphorylases, and the presence of metabolic genes in genomes of 38 strains of lactobacilli. Metabolic pathways for disaccharide metabolism often also enable the metabolism of tri- and tetrasaccharides. However, with the exception of amylase and levansucrase, metabolic enzymes for oligosaccharide conversion are intracellular and oligosaccharide metabolism is limited by transport. This general restriction to intracellular glycosyl hydrolases differentiates lactobacilli from other bacteria that adapted to intestinal habitats, particularly Bifidobacterium spp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael G. Gänzle
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of AlbertaEdmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Rainer Follador
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of AlbertaEdmonton, AB, Canada
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209
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Zapparoli G, Fracchetti F, Stefanelli E, Torriani S. Genetic and phenotypic strain heterogeneity within a natural population of Oenococcus oeni from Amarone wine. J Appl Microbiol 2012; 113:1087-96. [PMID: 22897221 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2012.05425.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2012] [Revised: 07/11/2012] [Accepted: 07/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To investigate the Oenococcus oeni population occurring during spontaneous malolactic fermentation (MLF) of Amarone wine, a peculiar and hostile environment for malolactic bacteria. METHODS AND RESULTS Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) analysis showed a high level of genetic heterogeneity within the O. oeni population involved in MLF throughout an industrial vinification of Amarone wine. The 13 strains with distinct PFGE profile displayed different capability to hydrolyse esters and glycosides, as well as great variability to growth under stress parameters, such as high ethanol content (15% v/v), low pH (3·0) and temperature (15°C), and presence of SO(2). Moreover, polymorphism in the gene sacB involved in exopolysaccharide production was observed among the strains. The strains showed differences to convert l-malic acid into l-lactic acid in wine. CONCLUSIONS The occurrence of spontaneous MLF in stressful ecosystems such as Amarone wine is related to the heterogeneity of O. oeni community; biodiversity indexes and strain evolution analyses suggested that its success depends on its initial strain evenness. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Remarkable intraspecies complexity within the O. oeni natural population could explain the great versatility of this species as key of successful adaptation to harsh winemaking conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Zapparoli
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Università degli Studi di Verona, Verona, Italy
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210
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Vasileva T, Iliev I, Amari M, Bivolarski V, Bounaix MS, Robert H, Morel S, Rabier P, Ivanova I, Gabriel B, Fontagné-Faucher C, Gabriel V. Characterization of Glycosyltransferase Activity of Wild-Type Leuconostoc mesenteroides Strains from Bulgarian Fermented Vegetables. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2012; 168:718-30. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-012-9812-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2012] [Accepted: 07/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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211
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Desmet T, Soetaert W, Bojarová P, Křen V, Dijkhuizen L, Eastwick-Field V, Schiller A. Enzymatic glycosylation of small molecules: challenging substrates require tailored catalysts. Chemistry 2012; 18:10786-801. [PMID: 22887462 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201103069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Glycosylation can significantly improve the physicochemical and biological properties of small molecules like vitamins, antibiotics, flavors, and fragrances. The chemical synthesis of glycosides is, however, far from trivial and involves multistep routes that generate lots of waste. In this review, biocatalytic alternatives are presented that offer both stricter specificities and higher yields. The advantages and disadvantages of different enzyme classes are discussed and illustrated with a number of recent examples. Progress in the field of enzyme engineering and screening are expected to result in new applications of biocatalytic glycosylation reactions in various industrial sectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Desmet
- University of Ghent, Centre for Industrial Biotechnology and Biocatalysis, Gent, Belgium
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212
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Leemhuis H, Pijning T, Dobruchowska JM, van Leeuwen SS, Kralj S, Dijkstra BW, Dijkhuizen L. Glucansucrases: three-dimensional structures, reactions, mechanism, α-glucan analysis and their implications in biotechnology and food applications. J Biotechnol 2012; 163:250-72. [PMID: 22796091 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2012.06.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2012] [Revised: 06/13/2012] [Accepted: 06/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Glucansucrases are extracellular enzymes that synthesize a wide variety of α-glucan polymers and oligosaccharides, such as dextran. These carbohydrates have found numerous applications in food and health industries, and can be used as pure compounds or even be produced in situ by generally regarded as safe (GRAS) lactic acid bacteria in food applications. Research in the recent years has resulted in big steps forward in the understanding and exploitation of the biocatalytic potential of glucansucrases. This paper provides an overview of glucansucrase enzymes, their recently elucidated crystal structures, their reaction and product specificity, and the structural analysis and applications of α-glucan polymers. Furthermore, we discuss key developments in the understanding of α-glucan polymer formation based on the recently elucidated three-dimensional structures of glucansucrase proteins. Finally we discuss the (potential) applications of α-glucans produced by lactic acid bacteria in food and health related industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Leemhuis
- Microbial Physiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute-GBB, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
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213
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Pessione E. Lactic acid bacteria contribution to gut microbiota complexity: lights and shadows. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2012; 2:86. [PMID: 22919677 PMCID: PMC3417654 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2012.00086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 301] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2012] [Accepted: 06/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) are ancient organisms that cannot biosynthesize functional cytochromes, and cannot get ATP from respiration. Besides sugar fermentation, they evolved electrogenic decarboxylations and ATP-forming deiminations. The right balance between sugar fermentation and decarboxylation/deimination ensures buffered environments thus enabling LAB to survive in human gastric trait and colonize gut. A complex molecular cross-talk between LAB and host exists. LAB moonlight proteins are made in response to gut stimuli and promote bacterial adhesion to mucosa and stimulate immune cells. Similarly, when LAB are present, human enterocytes activate specific gene expression of specific genes only. Furthermore, LAB antagonistic relationships with other microorganisms constitute the basis for their anti-infective role. Histamine and tyramine are LAB bioactive catabolites that act on the CNS, causing hypertension and allergies. Nevertheless, some LAB biosynthesize both gamma-amino-butyrate (GABA), that has relaxing effect on gut smooth muscles, and beta-phenylethylamine, that controls satiety and mood. Since LAB have reduced amino acid biosynthetic abilities, they developed a sophisticated proteolytic system, that is also involved in antihypertensive and opiod peptide generation from milk proteins. Short-chain fatty acids are glycolytic and phosphoketolase end-products, regulating epithelial cell proliferation and differentiation. Nevertheless, they constitute a supplementary energy source for the host, causing weight gain. Human metabolism can also be affected by anabolic LAB products such as conjugated linoleic acids (CLA). Some CLA isomers reduce cancer cell viability and ameliorate insulin resistance, while others lower the HDL/LDL ratio and modify eicosanoid production, with detrimental health effects. A further appreciated LAB feature is the ability to fix selenium into seleno-cysteine. Thus, opening interesting perspectives for their utilization as antioxidant nutraceutical vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrica Pessione
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e Biologia dei sistemi - Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino Torino, Italy.
