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Mahé P, Tournoud M. Predicting bacterial resistance from whole-genome sequences using k-mers and stability selection. BMC Bioinformatics 2018; 19:383. [PMID: 30332990 PMCID: PMC6192184 DOI: 10.1186/s12859-018-2403-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Several studies demonstrated the feasibility of predicting bacterial antibiotic resistance phenotypes from whole-genome sequences, the prediction process usually amounting to detecting the presence of genes involved in antibiotic resistance mechanisms, or of specific mutations, previously identified from a training panel of strains, within these genes. We address the problem from the supervised statistical learning perspective, not relying on prior information about such resistance factors. We rely on a k-mer based genotyping scheme and a logistic regression model, thereby combining several k-mers into a probabilistic model. To identify a small yet predictive set of k-mers, we rely on the stability selection approach (Meinshausen et al., J R Stat Soc Ser B 72:417–73, 2010), that consists in penalizing logistic regression models with a Lasso penalty, coupled with extensive resampling procedures. Results Using public datasets, we applied the resulting classifiers to two bacterial species and achieved predictive performance equivalent to state of the art. The models are extremely sparse, involving 1 to 8 k-mers per antibiotic, hence are remarkably easy and fast to evaluate on new genomes (from raw reads to assemblies). Conclusion Our proof of concept therefore demonstrates that stability selection is a powerful approach to investigate bacterial genotype-phenotype relationships. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12859-018-2403-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Mahé
- bioMérieux, Chemin de l'Orme, Marcy l'Etoile, 69280, France.
| | - Maud Tournoud
- bioMérieux, Chemin de l'Orme, Marcy l'Etoile, 69280, France
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202
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Brynildsrud OB, Pepperell CS, Suffys P, Grandjean L, Monteserin J, Debech N, Bohlin J, Alfsnes K, Pettersson JOH, Kirkeleite I, Fandinho F, da Silva MA, Perdigao J, Portugal I, Viveiros M, Clark T, Caws M, Dunstan S, Thai PVK, Lopez B, Ritacco V, Kitchen A, Brown TS, van Soolingen D, O’Neill MB, Holt KE, Feil EJ, Mathema B, Balloux F, Eldholm V. Global expansion of Mycobacterium tuberculosis lineage 4 shaped by colonial migration and local adaptation. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2018; 4:eaat5869. [PMID: 30345355 PMCID: PMC6192687 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aat5869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
On the basis of population genomic and phylogeographic analyses of 1669 Mycobacterium tuberculosis lineage 4 (L4) genomes, we find that dispersal of L4 has been completely dominated by historical migrations out of Europe. We demonstrate an intimate temporal relationship between European colonial expansion into Africa and the Americas and the spread of L4 tuberculosis (TB). Markedly, in the age of antibiotics, mutations conferring antimicrobial resistance overwhelmingly emerged locally (at the level of nations), with minimal cross-border transmission of resistance. The latter finding was found to reflect the relatively recent emergence of these mutations, as a similar degree of local restriction was observed for susceptible variants emerging on comparable time scales. The restricted international transmission of drug-resistant TB suggests that containment efforts at the level of individual countries could be successful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ola B. Brynildsrud
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Lovisenberggata 8, 0456 Oslo, Norway
| | - Caitlin S. Pepperell
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53726, USA
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53726, USA
| | - Philip Suffys
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology Applied to Mycobacteria, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Avenida Brasil 4365, C.P. 926, Manguinhos 21040-360, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Louis Grandjean
- Department of Paediatric Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, W2 1NY, London, UK
| | - Johana Monteserin
- Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Infecciosas, ANLIS Carlos Malbran, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Nadia Debech
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Lovisenberggata 8, 0456 Oslo, Norway
| | - Jon Bohlin
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Lovisenberggata 8, 0456 Oslo, Norway
| | - Kristian Alfsnes
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Lovisenberggata 8, 0456 Oslo, Norway
| | - John O.-H. Pettersson
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Lovisenberggata 8, 0456 Oslo, Norway
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Zoonosis Science Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Charles Perkins Centre, School of Life and Environmental Sciences and Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
- Public Health Agency of Sweden, Nobels vg 18, SE-171 82 Solna, Sweden
| | - Ingerid Kirkeleite
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Lovisenberggata 8, 0456 Oslo, Norway
| | - Fatima Fandinho
- Laboratorio de Bacteriologia da Tuberculose, Centro de Referłncia Professor Helio Fraga-Jacarepagu, Estrada de Curicica 2000, Brazil
| | - Marcia Aparecida da Silva
- Laboratorio de Bacteriologia da Tuberculose, Centro de Referłncia Professor Helio Fraga-Jacarepagu, Estrada de Curicica 2000, Brazil
| | - Joao Perdigao
- Instituto de Investigao do Medicamento, Faculdade de Farmcia, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Isabel Portugal
- Instituto de Investigao do Medicamento, Faculdade de Farmcia, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Miguel Viveiros
- Unidade de Microbiologia Medica, Global Health and Tropical Medicine, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Taane Clark
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
- Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Maxine Caws
- Liverpool School of Tropical medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool, UK
- Birat-Nepal Medical Trust, Lazimpat, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Sarah Dunstan
- Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Beatriz Lopez
- Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Infecciosas, ANLIS Carlos Malbran, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Viviana Ritacco
- Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Infecciosas, ANLIS Carlos Malbran, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Andrew Kitchen
- Department of Anthropology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Tyler S. Brown
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Dick van Soolingen
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Diagnostics and Perinatal Screening, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | - Mary B. O’Neill
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53726, USA
- Laboratory of Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Kathryn E. Holt
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Bio21 Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Edward J. Feil
- Milner Centre for Evolution, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Barun Mathema
- Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, 722 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Francois Balloux
- UCL Genetics Institute, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Vegard Eldholm
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Lovisenberggata 8, 0456 Oslo, Norway
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203
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Koch A, Cox H, Mizrahi V. Drug-resistant tuberculosis: challenges and opportunities for diagnosis and treatment. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2018; 42:7-15. [PMID: 29885623 PMCID: PMC6219890 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2018.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2018] [Revised: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
With an estimated incidence of 490000 cases in 2016, multidrug resistant tuberculosis (TB), against which key first-line anti-tuberculars are less efficacious, presents major challenges for global health. Poor treatment outcomes coupled with a yawning treatment gap between those in need of second-line therapy and those who receive it, underscore the urgent need for new approaches to tackle the scourge of drug-resistant TB. Against this background, significant progress has been made in understanding the complex biology of TB drug resistance and disease pathogenesis, and in establishing a pipeline for delivering new drugs and drug combinations. In this review, we highlight the challenges of drug-resistant TB and the ways in which new advances could be harnessed to improve treatment outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Koch
- SAMRC/NHLS/UCT Molecular Mycobacteriology Research Unit, DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical TB Research and Wellcome Centre for Clinical Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine and Division of Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Helen Cox
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine and Division of Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Valerie Mizrahi
- SAMRC/NHLS/UCT Molecular Mycobacteriology Research Unit, DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical TB Research and Wellcome Centre for Clinical Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine and Division of Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, South Africa.
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204
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Genetics and roadblocks of drug resistant tuberculosis. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2018; 72:113-130. [PMID: 30261266 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2018.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Considering the extensive evolutionary history of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, anti-Tuberculosis (TB) drug therapy exerts a recent selective pressure. However, in a microorganism devoid of horizontal gene transfer and with a strictly clonal populational structure such as M. tuberculosis the usual, but not sole, path to overcome drug susceptibility is through de novo mutations on a relatively strict set of genes. The possible allelic diversity that can be associated with drug resistance through several mechanisms such as target alteration or target overexpression, will dictate how these genes can become associated with drug resistance. The success demonstrated by this pathogenic microbe in this latter process and its ability to spread is currently one of the major obstacles to an effective TB elimination. This article reviews the action mechanism of the more important anti-TB drugs, including bedaquiline and delamanid, along with new findings on specific resistance mechanisms. With the development, validation and endorsement of new in vitro molecular tests for drug resistance, knowledge on these resistance mechanisms and microevolutionary dynamics leading to the emergence and fixation of drug resistance mutations within the host is highly important. Additionally, the fitness toll imposed by resistance development is also herein discussed together with known compensatory mechanisms. By elucidating the possible mechanisms that enable one strain to reacquire the original fitness levels, it will be theoretically possible to make more informed decisions and develop novel strategies that can force M. tuberculosis microevolutionary trajectory down through a path of decreasing fitness levels.
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205
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Validation of Novel Mycobacterium tuberculosis Isoniazid Resistance Mutations Not Detectable by Common Molecular Tests. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2018; 62:AAC.00974-18. [PMID: 30082293 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00974-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Resistance to the first-line antituberculosis (TB) drug isoniazid (INH) is widespread, and the mechanism of resistance is unknown in approximately 15% of INH-resistant (INH-R) strains. To improve molecular detection of INH-R TB, we used whole-genome sequencing (WGS) to analyze 52 phenotypically INH-R Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) clinical isolates that lacked the common katG S315T or inhA promoter mutations. Approximately 94% (49/52) of strains had mutations at known INH-associated loci that were likely to confer INH resistance. All such mutations would be detectable by sequencing more DNA adjacent to existing target regions. Use of WGS minimized the chances of missing infrequent INH resistance mutations outside commonly targeted hotspots. We used recombineering to generate 12 observed clinical katG mutations in the pansusceptible H37Rv reference strain and determined their impact on INH resistance. Our functional genetic experiments have confirmed the role of seven suspected INH resistance mutations and discovered five novel INH resistance mutations. All recombineered katG mutations conferred resistance to INH at a MIC of ≥0.25 μg/ml and should be added to the list of INH resistance determinants targeted by molecular diagnostic assays. We conclude that WGS is a useful tool for detecting uncommon INH resistance mutations that would otherwise be missed by current targeted molecular testing methods and suggest that its use (or use of expanded conventional or next-generation-based targeted sequencing) may provide earlier diagnosis of INH-R TB.
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206
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Characterization of Mutations Conferring Resistance to Rifampin in Mycobacterium tuberculosis Clinical Strains. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2018; 62:AAC.01093-18. [PMID: 30061294 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01093-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Resistance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis to rifampin (RMP), mediated by mutations in the rpoB gene coding for the beta-subunit of RNA polymerase, poses a serious threat to the efficacy of clinical management and, thus, control programs for tuberculosis (TB). The contribution of many individual rpoB mutations to the development and level of RMP resistance remains elusive. In this study, the incidence of mutations throughout the rpoB gene among 115 Mycobacterium tuberculosis clinical isolates, both resistant and susceptible to RMP, was determined. Of the newly discovered rpoB mutations, the role of three substitutions in the causation of RMP resistance was empirically tested. The results from in vitro mutagenesis experiments were combined with the assessment of the prevalence of rpoB mutations, and their reciprocal co-occurrences, across global M. tuberculosis populations. Twenty-two different types of mutations in the rpoB gene were identified and distributed among 58 (89.2%) RMP-resistant strains. The MICs of RMP were within the range of 40 to 800 mg/liter, with MIC50 and MIC90 values of 400 and 800 mg/liter, respectively. None of the mutations (Gln429His, Met434Ile, and Arg827Cys) inspected for their role in the development of RMP resistance produced an RMP-resistant phenotype in isogenic M. tuberculosis H37Rv strain-derived mutants. These mutations are supposed to compensate for fitness impairment incurred by other mutations directly associated with drug resistance.
