201
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Cloke B, Christian M. The role of androgens and the androgen receptor in cycling endometrium. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2012; 358:166-75. [PMID: 21745536 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2011.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2011] [Revised: 06/24/2011] [Accepted: 06/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Androgens and the androgen receptor (AR) are not only required for male reproductive function, they are also essential for female reproductive physiology. Widely expressed in female reproductive tissues, AR levels fluctuate in a regulated manner in the cycling endometrium. Female androgen production depends on the adrenal glands and expression of key enzymes in the endometrium that facilitate local androgen biosynthesis and conversion. Moreover, levels of circulating androgens, in women of reproductive age, fluctuate in a cycle-dependent manner and a mid-cycle peak is associated with conception. AR and androgen signalling have a decisive role in the differentiation of human endometrial stromal cells into decidual cells. Compelling evidence for androgen signalling in the regulation of endometrial function pertaining to implantation and pregnancy is provided by epidemiological studies demonstrating a strong association between polycystic ovary syndrome, premature ovarian failure or advanced maternal age and adverse pregnancy outcome. Thus, androgen signalling is an essential component of normal endometrial physiology and its perturbation is associated with reproductive failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brianna Cloke
- Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Imperial College London, London W12 ONN, United Kingdom
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202
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Current world literature. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 2012; 19:233-47. [PMID: 22531108 DOI: 10.1097/med.0b013e3283542fb3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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203
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Ottley E, Gold E. Insensitivity to the growth inhibitory effects of activin A: An acquired capability in prostate cancer progression. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2012; 23:119-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2012.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2012] [Accepted: 04/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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204
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Masarik M, Gumulec J, Hlavna M, Sztalmachova M, Babula P, Raudenska M, Pavkova-Goldbergova M, Cernei N, Sochor J, Zitka O, Ruttkay-Nedecky B, Krizkova S, Adam V, Kizek R. Monitoring of the prostate tumour cells redox state and real-time proliferation by novel biophysical techniques and fluorescent staining. Integr Biol (Camb) 2012; 4:672-84. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ib00157h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Michal Masarik
- Department of Pathological Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, CZ-625 00 Brno, Czech Republic. Fax: +420-5-4949-4340; Tel: +420-5-4949-3631
| | - Jaromir Gumulec
- Department of Pathological Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, CZ-625 00 Brno, Czech Republic. Fax: +420-5-4949-4340; Tel: +420-5-4949-3631
| | - Marian Hlavna
- Department of Pathological Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, CZ-625 00 Brno, Czech Republic. Fax: +420-5-4949-4340; Tel: +420-5-4949-3631
- Department of Natural Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Palackeho 1-3, CZ-612 42 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Marketa Sztalmachova
- Department of Pathological Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, CZ-625 00 Brno, Czech Republic. Fax: +420-5-4949-4340; Tel: +420-5-4949-3631
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Agronomy, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Babula
- Department of Natural Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Palackeho 1-3, CZ-612 42 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Raudenska
- Department of Pathological Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, CZ-625 00 Brno, Czech Republic. Fax: +420-5-4949-4340; Tel: +420-5-4949-3631
| | - Monika Pavkova-Goldbergova
- Department of Pathological Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, CZ-625 00 Brno, Czech Republic. Fax: +420-5-4949-4340; Tel: +420-5-4949-3631
| | - Natalia Cernei
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Agronomy, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Technicka 3058/10, CZ-616 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Sochor
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Agronomy, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Technicka 3058/10, CZ-616 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Zitka
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Agronomy, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Technicka 3058/10, CZ-616 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Branislav Ruttkay-Nedecky
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Agronomy, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Sona Krizkova
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Agronomy, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Vojtech Adam
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Agronomy, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Technicka 3058/10, CZ-616 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Rene Kizek
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Agronomy, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Technicka 3058/10, CZ-616 00 Brno, Czech Republic
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205
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Current world literature. Curr Opin Urol 2012; 22:254-62. [PMID: 22469752 DOI: 10.1097/mou.0b013e328352c3f8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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206
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Zhong XY, Yu JH, Zhang WG, Wang ZD, Dong Q, Tai S, Cui YF, Li H. MicroRNA-421 functions as an oncogenic miRNA in biliary tract cancer through down-regulating farnesoid X receptor expression. Gene 2012; 493:44-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2011.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2011] [Revised: 10/28/2011] [Accepted: 11/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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207
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Zhou Q, Eades G. MicroRNA Regulatory Networks Provide Feedback Mechanisms for Steroid Receptor Signaling. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 3. [PMID: 24466498 DOI: 10.4172/2157-7536.1000e103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qun Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 2120, USA
| | - Gabriel Eades
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 2120, USA
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208
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One size fits all in prostate cancer: a story tale whose time has come and gone. Int J Biol Markers 2011; 26:75-81. [PMID: 21623584 DOI: 10.5301/jbm.2011.8368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The touchstone to evaluate accurately the aggressiveness and invasiveness of prostate cancer is something of a holy grail in the facet of urologic oncology. Gene expression and sequencing studies have improved our interpretations of the genetic determinants of the disease but are unsuccessful in the establishment of any unified classification to improve the molecular stratification. These questions addressing failure in rational drug design are difficult to answer in the multifaceted and heterogeneous pathogenesis of prostate cancer. In this review, we have developed a roadmap of the "recalcitrant prostate cancer proteome" to recognize the aspects of prostate cancer that may be helpful in effectively translating these findings to the clinic.
