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Sawant N, Morton H, Kshirsagar S, Reddy AP, Reddy PH. Mitochondrial Abnormalities and Synaptic Damage in Huntington's Disease: a Focus on Defective Mitophagy and Mitochondria-Targeted Therapeutics. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:6350-6377. [PMID: 34519969 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02556-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is a fatal and pure genetic disease with a progressive loss of medium spiny neurons (MSN). HD is caused by expanded polyglutamine repeats in the exon 1 of HD gene. Clinically, HD is characterized by chorea, seizures, involuntary movements, dystonia, cognitive decline, intellectual impairment, and emotional disturbances. Several years of intense research revealed that multiple cellular changes, including defective axonal transport, protein-protein interactions, defective bioenergetics, calcium dyshomeostasis, NMDAR activation, synaptic damage, mitochondrial abnormalities, and selective loss of medium spiny neurons are implicated in HD. Recent research on mutant huntingtin (mHtt) and mitochondria has found that mHtt interacts with the mitochondrial division protein, dynamin-related protein 1 (DRP1), enhances GTPase DRP1 enzymatic activity, and causes excessive mitochondrial fragmentation and abnormal distribution, leading to defective axonal transport of mitochondria and selective synaptic degeneration. Recent research also revealed that failure to remove dead and/or dying mitochondria is an early event in the disease progression. Currently, efforts are being made to reduce abnormal protein interactions and enhance synaptic mitophagy as therapeutic strategies for HD. The purpose of this article is to discuss recent research in HD progression. This article also discusses recent developments of cell and mouse models, cellular changes, mitochondrial abnormalities, DNA damage, bioenergetics, oxidative stress, mitophagy, and therapeutics strategies in HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Sawant
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Hallie Morton
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Sudhir Kshirsagar
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Arubala P Reddy
- Nutritional Sciences Department, College of Human Sciences, Texas Tech University, 1301 Akron Ave, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - P Hemachandra Reddy
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA.
- Neuroscience & Pharmacology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA.
- Neurology, Department of School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA.
- Public Health Department of Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA.
- Department of Speech, Language and Hearing Sciences, School Health Professions, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA.
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cell Biology & Biochemistry, Public Health and School of Health Professions, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Neuroscience & Pharmacology3601 4th Street, NeurologyLubbock, TX, 79430, USA.
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202
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González LF, Bevilacqua LE, Naves R. Nanotechnology-Based Drug Delivery Strategies to Repair the Mitochondrial Function in Neuroinflammatory and Neurodegenerative Diseases. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:2055. [PMID: 34959337 PMCID: PMC8707316 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13122055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are vital organelles in eukaryotic cells that control diverse physiological processes related to energy production, calcium homeostasis, the generation of reactive oxygen species, and cell death. Several studies have demonstrated that structural and functional mitochondrial disturbances are involved in the development of different neuroinflammatory (NI) and neurodegenerative (ND) diseases (NI&NDDs) such as multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Remarkably, counteracting mitochondrial impairment by genetic or pharmacologic treatment ameliorates neurodegeneration and clinical disability in animal models of these diseases. Therefore, the development of nanosystems enabling the sustained and selective delivery of mitochondria-targeted drugs is a novel and effective strategy to tackle NI&NDDs. In this review, we outline the impact of mitochondrial dysfunction associated with unbalanced mitochondrial dynamics, altered mitophagy, oxidative stress, energy deficit, and proteinopathies in NI&NDDs. In addition, we review different strategies for selective mitochondria-specific ligand targeting and discuss novel nanomaterials, nanozymes, and drug-loaded nanosystems developed to repair mitochondrial function and their therapeutic benefits protecting against oxidative stress, restoring cell energy production, preventing cell death, inhibiting protein aggregates, and improving motor and cognitive disability in cellular and animal models of different NI&NDDs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rodrigo Naves
- Immunology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Av. Independencia 1027, Santiago 8380453, Chile; (L.F.G.); (L.E.B.)