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207
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Ates LS, Dippenaar A, Sayes F, Pawlik A, Bouchier C, Ma L, Warren RM, Sougakoff W, Majlessi L, van Heijst JWJ, Brossier F, Brosch R. Unexpected Genomic and Phenotypic Diversity of Mycobacterium africanum Lineage 5 Affects Drug Resistance, Protein Secretion, and Immunogenicity. Genome Biol Evol 2018; 10:1858-1874. [PMID: 30010947 PMCID: PMC6071665 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evy145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium africanum consists of Lineages L5 and L6 of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) and causes human tuberculosis in specific regions of Western Africa, but is generally not transmitted in other parts of the world. Since M. africanum is evolutionarily closely placed between the globally dispersed Mycobacterium tuberculosis and animal-adapted MTBC-members, these lineages provide valuable insight into M. tuberculosis evolution. Here, we have collected 15 M. africanum L5 strains isolated in France over 4 decades. Illumina sequencing and phylogenomic analysis revealed a previously underappreciated diversity within L5, which consists of distinct sublineages. L5 strains caused relatively high levels of extrapulmonary tuberculosis and included multi- and extensively drug-resistant isolates, especially in the newly defined sublineage L5.2. The specific L5 sublineages also exhibit distinct phenotypic characteristics related to in vitro growth, protein secretion and in vivo immunogenicity. In particular, we identified a PE_PGRS and PPE-MPTR secretion defect specific for sublineage L5.2, which was independent of PPE38. Furthermore, L5 isolates were able to efficiently secrete and induce immune responses against ESX-1 substrates contrary to previous predictions. These phenotypes of Type VII protein secretion and immunogenicity provide valuable information to better link genome sequences to phenotypic traits and thereby understand the evolution of the MTBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis S Ates
- Department of Genomes and Genetics, Institut Pasteur, Unit for Integrated Mycobacterial Pathogenomics, CNRS UMR3525, Paris, France
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anzaan Dippenaar
- DST-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research; South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research; Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Fadel Sayes
- Department of Genomes and Genetics, Institut Pasteur, Unit for Integrated Mycobacterial Pathogenomics, CNRS UMR3525, Paris, France
| | - Alexandre Pawlik
- Department of Genomes and Genetics, Institut Pasteur, Unit for Integrated Mycobacterial Pathogenomics, CNRS UMR3525, Paris, France
| | - Christiane Bouchier
- Department of Genomes and Genetics, Institut Pasteur, Genomics Platform, Paris, France
| | - Laurence Ma
- Department of Genomes and Genetics, Institut Pasteur, Genomics Platform, Paris, France
| | - Robin M Warren
- DST-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research; South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research; Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Wladimir Sougakoff
- Sorbonne Universités, INSERM, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses, CIMI-Paris, Team 13 (Bacteriology), Paris, France
- Laboratoire de Bactériologie-Hygiène, Centre National de Référence des Mycobactéries (NRC MyRMA), Hôpitaux Universitaires Pitié-Salpêtrière – Charles Foix, Paris, France
| | - Laleh Majlessi
- Department of Genomes and Genetics, Institut Pasteur, Unit for Integrated Mycobacterial Pathogenomics, CNRS UMR3525, Paris, France
| | - Jeroen W J van Heijst
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Florence Brossier
- Department of Genomes and Genetics, Institut Pasteur, Unit for Integrated Mycobacterial Pathogenomics, CNRS UMR3525, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Universités, INSERM, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses, CIMI-Paris, Team 13 (Bacteriology), Paris, France
- Laboratoire de Bactériologie-Hygiène, Centre National de Référence des Mycobactéries (NRC MyRMA), Hôpitaux Universitaires Pitié-Salpêtrière – Charles Foix, Paris, France
| | - Roland Brosch
- Department of Genomes and Genetics, Institut Pasteur, Unit for Integrated Mycobacterial Pathogenomics, CNRS UMR3525, Paris, France
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208
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Comparison of DNA extraction methods for drug susceptibility testing by allele-specific primer extension on a microsphere-based platform: Chelex-100 (in-house and commercialized) and MagPurix TB DNA Extraction Kit. J Microbiol Methods 2018; 152:105-108. [PMID: 30075237 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2018.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB), caused by infections of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) complex, is the ninth leading cause of death worldwide, and several molecular approaches for MTB species identification and the detection of mutations associated with drug resistance have been developed to date. We previously developed a diagnostic assay for drug susceptibility testing that can detect mutations conferring resistance to anti-TB drugs using allele-specific primer extension on a microsphere-based platform for multiplex polymerase chain reaction. The aim of the present study was to optimize this diagnostic assay based on the evaluation of three methods for extracting mycobacterial DNA from clinical samples. Mycobacterial DNA of 81 samples was digested and decontaminated by N-acetyl-l-cysteine-2% NaOH and then extracted using three methods: "in-house" 5% Chelex-100 chelating resin, InstaGene Matrix, and MagPurix TB DNA Extraction Kit. The former two methods are manual extraction methods, whereas the MagPurix TB DNA Extraction Kit is an automated extraction method used with the MagPurix 12 s automated nucleic acid purification system. The extracted DNA was then subjected to our diagnostic assay, and the results were compared among methods. The magnetic bead method exhibited a higher extraction efficiency and resulted in greater diagnostic efficacy than the two resin-based methods with respect to both target gene detection and acid-fast bacilli smear grades. Therefore, the MagPurix TB DNA Extraction Kit is the optimal MTB DNA extraction method for our diagnostic assay of TB drug susceptibility testing.
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209
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Ruesen C, Riza AL, Florescu A, Chaidir L, Editoiu C, Aalders N, Nicolosu D, Grecu V, Ioana M, van Crevel R, van Ingen J. Linking minimum inhibitory concentrations to whole genome sequence-predicted drug resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains from Romania. Sci Rep 2018; 8:9676. [PMID: 29946139 PMCID: PMC6018741 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-27962-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis drug resistance poses a major threat to tuberculosis control. Current phenotypic tests for drug susceptibility are time-consuming, technically complex, and expensive. Whole genome sequencing is a promising alternative, though the impact of different drug resistance mutations on the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) remains to be investigated. We examined the genomes of 72 phenotypically drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates from 72 Romanian patients for drug resistance mutations. MICs for first- and second-line drugs were determined using the MycoTB microdilution method. These MICs were compared to macrodilution critical concentration testing by the Mycobacterium Growth Indicator Tube (MGIT) platform and correlated to drug resistance mutations. Sixty-three (87.5%) isolates harboured drug resistance mutations; 48 (66.7%) were genotypically multidrug-resistant. Different drug resistance mutations were associated with different MIC ranges; katG S315T for isoniazid, and rpoB S450L for rifampicin were associated with high MICs. However, several mutations such as in rpoB, rrs and rpsL, or embB were associated with MIC ranges including the critical concentration for rifampicin, aminoglycosides or ethambutol, respectively. Different resistance mutations lead to distinct MICs, some of which may still be overcome by increased dosing. Whole genome sequencing can aid in the timely diagnosis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis drug resistance and guide clinical decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolien Ruesen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Anca Lelia Riza
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Human Genomics Laboratory, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Craiova, Romania
| | - Adriana Florescu
- "Victor Babes" Infectious Diseases and Pneumophtisiology Hospital Craiova, Dolj County, Romania
| | - Lidya Chaidir
- Health Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Padjadjaran University/Hasan Sadikin Hospital, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Cornelia Editoiu
- "Victor Babes" Infectious Diseases and Pneumophtisiology Hospital Craiova, Dolj County, Romania
| | - Nicole Aalders
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Dragos Nicolosu
- "Victor Babes" Infectious Diseases and Pneumophtisiology Hospital Craiova, Dolj County, Romania
| | - Victor Grecu
- "Victor Babes" Infectious Diseases and Pneumophtisiology Hospital Craiova, Dolj County, Romania
| | - Mihai Ioana
- Human Genomics Laboratory, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Craiova, Romania
| | - Reinout van Crevel
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jakko van Ingen
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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210
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A rapid culture system uninfluenced by an inoculum effect increases reliability and convenience for drug susceptibility testing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Sci Rep 2018; 8:8651. [PMID: 29872060 PMCID: PMC5988837 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-26419-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The Disc Agarose Channel (DAC) system utilizes microfluidics and imaging technologies and is fully automated and capable of tracking single cell growth to produce Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) drug susceptibility testing (DST) results within 3~7 days. In particular, this system can be easily used to perform DSTs without the fastidious preparation of the inoculum of MTB cells. Inoculum effect is one of the major problems that causes DST errors. The DAC system was not influenced by the inoculum effect and produced reliable DST results. In this system, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of the first-line drugs were consistent regardless of inoculum sizes ranging from ~103 to ~108 CFU/mL. The consistent MIC results enabled us to determine the critical concentrations for 12 anti-tuberculosis drugs. Based on the determined critical concentrations, further DSTs were performed with 254 MTB clinical isolates without measuring an inoculum size. There were high agreement rates (96.3%) between the DAC system and the absolute concentration method using Löwenstein-Jensen medium. According to these results, the DAC system is the first DST system that is not affected by the inoculum effect. It can thus increase reliability and convenience for DST of MTB. We expect that this system will be a potential substitute for conventional DST systems.
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211
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Hill-Cawthorne GA. Population monitoring for drug-resistant tuberculosis: is genomics the answer? THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2018; 18:592-594. [PMID: 29574064 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(18)30161-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Grant A Hill-Cawthorne
- School of Public Health and Marie Bashir Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006 Australia.