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214
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Binding Interactions Between α-glucans from Lactobacillus reuteri and Milk Proteins Characterised by Surface Plasmon Resonance. FOOD BIOPHYS 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s11483-012-9260-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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215
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Notararigo S, Nácher-Vázquez M, Ibarburu I, Werning ML, de Palencia PF, Dueñas MT, Aznar R, López P, Prieto A. Comparative analysis of production and purification of homo- and hetero-polysaccharides produced by lactic acid bacteria. Carbohydr Polym 2012; 93:57-64. [PMID: 23465901 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2011] [Revised: 03/26/2012] [Accepted: 05/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) produce homopolysaccharides (HoPS) and heteropolysaccharides (HePS) with potential functional properties. In this work, we have performed a comparative analysis of production and purification trials of these biopolymers from bacterial culture supernatants. LAB strains belonging to four different genera, both natural as well as recombinant, were used as model systems for the production of HoPS and HePS. Two well characterized strains carrying the gft gene were used for β-glucan production, Pediococcus parvulus 2.6 (P. parvulus 2.6) isolated from cider, and the recombinant strain Lactococcus lactis NZ9000[pGTF] (L. lactis NZ9000[pGTF]). In addition, another cider isolate, Lactobacillus suebicus CUPV225 (L. suebicus CUPV225), and Leuconostoc mesenteroides RTF10 (L. mesenteroides RTF10), isolated from meat products were included in the study. Chemical analysis of the EPS revealed that L. mesenteroides produces a dextran, L. suebicus a complex heteropolysaccharide, and the β-glucan producing-strains the expected 2-substituted (1,3)-β-glucan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Notararigo
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Infection Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC), Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
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216
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Galle S, Schwab C, Dal Bello F, Coffey A, Gänzle MG, Arendt EK. Influence of in-situ synthesized exopolysaccharides on the quality of gluten-free sorghum sourdough bread. Int J Food Microbiol 2012; 155:105-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2012.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2011] [Revised: 11/29/2011] [Accepted: 01/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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217
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Leemhuis H, Pijning T, Dobruchowska JM, Dijkstra BW, Dijkhuizen L. Glycosidic bond specificity of glucansucrases: on the role of acceptor substrate binding residues. BIOCATAL BIOTRANSFOR 2012. [DOI: 10.3109/10242422.2012.676301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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218
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Teixeira JS, McNeill V, Gänzle MG. Levansucrase and sucrose phoshorylase contribute to raffinose, stachyose, and verbascose metabolism by lactobacilli. Food Microbiol 2012; 31:278-84. [PMID: 22608234 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2012.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2012] [Revised: 03/02/2012] [Accepted: 03/05/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Raffinose family oligosaccharides (RFOs) in food are considered anti-nutritional factors. This study elucidated the role of α-galactosidase (α-Gal), levansucrase, and sucrose phosphorylase for conversion of RFOs by lactobacilli. Quantification of gene expression by reverse-transcriptase quantitative PCR revealed that expression of levansucrase and sucrose phosphorylase by Lactobacillus reuteri is increased more than 100 fold when sucrose or raffinose are available. Fava bean (Vicia faba) or field pea (Pisum sativum) flours were fermented with α-Gal positive L. reuteri or α-Gal negative Lactobacillus sanfranciscensis. Isogenic strains lacking levansucrase activity, a L. reuteri ftfA mutant and a L. sanfranciscensis levS mutant, were used for comparison. During growth in pulse flours, L. sanfranciscensis accumulated melibiose and α-galactooligosaccharides (α-GOSs); the levansucrase-negative strain did not grow. L. reuteri metabolized raffinose, stachyose, and verbascose by levansucrase activity and accumulated α-GOSs as metabolic intermediates. Oligosaccharide metabolism in the levansucrase-negative mutant was slower, and accumulation of α-GOSs was not observed. The use of sorghum sourdough fermented with L. reuteri LTH5448 and bean flour in gluten-free baking converted RFOs to α-GOSs by levansucrase and invertase activities. In conclusion, the elucidation of the role levansucrase in RFO metabolism by lactobacilli allowed the conversion or hydrolysis of RFOs in food fermentations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Januana S Teixeira
- University of Alberta, Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, Edmonton, Canada
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219
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Kuzuwa S, Yokoi KJ, Kondo M, Kimoto H, Yamakawa A, Taketo A, Kodaira KI. Properties of the inulinase gene levH1 of Lactobacillus casei IAM 1045; cloning, mutational and biochemical characterization. Gene 2012; 495:154-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2011.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2011] [Revised: 11/17/2011] [Accepted: 12/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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220
