201
|
Identification of putative drug targets for human sperm-egg interaction defect using protein network approach. BMC SYSTEMS BIOLOGY 2015; 9:37. [PMID: 26187737 PMCID: PMC4506605 DOI: 10.1186/s12918-015-0186-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Background Sperm-egg interaction defect is a significant cause of in-vitro fertilization failure for infertile cases. Numerous molecular interactions in the form of protein-protein interactions mediate the sperm-egg membrane interaction process. Recent studies have demonstrated that in addition to experimental techniques, computational methods, namely protein interaction network approach, can address protein-protein interactions between human sperm and egg. Up to now, no drugs have been detected to treat sperm-egg interaction disorder, and the initial step in drug discovery research is finding out essential proteins or drug targets for a biological process. The main purpose of this study is to identify putative drug targets for human sperm-egg interaction deficiency and consider if the detected essential proteins are targets for any known drugs using protein-protein interaction network and ingenuity pathway analysis. Results We have created human sperm-egg protein interaction networks with high confidence, including 106 nodes and 415 interactions. Through topological analysis of the network with calculation of some metrics, such as connectivity and betweenness centrality, we have identified 13 essential proteins as putative drug targets. The potential drug targets are from integrins, fibronectins, epidermal growth factor receptors, collagens and tetraspanins protein families. We evaluated these targets by ingenuity pathway analysis, and the known drugs for the targets have been detected, and the possible effective role of the drugs on sperm-egg interaction defect has been considered. These results showed that the drugs ocriplasmin (Jetrea©), gefitinib (Iressa©), erlotinib hydrochloride (Tarceva©), clingitide, cetuximab (Erbitux©) and panitumumab (Vectibix©) are possible candidates for efficacy testing for the treatment of sperm-egg interaction deficiency. Further experimental validation can be carried out to confirm these results. Conclusion We have identified the first potential list of drug targets for human sperm-egg interaction defect using the protein interaction network approach. The essential proteins or potential drug targets were found using topological analysis of the protein network. These putative targets are promising for further experimental validation. These study results, if validated, may develop drug discovery techniques for sperm-egg interaction defect and also improve assisted reproductive technologies to avoid in-vitro fertilization failure. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12918-015-0186-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
|
202
|
Nucleic Acid Aptamers: An Emerging Tool for Biotechnology and Biomedical Sensing. SENSORS 2015; 15:16281-313. [PMID: 26153774 PMCID: PMC4541879 DOI: 10.3390/s150716281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2015] [Revised: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Detection of small molecules or proteins of living cells provides an exceptional opportunity to study genetic variations and functions, cellular behaviors, and various diseases including cancer and microbial infections. Our aim in this review is to give an overview of selected research activities related to nucleic acid-based aptamer techniques that have been reported in the past two decades. Limitations of aptamers and possible approaches to overcome these limitations are also discussed.
Collapse
|
203
|
Kao KJ, Tai CH, Chang WH, Yeh TS, Chen TC, Lee GB. A fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) microfluidic platform for detection of HER2 amplification in cancer cells. Biosens Bioelectron 2015; 69:272-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2015.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
204
|
Romaniuk A, Lуndіn M. Immune microenvironment as a factor of breast cancer progression. Diagn Pathol 2015; 10:79. [PMID: 26112049 PMCID: PMC4480440 DOI: 10.1186/s13000-015-0316-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The rate of progression of the disease depends on various factors and the tumor microenvironment takes not the last place among them. One part of researchers argues that the presence of tumor-infiltrating leukocytes serves as a favorable marker of the disease. There exists a completely different point of view on the matter. The investigation of the effects of the inflammatory infiltration on the course of breast cancer process. Methods We found a pronounced inflammatory infiltration in the tumor microenvironment in 24 cases. Nineteen cases of IDC without inflammatory infiltration were used as a control group. Immunohistochemical reaction showed expression of ERα, PR, HER2/neu, E-cadherin, Hsp90α, Bcl-2, CD3, CD79α, S100 and Myeloperoxidase receptors. Mathematical calculations were done using Microsoft Excel 2010 with 12.0.5 Attestat option. Results We have determined five variants of immune microenvironment: interstitial, trabecular, nodular, diffuse and mixed. We have established a direct correlation between the expression of ERα and PR and indirect correlation between the receptors of steroid hormones and HER2/neo in both groups of breast cancer. HER2/neo positive tumors in 100% of cases were accompanied by the presence of heat shock proteins. There was a combination of Bcl-2 presence with the steroid receptors expression in 90 % of cases. There was found the indirect correlation between the presence of B lymphocytes and expression of steroid receptors. Conclusions The presence of B lymphocytes in an inflammatory infiltrate leads to the disappearance of estrogen receptors and progesterone receptors. It provokes the accumulation of Hsp90 in a cell. It contributes to the stabilization of HER2/neu receptors and most proteins that promote tumor progression. Virtual slides The virtual slides for this article can be found here: http://www.diagnosticpathology.diagnomx.eu/vs/1362330168161694
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anatolii Romaniuk
- Department of Pathology, Sumy State University, m. Sumy, st. SKD 22-94, Sumy, Ukraine.