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212
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Eddabra R, Ait Benhassou H. Rapid molecular assays for detection of tuberculosis. Pneumonia (Nathan) 2018; 10:4. [PMID: 29876241 PMCID: PMC5968606 DOI: 10.1186/s41479-018-0049-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease that remains an important public health problem at the global level. It is one of the main causes of morbidity and mortality, due to the emergence of antibiotic resistant Mycobacterium strains and HIV co-infection. Over the past decade, important progress has been made for better control of the disease. While microscopy and culture continue to be indispensible for laboratory diagnosis of tuberculosis, the range of several molecular diagnostic tests, including the nucleic acid amplification test (NAAT) and whole-genome sequencing (WGS), have expanded tremendously. They are becoming more accessible not only for detection and identification of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex in clinical specimens, but now extend to diagnosing multi-drug resistant strains. Molecular diagnostic tests provide timely results useful for high-quality patient care, low contamination risk, and ease of performance and speed. This review focuses on the current diagnostic tests in use, including emerging technologies used for detection of tuberculosis in clinical specimens. The sensitivity and specificity of these tests have also been taken into consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rkia Eddabra
- Higher Institute of Nursing Professions and Health Techniques, Avenue Colonnel Major Habbouha Oueld Laâbid. Madinat Al Wahda I, Laayoune, Morocco
| | - Hassan Ait Benhassou
- Medical Biotechnology Center, Moroccan Foundation for Advanced Science, Innovation and Research (MAScIR), Rabat Design Center, Avenue Mohamed El Jazouli - Madinat Al Irfane, 10100 Rabat, Morocco
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213
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McNerney R, Zignol M, Clark TG. Use of whole genome sequencing in surveillance of drug resistant tuberculosis. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2018; 16:433-442. [PMID: 29718745 DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2018.1472577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The threat of resistance to anti-tuberculosis drugs is of global concern. Current efforts to monitor resistance rely on phenotypic testing where cultured bacteria are exposed to critical concentrations of the drugs. Capacity for such testing is low in TB endemic countries. Drug resistance is caused by mutations in the Mycobacterium tuberculosis genome and whole genome sequencing to detect these mutations offers an alternative means of assessing resistance. Areas covered: The challenges of assessing TB drug resistance are discussed. Progress in elucidating the M. tuberculosis resistome and evidence of the accuracy of next generation sequencing for detecting resistance is reviewed. Expert Commentary: There are considerable advantages to using next generation sequencing for TB drug resistance surveillance. Accuracy is high for detecting resistance to the major first-line drugs but is currently lower for the second-line drugs due to our incomplete knowledge regarding resistance causing mutations. With the advances in sequencing technology and the opportunity to replace phenotypic drug susceptibility testing with safer and more cost effective methods it would appear that the question is when to implement. Current bottlenecks are sample extraction to allow whole genome sequencing directly from sputum and the lack of bioinformatics expertise in some TB endemic countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth McNerney
- a Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine , University of Cape Town , Cape Town , South Africa
| | - Matteo Zignol
- b Global Tuberculosis Programme , World Health Organization , Geneva , Switzerland
| | - Taane G Clark
- c Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases and Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health , London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine , London , United Kingdom
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214
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Dookie N, Rambaran S, Padayatchi N, Mahomed S, Naidoo K. Evolution of drug resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis: a review on the molecular determinants of resistance and implications for personalized care. J Antimicrob Chemother 2018; 73:1138-1151. [PMID: 29360989 PMCID: PMC5909630 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkx506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug-resistant TB (DR-TB) remains a significant challenge in TB treatment and control programmes worldwide. Advances in sequencing technology have significantly increased our understanding of the mechanisms of resistance to anti-TB drugs. This review provides an update on advances in our understanding of drug resistance mechanisms to new, existing drugs and repurposed agents. Recent advances in WGS technology hold promise as a tool for rapid diagnosis and clinical management of TB. Although the standard approach to WGS of Mycobacterium tuberculosis is slow due to the requirement for organism culture, recent attempts to sequence directly from clinical specimens have improved the potential to diagnose and detect resistance within days. The introduction of new databases may be helpful, such as the Relational Sequencing TB Data Platform, which contains a collection of whole-genome sequences highlighting key drug resistance mutations and clinical outcomes. Taken together, these advances will help devise better molecular diagnostics for more effective DR-TB management enabling personalized treatment, and will facilitate the development of new drugs aimed at improving outcomes of patients with this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navisha Dookie
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Santhuri Rambaran
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Nesri Padayatchi
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC) - CAPRISA HIV-TB Pathogenesis and Treatment Research Unit, Durban, South Africa
| | - Sharana Mahomed
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Kogieleum Naidoo
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC) - CAPRISA HIV-TB Pathogenesis and Treatment Research Unit, Durban, South Africa
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215
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Accuracy of whole genome sequencing versus phenotypic (MGIT) and commercial molecular tests for detection of drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolated from patients in Brazil and Mozambique. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2018; 110:59-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2018.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Revised: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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216
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Evaluation of whole genome sequencing and software tools for drug susceptibility testing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Clin Microbiol Infect 2018; 25:82-86. [PMID: 29653190 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2018.03.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Culture-based assays are currently the reference standard for drug susceptibility testing for Mycobacterium tuberculosis. They provide good sensitivity and specificity but are time consuming. The objective of this study was to evaluate whether whole genome sequencing (WGS), combined with software tools for data analysis, can replace routine culture-based assays for drug susceptibility testing of M. tuberculosis. METHODS M. tuberculosis cultures sent to the Finnish mycobacterial reference laboratory in 2014 (n = 211) were phenotypically tested by Mycobacteria Growth Indicator Tube (MGIT) for first-line drug susceptibilities. WGS was performed for all isolates using the Illumina MiSeq system, and data were analysed using five software tools (PhyResSE, Mykrobe Predictor, TB Profiler, TGS-TB and KvarQ). Diagnostic time and reagent costs were estimated for both methods. RESULTS The sensitivity of the five software tools to predict any resistance among strains was almost identical, ranging from 74% to 80%, and specificity was more than 95% for all software tools except for TGS-TB. The sensitivity and specificity to predict resistance to individual drugs varied considerably among the software tools. Reagent costs for MGIT and WGS were €26 and €143 per isolate respectively. Turnaround time for MGIT was 19 days (range 10-50 days) for first-line drugs, and turnaround time for WGS was estimated to be 5 days (range 3-7 days). CONCLUSIONS WGS could be used as a prescreening assay for drug susceptibility testing with confirmation of resistant strains by MGIT. The functionality and ease of use of the software tools need to be improved.
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217
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Macedo R, Nunes A, Portugal I, Duarte S, Vieira L, Gomes JP. Dissecting whole-genome sequencing-based online tools for predicting resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis: can we use them for clinical decision guidance? Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2018; 110:44-51. [PMID: 29779772 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2018.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Whole-genome sequencing (WGS)-based bioinformatics platforms for the rapid prediction of resistance will soon be implemented in the Tuberculosis (TB) laboratory, but their accuracy assessment still needs to be strengthened. Here, we fully-sequenced a total of 54 multidrug-resistant (MDR) and five susceptible TB strains and performed, for the first time, a simultaneous evaluation of the major four free online platforms (TB Profiler, PhyResSE, Mykrobe Predictor and TGS-TB). Overall, the sensitivity of resistance prediction ranged from 84.3% using Mykrobe predictor to 95.2% using TB profiler, while specificity was higher and homogeneous among platforms. TB profiler revealed the best performance robustness (sensitivity, specificity, PPV and NPV above 95%), followed by TGS-TB (all parameters above 90%). We also observed a few discrepancies between phenotype and genotype, where, in some cases, it was possible to pin-point some "candidate" mutations (e.g., in the rpsL promoter region) highlighting the need for their confirmation through mutagenesis assays and potential review of the anti-TB genetic databases. The rampant development of the bioinformatics algorithms and the tremendously reduced time-frame until the clinician may decide for a definitive and most effective treatment will certainly trigger the technological transition where WGS-based bioinformatics platforms could replace phenotypic drug susceptibility testing for TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Macedo
- National Reference Laboratory for Mycobacteria, Department of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health, Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - Alexandra Nunes
- Bioinformatics Unit, Department of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health, Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - Isabel Portugal
- iMed.ULisboa-Research Institute for Medicines, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - Sílvia Duarte
- Innovation and Technology Unit, National Institute of Health, Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - Luís Vieira
- Innovation and Technology Unit, National Institute of Health, Lisbon, Portugal; Centre for Toxicogenomics and Human Health (ToxOmics), Genetics, Oncology and Human Toxicology, Nova Medical School, New University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - João Paulo Gomes
- Bioinformatics Unit, Department of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health, Lisbon, Portugal.
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218
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Baddam R, Kumar N, Wieler LH, Lankapalli AK, Ahmed N, Peacock SJ, Semmler T. Analysis of mutations in pncA reveals non-overlapping patterns among various lineages of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Sci Rep 2018; 8:4628. [PMID: 29545614 PMCID: PMC5854631 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-22883-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pyrazinamide (PZA) is an important first-line anti-tuberculosis drug, resistance to which occurs primarily due to mutations in pncA (Rv2043c) that encodes the pyrazinamidase enzyme responsible for conversion of pro-drug PZA into its active form. Previous studies have reported numerous resistance-conferring mutations distributed across the entire length of pncA without any hotspot regions. As different lineages of Mycobacterium tuberculosis display a strong geographic association, we sought to understand whether the genetic background influenced the distribution of mutations in pncA. We analyzed the whole genome sequence data of 1,480 clinical isolates representing four major M. tuberculosis lineages to identify the distribution of mutations in the complete operon (Rv2044c-pncA-Rv2042c) and its upstream promoter region. We observed a non-overlapping pattern of mutations among various lineages and identified a lineage 3-specific frame-shift deletion in gene Rv2044c upstream of pncA that disrupted the stop codon and led to its fusion with pncA. This resulted in the addition of a novel domain of unknown function (DUF2784) to the pyrazinamidase enzyme. The variant molecule was computationally modelled and physico-chemical parameters determined to ascertain stability. Although the functional impact of this mutation remains unknown, its lineage specific nature highlights the importance of genetic background and warrants further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramani Baddam
- Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, 13353, Germany
- Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Narender Kumar
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
| | | | - Aditya Kumar Lankapalli
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Pathogen Biology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, 500084, India
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany
| | - Niyaz Ahmed
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Pathogen Biology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, 500084, India
- Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh, Dhaka, 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Sharon J Peacock
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom
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219
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Molecular epidemiology of tuberculosis in Tasmania and genomic characterisation of its first known multi-drug resistant case. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0192351. [PMID: 29466411 PMCID: PMC5821347 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0192351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The origin and spread of tuberculosis (TB) in Tasmania and the types of strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) present in the population are largely unknown. Objective The aim of this study was to perform the first genomic analysis of MTBC isolates from Tasmania to better understand the epidemiology of TB in the state. Methods Whole-genome sequencing was performed on cultured isolates of MTBC collected from 2014–2016. Single-locus variant analysis was applied to determine the phylogeny of the isolates and the presence of drug-resistance mutations. The genomic data were then cross-referenced against public health surveillance records on each of the cases. Results We determined that 83.3% of TB cases in Tasmania from 2014–2016 occurred in non-Australian born individuals. Two possible TB clusters were identified based on single locus variant analysis, one from November-December 2014 (n = 2), with the second from May-August 2015 (n = 4). We report here the first known isolate of multi-drug resistant (MDR) M. tuberculosis in Tasmania from 2016 for which we established its drug resistance mutations and potential overseas origin. In addition, we characterised a case of M. bovis TB in a Tasmanian-born person who presented in 2014, approximately 40 years after the last confirmed case in the state’s bovids. Conclusions TB in Tasmania is predominantly of overseas origin with genotypically-unique drug-susceptible isolates of M. tuberculosis. However, the state also exhibits features of TB that are observed in other jurisdictions, namely, the clustering of cases, and drug resistance. Early detection of TB and contact tracing, particularly of overseas-born cases, coordinated with rapid laboratory drug-susceptibility testing and molecular typing, will be essential for Tasmania to reach the World Health Organisation’s TB eradication goals for low-incidence settings.