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Olvera C, Centeno-Leija S, Ruiz-Leyva P, López-Munguía A. Design of chimeric levansucrases with improved transglycosylation activity. Appl Environ Microbiol 2012; 78:1820-5. [PMID: 22247149 PMCID: PMC3298123 DOI: 10.1128/aem.07222-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2011] [Accepted: 12/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Fructansucrases (FSs), including levansucrases and inulosucrases, are enzymes that synthesize fructose polymers from sucrose by the direct transfer of the fructosyl moiety to a growing polymer chain. These enzymes, particularly the single domain fructansucrases, also possess an important hydrolytic activity, which may account for as much as 70 to 80% of substrate conversion, depending on reaction conditions. Here, we report the construction of four chimeric levansucrases from SacB, a single domain levansucrase produced by Bacillus subtilis. Based on observations derived from the effect of domain deletion in both multidomain fructansucrases and glucansucrases, we attached different extensions to SacB. These extensions included the transitional domain and complete C-terminal domain of Leuconostoc citreum inulosucrase (IslA), Leuconostoc mesenteroides levansucrase (LevC), and a L. mesenteroides glucansucrase (DsrP). It was found that in some cases the hydrolytic activity was reduced to less than 10% of substrate conversion; however, all of the constructs were as stable as SacB. This shift in enzyme specificity was observed even when the SacB catalytic domain was extended only with the transitional region found in multidomain FSs. Specific kinetic analysis revealed that this change in specificity of the SacB chimeric constructs was derived from a 5-fold increase in the transfructosylation k(cat) and not from a reduction of the hydrolytic k(cat), which remained constant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarita Olvera
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
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221
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4,6-α-Glucanotransferase activity occurs more widespread in Lactobacillus strains and constitutes a separate GH70 subfamily. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2012; 97:181-93. [PMID: 22361861 PMCID: PMC3536977 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-012-3943-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2011] [Revised: 02/03/2012] [Accepted: 02/03/2012] [Indexed: 10/29/2022]
Abstract
Family 70 glycoside hydrolase glucansucrase enzymes exclusively occur in lactic acid bacteria and synthesize a wide range of α-D-glucan (abbreviated as α-glucan) oligo- and polysaccharides. Of the 47 characterized GH70 enzymes, 46 use sucrose as glucose donor. A single GH70 enzyme was recently found to be inactive with sucrose and to utilize maltooligosaccharides [(1→4)-α-D-glucooligosaccharides] as glucose donor substrates for α-glucan synthesis, acting as a 4,6-α-glucanotransferase (4,6-αGT) enzyme. Here, we report the characterization of two further GH70 4,6-αGT enzymes, i.e., from Lactobacillus reuteri strains DSM 20016 and ML1, which use maltooligosaccharides as glucose donor. Both enzymes cleave α1→4 glycosidic linkages and add the released glucose moieties one by one to the non-reducing end of growing linear α-glucan chains via α1→6 glycosidic linkages (α1→4 to α1→6 transfer activity). In this way, they convert pure maltooligosaccharide substrates into linear α-glucan product mixtures with about 50% α1→6 glycosidic bonds (isomalto/maltooligosaccharides). These new α-glucan products may provide an exciting type of carbohydrate for the food industry. The results show that 4,6-αGTs occur more widespread in family GH70 and can be considered as a GH70 subfamily. Sequence analysis allowed identification of amino acid residues in acceptor substrate binding subsites +1 and +2, differing between GH70 GTF and 4,6-αGT enzymes.
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222
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Nishimura J, Saito T, Yoneyama H, Lan Bai L, Okumura K, Isogai E. Biofilm Formation by <i>Streptococcus mutans</i> and Related Bacteria. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.4236/aim.2012.23025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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223
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Daudé D, Remaud-Siméon M, André I. Sucrose analogs: an attractive (bio)source for glycodiversification. Nat Prod Rep 2012; 29:945-60. [DOI: 10.1039/c2np20054f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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224
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Irague R, Rolland-Sabaté A, Tarquis L, Doublier JL, Moulis C, Monsan P, Remaud-Siméon M, Potocki-Véronèse G, Buléon A. Structure and Property Engineering of α-d-Glucans Synthesized by Dextransucrase Mutants. Biomacromolecules 2011; 13:187-95. [DOI: 10.1021/bm201453r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Romain Irague
- INSA, UPS, INP, LISBP, Université de Toulouse, 135 Avenue de Rangueil,
31077 Toulouse, France
- UMR5504, CNRS, 31400 Toulouse, France
- UMR792, Ingénierie des
Systèmes Biologiques et des Procédés, INRA, 31400 Toulouse, France
| | | | - Laurence Tarquis
- INSA, UPS, INP, LISBP, Université de Toulouse, 135 Avenue de Rangueil,
31077 Toulouse, France
- UMR5504, CNRS, 31400 Toulouse, France
- UMR792, Ingénierie des
Systèmes Biologiques et des Procédés, INRA, 31400 Toulouse, France
| | | | - Claire Moulis
- INSA, UPS, INP, LISBP, Université de Toulouse, 135 Avenue de Rangueil,
31077 Toulouse, France
- UMR5504, CNRS, 31400 Toulouse, France
- UMR792, Ingénierie des
Systèmes Biologiques et des Procédés, INRA, 31400 Toulouse, France
| | - Pierre Monsan
- INSA, UPS, INP, LISBP, Université de Toulouse, 135 Avenue de Rangueil,
31077 Toulouse, France
- UMR5504, CNRS, 31400 Toulouse, France
- UMR792, Ingénierie des
Systèmes Biologiques et des Procédés, INRA, 31400 Toulouse, France
| | - Magali Remaud-Siméon
- INSA, UPS, INP, LISBP, Université de Toulouse, 135 Avenue de Rangueil,
31077 Toulouse, France
- UMR5504, CNRS, 31400 Toulouse, France
- UMR792, Ingénierie des
Systèmes Biologiques et des Procédés, INRA, 31400 Toulouse, France
| | - Gabrielle Potocki-Véronèse
- INSA, UPS, INP, LISBP, Université de Toulouse, 135 Avenue de Rangueil,
31077 Toulouse, France
- UMR5504, CNRS, 31400 Toulouse, France
- UMR792, Ingénierie des
Systèmes Biologiques et des Procédés, INRA, 31400 Toulouse, France
| | - Alain Buléon
- UR1268 Biopolymères Interactions
Assemblages, INRA, 44300 Nantes, France
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225