| | - Mykola Lуndіn
- Department of Pathology, Sumy State University, m. Sumy, st. SKD 22-94, Sumy, Ukraine.
| |
Collapse
|
205
|
Schramm A, De Gregorio N, Widschwendter P, Fink V, Huober J. Targeted Therapies in HER2-Positive Breast Cancer - a Systematic Review. Breast Care (Basel) 2015; 10:173-8. [PMID: 26557822 DOI: 10.1159/000431029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
About 20% of all breast cancer patients have a human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-positive breast tumor. This entity underwent an impressive change in prognosis, with notable improvement of progression-free survival and overall survival. Due to more aggressive tumors and no specific therapy, HER2 overexpression was historically seen as a negative prognostic marker, with worse prognosis and increased risk of recurrent disease. Trastuzumab, the first anti-HER2 antibody, revolutionized the systemic therapy options in HER2-positive breast cancer and initiated several targeted therapies and more personalized treatment strategies. Over the years, multiple HER2-targeting drugs stepped into clinical practice, for the curative as well as the metastatic situation. This review summarizes the targeted treatment options in HER2-positive breast cancer and their current impact in the clinical routine. Results of the most outstanding trials in HER2-targeted therapies and important ongoing trials are subsequently described for an up-to-date overview.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amelie Schramm
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Ulm, Germany
| | | | | | - Visnja Fink
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Ulm, Germany
| | - Jens Huober
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Ulm, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
206
|
Everolimus-Based Therapy versus Chemotherapy among Patients with HR+/HER2- Metastatic Breast Cancer: Comparative Effectiveness from a Chart Review Study. Int J Breast Cancer 2015; 2015:240750. [PMID: 26078883 PMCID: PMC4452841 DOI: 10.1155/2015/240750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Revised: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective. To compare the real-world effectiveness of everolimus-based therapy and chemotherapy in postmenopausal women with hormone-receptor-positive/human-epidermal-growth-factor-receptor-2-negative (HR+/HER2−) metastatic breast cancer (mBC). Methods. This retrospective chart review examined a nationwide sample of postmenopausal HR+/HER2− mBC women in community-based oncology practices. Patients received everolimus-based therapy or chemotherapy for mBC between 07/01/2012 and 04/15/2013, after failure of a non-steroidal aromatase inhibitor. Overall survival (OS), progression-free survival (PFS), and time on treatment (TOT) were compared using Kaplan-Meier analysis and Cox proportional hazards models adjusting for line of therapy and baseline characteristics. Results. 234 and 137 patients received everolimus-based therapy and chemotherapy. Patients treated with everolimus-based therapy tended to have less aggressive mBC than patients treated with chemotherapy. Multivariate-adjusted Cox models showed that everolimus-based therapy was associated with significantly longer OS [hazard ratio (HR) = 0.37, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.22–0.63], PFS (HR = 0.70, 95% CI = 0.50–0.97), and TOT (HR = 0.34, 95% CI: 0.25–0.45) than chemotherapy. Adjusted comparative effectiveness results were generally consistent across lines of therapy. Conclusion. In this retrospective chart review of postmenopausal HR+/HER2− mBC patients, treatment with everolimus-based therapy was associated with longer OS, PFS, and TOT than chemotherapy.