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220
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Manson AL, Abeel T, Galagan JE, Sundaramurthi JC, Salazar A, Gehrmann T, Shanmugam SK, Palaniyandi K, Narayanan S, Swaminathan S, Earl AM. Mycobacterium tuberculosis Whole Genome Sequences From Southern India Suggest Novel Resistance Mechanisms and the Need for Region-Specific Diagnostics. Clin Infect Dis 2018; 64:1494-1501. [PMID: 28498943 PMCID: PMC5434337 DOI: 10.1093/cid/cix169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. India is home to 25% of all tuberculosis cases and the second highest number of multidrug resistant cases worldwide. However, little is known about the genetic diversity and resistance determinants of Indian Mycobacterium tuberculosis, particularly for the primary lineages found in India, lineages 1 and 3. Methods. We whole genome sequenced 223 randomly selected M. tuberculosis strains from 196 patients within the Tiruvallur and Madurai districts of Tamil Nadu in Southern India. Using comparative genomics, we examined genetic diversity, transmission patterns, and evolution of resistance. Results. Genomic analyses revealed (11) prevalence of strains from lineages 1 and 3, (11) recent transmission of strains among patients from the same treatment centers, (11) emergence of drug resistance within patients over time, (11) resistance gained in an order typical of strains from different lineages and geographies, (11) underperformance of known resistance-conferring mutations to explain phenotypic resistance in Indian strains relative to studies focused on other geographies, and (11) the possibility that resistance arose through mutations not previously implicated in resistance, or through infections with multiple strains that confound genotype-based prediction of resistance. Conclusions. In addition to substantially expanding the genomic perspectives of lineages 1 and 3, sequencing and analysis of M. tuberculosis whole genomes from Southern India highlight challenges of infection control and rapid diagnosis of resistant tuberculosis using current technologies. Further studies are needed to fully explore the complement of diversity and resistance determinants within endemic M. tuberculosis populations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thomas Abeel
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts.,Delft Bioinformatics Lab, Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands
| | - James E Galagan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, and.,National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Boston University, Massachusetts
| | | | - Alex Salazar
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts.,Delft Bioinformatics Lab, Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands
| | - Thies Gehrmann
- Delft Bioinformatics Lab, Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | - Ashlee M Earl
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
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221
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Large-scale genomic analysis shows association between homoplastic genetic variation in Mycobacterium tuberculosis genes and meningeal or pulmonary tuberculosis. BMC Genomics 2018; 19:122. [PMID: 29402222 PMCID: PMC5800017 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-018-4498-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Meningitis is the most severe manifestation of tuberculosis. It is largely unknown why some people develop pulmonary TB (PTB) and others TB meningitis (TBM); we examined if the genetic background of infecting M. tuberculosis strains may be relevant. Methods We whole-genome sequenced M. tuberculosis strains isolated from 322 HIV-negative tuberculosis patients from Indonesia and compared isolates from patients with TBM (n = 106) and PTB (n = 216). Using a phylogeny-adjusted genome-wide association method to count homoplasy events we examined phenotype-related changes at specific loci or genes in parallel branches of the phylogenetic tree. Enrichment scores for the TB phenotype were calculated on single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), gene, and pathway level. Genetic associations were validated in an independent set of isolates. Results Strains belonged to the East-Asian lineage (36.0%), Euro-American lineage (61.5%), and Indo-Oceanic lineage (2.5%). We found no association between lineage and phenotype (Chi-square = 4.556; p = 0.207). Large genomic differences were observed between isolates; the minimum pairwise genetic distance varied from 17 to 689 SNPs. Using the phylogenetic tree, based on 28,544 common variable positions, we selected 54 TBM and 54 PTB isolates in terminal branch sets with distinct phenotypes. Genetic variation in Rv0218, and absence of Rv3343c, and nanK were significantly associated with disease phenotype in these terminal branch sets, and confirmed in the validation set of 214 unpaired isolates. Conclusions Using homoplasy counting we identified genetic variation in three separate genes to be associated with the TB phenotype, including one (Rv0218) which encodes a secreted protein that could play a role in host-pathogen interaction by altering pathogen recognition or acting as virulence effector. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-018-4498-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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222
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Coll F, Phelan J, Hill-Cawthorne GA, Nair MB, Mallard K, Ali S, Abdallah AM, Alghamdi S, Alsomali M, Ahmed AO, Portelli S, Oppong Y, Alves A, Bessa TB, Campino S, Caws M, Chatterjee A, Crampin AC, Dheda K, Furnham N, Glynn JR, Grandjean L, Minh Ha D, Hasan R, Hasan Z, Hibberd ML, Joloba M, Jones-López EC, Matsumoto T, Miranda A, Moore DJ, Mocillo N, Panaiotov S, Parkhill J, Penha C, Perdigão J, Portugal I, Rchiad Z, Robledo J, Sheen P, Shesha NT, Sirgel FA, Sola C, Oliveira Sousa E, Streicher EM, Helden PV, Viveiros M, Warren RM, McNerney R, Pain A, Clark TG. Genome-wide analysis of multi- and extensively drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Nat Genet 2018; 50:307-316. [PMID: 29358649 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-017-0029-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
To characterize the genetic determinants of resistance to antituberculosis drugs, we performed a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of 6,465 Mycobacterium tuberculosis clinical isolates from more than 30 countries. A GWAS approach within a mixed-regression framework was followed by a phylogenetics-based test for independent mutations. In addition to mutations in established and recently described resistance-associated genes, novel mutations were discovered for resistance to cycloserine, ethionamide and para-aminosalicylic acid. The capacity to detect mutations associated with resistance to ethionamide, pyrazinamide, capreomycin, cycloserine and para-aminosalicylic acid was enhanced by inclusion of insertions and deletions. Odds ratios for mutations within candidate genes were found to reflect levels of resistance. New epistatic relationships between candidate drug-resistance-associated genes were identified. Findings also suggest the involvement of efflux pumps (drrA and Rv2688c) in the emergence of resistance. This study will inform the design of new diagnostic tests and expedite the investigation of resistance and compensatory epistatic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesc Coll
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Jody Phelan
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Grant A Hill-Cawthorne
- Pathogen Genomics Laboratory, BESE Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
- Sydney Emerging Infections and Biosecurity Institute and School of Public Health, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Mridul B Nair
- Pathogen Genomics Laboratory, BESE Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kim Mallard
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Shahjahan Ali
- Pathogen Genomics Laboratory, BESE Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdallah M Abdallah
- Pathogen Genomics Laboratory, BESE Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saad Alghamdi
- Laboratory Medicine Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mona Alsomali
- Pathogen Genomics Laboratory, BESE Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdallah O Ahmed
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Stephanie Portelli
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Yaa Oppong
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Adriana Alves
- National Mycobacterium Reference Laboratory, Porto, Portugal
| | | | - Susana Campino
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Maxine Caws
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
- Pham Ngoc Thach Hospital for TB and Lung Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | | | - Amelia C Crampin
- Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Karonga Prevention Study, Chilumba, Karonga, Malawi
| | - Keertan Dheda
- Lung Infection and Immunity Unit, UCT Lung Institute, University of Cape Town, Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Nicholas Furnham
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Judith R Glynn
- Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Karonga Prevention Study, Chilumba, Karonga, Malawi
| | - Louis Grandjean
- Laboratorio de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Dang Minh Ha
- Pham Ngoc Thach Hospital for TB and Lung Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Rumina Hasan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Zahra Hasan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Martin L Hibberd
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Moses Joloba
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Edward C Jones-López
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Boston Medical Center and Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Anabela Miranda
- National Mycobacterium Reference Laboratory, Porto, Portugal
| | - David J Moore
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Laboratorio de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Nora Mocillo
- Reference Laboratory of Tuberculosis Control, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Stefan Panaiotov
- National Center of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | | | - Carlos Penha
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - João Perdigão
- iMed.ULisboa-Research Institute for Medicines, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Isabel Portugal
- iMed.ULisboa-Research Institute for Medicines, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Zineb Rchiad
- Pathogen Genomics Laboratory, BESE Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jaime Robledo
- Corporación para Investigaciones Biológicas, Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Patricia Sheen
- Lung Infection and Immunity Unit, UCT Lung Institute, University of Cape Town, Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | - Frik A Sirgel
- Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, SAMRC Centre for Tuberculosis Research, DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - Christophe Sola
- Institute for Integrative Cell Biology, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
| | - Erivelton Oliveira Sousa
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, Brazil
- Laboratorio Central de Saúde Pública Professor Gonçalo Moniz, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Elizabeth M Streicher
- Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, SAMRC Centre for Tuberculosis Research, DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - Paul Van Helden
- Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, SAMRC Centre for Tuberculosis Research, DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - Miguel Viveiros
- Unidade de Microbiologia Médica, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa (UNL), Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Robert M Warren
- Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, SAMRC Centre for Tuberculosis Research, DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - Ruth McNerney
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
- Lung Infection and Immunity Unit, UCT Lung Institute, University of Cape Town, Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Arnab Pain
- Pathogen Genomics Laboratory, BESE Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia.
- Global Station for Zoonosis Control, Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education (GI-CoRE), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.
| | - Taane G Clark
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
- Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
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223
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Nurwidya F, Handayani D, Burhan E, Yunus F. Molecular Diagnosis of Tuberculosis. Chonnam Med J 2018; 54:1-9. [PMID: 29399559 PMCID: PMC5794472 DOI: 10.4068/cmj.2018.54.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the leading causes of adult death in the Asia-Pacific Region, including Indonesia. As an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB), TB remains a major public health issue especially in developing nations due to the lack of adequate diagnostic testing facilities. Diagnosis of TB has entered an era of molecular detection that provides faster and more cost-effective methods to diagnose and confirm drug resistance in TB cases, meanwhile, diagnosis by conventional culture systems requires several weeks. New advances in the molecular detection of TB, including the faster and simpler nucleic acid amplification test (NAAT) and whole-genome sequencing (WGS), have resulted in a shorter time for diagnosis and, therefore, faster TB treatments. In this review, we explored the current findings on molecular diagnosis of TB and drug-resistant TB to see how this advancement could be integrated into public health systems in order to control TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fariz Nurwidya
- Department of Pulmonology and Respiratory Medicine, Universitas Indonesia Faculty of Medicine, Persahabatan Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Diah Handayani
- Department of Pulmonology and Respiratory Medicine, Universitas Indonesia Faculty of Medicine, Persahabatan Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Erlina Burhan
- Department of Pulmonology and Respiratory Medicine, Universitas Indonesia Faculty of Medicine, Persahabatan Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Faisal Yunus
- Department of Pulmonology and Respiratory Medicine, Universitas Indonesia Faculty of Medicine, Persahabatan Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
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224
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Jeanes C, O'Grady J. Diagnosing tuberculosis in the 21st century - Dawn of a genomics revolution? Int J Mycobacteriol 2018; 5:384-391. [PMID: 27931678 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmyco.2016.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) ranks alongside HIV as the leading cause of death worldwide, killing 1.5million people in 2014. Traditional laboratory techniques do not provide sufficiently rapid results to inform clinicians on appropriate treatment, especially in the face of increasingly prevalent drug-resistant TB. Rapid molecular methods such as PCR and LAMP are vital tools in the fight against TB, however, rapid advances in next generation sequencing (NGS) technology are allowing increasingly rapid and accurate sequencing of entire bacterial genomes at ever decreasing cost, providing unprecedented depth of information. These advances mean NGS stands to revolutionise the diagnosis and epidemiological study of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. This review focuses on current applications of NGS for TB diagnosis including sequencing cultured isolates to predict drug resistance and, more desirably, direct diagnostic metagenomic sequencing of clinical samples. Also discussed is the potential impact of NGS on the epidemiological study of TB and some of the key challenges that need to be overcome to enable this promising technology to be translated into routine use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Jeanes
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norfolk NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom.
| | - Justin O'Grady
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norfolk NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom.