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Purification and characterization of levansucrases from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens in intra- and extracellular forms useful for the synthesis of levan and fructooligosaccharides. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2011; 75:1929-38. [PMID: 21979064 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.110315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The intra- and extracellular levansucrase (LS) activities produced by Bacillus amyloliquefaciens were promoted by supplementing the sucrose medium with yeast and peptone as nitrogen sources. These activities were purified by polyethylene glycol (PEG) fractionation for the first time. PEGs of low molecular weight selectively fractionated the intracellular LS activity rather than the extracellular LS activity. Contrary to other LSs, B. amyloliquefaciens LSs exhibited high levan-forming activity over a wide range of sucrose concentrations. The optimum temperatures for the intra- (25-30 °C) and extracellular (40 °C) LS transfructosylation activities were lower than those for the hydrolytic activities (45-50 °C; 50 °C). In addition, the catalytic efficiency for the transfructosylation activity of intracellular LS was higher than that of extracellular LS. These differences between intra- and extracellular LSs reveal the occurrence of certain conformational changes to LS upon protein secretion and/or purification. This study is the first to highlight that B. amyloliquefaciens LSs synthesized a variety of FOSs from various saccharides, with lactose and maltose being the best fructosyl acceptors.
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226
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Dutta A, Das D, Goyal A. Purification and characterization of fructan and fructansucrase fromLactobacillus fermentumAKJ15 isolated from Kodo ko jaanr, a fermented beverage from north-eastern Himalayas. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2011; 63:216-24. [PMID: 21942885 DOI: 10.3109/09637486.2011.618826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arijita Dutta
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781 039, Assam, India
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227
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4,6-α-glucanotransferase, a novel enzyme that structurally and functionally provides an evolutionary link between glycoside hydrolase enzyme families 13 and 70. Appl Environ Microbiol 2011; 77:8154-63. [PMID: 21948833 DOI: 10.1128/aem.05735-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactobacillus reuteri 121 uses the glucosyltransferase A (GTFA) enzyme to convert sucrose into large amounts of the α-D-glucan reuteran, an exopolysaccharide. Upstream of gtfA lies another putative glucansucrase gene, designated gtfB. Previously, we have shown that the purified recombinant GTFB protein/enzyme is inactive with sucrose. Various homologs of gtfB are present in other Lactobacillus strains, including the L. reuteri type strain, DSM 20016, the genome sequence of which is available. Here we report that GTFB is a novel α-glucanotransferase enzyme with disproportionating (cleaving α1→4 and synthesizing α1→6 and α1→4 glycosidic linkages) and α1→6 polymerizing types of activity on maltotetraose and larger maltooligosaccharide substrates (in short, it is a 4,6-α-glucanotransferase). Characterization of the types of compounds synthesized from maltoheptaose by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS), methylation analysis, and 1-dimensional ¹H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy revealed that only linear products were made and that with increasing degrees of polymerization (DP), more α1→6 glycosidic linkages were introduced into the final products, ranging from 18% in the incubation mixture to 33% in an enriched fraction. In view of its primary structure, GTFB clearly is a member of the glycoside hydrolase 70 (GH70) family, comprising enzymes with a permuted (β/α)₈ barrel that use sucrose to synthesize α-D-glucan polymers. The GTFB enzyme reaction and product specificities, however, are novel for the GH70 family, resembling those of the GH13 α-amylase type of enzymes in using maltooligosaccharides as substrates but differing in introducing a series of α1→6 glycosidic linkages into linear oligosaccharide products. We conclude that GTFB represents a novel evolutionary intermediate between the GH13 and GH70 enzyme families, and we speculate about its origin.
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228
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Côté GL, Skory CD. Cloning, expression, and characterization of an insoluble glucan-producing glucansucrase from Leuconostoc mesenteroides NRRL B-1118. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2011; 93:2387-94. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-011-3562-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2011] [Revised: 08/16/2011] [Accepted: 08/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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229
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Role of glucosyltransferase B in interactions of Candida albicans with Streptococcus mutans and with an experimental pellicle on hydroxyapatite surfaces. Appl Environ Microbiol 2011; 77:6357-67. [PMID: 21803906 DOI: 10.1128/aem.05203-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans and mutans streptococci are frequently detected in dental plaque biofilms from toddlers afflicted with early childhood caries. Glucosyltransferases (Gtfs) secreted by Streptococcus mutans bind to saliva-coated apatite (sHA) and to bacterial surfaces, synthesizing exopolymers in situ, which promote cell clustering and adherence to tooth enamel. We investigated the potential role Gtfs may play in mediating the interactions between C. albicans SC5314 and S. mutans UA159, both with each other and with the sHA surface. GtfB adhered effectively to the C. albicans yeast cell surface in an enzymatically active form, as determined by scintillation spectroscopy and fluorescence imaging. The glucans formed on the yeast cell surface were more susceptible to dextranase than those synthesized in solution or on sHA and bacterial cell surfaces (P < 0.05), indicating an elevated α-1,6-linked glucose content. Fluorescence imaging revealed that larger numbers of S. mutans cells bound to C. albicans cells with glucans present on their surface than to yeast cells without surface glucans (uncoated). The glucans formed in situ also enhanced C. albicans interactions with sHA, as determined by a novel single-cell micromechanical method. Furthermore, the presence of glucan-coated yeast cells significantly increased the accumulation of S. mutans on the sHA surface (versus S. mutans incubated alone or mixed with uncoated C. albicans; P < 0.05). These data reveal a novel cross-kingdom interaction that is mediated by bacterial GtfB, which readily attaches to the yeast cell surface. Surface-bound GtfB promotes the formation of a glucan-rich matrix in situ and may enhance the accumulation of S. mutans on the tooth enamel surface, thereby modulating the development of virulent biofilms.