Collapse
|
207
|
Physicochemical and biological characterization of a biosimilar trastuzumab. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:427235. [PMID: 26075238 PMCID: PMC4449878 DOI: 10.1155/2015/427235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2014] [Revised: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
According to the World Health Organization, the incidence of malignant neoplasms and endocrine, blood, and immune disorders will increase in the upcoming decades along with the demand of affordable treatments. In response to this need, the development of biosimilar drugs is increasing worldwide. The approval of biosimilars relies on the compliance with international guidelines, starting with the demonstration of similarity in their physicochemical and functional properties against the reference product. Subsequent clinical studies are performed to demonstrate similar pharmacological behavior and to diminish the uncertainty related to their safety and efficacy. Herein we present a comparability exercise between a biosimilar trastuzumab and its reference product, by using a hierarchical strategy with an orthogonal approach, to assess the physicochemical and biological attributes with potential impact on its pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and immunogenicity. Our results showed that the high degree of similarity in the physicochemical attributes of the biosimilar trastuzumab with respect to the reference product resulted in comparable biological activity, demonstrating that a controlled process is able to provide consistently the expected product. These results also constitute the basis for the design of subsequent delimited pharmacological studies, as they diminish the uncertainty of exhibiting different profiles.
Collapse
|
208
|
Ng EX, Miller MA, Jing T, Lauffenburger DA, Chen CH. Low-volume multiplexed proteolytic activity assay and inhibitor analysis through a pico-injector array. LAB ON A CHIP 2015; 15:1153-1159. [PMID: 25553996 DOI: 10.1039/c4lc01162g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Secreted active proteases, from families of enzymes such as matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and ADAMs (a disintegrin and metalloproteinases), participate in diverse pathological processes. To simultaneously measure multiple specific protease activities, a series of parallel enzyme reactions combined with a series of inhibitor analyses for proteolytic activity matrix analysis (PrAMA) are essential but limited due to the sample quantity requirements and the complexity of performing multiple reactions. To address these issues, we developed a pico-injector array to generate 72 different reactions in picoliter-volume droplets by controlling the sequence of combinational injections, which allowed simultaneous recording of a wide range of multiple enzyme reactions and measurement of inhibitor effects using small sample volumes (~10 μL). Multiple MMP activities were simultaneously determined by 9 different substrates and 2 inhibitors using injections from a pico-injector array. Due to the advantages of inhibitor analysis, the MMP/ADAM activities of MDA-MB-231, a breast cancer cell line, were characterized with high MMP-2, MMP-3 and ADAM-10 activity. This platform could be customized for a wide range of applications that also require multiple reactions with inhibitor analysis to enhance the sensitivity by encapsulating different chemical sensors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ee Xien Ng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, 9 Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117575, Singapore.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
209
|
Basu NN, Barr L, Ross GL, Evans DG. Contralateral risk-reducing mastectomy: review of risk factors and risk-reducing strategies. Int J Surg Oncol 2015; 2015:901046. [PMID: 25692038 PMCID: PMC4322656 DOI: 10.1155/2015/901046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Revised: 01/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Rates of contralateral risk-reducing mastectomy have increased substantially over the last decade. Surgical oncologists are often in the frontline, dealing with requests for this procedure. This paper reviews the current evidence base regarding contralateral breast cancer, assesses the various risk-reducing strategies, and evaluates the cost-effectiveness of contralateral risk-reducing mastectomy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N. N. Basu
- Nightingale and Genesis Prevention Centre, University Hospital South Manchester, Southmoor Road, Manchester M23 9LT, UK
- Department of Breast Surgery, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham B15 2TH, UK
| | - L. Barr
- Nightingale and Genesis Prevention Centre, University Hospital South Manchester, Southmoor Road, Manchester M23 9LT, UK
| | - G. L. Ross
- The Institute of Cancer Sciences, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - D. G. Evans
- Nightingale and Genesis Prevention Centre, University Hospital South Manchester, Southmoor Road, Manchester M23 9LT, UK