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225
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Lee RS, Howden BP. The Critical Importance of Sampling Fraction to Inferences of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Transmission. Clin Infect Dis 2018; 66:159-160. [PMID: 29040477 DOI: 10.1093/cid/cix750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Robyn S Lee
- Microbiological Diagnostic Unit Public Health Laboratory, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection, University of Melbourne and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Benjamin P Howden
- Microbiological Diagnostic Unit Public Health Laboratory, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection, University of Melbourne and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
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226
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Miotto P, Tessema B, Tagliani E, Chindelevitch L, Starks AM, Emerson C, Hanna D, Kim PS, Liwski R, Zignol M, Gilpin C, Niemann S, Denkinger CM, Fleming J, Warren RM, Crook D, Posey J, Gagneux S, Hoffner S, Rodrigues C, Comas I, Engelthaler DM, Murray M, Alland D, Rigouts L, Lange C, Dheda K, Hasan R, Ranganathan UDK, McNerney R, Ezewudo M, Cirillo DM, Schito M, Köser CU, Rodwell TC. A standardised method for interpreting the association between mutations and phenotypic drug resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Eur Respir J 2017; 50:1701354. [PMID: 29284687 PMCID: PMC5898944 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.01354-2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A clear understanding of the genetic basis of antibiotic resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis is required to accelerate the development of rapid drug susceptibility testing methods based on genetic sequence.Raw genotype-phenotype correlation data were extracted as part of a comprehensive systematic review to develop a standardised analytical approach for interpreting resistance associated mutations for rifampicin, isoniazid, ofloxacin/levofloxacin, moxifloxacin, amikacin, kanamycin, capreomycin, streptomycin, ethionamide/prothionamide and pyrazinamide. Mutation frequencies in resistant and susceptible isolates were calculated, together with novel statistical measures to classify mutations as high, moderate, minimal or indeterminate confidence for predicting resistance.We identified 286 confidence-graded mutations associated with resistance. Compared to phenotypic methods, sensitivity (95% CI) for rifampicin was 90.3% (89.6-90.9%), while for isoniazid it was 78.2% (77.4-79.0%) and their specificities were 96.3% (95.7-96.8%) and 94.4% (93.1-95.5%), respectively. For second-line drugs, sensitivity varied from 67.4% (64.1-70.6%) for capreomycin to 88.2% (85.1-90.9%) for moxifloxacin, with specificity ranging from 90.0% (87.1-92.5%) for moxifloxacin to 99.5% (99.0-99.8%) for amikacin.This study provides a standardised and comprehensive approach for the interpretation of mutations as predictors of M. tuberculosis drug-resistant phenotypes. These data have implications for the clinical interpretation of molecular diagnostics and next-generation sequencing as well as efficient individualised therapy for patients with drug-resistant tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Miotto
- Emerging Bacterial Pathogens Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Belay Tessema
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Elisa Tagliani
- Emerging Bacterial Pathogens Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Angela M Starks
- Division of Tuberculosis Elimination, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Claudia Emerson
- Institute on Ethics & Policy for Innovation, Department of Philosophy, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | | | - Peter S Kim
- Office of AIDS Research, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | | | - Matteo Zignol
- Global Tuberculosis Programme, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Christopher Gilpin
- Global Tuberculosis Programme, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Niemann
- Molecular and Experimental Mycobacteriology, Priority Area Infections, Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research, Borstel, Germany
| | - Claudia M Denkinger
- Foundation for Innovative New Diagnostics, Campus Biotech, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Joy Fleming
- Key Laboratory of RNA Biology, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Robin M Warren
- DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research/SAMRC Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Derrick Crook
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, London, UK
| | - James Posey
- Division of Tuberculosis Elimination, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Sebastien Gagneux
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sven Hoffner
- Microbiology, Tumour and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
- Public Health Agency of Sweden, Solna, Sweden
| | | | - Iñaki Comas
- Tuberculosis Genomics Unit, Biomedicine Institute of Valencia (IBV-CSIC), Valencia, Spain
- Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research in the Valencian Community (FISABIO), Valencia, Spain
- CIBER (Centros de Investigación Biomédica en Red) in Epidemiology and Public Health, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Megan Murray
- Harvard School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David Alland
- Center for Emerging Pathogens, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Leen Rigouts
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Christoph Lange
- Division of Clinical Infectious Diseases and German Center for Infection Research Tuberculosis Unit, Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany
- International Health/Infectious Diseases, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Namibia School of Medicine, Windhoek, Namibia
| | - Keertan Dheda
- Lung Infection and Immunity Unit, Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonology and UCT Lung Institute, University of Cape Town, Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Rumina Hasan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | | | - Ruth McNerney
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonology, University of Cape Town, Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | - Daniela M Cirillo
- Emerging Bacterial Pathogens Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Claudio U Köser
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Timothy C Rodwell
- Foundation for Innovative New Diagnostics, Campus Biotech, Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
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227
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Whole-Transcriptome and -Genome Analysis of Extensively Drug-Resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis Clinical Isolates Identifies Downregulation of ethA as a Mechanism of Ethionamide Resistance. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2017; 61:AAC.01461-17. [PMID: 28993337 PMCID: PMC5700317 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01461-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetics-based drug susceptibility testing has improved the diagnosis of drug-resistant tuberculosis but is limited by our lack of knowledge of all resistance mechanisms. Next-generation sequencing has assisted in identifying the principal genetic mechanisms of resistance for many drugs, but a significant proportion of phenotypic drug resistance is unexplained genetically. Few studies have formally compared the transcriptomes of susceptible and resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains. We carried out comparative whole-genome transcriptomics of extensively drug-resistant (XDR) clinical isolates using RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) to find novel transcription-mediated mechanisms of resistance. We identified a promoter mutation (t to c) at position −11 (t−11c) relative to the start codon of ethA that reduces the expression of a monooxygenase (EthA) that activates ethionamide. (In this article, nucleotide changes are lowercase and amino acid substitutions are uppercase.) Using a flow cytometry-based reporter assay, we show that the reduced transcription of ethA is not due to transcriptional repression by ethR. Clinical strains harboring this mutation were resistant to ethionamide. Other ethA promoter mutations were identified in a global genomic survey of resistant M. tuberculosis strains. These results demonstrate a new mechanism of ethionamide resistance that can cause high-level resistance when it is combined with other ethionamide resistance-conferring mutations. Our study revealed many other genes which were highly up- or downregulated in XDR strains, including a toxin-antitoxin module (mazF5 mazE5) and tRNAs (leuX and thrU). This suggests that global transcriptional modifications could contribute to resistance or the maintenance of bacterial fitness have also occurred in XDR strains.
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228
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Draft Genome Sequence of the First Confirmed Isolate of Multidrug-Resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Tasmania. GENOME ANNOUNCEMENTS 2017; 5:5/44/e01230-17. [PMID: 29097470 PMCID: PMC5668546 DOI: 10.1128/genomea.01230-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The spread of multidrug-resistant (MDR) tuberculosis (TB) has become a major global challenge. In 2016, Tasmania recorded its first known incidence of MDR-TB. Here, we report the draft whole-genome sequence of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolate from this case, TASMDR1, and describe single-nucleotide polymorphisms associated with its drug resistance.
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229
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Tagini F, Greub G. Bacterial genome sequencing in clinical microbiology: a pathogen-oriented review. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2017; 36:2007-2020. [PMID: 28639162 PMCID: PMC5653721 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-017-3024-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, whole-genome sequencing (WGS) has been perceived as a technology with the potential to revolutionise clinical microbiology. Herein, we reviewed the literature on the use of WGS for the most commonly encountered pathogens in clinical microbiology laboratories: Escherichia coli and other Enterobacteriaceae, Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococci, streptococci and enterococci, mycobacteria and Chlamydia trachomatis. For each pathogen group, we focused on five different aspects: the genome characteristics, the most common genomic approaches and the clinical uses of WGS for (i) typing and outbreak analysis, (ii) virulence investigation and (iii) in silico antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Of all the clinical usages, the most frequent and straightforward usage was to type bacteria and to trace outbreaks back. A next step toward standardisation was made thanks to the development of several new genome-wide multi-locus sequence typing systems based on WGS data. Although virulence characterisation could help in various particular clinical settings, it was done mainly to describe outbreak strains. An increasing number of studies compared genotypic to phenotypic antibiotic susceptibility testing, with mostly promising results. However, routine implementation will preferentially be done in the workflow of particular pathogens, such as mycobacteria, rather than as a broadly applicable generic tool. Overall, concrete uses of WGS in routine clinical microbiology or infection control laboratories were done, but the next big challenges will be the standardisation and validation of the procedures and bioinformatics pipelines in order to reach clinical standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Tagini
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Laboratory, University of Lausanne & University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - G Greub
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Laboratory, University of Lausanne & University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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230
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Hijikata M, Keicho N, Duc LV, Maeda S, Hang NTL, Matsushita I, Kato S. Spoligotyping and whole-genome sequencing analysis of lineage 1 strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Da Nang, Vietnam. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0186800. [PMID: 29049400 PMCID: PMC5648229 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0186800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Spacer oligonucleotide typing (spoligotyping), a widely used, classical genotyping method for Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC), is a PCR-based dot-blot hybridization technique to detect the genetic diversity of the direct repeat (DR) region. Of the seven major MTBC lineages in the world, lineage 1 (Indo-Oceanic) mostly corresponds to the East African–Indian (EAI) spoligotype family in East Africa and Southeast Asia. Objectives We investigated the genomic features of Vietnamese lineage 1 strains, comparing spoligotype patterns using whole-genome sequencing (WGS) data. Methods M. tuberculosis strains isolated in Da Nang, Vietnam were subjected to conventional spoligotyping, followed by WGS analysis using a high-throughput sequencer. Vietnamese lineage 1 strains were further analyzed with other lineage 1 strains obtained from a public database. Results Indicating a major spoligotype in Da Nang, 86 (46.2%) of the 186 isolates belonged to the EAI family or lineage 1. Although typical EAI4-VNM strains are characterized by the deletion of spacers 26 and 27, 65 (75.6%) showed ambiguous signals on spacer 26. De novo assembly of the entire DR region and in silico spoligotyping analysis suggested the absence of spacer 26, and direct sequencing revealed that the 17th spacer sequence not used for conventional typing, was cross-hybridized to the spacer 26 probe. Vietnamese EAI4-VNM, other EAI-like strains, and those showing a non-EAI pattern lacking many spacers formed a monophyletic group separate from other EAI families in the world. Conclusion Information about the alignment of spacers in the entire DR region obtained from WGS data provides a clue for the determination of experimentally ambiguous spoligo patterns. WGS data also helped to analyze the hidden relationships between apparently distinct spoligo patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minako Hijikata
- Department of Pathophysiology and Host Defense, The Research Institute of Tuberculosis, Japan Anti-Tuberculosis Association, Kiyose, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoto Keicho
- The Research Institute of Tuberculosis, Japan Anti-Tuberculosis Association, Kiyose, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Shinji Maeda
- Hokkaido Pharmaceutical University School of Pharmacy, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | | | - Ikumi Matsushita
- Department of Pathophysiology and Host Defense, The Research Institute of Tuberculosis, Japan Anti-Tuberculosis Association, Kiyose, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Seiya Kato
- The Research Institute of Tuberculosis, Japan Anti-Tuberculosis Association, Kiyose, Tokyo, Japan
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231
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Roycroft E, O'Toole RF, Fitzgibbon MM, Montgomery L, O'Meara M, Downes P, Jackson S, O'Donnell J, Laurenson IF, McLaughlin AM, Keane J, Rogers TR. Molecular epidemiology of multi- and extensively-drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Ireland, 2001-2014. J Infect 2017; 76:55-67. [PMID: 29031637 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2017.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Revised: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The primary objective of this work was to examine the acquisition and spread of multi-drug resistant (MDR) tuberculosis (TB) in Ireland. METHODS All available Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) isolates (n = 42), from MDR-TB cases diagnosed in Ireland between 2001 and 2014, were analysed using phenotypic drug-susceptibility testing, Mycobacterial-Interspersed-Repetitive-Units Variable-Number Tandem-Repeat (MIRU-VNTR) genotyping, and whole-genome sequencing (WGS). RESULTS The lineage distribution of the MDR-TB isolates comprised 54.7% Euro-American, 33.3% East Asian, 7.2% East African Indian, and 4.8% Indo-Oceanic. A significant association was identified between the East Asian Beijing sub-lineage and the relative risk of an isolate being MDR. Over 75% of MDR-TB cases were confirmed in non-Irish born individuals and 7 MIRU-VNTR genotypes were identical to clusters in other European countries indicating cross-border spread of MDR-TB to Ireland. WGS data provided the first evidence in Ireland of in vivo microevolution of MTBC isolates from drug-susceptible to MDR, and from MDR to extensively-drug resistant (XDR). In addition, they found that the katG S315T isoniazid and rpoB S450L rifampicin resistance mutations were dominant across the different MTBC lineages. CONCLUSIONS Our molecular epidemiological analyses identified the spread of MDR-TB to Ireland from other jurisdictions and its potential to evolve to XDR-TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Roycroft
- Irish Mycobacteria Reference Laboratory, Labmed Directorate, St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland; Department of Clinical Microbiology, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - R F O'Toole
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland; School of Medicine, Faculty of Health, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
| | - M M Fitzgibbon
- Irish Mycobacteria Reference Laboratory, Labmed Directorate, St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland; Department of Clinical Microbiology, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - L Montgomery
- Irish Mycobacteria Reference Laboratory, Labmed Directorate, St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - M O'Meara
- Department of Public Health, Dr. Steeven's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - P Downes
- Department of Public Health, Dr. Steeven's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - S Jackson
- Health Protection Surveillance Centre, Dublin, Ireland
| | - J O'Donnell
- Health Protection Surveillance Centre, Dublin, Ireland
| | - I F Laurenson
- Scottish Mycobacteria Reference Laboratory, Edinburgh, UK
| | - A M McLaughlin
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, St. James's Hospital and Trinity Translational Medicine Institute Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
| | - J Keane
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, St. James's Hospital and Trinity Translational Medicine Institute Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
| | - T R Rogers
- Irish Mycobacteria Reference Laboratory, Labmed Directorate, St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland; Department of Clinical Microbiology, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
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232
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Olaru ID, Patel H, Kranzer K, Perera N. Turnaround time of whole genome sequencing for mycobacterial identification and drug susceptibility testing in routine practice. Clin Microbiol Infect 2017; 24:659.e5-659.e7. [PMID: 29030167 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2017.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Revised: 09/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Until recently whole genome sequencing (WGS) for mycobacteria has been restricted mostly to the research setting. However, in 2017 Public Health England has implemented WGS for routine mycobacterial identification and susceptibility testing for Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Our objective was to evaluate the impact of this change on the laboratory turnaround times and availability of results. METHODS Over the years 2016 and 2017, the period 1 January to 30 April was selected to represent before and after implementation of WGS. Prior to 2017, line probe assays were used for mycobacterial species identification. Turnaround times for the different steps of the diagnostic process were evaluated for all positive mycobacterial cultures that were sent from our hospital to the Reference Laboratory during the study period. RESULTS A total of 161 positive mycobacterial cultures were sent to the Reference Laboratory. Half of the isolates (n=81/161, 50%) were M. tuberculosis and 80/161 (50%) were non-tuberculous mycobacteria. The median number of workdays for mycobacterial species identification was 1 day (interquartile range (IQR) 1-3) in 2016 and 6 days (IQR 5-7) in 2017, p <0.001. For M. tuberculosis complex, the median time to drug susceptibility testing results, either molecular or phenotypic, was 12 days (IQR 11-18) in 2016 and 8 days (IQR 7-10) in 2017, p <0.001. CONCLUSIONS Routine WGS performed well in this setting for mycobacterial identification and susceptibility testing for M. tuberculosis and decreased time to drug susceptibility testing results. There was an increase in turnaround times for species identification using WGS, when compared with the previous methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- I D Olaru
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, UK.