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230
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Pijning T, Anwar MA, Böger M, Dobruchowska JM, Leemhuis H, Kralj S, Dijkhuizen L, Dijkstra BW. Crystal structure of inulosucrase from Lactobacillus: insights into the substrate specificity and product specificity of GH68 fructansucrases. J Mol Biol 2011; 412:80-93. [PMID: 21801732 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2011.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2011] [Revised: 07/13/2011] [Accepted: 07/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Fructansucrases (FSs) catalyze a transfructosylation reaction with sucrose as substrate to produce fructo-oligosaccharides and fructan polymers that contain either β-2,1 glycosidic linkages (inulin) or β-2,6 linkages (levan). Levan-synthesizing FSs (levansucrases) have been most extensively investigated, while detailed information on inulosucrases is limited. Importantly, the molecular basis of the different product specificities of levansucrases and inulosucrases is poorly understood. We have elucidated the three-dimensional structure of a truncated active bacterial GH68 inulosucrase, InuJ of Lactobacillus johnsonii NCC533 (residues 145-708), in its apo form, with a bound substrate (sucrose), and with a transfructosylation product. The sucrose binding pocket and the sucrose binding mode are virtually identical with those of GH68 levansucrases, confirming that both enzyme types use the same fully conserved structural framework for the binding and cleavage of the donor substrate sucrose in the active site. The binding mode of the first transfructosylation product 1-kestose (Fru-β(2-1)-Fru-α(2-1)-Glc, where Fru=fructose and Glc=glucose) in subsites -1 to +2 shows for the first time how inulin-type fructo-oligosaccharide bind in GH68 FS and how an inulin-type linkage can be formed. Surprisingly, observed interactions with the sugar in subsites +1 and +2 are provided by residues that are also present in levansucrases. The binding mode of 1-kestose and the presence of a more distant sucrose binding site suggest that residues beyond the +2 subsite, in particular residues from the nonconserved 1B-1C loop, determine product linkage type specificity in GH68 FSs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tjaard Pijning
- Laboratory of Biophysical Chemistry, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
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231
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Strube CP, Homann A, Gamer M, Jahn D, Seibel J, Heinz DW. Polysaccharide synthesis of the levansucrase SacB from Bacillus megaterium is controlled by distinct surface motifs. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:17593-600. [PMID: 21454585 PMCID: PMC3093834 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.203166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2010] [Revised: 03/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the widespread biological function of carbohydrates, the polysaccharide synthesis mechanisms of glycosyltransferases remain largely unexplored. Bacterial levansucrases (glycoside hydrolase family 68) synthesize high molecular weight, β-(2,6)-linked levan from sucrose by transfer of fructosyl units. The kinetic and biochemical characterization of Bacillus megaterium levansucrase SacB variants Y247A, Y247W, N252A, D257A, and K373A reveal novel surface motifs remote from the sucrose binding site with distinct influence on the polysaccharide product spectrum. The wild type activity (k(cat)) and substrate affinity (K(m)) are maintained. The structures of the SacB variants reveal clearly distinguishable subsites for polysaccharide synthesis as well as an intact active site architecture. These results lead to a new understanding of polysaccharide synthesis mechanisms. The identified surface motifs are discussed in the context of related glycosyltransferases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian P. Strube
- From the Department of Molecular Structural Biology, Helmholtz-Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7B, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Arne Homann
- the Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany, and
| | - Martin Gamer
- the Department of Microbiology, Technical University of Braunschweig, Braunschweig 38106, Germany
| | - Dieter Jahn
- the Department of Microbiology, Technical University of Braunschweig, Braunschweig 38106, Germany
| | - Jürgen Seibel
- the Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany, and
| | - Dirk W. Heinz
- From the Department of Molecular Structural Biology, Helmholtz-Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7B, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
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232
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Crystal structure of glucansucrase from the dental caries pathogen Streptococcus mutans. J Mol Biol 2011; 408:177-86. [PMID: 21354427 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2011.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2010] [Revised: 02/03/2011] [Accepted: 02/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Glucansucrase (GSase) from Streptococcus mutans is an essential agent in dental caries pathogenesis. Here, we report the crystal structure of S. mutans glycosyltransferase (GTF-SI), which synthesizes soluble and insoluble glucans and is a glycoside hydrolase (GH) family 70 GSase in the free enzyme form and in complex with acarbose and maltose. Resolution of the GTF-SI structure confirmed that the domain order of GTF-SI is circularly permuted as compared to that of GH family 13 α-amylases. As a result, domains A, B and IV of GTF-SI are each composed of two separate polypeptide chains. Structural comparison of GTF-SI and amylosucrase, which is closely related to GH family 13 amylases, indicated that the two enzymes share a similar transglycosylation mechanism via a glycosyl-enzyme intermediate in subsite -1. On the other hand, novel structural features were revealed in subsites +1 and +2 of GTF-SI. Trp517 provided the platform for glycosyl acceptor binding, while Tyr430, Asn481 and Ser589, which are conserved in family 70 enzymes but not in family 13 enzymes, comprised subsite +1. Based on the structure of GTF-SI and amino acid comparison of GTF-SI, GTF-I and GTF-S, Asp593 in GTF-SI appeared to be the most critical point for acceptor sugar orientation, influencing the transglycosylation specificity of GSases, that is, whether they produced insoluble glucan with α(1-3) glycosidic linkages or soluble glucan with α(1-6) linkages. The structural information derived from the current study should be extremely useful in the design of novel inhibitors that prevent the biofilm formation by GTF-SI.