- University of Manchester Department of Genomic Medicine, Institute of Human Development, St. Mary's Hospital, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9WL, UK
| |
Collapse
|
210
|
Liu LL, Zhao H, Ma TF, Ge F, Chen CS, Zhang YP. Identification of valid reference genes for the normalization of RT-qPCR expression studies in human breast cancer cell lines treated with and without transient transfection. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0117058. [PMID: 25617865 PMCID: PMC4305315 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0117058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) is a powerful technique for examining gene expression changes during tumorigenesis. Target gene expression is generally normalized by a stably expressed endogenous reference gene; however, reference gene expression may differ among tissues under various circumstances. Because no valid reference genes have been documented for human breast cancer cell lines containing different cancer subtypes treated with transient transfection, we identified appropriate and reliable reference genes from thirteen candidates in a panel of 10 normal and cancerous human breast cell lines under experimental conditions with/without transfection treatments with two transfection reagents. Reference gene expression stability was calculated using four algorithms (geNorm, NormFinder, BestKeeper and comparative delta Ct), and the recommended comprehensive ranking was provided using geometric means of the ranking values using the RefFinder tool. GeNorm analysis revealed that two reference genes should be sufficient for all cases in this study. A stability analysis suggests that 18S rRNA-ACTB is the best reference gene combination across all cell lines; ACTB-GAPDH is best for basal breast cancer cell lines; and HSPCB-ACTB is best for ER+ breast cancer cells. After transfection, the stability ranking of the reference gene fluctuated, especially with Lipofectamine 2000 transfection reagent in two subtypes of basal and ER+ breast cell lines. Comparisons of relative target gene (HER2) expression revealed different expressional patterns depending on the reference genes used for normalization. We suggest that identifying the most stable and suitable reference genes is critical for studying specific cell lines under certain circumstances.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Lin Liu
- Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resource, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Hui Zhao
- Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resource, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Teng-Fei Ma
- Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resource, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Fei Ge
- Department of Endocrine Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Ce-Shi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Ya-Ping Zhang
- Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resource, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
211
|
Kwok MM, Goodyear P. Prognostic and Predictive Protein Biomarkers in Laryngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma—A Systematic Review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.4236/ijohns.2015.43031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
212
|
Liu J, Cho IH, Cui Y, Irudayaraj J. Second harmonic super-resolution microscopy for quantification of mRNA at single copy sensitivity. ACS NANO 2014; 8:12418-27. [PMID: 25494326 PMCID: PMC4334232 DOI: 10.1021/nn505096t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Cell-specific information on the quantity and localization of key mRNAs at single copy sensitivity in single cells is critical for evaluating basic cellular process, disease risk, and efficacy of therapy. Quantification of overexpressed mRNAs beyond the diffraction limit is constrained by the optical property of the probes and microscopy techniques. In this report, nanosized barium titanium oxide (BaTiO3, BTO) crystals were utilized as probes for mRNA quantification by a second harmonic super-resolution microscopy (SHaSM). The SHaSM was able to detect a single copy of the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (Her2) mRNA at a resolution of 55.6 nm with the ability to resolve multiple mRNA copies in a diffraction-limited spot. Her2 mRNA per cell was counted in SK-BR-3, MCF-7, and HeLa cell lines as 595±79.1, 38.9±8.26, and 1.5±2.8, respectively. Our single-cell quantification results were validated with the fluorescence in situ hybridization studies and quantitative PCR, showing better specificity and selectivity over current single-molecule approaches for transcript detection. The SHaSM is expected to have an upper limit of resolving ∼10(4) transcripts in a single cell with the ability to monitor intracellular transcriptional dynamics at video rate. The developed approach has strong potential in clinical research and in the early diagnosis of life-threatening diseases such as cancer.