| | - H Patel
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, UK
| | - K Kranzer
- National Mycobacterium Reference Laboratory, Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany; London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - N Perera
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, UK
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233
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Senghore M, Otu J, Witney A, Gehre F, Doughty EL, Kay GL, Butcher P, Salako K, Kehinde A, Onyejepu N, Idigbe E, Corrah T, de Jong B, Pallen MJ, Antonio M. Whole-genome sequencing illuminates the evolution and spread of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in Southwest Nigeria. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0184510. [PMID: 28926571 PMCID: PMC5604961 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0184510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Nigeria has an emerging problem with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB). Whole-genome sequencing was used to understand the epidemiology of tuberculosis and genetics of multi-drug resistance among patients from two tertiary referral centers in Southwest Nigeria. In line with previous molecular epidemiology studies, most isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis from this dataset belonged to the Cameroon clade within the Euro-American lineage. Phylogenetic analysis showed this clade was undergoing clonal expansion in this region, and suggests that it was involved in community transmission of sensitive and multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. Five patients enrolled for retreatment were infected with pre-extensively drug resistant (pre-XDR) due to fluoroquinolone resistance in isolates from the Cameroon clade. In all five cases resistance was conferred through a mutation in the gyrA gene. In some patients, genomic changes occurred in bacterial isolates during the course of treatment that potentially led to decreased drug susceptibility. We conclude that inter-patient transmission of resistant isolates, principally from the Cameroon clade, contributes to the spread of MDR-TB in this setting, underscoring the urgent need to curb the spread of multi-drug resistance in this region.
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MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Antitubercular Agents/pharmacology
- Bacterial Proteins/genetics
- Cameroon/epidemiology
- Child
- Child, Preschool
- DNA Gyrase/genetics
- Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial/drug effects
- Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial/genetics
- Female
- Genome, Bacterial
- Humans
- Infant
- Infant, Newborn
- Male
- Mutation
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis/classification
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis/drug effects
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis/genetics
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis/isolation & purification
- Nigeria/epidemiology
- Phylogeny
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant/diagnosis
- Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant/epidemiology
- Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant/microbiology
- Young Adult
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Affiliation(s)
- Madikay Senghore
- Vaccines and Immunity Theme, Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia, Fajara, The Gambia
- Microbiology and Infection Unit, The University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Jacob Otu
- Vaccines and Immunity Theme, Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia, Fajara, The Gambia
| | - Adam Witney
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, St George’s University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Florian Gehre
- Vaccines and Immunity Theme, Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia, Fajara, The Gambia
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Emma L. Doughty
- Microbiology and Infection Unit, The University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Gemma L. Kay
- Microbiology and Infection Unit, The University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Phillip Butcher
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, St George’s University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kayode Salako
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Parasitology, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Aderemi Kehinde
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Parasitology, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Nneka Onyejepu
- National Tuberculosis Reference Laboratory, Nigeria Institute of Medical Research, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Emmanuel Idigbe
- National Tuberculosis Reference Laboratory, Nigeria Institute of Medical Research, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Tumani Corrah
- Vaccines and Immunity Theme, Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia, Fajara, The Gambia
| | | | - Mark J. Pallen
- Microbiology and Infection Unit, The University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
- Quadram Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk, NR4 7UA
| | - Martin Antonio
- Vaccines and Immunity Theme, Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia, Fajara, The Gambia
- Microbiology and Infection Unit, The University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Sengstake S, Bergval IL, Schuitema AR, de Beer JL, Phelan J, de Zwaan R, Clark TG, van Soolingen D, Anthony RM. Pyrazinamide resistance-conferring mutations in pncA and the transmission of multidrug resistant TB in Georgia. BMC Infect Dis 2017; 17:491. [PMID: 28697808 PMCID: PMC5506614 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-017-2594-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The ongoing epidemic of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) in Georgia highlights the need for more effective control strategies. A new regimen to treat MDR-TB that includes pyrazinamide (PZA) is currently being evaluated and PZA resistance status will largely influence the success of current and future treatment strategies. PZA susceptibility testing was not routinely performed at the National Reference Laboratory (NRL) in Tbilisi between 2010 and September 2015. We here provide a first insight into the prevalence of PZA resistant TB in this region. Methods Phenotypic susceptibility to PZA was determined in a convenience collection of well-characterised TB patient isolates collected at the NRL in Tbilisi between 2012 and 2013. In addition, the pncA gene was sequenced and whole genome sequencing was performed on two isolates. Results Out of 57 isolates tested 33 (57.9%) showed phenotypic drug resistance to PZA and had a single pncA mutation. All of these 33 isolates were MDR-TB strains. pncA mutations were absent in all but one of the 24 PZA susceptible isolate. In total we found 18 polymorphisms in the pncA gene. From the two major MDR-TB clusters represented (94–32 and 100–32), 10 of 15, 67.0% and 13 of 14, 93.0% strains, respectively were PZA resistant. We also identified a member of the potentially highly transmissive clade A strain carrying the characteristic I6L substitution in PncA. Another strain with the same MLVA type as the clade A strain acquired a different mutation in pncA and was genetically more distantly related suggesting that different branches of this particular lineage have been introduced into this region. Conclusion In this high MDR-TB setting more than half of the tested MDR-TB isolates were resistant to PZA. As PZA is part of current and planned MDR-TB treatment regimens this is alarming and deserves the attention of health authorities. Based on our typing and sequence analysis results we conclude that PZA resistance is the result of primary transmission as well as acquisition within the patient and recommend prospective genotyping and PZA resistance testing in high MDR-TB settings. This is of utmost importance in order to preserve bacterial susceptibility to PZA to help protect (new) second line drugs in PZA containing regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Sengstake
- Royal Tropical Institute, KIT Biomedical Research, Meibergdreef 39, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. .,Unit of Mycobacteriology, Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp, Nationalestraat 155, 2000, Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Indra L Bergval
- Royal Tropical Institute, KIT Biomedical Research, Meibergdreef 39, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Centre for Zoonoses and Environmental Microbiology, Centre for Infectious Disease Control (CIb), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), PO Box 1, 3720 BA, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Anja R Schuitema
- Royal Tropical Institute, KIT Biomedical Research, Meibergdreef 39, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jessica L de Beer
- Mycobacteria Diagnostic Laboratory for Bacteriology and Parasitology (BPD) Center for Infectious Disease Research, Diagnostics and Perinatal Screening (IDS) National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Jody Phelan
- Department of Pathogen Molecular Biology, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, WC1E 7HT, London, UK
| | - Rina de Zwaan
- Mycobacteria Diagnostic Laboratory for Bacteriology and Parasitology (BPD) Center for Infectious Disease Research, Diagnostics and Perinatal Screening (IDS) National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Taane G Clark
- Department of Pathogen Molecular Biology, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, WC1E 7HT, London, UK.,Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, WC1E 7HT, London, UK
| | - Dick van Soolingen
- Mycobacteria Diagnostic Laboratory for Bacteriology and Parasitology (BPD) Center for Infectious Disease Research, Diagnostics and Perinatal Screening (IDS) National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Richard M Anthony
- Royal Tropical Institute, KIT Biomedical Research, Meibergdreef 39, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Mycobacteria Diagnostic Laboratory for Bacteriology and Parasitology (BPD) Center for Infectious Disease Research, Diagnostics and Perinatal Screening (IDS) National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
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235
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Nusrath Unissa A, Hanna LE. Molecular mechanisms of action, resistance, detection to the first-line anti tuberculosis drugs: Rifampicin and pyrazinamide in the post whole genome sequencing era. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2017; 105:96-107. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2017.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Revised: 04/02/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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236
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Shea J, Halse TA, Lapierre P, Shudt M, Kohlerschmidt D, Van Roey P, Limberger R, Taylor J, Escuyer V, Musser KA. Comprehensive Whole-Genome Sequencing and Reporting of Drug Resistance Profiles on Clinical Cases of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in New York State. J Clin Microbiol 2017; 55:1871-1882. [PMID: 28381603 PMCID: PMC5442544 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00298-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) is a newer alternative for tuberculosis (TB) diagnostics and is capable of providing rapid drug resistance profiles while performing species identification and capturing the data necessary for genotyping. Our laboratory developed and validated a comprehensive and sensitive WGS assay to characterize Mycobacterium tuberculosis and other M. tuberculosis complex (MTBC) strains, composed of a novel DNA extraction, optimized library preparation, paired-end WGS, and an in-house-developed bioinformatics pipeline. This new assay was assessed using 608 MTBC isolates, with 146 isolates during the validation portion of this study and 462 samples received prospectively. In February 2016, this assay was implemented to test all clinical cases of MTBC in New York State, including isolates and early positive Bactec mycobacterial growth indicator tube (MGIT) 960 cultures from primary specimens. Since the inception of the assay, we have assessed the accuracy of identification of MTBC strains to the species level, concordance with culture-based drug susceptibility testing (DST), and turnaround time. Species identification by WGS was determined to be 99% accurate. Concordance between drug resistance profiles generated by WGS and culture-based DST methods was 96% for eight drugs, with an average resistance-predictive value of 93% and susceptible-predictive value of 96%. This single comprehensive WGS assay has replaced seven molecular assays and has resulted in resistance profiles being reported to physicians an average of 9 days sooner than with culture-based DST for first-line drugs and 32 days sooner for second-line drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Shea
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Tanya A Halse
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Pascal Lapierre
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Matthew Shudt
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Donna Kohlerschmidt
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Patrick Van Roey
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Ronald Limberger
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Jill Taylor
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Vincent Escuyer
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Kimberlee A Musser
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York, USA
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237
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Use of GeneXpert Remnants for Drug Resistance Profiling and Molecular Epidemiology of Tuberculosis in Libreville, Gabon. J Clin Microbiol 2017; 55:2105-2115. [PMID: 28446574 PMCID: PMC5483912 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.02257-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Multidrug-resistant (MDR) and extensively drug resistant (XDR) strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis pose major problems for global health. The GeneXpert MTB/RIF (Xpert) assay rapidly detects resistance to rifampin (RIFr), but for detection of the additional resistance that defines MDR-TB (MDR tuberculosis) and XDR-TB, and for molecular epidemiology, specimen cultures and a biosafe infrastructure are generally required. We sought to determine whether the remnants of sputa prepared for the Xpert assay could be used directly to find mutations associated with drug resistance and to study molecular epidemiology, thus providing precise characterization of MDR-TB cases in countries lacking biosafety level 3 (BSL3) facilities for M. tuberculosis cultures. After sputa were processed and run on the Xpert instrument, the leftovers of the samples prepared for the Xpert assay were used for PCR amplification and sequencing or for a line probe assay to detect mutations associated with resistance to additional drugs, as well as for molecular epidemiology with spoligotyping and selective mycobacterial interspersed repetitive-unit–variable-number tandem-repeat (MIRU-VNTR) typing. Of 130 sputum samples from Gabon tested with the Xpert assay, 124 yielded interpretable results; 21 (17%) of these were determined to be RIFr. Amplification and sequencing or a line probe assay of the Xpert remnants confirmed 18/21 samples as MDR, corresponding to 12/116 (9.5%) new and 6/8 (75%) previously treated TB patients. Spoligotyping and MIRU typing with hypervariable loci identified an MDR Beijing strain present in five samples. We conclude that the remnants of samples processed for the Xpert assay can be used in PCRs to find mutations associated with the resistance to the additional drugs that defines MDR and XDR-TB and to study molecular epidemiology without the need for culturing or a biosafe infrastructure.