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233
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Bowen WH, Koo H. Biology of Streptococcus mutans-derived glucosyltransferases: role in extracellular matrix formation of cariogenic biofilms. Caries Res 2011; 45:69-86. [PMID: 21346355 PMCID: PMC3068567 DOI: 10.1159/000324598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 687] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2009] [Accepted: 01/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The importance of Streptococcus mutans in the etiology and pathogenesis of dental caries is certainly controversial, in part because excessive attention is paid to the numbers of S. mutans and acid production while the matrix within dental plaque has been neglected. S. mutans does not always dominate within plaque; many organisms are equally acidogenic and aciduric. It is also recognized that glucosyltransferases from S. mutans (Gtfs) play critical roles in the development of virulent dental plaque. Gtfs adsorb to enamel synthesizing glucans in situ, providing sites for avid colonization by microorganisms and an insoluble matrix for plaque. Gtfs also adsorb to surfaces of other oral microorganisms converting them to glucan producers. S. mutans expresses 3 genetically distinct Gtfs; each appears to play a different but overlapping role in the formation of virulent plaque. GtfC is adsorbed to enamel within pellicle whereas GtfB binds avidly to bacteria promoting tight cell clustering, and enhancing cohesion of plaque. GtfD forms a soluble, readily metabolizable polysaccharide and acts as a primer for GtfB. The behavior of soluble Gtfs does not mirror that observed with surface-adsorbed enzymes. Furthermore, the structure of polysaccharide matrix changes over time as a result of the action of mutanases and dextranases within plaque. Gtfs at distinct loci offer chemotherapeutic targets to prevent caries. Nevertheless, agents that inhibit Gtfs in solution frequently have a reduced or no effect on adsorbed enzymes. Clearly, conformational changes and reactions of Gtfs on surfaces are complex and modulate the pathogenesis of dental caries in situ, deserving further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- W H Bowen
- Center for Oral Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
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234
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-ichi Kadokawa
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kagoshima University, 1-21-40 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan.
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235
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236
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A novel dextransucrase is produced by Leuconostoc citreum strain B/110-1-2: an isolate used for the industrial production of dextran and dextran derivatives. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2011; 38:1499-506. [DOI: 10.1007/s10295-010-0936-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2010] [Accepted: 12/27/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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237
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Komatsu H, Abe Y, Eguchi K, Matsuno H, Matsuoka Y, Sadakane T, Inoue T, Fukui K, Kodama T. Kinetics of dextran-independent α-(1→3)-glucan synthesis by Streptococcus sobrinus glucosyltransferase I. FEBS J 2010; 278:531-40. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2010.07973.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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238
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Crystal structure of a 117 kDa glucansucrase fragment provides insight into evolution and product specificity of GH70 enzymes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:21406-11. [PMID: 21118988 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1007531107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucansucrases are large enzymes belonging to glycoside hydrolase family 70, which catalyze the cleavage of sucrose into fructose and glucose, with the concomitant transfer of the glucose residue to a growing α-glucan polymer. Among others, plaque-forming oral bacteria secrete these enzymes to produce α-glucans, which facilitate the adhesion of the bacteria to the tooth enamel. We determined the crystal structure of a fully active, 1,031-residue fragment encompassing the catalytic and C-terminal domains of GTF180 from Lactobacillus reuteri 180, both in the native state, and in complexes with sucrose and maltose. These structures show that the enzyme has an α-amylase-like (β/α)(8)-barrel catalytic domain that is circularly permuted compared to the catalytic domains of members of glycoside hydrolase families 13 and 77, which belong to the same GH-H superfamily. In contrast to previous suggestions, the enzyme has only one active site and one nucleophilic residue. Surprisingly, in GTF180 the peptide chain follows a "U"-path, such that four of the five domains are made up from discontiguous N- and C-terminal stretches of the peptide chain. Finally, the structures give insight into the factors that determine the different linkage types in the polymeric product.