Collapse
|
213
|
Stenehjem DD, Yoo M, Unni SK, Singhal M, Bauer H, Saverno K, Quah C, Masaquel A, Brixner DI. Assessment of HER2 testing patterns, HER2+ disease, and the utilization of HER2-directed therapy in early breast cancer. BREAST CANCER-TARGETS AND THERAPY 2014; 6:169-77. [PMID: 25378949 PMCID: PMC4218922 DOI: 10.2147/bctt.s69416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Context Determining human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) status is critical for the management of early-stage breast cancer (ESBC). An understanding of HER2 testing practices can provide insight into how test results influence the use of HER2-directed therapy. Objective To assess HER2 testing, HER2+ disease, and HER2-directed therapy in ESBC at the Huntsman Cancer Institute before and after the 2007 American Society of Clinical Oncology and College of American Pathologist (ASCO/CAP) guidelines on HER2 testing were published. Methods Patients were identified from an institutional tumor registry. HER2 testing patterns and results were examined using a chart review of pathology and clinical notes. Patient characteristics, HER2+ rate, and trastuzumab use were evaluated descriptively. Discordance rate with reflex testing (immunohistochemistry [IHC]2+ retested by fluorescence in situ hybridization [FISH]) was also evaluated. Results A total of 1,459 women were included (mean age: 57 years). The rate of HER2+ disease was 17% (number [N] =245). The discordance rate between IHC2+ and FISH was 10%. After the 2007 ASCO/CAP guidelines, fewer tumors were classified as IHC3+ (16% post- versus 21.9% pre-2007), more tumors were characterized as IHC2+ (26.4% post- versus 20.7% pre-2007), and the overall HER2+ rate was decreased (18.7% versus 21.9%), but this was not statistically significant (P=0.519). Most patients with HER2+ ESBC received HER2-targeted therapy (N=185). Conclusion The HER2+ rate was 17% and within the range of the reported rates in the literature. Reflex testing identified additional HER2+ tumors by approximately 10%, and should be considered a potential quality indicator. ASCO/CAP HER2 testing guidelines in 2007 appeared to impact the interpretation and classification of HER2+ tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David D Stenehjem
- Pharmacotherapy Outcomes Research Center (PORC), College of Pharmacy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA ; Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Minkyoung Yoo
- Pharmacotherapy Outcomes Research Center (PORC), College of Pharmacy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Sudhir K Unni
- Pharmacotherapy Outcomes Research Center (PORC), College of Pharmacy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Mukul Singhal
- Pharmacotherapy Outcomes Research Center (PORC), College of Pharmacy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Hillevi Bauer
- Pharmacotherapy Outcomes Research Center (PORC), College of Pharmacy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Kim Saverno
- Pharmacotherapy Outcomes Research Center (PORC), College of Pharmacy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Cheng Quah
- Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Diana I Brixner
- Pharmacotherapy Outcomes Research Center (PORC), College of Pharmacy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA ; Program in Personalized Health Care, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| |
Collapse
|
214
|
Li X, Liang W, Liu J, Lin C, Wu S, Song L, Yuan Z. Transducin (β)-like 1 X-linked receptor 1 promotes proliferation and tumorigenicity in human breast cancer via activation of beta-catenin signaling. Breast Cancer Res 2014; 16:465. [PMID: 25341494 PMCID: PMC4303137 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-014-0465-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Transducin (β)-like 1 X-linked receptor 1(TBLR1) is an F-box-like and WD repeat-containing protein which functions as a switch in transcriptional activation, However, the clinical significance and biological role of TBLR1 in breast cancer remains largely unknown. Methods Western blotting, immunocytochemistry and real-time PCR were used to evaluate TBLR1 expression in normal breast epithelial cells and breast cancer cell lines, clinical tissue samples and adjacent nontumor tissues, and in 214 paraffin-embedded specimens. Statistical analyses were used to test for the prognostic and diagnostic associations. The biological role of TBLR1 -induced proliferation and tumorigenicity in breast cancer cells was explored in vitro and in vivo. The effect of TBLR1 on the expression of cyclin D1 and β-catenin signaling was examined by Western blotting, luciferase reporter assay and by several immunoprecipitation techniques. Results TBLR1 was significantly upregulated in breast cancer cells and tissues compared to normal control samples. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed high expression of TBLR1 in 113 of 214 (52.8%) paraffin-embedded archival breast cancer. The overall expression level of TBLR1 was significantly correlated with clinical stage (P <0.001), the tumor classification (P <0.001), node classification (P =0.024), and metastasis classification (P = 0.004), histological grade (P = 0.044), as well as with the expression level of c-erbB2 (P = 0.036) and Ki-67 (P <0.001). Patients with higher TBLR1 expression had shorter overall survival time, whereas patients with lower TBLR1 expression had better survival. Multivariate analysis suggested that TBLR1 expression might be an independent prognostic indicator for the survival of breast cancer patients. TBLR1 overexpression promoted, whereas TBLR1 silencing inhibited, proliferation and tumorigenicity in breast cancer cells both in vitro and in vivo. We found that TBLR1 expression was implicated in the upregulation of cyclin D1, phosphorylation of cell-cycle control protein Rb (pRb) and activation of β-catenin signaling in breast cancer. Conclusions TBLR1 plays a key role in the development and progression of breast cancer cells via cyclin D1-transactivation and activation of the β-catenin signaling pathway. TBLR1 may be a novel prognostic marker and a potential therapeutic target in the treatment human breast cancer. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13058-014-0465-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