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238
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Schleusener V, Köser CU, Beckert P, Niemann S, Feuerriegel S. Mycobacterium tuberculosis resistance prediction and lineage classification from genome sequencing: comparison of automated analysis tools. Sci Rep 2017; 7:46327. [PMID: 28425484 PMCID: PMC7365310 DOI: 10.1038/srep46327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) has the potential to accelerate drug-susceptibility testing (DST) to design appropriate regimens for drug-resistant tuberculosis (TB). Several recently developed automated software tools promise to standardize the analysis and interpretation of WGS data. We assessed five tools (CASTB, KvarQ, Mykrobe Predictor TB, PhyResSE, and TBProfiler) with regards to DST and phylogenetic lineage classification, which we compared with phenotypic DST, Sanger sequencing, and traditional typing results for a collection of 91 strains. The lineage classifications by the tools generally only differed in the resolution of the results. However, some strains could not be classified at all and one strain was misclassified. The sensitivities and specificities for isoniazid and rifampicin resistance of the tools were high, whereas the results for ethambutol, pyrazinamide, and streptomycin resistance were more variable. False-susceptible DST results were mainly due to missing mutations in the resistance catalogues that the respective tools employed for data interpretation. Notably, we also found cases of false-resistance because of the misclassification of polymorphisms as resistance mutations. In conclusion, the performance of current WGS analysis tools for DST is highly variable. Sustainable business models and a shared, high-quality catalogue of resistance mutations are needed to ensure the clinical utility of these tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viola Schleusener
- Division of Molecular and Experimental Mycobacteriology Group, Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany
| | - Claudio U. Köser
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick Beckert
- Division of Molecular and Experimental Mycobacteriology Group, Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research, Borstel Site, Borstel Germany
| | - Stefan Niemann
- Division of Molecular and Experimental Mycobacteriology Group, Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research, Borstel Site, Borstel Germany
| | - Silke Feuerriegel
- Division of Molecular and Experimental Mycobacteriology Group, Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research, Borstel Site, Borstel Germany
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239
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Outcomes, infectiousness, and transmission dynamics of patients with extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis and home-discharged patients with programmatically incurable tuberculosis: a prospective cohort study. THE LANCET RESPIRATORY MEDICINE 2017; 5:269-281. [DOI: 10.1016/s2213-2600(16)30433-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2016] [Revised: 11/06/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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240
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Some Synonymous and Nonsynonymous gyrA Mutations in Mycobacterium tuberculosis Lead to Systematic False-Positive Fluoroquinolone Resistance Results with the Hain GenoType MTBDR sl Assays. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2017; 61:AAC.02169-16. [PMID: 28137812 PMCID: PMC5365657 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02169-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, using the Hain GenoType MTBDRsl assays (versions 1 and 2), we found that some nonsynonymous and synonymous mutations in gyrA in Mycobacterium tuberculosis result in systematic false-resistance results to fluoroquinolones by preventing the binding of wild-type probes. Moreover, such mutations can prevent the binding of mutant probes designed for the identification of specific resistance mutations. Although these mutations are likely rare globally, they occur in approximately 7% of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis strains in some settings.
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241
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Dheda K, Gumbo T, Maartens G, Dooley KE, McNerney R, Murray M, Furin J, Nardell EA, London L, Lessem E, Theron G, van Helden P, Niemann S, Merker M, Dowdy D, Van Rie A, Siu GKH, Pasipanodya JG, Rodrigues C, Clark TG, Sirgel FA, Esmail A, Lin HH, Atre SR, Schaaf HS, Chang KC, Lange C, Nahid P, Udwadia ZF, Horsburgh CR, Churchyard GJ, Menzies D, Hesseling AC, Nuermberger E, McIlleron H, Fennelly KP, Goemaere E, Jaramillo E, Low M, Jara CM, Padayatchi N, Warren RM. The epidemiology, pathogenesis, transmission, diagnosis, and management of multidrug-resistant, extensively drug-resistant, and incurable tuberculosis. THE LANCET. RESPIRATORY MEDICINE 2017; 5:S2213-2600(17)30079-6. [PMID: 28344011 DOI: 10.1016/s2213-2600(17)30079-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 382] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Revised: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Global tuberculosis incidence has declined marginally over the past decade, and tuberculosis remains out of control in several parts of the world including Africa and Asia. Although tuberculosis control has been effective in some regions of the world, these gains are threatened by the increasing burden of multidrug-resistant (MDR) and extensively drug-resistant (XDR) tuberculosis. XDR tuberculosis has evolved in several tuberculosis-endemic countries to drug-incurable or programmatically incurable tuberculosis (totally drug-resistant tuberculosis). This poses several challenges similar to those encountered in the pre-chemotherapy era, including the inability to cure tuberculosis, high mortality, and the need for alternative methods to prevent disease transmission. This phenomenon mirrors the worldwide increase in antimicrobial resistance and the emergence of other MDR pathogens, such as malaria, HIV, and Gram-negative bacteria. MDR and XDR tuberculosis are associated with high morbidity and substantial mortality, are a threat to health-care workers, prohibitively expensive to treat, and are therefore a serious public health problem. In this Commission, we examine several aspects of drug-resistant tuberculosis. The traditional view that acquired resistance to antituberculous drugs is driven by poor compliance and programmatic failure is now being questioned, and several lines of evidence suggest that alternative mechanisms-including pharmacokinetic variability, induction of efflux pumps that transport the drug out of cells, and suboptimal drug penetration into tuberculosis lesions-are likely crucial to the pathogenesis of drug-resistant tuberculosis. These factors have implications for the design of new interventions, drug delivery and dosing mechanisms, and public health policy. We discuss epidemiology and transmission dynamics, including new insights into the fundamental biology of transmission, and we review the utility of newer diagnostic tools, including molecular tests and next-generation whole-genome sequencing, and their potential for clinical effectiveness. Relevant research priorities are highlighted, including optimal medical and surgical management, the role of newer and repurposed drugs (including bedaquiline, delamanid, and linezolid), pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic considerations, preventive strategies (such as prophylaxis in MDR and XDR contacts), palliative and patient-orientated care aspects, and medicolegal and ethical issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keertan Dheda
- Lung Infection and Immunity Unit, Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonology and UCT Lung Institute, University of Cape Town, Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Tawanda Gumbo
- Center for Infectious Diseases Research and Experimental Therapeutics, Baylor Research Institute, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Gary Maartens
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Kelly E Dooley
- Center for Tuberculosis Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ruth McNerney
- Lung Infection and Immunity Unit, Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonology and UCT Lung Institute, University of Cape Town, Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Megan Murray
- Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jennifer Furin
- Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Edward A Nardell
- TH Chan School of Public Health, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Leslie London
- School of Public Health and Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | - Grant Theron
- SA MRC Centre for Tuberculosis Research/DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - Paul van Helden
- SA MRC Centre for Tuberculosis Research/DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - Stefan Niemann
- Molecular and Experimental Mycobacteriology, Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Schleswig-Holstein, Germany; German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Borstel, Borstel, Schleswig-Holstein, Germany
| | - Matthias Merker
- Molecular and Experimental Mycobacteriology, Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Schleswig-Holstein, Germany
| | - David Dowdy
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Annelies Van Rie
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; International Health Unit, Epidemiology and Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Gilman K H Siu
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jotam G Pasipanodya
- Center for Infectious Diseases Research and Experimental Therapeutics, Baylor Research Institute, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Camilla Rodrigues
- Department of Microbiology, P.D. Hinduja National Hospital & Medical Research Centre, Mumbai, India
| | - Taane G Clark
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases and Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Frik A Sirgel
- SA MRC Centre for Tuberculosis Research/DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - Aliasgar Esmail
- Lung Infection and Immunity Unit, Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonology and UCT Lung Institute, University of Cape Town, Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Hsien-Ho Lin
- Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Sachin R Atre
- Center for Clinical Global Health Education (CCGHE), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Medical College, Hospital and Research Centre, Pimpri, Pune, India
| | - H Simon Schaaf
- Desmond Tutu TB Centre, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Kwok Chiu Chang
- Tuberculosis and Chest Service, Centre for Health Protection, Department of Health, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Christoph Lange
- Division of Clinical Infectious Diseases, German Center for Infection Research, Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Schleswig-Holstein, Germany; International Health/Infectious Diseases, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany; Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Medicine, University of Namibia School of Medicine, Windhoek, Namibia
| | - Payam Nahid
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Zarir F Udwadia
- Pulmonary Department, Hinduja Hospital & Research Center, Mumbai, India
| | | | - Gavin J Churchyard
- Aurum Institute, Johannesburg, South Africa; School of Public Health, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Advancing Treatment and Care for TB/HIV, South African Medical Research Council, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Dick Menzies
- Montreal Chest Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Anneke C Hesseling
- Desmond Tutu TB Centre, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Eric Nuermberger
- Center for Tuberculosis Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Helen McIlleron
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Kevin P Fennelly
- Pulmonary Clinical Medicine Section, Division of Intramural Research, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Eric Goemaere
- MSF South Africa, Cape Town, South Africa; School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | - Marcus Low
- Treatment Action Campaign, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | | | - Nesri Padayatchi
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), MRC HIV-TB Pathogenesis and Treatment Research Unit, Durban, South Africa
| | - Robin M Warren
- SA MRC Centre for Tuberculosis Research/DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
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Abstract
Whole-genome sequencing has taken a leading role in epidemiologic studies of tuberculosis, but thus far, its real-time clinical utility has been low, in part because of the requirement for culture. In their report in this issue, Votintseva et al. (A. A. Votintseva, P. Bradley, L. Pankhurst, C. del Ojo Elias, M. Loose, K. Nilgiriwala, A. Chatterjee, E. G. Smith, N. Sanderson, T. M. Walker, M. R. Morgan, D. H. Wyllie, A. S. Walker, T. E. A. Peto, D. W. Crook, and Z. Iqbal, J Clin Microbiol 55:1285-1298, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.02483-16) present a new method for extracting Mycobacterium tuberculosis DNA directly from smear-positive respiratory samples, making it feasible to generate drug resistance predictions and phylogenetic trees in 44 h with the Illumina MiSeq. They also illustrate the potential for a <24-h turnaround time from DNA extraction to clinically relevant results with Illumina MiniSeq and Oxford Nanopore Technologies MinION. We comment on the promise and limitations of these approaches.