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209
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Jerónimo C, Bastian PJ, Bjartell A, Carbone GM, Catto JW, Clark SJ, Henrique R, Nelson WG, Shariat SF. Epigenetics in Prostate Cancer: Biologic and Clinical Relevance. Eur Urol 2011; 60:753-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2011.06.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2011] [Accepted: 06/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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210
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Paone A, Galli R, Fabbri M. MicroRNAs as New Characters in the Plot between Epigenetics and Prostate Cancer. Front Genet 2011; 2:62. [PMID: 22303357 PMCID: PMC3268615 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2011.00062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2011] [Accepted: 08/18/2011] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCA) still represents a leading cause of death. An increasing number of studies have documented that microRNAs (miRNAs), a subgroup of non-coding RNAs with gene regulatory functions, are differentially expressed in PCA respect to the normal tissue counterpart, suggesting their involvement in prostate carcinogenesis and dissemination. Interestingly, it has been shown that miRNAs undergo the same regulatory mechanisms than any other protein coding gene, including epigenetic regulation. In turn, miRNAs can also affect the expression of oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes by targeting effectors of the epigenetic machinery, therefore indirectly affecting the epigenetic controls on these genes. Among the genes that undergo this complex regulation, there is the androgen receptor (AR), a key therapeutic target for PCA. This review will focus on the role of epigenetically regulated and epigenetically regulating miRNAs in PCA and on the fine regulation of AR expression, as mediated by this miRNA–epigenetics interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Paone
- Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center Columbus, OH, USA
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211
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Exarchos KP, Goletsis Y, Fotiadis DI. Multiparametric decision support system for the prediction of oral cancer reoccurrence. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 16:1127-34. [PMID: 21859630 DOI: 10.1109/titb.2011.2165076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) constitutes the predominant neoplasm of the head and neck region, featuring particularly aggressive nature, associated with quite unfavorable prognosis. In this work we formulate a Decision Support System (DSS) which integrates a multitude of heterogeneous data (clinical, imaging and genomic), thus, framing all manifestations of the disease. Our primary aim is to identify the factors that dictate OSCC progression and subsequently predict potential relapses (local or metastatic) of the disease. The discrimination potential of each source of data is initially explored separately, and afterwards the individual predictions are combined to yield a consensus decision achieving complete discrimination between patients with and without a disease relapse.
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212
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Androgen receptor and its splice variants in prostate cancer. Cell Mol Life Sci 2011; 68:3971-81. [PMID: 21748469 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-011-0766-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2011] [Revised: 06/23/2011] [Accepted: 06/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Androgen receptor (AR) is a transcription factor that becomes active upon binding to androgens via its ligand-binding domain (LBD) or in response to signaling cascades initiated by growth factors and cytokines. The activity of AR requires regions within the N-terminal domain (NTD) in a manner that is distinct from the activation of related steroid hormone receptors. Unequivocal evidence has been amassed to consider that the AR axis is the most critical pathway for the progression of prostate cancer. Qualitatively distinct insights into AR pathobiology have been garnered including that AR-regulated gene expression is stage-specifically modulated during disease progression and that the ligand requirement for AR activity could be rendered dispensable because of the expression of constitutively active AR splice variants that are devoid of LBD. The recent appreciation of the clinical challenge that stems from non-gonadal androgens that are not inhibited by traditional hormonal therapies has been tangibly translated into the development of more potent drugs that can potentially lead towards achieving an androgen-free environment. The pre-clinical evidence that proves that AR NTD is a druggable target also forecasts a further paradigm shift in the management of advanced prostate cancer. These advancements together with the identification of more robust AR antagonists and their promising clinical outcome have renewed the hope that targeting the AR pathway remains a sound strategy in the clinical management of prostate cancer. Here, we address these developments with a greater emphasis on the rapidly growing literature on AR splice variants.