|
215
|
Tsai MM, Wang CS, Tsai CY, Chi HC, Tseng YH, Lin KH. Potential prognostic, diagnostic and therapeutic markers for human gastric cancer. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:13791-13803. [PMID: 25320517 PMCID: PMC4194563 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i38.13791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Revised: 04/18/2014] [Accepted: 05/26/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The high incidence of gastric cancer (GC) and its consequent mortality rate severely threaten human health. GC is frequently not diagnosed until a relatively advanced stage. Surgery is the only potentially curative treatment. Thus, early screening and diagnosis are critical for improving prognoses in patients with GC. Gastroscopy with biopsy is an appropriate method capable of aiding the diagnosis of specific early GC tumor types; however, the stress caused by this method together with it being excessively expensive makes it difficult to use it as a routine method for screening for GC on a population basis. The currently used tumor marker assays for detecting GC are simple and rapid, but their use is limited by their low sensitivity and specificity. In recent years, several markers have been identified and tested for their clinical relevance in the management of GC. Here, we review the serum-based tumor markers for GC and their clinical significance, focusing on discoveries from microarray/proteomics research. We also review tissue-based GC tumor markers and their clinical application, focusing on discoveries from immunohistochemical research. This review provides a brief description of various tumor markers for the purposes of diagnosis, prognosis and therapeutics, and we include markers already in clinical practice and various forthcoming biomarkers.
Collapse
|
216
|
Afatinib demonstrates remarkable activity against HER2-amplified uterine serous endometrial cancer in vitro and in vivo. Br J Cancer 2014; 111:1750-6. [PMID: 25268372 PMCID: PMC4453741 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2014.519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2014] [Revised: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 08/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Uterine serous carcinomas (USCs) are an aggressive form of uterine cancer that may rely on HER2/neu amplification as a driver of proliferation. The objective of this paper is to assess the sensitivity of USC cell lines with and without HER2/neu gene amplification to afatinib, an irreversible ErbB tyrosine kinase inhibitor, and to test the efficacy of afatinib in the treatment of HER2-amplified USC xenografts. Methods: Eight of fifteen primary USC cell lines (four with HER2 amplification and four without) demonstrating similar in vitro growth rates were treated with scalar concentrations of afatinib. Effects on cell growth, signalling and cell cycle distribution were determined by flow cytometry assays. Mice harbouring xenografts of HER2/neu-amplified USC were treated with afatinib by gavage to determine the effect on tumour growth and overall survival. Results: Primary chemotherapy-resistant USC cell lines harbouring HER2/neu gene amplification were exquisitely sensitive to afatinib exposure (mean±s.e.m. IC50=0.0056±0.0006 μM) and significantly more sensitive than HER2/neu-non-amplified USC cell lines (mean±s.e.m. IC50=0.563±0.092 μM, P<0.0001). Afatinib exposure resulted in abrogation of cell survival, inhibition of HER2/neu autophosphorylation and S6 transcription factor phosphorylation in HER2/neu overexpressing USC and inhibited the growth of HER2-amplified tumour xenografts improving overall survival (P=0.0017). Conclusions: Afatinib may be highly effective against HER2/neu-amplified chemotherapy-resistant USC. The investigation of afatinib in patients harbouring HER2/neu-amplified USC is warranted.
Collapse
|
217
|
The interrelationship between HER2 and CASP3/8 with apoptosis in different cancer cell lines. Mol Biol Rep 2014; 41:8031-6. [PMID: 25189649 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-014-3700-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2014] [Accepted: 08/23/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
HER2/ErbB2, a known proto-oncogene (also known as HER2, neu), is among the most practiced molecules in the cancer area. Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) is over expressed in approximately 20-30 % of breast cancer tumors and also in a lot of other human cancer types. It is known to be related to the aggressiveness of the disease, increased mortality and higher relapse ratio. The unusual HER2 overexpression is associated with more severe disease characteristics in several cancers. In recent past, there have been remarkable advances in understanding the role of the HER2 gene in cancers. Caspases are well renowned proteases that act as essential initiators and executioners of the apoptotic process. The primary function of HER2 is suppressing apoptosis to enhance cell survival and eventually giving rise to uncontrolled proliferation and tumor growth. The objective of this work was to study the expression levels of HER2 and apoptosis related factors CASP-3 and CASP-8 in several breast and other cancer cell lines and finally to find a meaningful correlation between all these. We summed up by obtaining an increase in expression of HER2 in all cancer cell lines as compared to that of CASP-3 and CASP-8. In summary we conclude that HER2 promotes cell survival by inhibiting apoptosis i.e. by downregulating CASP-3 and CASP-8. This is a novel study comprising the expression study of HER2 and different caspases in different cancer cell lines simultaneously. It is thus expected that this study will aid in better establishment of correlation between HER2 and caspases in different malignancies.