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243
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Viñuelas-Bayón J, Vitoria MA, Samper S. Rapid diagnosis of tuberculosis. Detection of drug resistance mechanisms. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 2017; 35:520-528. [PMID: 28318570 DOI: 10.1016/j.eimc.2017.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis is still a serious public health problem, with 10.8 million new cases and 1.8 million deaths worldwide in 2015. The diversity among members of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex, the causal agent of tuberculosis, is conducive to the design of different methods for rapid diagnosis. Mutations in the genes involved in resistance mechanisms enable the bacteria to elude the treatment. We have reviewed the methods for the rapid diagnosis of M. tuberculosis complex and the detection of susceptibility to drugs, both of which are necessary to prevent the onset of new resistance and to establish early, appropriate treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Viñuelas-Bayón
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Zaragoza, España
| | - María Asunción Vitoria
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario Lozano Blesa, CIBERES, Zaragoza, España
| | - Sofía Samper
- Instituto Aragonés de Ciencias de la Salud, IIS Aragón, CIBERES, Zaragoza, España.
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McNerney R, Clark TG, Campino S, Rodrigues C, Dolinger D, Smith L, Cabibbe AM, Dheda K, Schito M. Removing the bottleneck in whole genome sequencing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis for rapid drug resistance analysis: a call to action. Int J Infect Dis 2017; 56:130-135. [PMID: 27986491 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2016.11.422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Revised: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Whole genome sequencing (WGS) can provide a comprehensive analysis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis mutations that cause resistance to anti-tuberculosis drugs. With the deployment of bench-top sequencers and rapid analytical software, WGS is poised to become a useful tool to guide treatment. However, direct sequencing from clinical specimens to provide a full drug resistance profile remains a serious challenge. This article reviews current practices for extracting M. tuberculosis DNA and possible solutions for sampling sputum. Techniques under consideration include enzymatic digestion, physical disruption, chemical degradation, detergent solubilization, solvent extraction, ligand-coated magnetic beads, silica columns, and oligonucleotide pull-down baits. Selective amplification of genomic bacterial DNA in sputum prior to WGS may provide a solution, and differential lysis to reduce the levels of contaminating human DNA is also being explored. To remove this bottleneck and accelerate access to WGS for patients with suspected drug-resistant tuberculosis, it is suggested that a coordinated and collaborative approach be taken to more rapidly optimize, compare, and validate methodologies for sequencing from patient samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth McNerney
- Lung Infection and Immunity Unit, Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonology and UCT Lung Institute, University of Cape Town, Old Main Building, Groote Schuur Hospital, Observatory, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Taane G Clark
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases and Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Susana Campino
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases and Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Camilla Rodrigues
- Department of Microbiology, P.D. Hinduja National Hospital and Medical Research Centre, Mumbai, India
| | | | - Liezel Smith
- Lung Infection and Immunity Unit, Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonology and UCT Lung Institute, University of Cape Town, Old Main Building, Groote Schuur Hospital, Observatory, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Andrea M Cabibbe
- Emerging Bacterial Pathogens Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Keertan Dheda
- Lung Infection and Immunity Unit, Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonology and UCT Lung Institute, University of Cape Town, Old Main Building, Groote Schuur Hospital, Observatory, Cape Town, South Africa
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245
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Consensus numbering system for the rifampicin resistance-associated rpoB gene mutations in pathogenic mycobacteria. Clin Microbiol Infect 2017; 23:167-172. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2016.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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246
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Freidlin PJ, Nissan I, Luria A, Goldblatt D, Schaffer L, Kaidar-Shwartz H, Chemtob D, Dveyrin Z, Head SR, Rorman E. Structure and variation of CRISPR and CRISPR-flanking regions in deleted-direct repeat region Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex strains. BMC Genomics 2017; 18:168. [PMID: 28201993 PMCID: PMC5310062 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-017-3560-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background CRISPR and CRISPR-flanking genomic regions are important for molecular epidemiology of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) strains, and potentially for adaptive immunity to phage and plasmid DNA, and endogenous roles in the bacterium. Genotyping in the Israel National Mycobacterium Reference Center Tel-Aviv of over 1500 MTBC strains from 2008–2013 showed three strains with validated negative 43-spacer spoligotypes, that is, with putatively deleted direct repeat regions (deleted-DR/CRISPR regions). Two isolates of each of three negative spoligotype MTBC (a total of 6 isolates) were subjected to Next Generation Sequencing (NGS). As positive controls, NGS was performed for three intact-DR isolates belonging to T3_Eth, the largest multiple-drug-resistant (MDR)-containing African-origin cluster in Israel. Other controls consisted of NGS reads and complete whole genome sequences from GenBank for 20 intact-DR MTBC and for 1 deleted-DR MTBC strain recognized as CAS by its defining RD deletion. Results NGS reads from negative spoligotype MTBC mapped to reference H37Rv NC_000962.3 suggested that the DR/CRISPR regions were completely deleted except for retention of the middle IS6110 mobile element. Clonally specific deletion of CRISPR-flanking genes also was observed, including deletion of at least cas2 and cas1 genes. Genomic RD deletions defined lineages corresponding to the major spoligotype families Beijing, EAI, and Haarlem, consistent with 24 loci MIRU-VNTR profiles. Analysis of NGS reads, and analysis of contigs obtained by manual PCR confirmed that all 43 gold standard DR/CRISPR spacers were missing in the deleted-DR genomes. Conclusions Although many negative spoligotype strains are recorded as spoligotype-international-type (SIT) 2669 in the SITVIT international database, this is the first time to our knowledge that it has been shown that negative spoligotype strains are found in at least 4 different 24 loci MIRU-VNTR and RD deletion families. We report for the first time negative spoligotype-associated total loss of CRISPR region spacers and repeats, with accompanying clonally specific loss of flanking genes, including at least CRISPR-associated genes cas2 and cas1. Since cas1 deleted E.coli shows increased sensitivity to DNA damage and impaired chromosomal segregation, we discussed the possibility of a similar phenotype in the deleted-DR strains and Beijing family strains as both lack the cas1 gene. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-017-3560-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Jeffrey Freidlin
- National Mycobacterium Reference Center, National Public Health Laboratory Tel Aviv, Ministry of Health, Tel Aviv, Israel.
| | - Israel Nissan
- National Mycobacterium Reference Center, National Public Health Laboratory Tel Aviv, Ministry of Health, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Anna Luria
- National Mycobacterium Reference Center, National Public Health Laboratory Tel Aviv, Ministry of Health, Tel Aviv, Israel.,current address: Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Drora Goldblatt
- National Mycobacterium Reference Center, National Public Health Laboratory Tel Aviv, Ministry of Health, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | | | - Hasia Kaidar-Shwartz
- National Mycobacterium Reference Center, National Public Health Laboratory Tel Aviv, Ministry of Health, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Daniel Chemtob
- Department of Tuberculosis and AIDS, Ministry of Health, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Zeev Dveyrin
- National Public Health Laboratory Tel Aviv, Ministry of Health, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | | | - Efrat Rorman
- National Public Health Laboratory Tel Aviv, Ministry of Health, Tel Aviv, Israel
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Satta G, Atzeni A, McHugh T. Mycobacterium tuberculosis and whole genome sequencing: a practical guide and online tools available for the clinical microbiologist. Clin Microbiol Infect 2017; 23:69-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2016.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Revised: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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248
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Dunne Jr WM, Jaillard M, Rochas O, Van Belkum A. Microbial genomics and antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2017; 17:257-269. [DOI: 10.1080/14737159.2017.1283220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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249
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Evolution of Phenotypic and Molecular Drug Susceptibility Testing. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 1019:221-246. [PMID: 29116638 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-64371-7_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Drug Resistant Tuberculosis (DRTB) is an emerging problem world-wide. In order to control the disease and decrease the number of cases overtime a prompt diagnosis followed by an appropriate treatment should be provided to patients. Phenotypic DST based on liquid automated culture has greatly reduced the time needed to generate reliable data but has the drawback to be expensive and prone to contamination in the absence of appropriate infrastructures. In the past 10 years molecular biology tools have been developed. Those tools target the main mutations responsible for DRTB and are now globally accessible in term of cost and infrastructures needed for the implementation. The dissemination of the Xpert MTB/rif has radically increased the capacity to perform the detection of rifampicin resistant TB cases. One of the main challenges for the large scale implementation of molecular based tests is the emergence of conflicting results between phenotypic and genotypic tests. This mines the confidence of clinicians in the molecular tests and delays the initiation of an appropriate treatment. A new technique is revolutionizing the genotypic approach to DST: the WGS by Next-Generation Sequencing technologies. This methodology promises to become the solution for a rapid access to universal DST, able indeed to overcome the limitations of the current phenotypic and genotypic assays. Today the use of the generated information is still challenging in decentralized facilities due to the lack of automation for sample processing and standardization in the analysis.The growing knowledge of the molecular mechanisms at the basis of drug resistance and the introduction of high-performing user-friendly tools at peripheral level should allow the very much needed accurate diagnosis of DRTB in the near future.
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Guthrie JL, Gardy JL. A brief primer on genomic epidemiology: lessons learned from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2016; 1388:59-77. [PMID: 28009051 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Revised: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Genomics is now firmly established as a technique for the investigation and reconstruction of communicable disease outbreaks, with many genomic epidemiology studies focusing on revealing transmission routes of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. In this primer, we introduce the basic techniques underlying transmission inference from genomic data, using illustrative examples from M. tuberculosis and other pathogens routinely sequenced by public health agencies. We describe the laboratory and epidemiological scenarios under which genomics may or may not be used, provide an introduction to sequencing technologies and bioinformatics approaches to identifying transmission-informative variation and resistance-associated mutations, and discuss how variation must be considered in the light of available clinical and epidemiological information to infer transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Guthrie
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jennifer L Gardy
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Communicable Disease Prevention and Control Services, British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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