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239
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Galle S, Schwab C, Arendt EK, Gänzle MG. Structural and rheological characterisation of heteropolysaccharides produced by lactic acid bacteria in wheat and sorghum sourdough. Food Microbiol 2010; 28:547-53. [PMID: 21356463 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2010.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2010] [Revised: 11/02/2010] [Accepted: 11/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Hydrocolloids improve the volume, texture, and shelf life of bread. Exopolysaccharides (EPS) produced by lactic acid bacteria (LAB) during sourdough fermentation can replace hydrocolloids. It was the aim of this study to determine whether heteropolysaccharides (HePS) synthesized intracellularly from sugar nucleotides by glycosyltransferases are produced in wheat and gluten-free sorghum sourdough at effective levels. The HePS-producing strains Lactobacillus casei FUA3185, L. casei FUA3186, and Lactobacillus buchneri FUA3154 were used; Weissella cibaria 10M producing no EPS in the absence of sucrose served as control strain. Cell suspensions of L. buchneri in MRS showed the highest viscosity at low shear rate. Glycosyltransferase genes responsible of HePS formation in LAB were expressed in sorghum and wheat sourdough. However, only HePS produced by L. buchneri influenced the rheological properties of sorghum sourdoughs but not of wheat sourdoughs. Sorghum sourdough fermented with L. buchneri exhibited a low |G*| compared to the control, indicating a decrease in resistance to deformation. An increase in tan δ indicated decreased elasticity. The use of LAB producing HePS expands the diversity of EPS and increases the variety of cultures for use in baking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Galle
- University College Cork, Department of Food and Nutritional Science, Cork, Ireland
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240
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Li S, Yan Y, Zhou Z, Yu H, Zhan Y, Zhang W, Chen M, Lu W, Ping S, Lin M. Single amino acid residue changes in subsite -1 of levansucrase from Zymomonas mobilis 10232 strongly influence the enzyme activities and products. Mol Biol Rep 2010; 38:2437-43. [PMID: 21082263 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-010-0379-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2007] [Accepted: 11/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The -1 subsite of bacterial fructansucrases (FSs) (levansucrases and inulosucrases) plays an important role in the substrate recognition, binding and catalysis. Three residues (for example W47, W118 and R193, Zymomonas mobilis levansucrase numbering) at the -1 subsite are completely conserved among FSs. Site-directed mutational analysis showed that the substitutions of the three strictly conserved amino acid residues, W47N, W47H, W118N, W118H, R193K and R193H, significantly decreased enzyme activities and synthesis rates of levan, while the size of the synthesized oligosaccharides had been influenced. These experimental results, combined with 3D structure modeling, lead to our proposal that a single amino acid residue change in subsite -1 of levansucrase can influence change to the size and polarity of the sucrose binding pocket with a concomitant change to substrate binding and catalysis, and thus having an overall influence on the enzyme activities and products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuying Li
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 100081, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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241
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Ito K, Ito S, Shimamura T, Kawarasaki Y, Abe K, Misaka T, Kobayashi T, Iwata S. Crystallization and preliminary X-ray analysis of a glucansucrase from the dental caries pathogen Streptococcus mutans. Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun 2010; 66:1086-8. [PMID: 20823533 PMCID: PMC2935234 DOI: 10.1107/s1744309110029714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2010] [Accepted: 07/26/2010] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Glucansucrases encoded by Streptococcus mutans play essential roles in the synthesis of sticky dental plaques. Based on amino-acid sequence similarity, glucansucrases are classified as members of glycoside hydrolase family 70 (GH 70). Data on the crystal structure of GH 70 glucansucrases have yet to be reported. Here, the GH 70 glucansucrase GTF-SI from S. mutans was overexpressed in Escherichia coli strain BL21 (DE3), purified to homogeneity and crystallized using the hanging-drop vapour-diffusion method. Orthorhombic GTF-SI crystals belonging to space group P2(1)2(1)2 were obtained. A diffraction data set was collected to 2.1 A resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Ito
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, Graduate School of Nutritional and Environmental Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Yada 52-1, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Sohei Ito
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, Graduate School of Nutritional and Environmental Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Yada 52-1, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Tatsuro Shimamura
- Japan Science and Technology Agency, ERATO, Iwata Human Receptor Crystallography Project, Yoshidakonoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Kyoto University Faculty of Medicine, Yoshidakonoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Yasuaki Kawarasaki
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, Graduate School of Nutritional and Environmental Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Yada 52-1, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Keiko Abe
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Takumi Misaka
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Takuya Kobayashi
- Japan Science and Technology Agency, ERATO, Iwata Human Receptor Crystallography Project, Yoshidakonoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Kyoto University Faculty of Medicine, Yoshidakonoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - So Iwata
- Japan Science and Technology Agency, ERATO, Iwata Human Receptor Crystallography Project, Yoshidakonoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Kyoto University Faculty of Medicine, Yoshidakonoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
- Division of Molecular Biosciences, Membrane Protein Crystallography Group, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, England
- Membrane Protein Laboratory, Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Chilton, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0DE, England
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242
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Bounaix MS, Robert H, Gabriel V, Morel S, Remaud-Siméon M, Gabriel B, Fontagné-Faucher C. Characterization of dextran-producing Weissella strains isolated from sourdoughs and evidence of constitutive dextransucrase expression. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2010; 311:18-26. [PMID: 20722740 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2010.02067.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The study of exopolysaccharide production by heterofermentative sourdough lactic acid bacteria has shown that Weissella strains isolated from sourdoughs produce linear dextrans containing α-(1→6) glucose residues with few α-(1→3) linkages from sucrose. In this study, several dextran-producing strains, Weissella cibaria and Weissella confusa, isolated from sourdough, were characterized according to carbohydrate fermentation, repetitive element-PCR fingerprinting using (GTG)(5) primers and glucansucrase activity (soluble or cell-associated). This study reports, for the first time, the characterization of dextransucrase from Weissella strains using sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and in situ polymer production (after incubation with sucrose) from enzymatic fractions harvested from both sucrose and glucose culture media. Results demonstrate that dextransucrase activity was mainly soluble and associated with a constitutive 180-kDa protein. In addition, microsequencing of the active dextransucrase from W. cibaria LBAE-K39 allowed the design of specific primers that could detect the presence of glucansucrase encoding genes similar to GTFKg3 of Lactobacillus fermentum Kg3 and to DSRWC of W. cibaria CMU. This study hence indicates that sourdough Weissella strains synthesize original dextransucrase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Sophie Bounaix
- Laboratoire de Biologie appliquée à l'Agroalimentaire et à l'Environnement, Institut Universitaire de Technologie, Université Paul Sabatier, Auch, France
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243
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Waldherr FW, Doll VM, Meißner D, Vogel RF. Identification and characterization of a glucan-producing enzyme from Lactobacillus hilgardii TMW 1.828 involved in granule formation of water kefir. Food Microbiol 2010; 27:672-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2010.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2010] [Revised: 03/22/2010] [Accepted: 03/23/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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244
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245
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A procedure for characterizing glucans synthesized by purified enzymes of cariogenic Streptococcus mutans. Int J Biol Macromol 2010; 46:551-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2010.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2009] [Revised: 01/21/2010] [Accepted: 01/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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246
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Exopolysaccharide synthesized by Lactobacillus reuteri decreases the ability of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli to bind to porcine erythrocytes. Appl Environ Microbiol 2010; 76:4863-6. [PMID: 20472719 DOI: 10.1128/aem.03137-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the therapeutic potential of bacterial polysaccharides by employing a model system based on enteroxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC)-induced hemagglutination of erythrocytes. Exopolysaccharides produced by strains of Lactobacillus reuteri inhibited ETEC-induced hemagglutination of porcine erythrocytes. No effect was observed for dextran produced from Weissella cibaria and commercially available oligo- and polysaccharides.