Collapse
|
218
|
Trends in 5-year survival rates among breast cancer patients by hormone receptor status and stage. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2014; 147:609-16. [PMID: 25164974 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-014-3112-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Improvement in breast cancer survival has been observed in recent decades in the U.S., but it is unclear if similar survival gains are consistent across breast cancer subtypes, especially with regards to more advanced stages of the disease. Data were from 13 population-based cancer registries participating in the surveillance, epidemiology, and end results (SEER) program, consisting of women between 20 and 79 years of age diagnosed with invasive breast cancer between 1992 and 2008. 2-year (1992-2008) and 5-year (1992-2006) breast cancer cause-specific survival rates were calculated and stratified by estrogen receptor (ER)/progesterone receptor (PR) status, stage, and race. Annual percent changes in survival rates were assessed. From 1992 through 1998-1999, 5- and 2-year cause-specific survival rates significantly improved across ER+/PR+, ER-/PR-, and ER+/PR- subtypes, with an annual increase ranging from 0.5 to 1.0 % in the 5-year rates. From 1998-1999 to 2006, different patterns were observed by ER/PR subtypes with survival rates slightly improving for ER+/PR+, continuing to improve at a rate of 0.5 % per year for ER-/PR-, and dropping 0.3 % annually for ER+/PR-. No significant survival gains were experienced by patients with ER-/PR+ cancer during the study period. In terms of advanced diseases, greatest annual increases in survival rates were seen for patients with stage III-IV ER+/PR+ and ER-/PR- tumors but less progress was observed for advanced ER+/PR- breast cancers. Steady improvements in survival rates for breast cancer have been achieved over the past several decades. However, 5-year survival rates for stage IV disease remained dismally below 20 % for most ER/PR subtypes.
Collapse
|
219
|
Song Y, Xia X, Wu X, Wang P, Qin L. Integration of platinum nanoparticles with a volumetric bar-chart chip for biomarker assays. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:12451-5. [PMID: 25044863 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201404349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Platinum nanoparticles (PtNPs) efficiently catalyze the transformation of H2 O2 into oxygen gas. However, owing to the lack of an efficient approach or device that can measure the produced oxygen gas, the catalytic reaction has never been used for diagnostic applications. Microfluidics technology provides a platform that meets these requirements. The volumetric bar-chart chip (V-Chip) volumetrically measures the production of oxygen gas by PtNPs and can be integrated with ELISA technology to provide visible and quantitative readouts without expensive instrumentation or complicated data processing. Herein we show that PtNPs outperform catalase with respect to stability at high H2 O2 concentrations or temperatures or in long-term reactions, and are resistant to most catalase inhibitors. We also show that the catalase-like activity of PtNPs can be used in combination with the V-Chip to sensitively and specifically detect cancer biomarkers both in serum and on the cell surface.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yujun Song
- Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, 6670 Bertener Avenue, Houston, TX 77030 (USA)
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
220
|
Anderson WF, Rosenberg PS, Katki HA. Tracking and evaluating molecular tumor markers with cancer registry data: HER2 and breast cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 2014; 106:dju093. [PMID: 24777110 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/dju093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- William F Anderson
- Affiliation of authors: Biostatistics Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (WFA, PSR, HAK)
| | - Philip S Rosenberg
- Affiliation of authors: Biostatistics Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (WFA, PSR, HAK)
| | - Hormuzd A Katki
- Affiliation of authors: Biostatistics Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (WFA, PSR, HAK).