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213
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Dhar S, Hicks C, Levenson AS. Resveratrol and prostate cancer: Promising role for microRNAs. Mol Nutr Food Res 2011; 55:1219-29. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201100141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2011] [Revised: 05/09/2011] [Accepted: 05/15/2011] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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214
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Abstract
Prostate cancer is a commonly diagnosed cancer in men and a leading cause of cancer deaths. Whilst the underlying mechanisms leading to prostate cancer are still to be determined, it is evident that both genetic and epigenetic changes contribute to the development and progression of this disease. Epigenetic changes involving DNA hypo- and hypermethylation, altered histone modifications and more recently changes in microRNA expression have been detected at a range of genes associated with prostate cancer. Furthermore, there is evidence that particular epigenetic changes are associated with different stages of the disease. Whilst early detection can lead to effective treatment, and androgen deprivation therapy has a high response rate, many tumours develop towards hormone-refractory prostate cancer, for which there is no successful treatment. Reliable markers for early detection and more effective treatment strategies are, therefore, needed. Consequently, there is a considerable interest in the potential of epigenetic changes as markers or targets for therapy in prostate cancer. Epigenetic modifiers that demethylate DNA and inhibit histone deacetylases have recently been explored to reactivate silenced gene expression in cancer. However, further understanding of the mechanisms and the effects of chromatin modulation in prostate cancer are required. In this review, we examine the current literature on epigenetic changes associated with prostate cancer and discuss the potential use of epigenetic modifiers for treatment of this disease.
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215
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Matuszak EA, Kyprianou N. Androgen regulation of epithelial-mesenchymal transition in prostate tumorigenesis. Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab 2011; 6:469-482. [PMID: 23667383 PMCID: PMC3648215 DOI: 10.1586/eem.11.32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer patient mortality is ascribed to the spread of cancerous cells to areas outside the prostate gland and the inability of current treatment strategies to effectively block progression to metastasis. Understanding the cellular mechanisms contributing to the dissemination of malignant cells and metastasis is critically significant to the generation of effective therapeutic modalities for improved patient survival while combating therapeutic resistance. In recent years, the phenomenon of epithelial-mesenchymal transitions (EMTs) has received considerable attention due to accumulating evidence indicating a role for this developmentally conserved process in tumorigenesis. Cancer cells at the invasive edges of tumors undergo EMT under the influence of contextual signals that they receive from the microenvironment, such as TGF-β. Also derived from developmental studies is the fact that EMT induction is reversible; thus, upon removal of EMT-inducing signals, cells occasionally revert to the epithelial state of their cellular ancestors via the process of mesenchymal-epithelial transition. This article discusses the current evidence supporting a central role for EMT and its reverse process, mesenchymal-epithelial transition, in the metastatic progression of prostate cancer to advanced disease and the involvement of androgen signaling in its regulation towards the development of castration-resistant prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily A Matuszak
- Department of Toxicology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
- Department of Surgery/Urology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, KY, USA
| | - Natasha Kyprianou
- Department of Toxicology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
- Department of Surgery/Urology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, KY, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA
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216
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Bagchi G, Zhang Y, Stanley KA, Waxman DJ. Complex modulation of androgen responsive gene expression by methoxyacetic acid. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2011; 9:42. [PMID: 21453523 PMCID: PMC3083340 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7827-9-42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2011] [Accepted: 03/31/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Optimal androgen signaling is critical for testicular development and spermatogenesis. Methoxyacetic acid (MAA), the primary active metabolite of the industrial chemical ethylene glycol monomethyl ether, disrupts spermatogenesis and causes testicular atrophy. Transcriptional trans-activation studies have indicated that MAA can enhance androgen receptor activity, however, whether MAA actually impacts the expression of androgen-responsive genes in vivo, and which genes might be affected is not known. METHODS A mouse TM3 Leydig cell line that stably expresses androgen receptor (TM3-AR) was prepared and analyzed by transcriptional profiling to identify target gene interactions between MAA and testosterone on a global scale. RESULTS MAA is shown to have widespread effects on androgen-responsive genes, affecting processes ranging from apoptosis to ion transport, cell adhesion, phosphorylation and transcription, with MAA able to enhance, as well as antagonize, androgenic responses. Moreover, testosterone is shown to exert both positive and negative effects on MAA gene responses. Motif analysis indicated that binding sites for FOX, HOX, LEF/TCF, STAT5 and MEF2 family transcription factors are among the most highly enriched in genes regulated by testosterone and MAA. Notably, 65 FOXO targets were repressed by testosterone or showed repression enhanced by MAA with testosterone; these include 16 genes associated with developmental processes, six of which are Hox genes. CONCLUSIONS These findings highlight the complex interactions between testosterone and MAA, and provide insight into the effects of MAA exposure on androgen-dependent processes in a Leydig cell model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gargi Bagchi
- Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Yijing Zhang
- Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Kerri A Stanley
- Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - David J Waxman
- Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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