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247
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Galle S, Schwab C, Arendt E, Gänzle M. Exopolysaccharide-forming Weissella strains as starter cultures for sorghum and wheat sourdoughs. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2010; 58:5834-5841. [PMID: 20405917 DOI: 10.1021/jf1002683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The addition of sourdough fermented with lactic acid bacteria synthesizing organic acids and oligo- and exopolysaccharides (EPS) from sucrose enhances texture, nutritional value, shelf life, and machinability of wheat, rye, and gluten-free bread. This study compared acetate, mannitol, and oligosaccharide formation of EPS-producing strains of Weissella and Leuconostoc spp. to the traditional sourdough starter Lactobacillus sanfranciscensis. In broth, Leuconostoc strains generally formed acetate and mannitol, whereas Weissella produced only small amounts of acetate and no mannitol in the presence of sucrose. In the presence of sucrose and maltose, Weissella and Leuconostoc strains synthesized glucooligosaccharides and EPS. Strains of Weissella were employed as starter cultures for wheat and sorghum sourdough and formed 0.8-8 g kg(-1) EPS and gluco-oligosaccharides but only low amounts of acetate and mannitol. In contrast, the formation of EPS from sucrose led to the production of high amounts of acetate and mannitol by L. sanfranciscensis LTH 2950 in wheat sourdough. This study indicates that Weissella strains are suitable starter cultures for wheat and sorghum sourdoughs and efficiently produce gluco-oligosaccharides and EPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Galle
- Department of Food and Nutritional Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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248
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Seibel J. Vom Gen zum Produkt: Maßgeschneiderte Oligosaccharide durch Substrat-, Enzym- und genetisches Engineering. CHEM-ING-TECH 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/cite.200900138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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249
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Anwar MA, Kralj S, Piqué AV, Leemhuis H, van der Maarel MJEC, Dijkhuizen L. Inulin and levan synthesis by probiotic Lactobacillus gasseri strains: characterization of three novel fructansucrase enzymes and their fructan products. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2010; 156:1264-1274. [PMID: 20075040 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.036616-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Fructansucrase enzymes polymerize the fructose moiety of sucrose into levan or inulin fructans, with beta(2-6) and beta(2-1) linkages, respectively. Here, we report an evaluation of fructan synthesis in three Lactobacillus gasseri strains, identification of the fructansucrase-encoding genes and characterization of the recombinant proteins and fructan (oligosaccharide) products. High-performance anion-exchange chromatography and nuclear magnetic resonance analysis of the fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS) and polymers produced by the L. gasseri strains and the recombinant enzymes revealed that, in situ, L. gasseri strains DSM 20604 and 20077 synthesize inulin (and oligosaccharides) and levan products, respectively. L. gasseri DSM 20604 is only the second Lactobacillus strain shown to produce inulin polymer and FOS in situ, and is unique in its distribution of FOS synthesized, ranging from DP2 to DP13. The probiotic bacterium L. gasseri DSM 20243 did not produce any fructan, although we identified a fructansucrase-encoding gene in its genome sequence. Further studies showed that this L. gasseri DSM 20243 gene was prematurely terminated by a stop codon. Exchanging the stop codon for a glutamine codon resulted in a recombinant enzyme producing inulin and FOS. The three recombinant fructansucrase enzymes characterized from three different L. gasseri strains have very similar primary protein structures, yet synthesize different fructan products. An interesting feature of the L. gasseri strains is that they were unable to ferment raffinose, whereas their respective recombinant enzymes converted raffinose into fructan and FOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munir A Anwar
- Microbial Physiology Research Group, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), University of Groningen, Kerklaan 30, 9751 NN Haren, The Netherlands
| | - Slavko Kralj
- Microbial Physiology Research Group, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), University of Groningen, Kerklaan 30, 9751 NN Haren, The Netherlands
| | - Anna Villar Piqué
- Microbial Physiology Research Group, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), University of Groningen, Kerklaan 30, 9751 NN Haren, The Netherlands
| | - Hans Leemhuis
- Microbial Physiology Research Group, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), University of Groningen, Kerklaan 30, 9751 NN Haren, The Netherlands
| | - Marc J E C van der Maarel
- Microbial Physiology Research Group, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), University of Groningen, Kerklaan 30, 9751 NN Haren, The Netherlands
| | - Lubbert Dijkhuizen
- Microbial Physiology Research Group, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), University of Groningen, Kerklaan 30, 9751 NN Haren, The Netherlands
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Abstract
Carbohydrates in the thermodynamically disfavored furanose ring conformation are not present in mammalian glycoconjugates, but are widespread in the glycans produced by many bacterial pathogens. In bacteria, these furanose sugars are often found in cell surface glycoconjugates, and are essential for the viability or virulence of the organisms. As a result, the enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of bacterial furanosides are attractive targets as potential selective antimicrobial chemotherapeutics. However, before such chemotherapeutics can be designed, synthesized, and evaluated, more information about the activity and specificity of these enzymes is required. This chapter describes assays that have been used to study enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of one of the most abundant naturally occurring furanose residues, galactofuranose (Galf). In particular, the focus is on UDP-galactopyranose mutase and galactofuranosyltransferases. The assays described in this chapter require UDP-galactofuranose (UDP-Galf); therefore, a procedure for the preparation of UDP-Galf, as well as various UDP-Galf derivatives, using a three-enzyme chemoenzymatic procedure, is also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myles B Poulin
- The Alberta Ingenuity Centre for Carbohydrate Science, Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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