| |
Collapse
|
221
|
Roa I, de Toro G, Schalper K, de Aretxabala X, Churi C, Javle M. Overexpression of the HER2/neu Gene: A New Therapeutic Possibility for Patients With Advanced Gallbladder Cancer. GASTROINTESTINAL CANCER RESEARCH : GCR 2014; 7:42-8. [PMID: 24799970 PMCID: PMC4007675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2013] [Accepted: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The HER2/neu gene is a proto-oncogene that can predict the response to treatment with trastuzumab, pertuzumab, and lapatinib. This study was conducted to determine the frequency of HER2/neu overexpression and to identify a subgroup of patients with gallbladder cancer who would benefit from targeted therapy. METHODS Patients with gallbladder cancer (n = 187; 165 women and 22 men) with a recorded follow-up of at least 5 years were included, along with control subjects (n = 75). An automated immunohistochemical technique was used with an anti-ErbB2 antibody. Scoring was conducted according to the CAP/ASCO (College of American Pathologists/American Society of Clinical Oncology) criteria for breast cancer. RESULTS Overexpression of HER2/neu was observed in 12.8% of the cases. Of those, 0% were mucosal, 14.3% muscular, 12.8% subserosal, and 10.6% serosal. In 20% of the cases, equivocal staining was observed. Overexpression was more frequent in the advanced cancers and in the better differentiated tumors (13.8% and 17.4%, respectively), but the difference was nonsignificant. The patients with overexpression of HER2/neu had a worse overall survival, when compared with those who had no expression at 5 years (34% vs. 41%). CONCLUSION This is the single largest study of HER2/neu expression in gallbladder cancer to use commonly accepted scoring criteria. The results indicate that HER2/neu overexpression occurred in 14% of the advanced gallbladder cancer cases. This subgroup may benefit from inhibitors of the HER2/neu pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iván Roa
- Creative Bioscience Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Kurt Schalper
- Pathology Department Faculty of Medicine Yale University New Haven, CT
| | | | - Chaitanya Churi
- Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology UT-MD Anderson Cancer Center Houston, TX
| | - Milind Javle
- Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology UT-MD Anderson Cancer Center Houston, TX
| |
Collapse
|
222
|
Seemann I, te Poele JAM, Song JY, Hoving S, Russell NS, Stewart FA. Radiation- and anthracycline-induced cardiac toxicity and the influence of ErbB2 blocking agents. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2013; 141:385-95. [PMID: 24091769 PMCID: PMC3824562 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-013-2707-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2013] [Accepted: 09/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
In Her2-positive breast cancer patients, inhibition of epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (ErbB2)-signaling is often combined with chemotherapy and radiotherapy. The risk of cardiac toxicity after anthracyclines and radiotherapy is recognized, but little is known about increased risk when these treatments are combined with ErbB2 inhibition. This study investigated whether ErbB2 inhibition increased radiation or anthracycline-induced toxicity. In an in vitro study, human cardiomyocytes were treated with irradiation or doxorubicin, alone or in combination with trastuzumab, and evaluated for cell survival and growth. Groups of mice received 0 or 14 Gy to the heart, alone or in combination with lapatinib, or 3 × 4 mg/kg doxorubicin alone or in combination with lapatinib. Mice were evaluated 40 weeks after treatment for cardiac damage. Changes in cardiac function ((99m)Tc-Myoview gated SPECT) were related to histomorphology and microvascular damage. Radiation or doxorubicin-induced cardiomyocyte toxicity (in vitro) were not exacerbated by trastuzumab. Cardiac irradiation of mice decreased microvascular density (MVD) and increased endothelial damage in surviving capillaries (decrease alkaline phosphatase expression and increased von Willebrand factor), but these changes were not exacerbated by lapatinib. Inflammatory responses in the irradiated epicardium (CD45+ and F4/80+ cells) were significantly reduced in combination with lapatinib. Irradiation, doxorubicin, and lapatinib each induced cardiac fibrosis but this was not further enhanced when treatments were combined. At the ultra-structural level, both lapatinib and doxorubicin induced mitochondrial damage, which was enhanced in combined treatments. Lapatinib alone also induced mild changes in cardiac function but this was not enhanced in the combined treatments. Trastuzumab did not enhance direct radiation or anthracycline toxicity of cardiomyocytes in vitro. Lapatinib did not enhance the risk of radiation or anthracycline-induced cardiac toxicity in mice up to 40 weeks after treatment, but mitochondrial damage was more severe after doxorubicin combined with lapatinib.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ingar Seemann
- Division of Biological Stress Response (H3), The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|