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203
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TRAP1 in Oxidative Stress and Neurodegeneration. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10111829. [PMID: 34829705 PMCID: PMC8614808 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10111829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated protein 1 (TRAP1), also known as heat shock protein 75 (HSP75), is a member of the heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) chaperone family that resides mainly in the mitochondria. As a mitochondrial molecular chaperone, TRAP1 supports protein folding and contributes to the maintenance of mitochondrial integrity even under cellular stress. TRAP1 is a cellular regulator of mitochondrial bioenergetics, redox homeostasis, oxidative stress-induced cell death, apoptosis, and unfolded protein response (UPR) in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). TRAP1 has attracted increasing interest as a therapeutical target, with a special focus on the design of TRAP1 specific inhibitors. Although TRAP1 was extensively studied in the oncology field, its role in central nervous system cells, under physiological and pathological conditions, remains largely unknown. In this review, we will start by summarizing the biology of TRAP1, including its structure and related pathways. Thereafter, we will continue by debating the role of TRAP1 in the maintenance of redox homeostasis and protection against oxidative stress and apoptosis. The role of TRAP1 in neurodegenerative disorders will also be discussed. Finally, we will review the potential of TRAP1 inhibitors as neuroprotective drugs.
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204
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Potjewyd FM, Axtman AD. Exploration of Aberrant E3 Ligases Implicated in Alzheimer's Disease and Development of Chemical Tools to Modulate Their Function. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:768655. [PMID: 34867205 PMCID: PMC8637409 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.768655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The Ubiquitin Proteasome System (UPS) is responsible for the degradation of misfolded or aggregated proteins via a multistep ATP-dependent proteolytic mechanism. This process involves a cascade of ubiquitin (Ub) transfer steps from E1 to E2 to E3 ligase. The E3 ligase transfers Ub to a targeted protein that is brought to the proteasome for degradation. The inability of the UPS to remove misfolded or aggregated proteins due to UPS dysfunction is commonly observed in neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). UPS dysfunction in AD drives disease pathology and is associated with the common hallmarks such as amyloid-β (Aβ) accumulation and tau hyperphosphorylation, among others. E3 ligases are key members of the UPS machinery and dysfunction or changes in their expression can propagate other aberrant processes that accelerate AD pathology. The upregulation or downregulation of expression or activity of E3 ligases responsible for these processes results in changes in protein levels of E3 ligase substrates, many of which represent key proteins that propagate AD. A powerful way to better characterize UPS dysfunction in AD and the role of individual E3 ligases is via the use of high-quality chemical tools that bind and modulate specific E3 ligases. Furthermore, through combining gene editing with recent advances in 3D cell culture, in vitro modeling of AD in a dish has become more relevant and possible. These cell-based models of AD allow for study of specific pathways and mechanisms as well as characterization of the role E3 ligases play in driving AD. In this review, we outline the key mechanisms of UPS dysregulation linked to E3 ligases in AD and highlight the currently available chemical modulators. We present several key approaches for E3 ligase ligand discovery being employed with respect to distinct classes of E3 ligases. Where possible, specific examples of the use of cultured neurons to delineate E3 ligase biology have been captured. Finally, utilizing the available ligands for E3 ligases in the design of proteolysis targeting chimeras (PROTACs) to degrade aberrant proteins is a novel strategy for AD, and we explore the prospects of PROTACs as AD therapeutics.
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205
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New perspectives on cytoskeletal dysregulation and mitochondrial mislocalization in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Transl Neurodegener 2021; 10:46. [PMID: 34789332 PMCID: PMC8597313 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-021-00272-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease characterized by selective, early degeneration of motor neurons in the brain and spinal cord. Motor neurons have long axonal projections, which rely on the integrity of neuronal cytoskeleton and mitochondria to regulate energy requirements for maintaining axonal stability, anterograde and retrograde transport, and signaling between neurons. The formation of protein aggregates which contain cytoskeletal proteins, and mitochondrial dysfunction both have devastating effects on the function of neurons and are shared pathological features across several neurodegenerative conditions, including ALS, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease and Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease. Furthermore, it is becoming increasingly clear that cytoskeletal integrity and mitochondrial function are intricately linked. Therefore, dysregulations of the cytoskeletal network and mitochondrial homeostasis and localization, may be common pathways in the initial steps of neurodegeneration. Here we review and discuss known contributors, including variants in genetic loci and aberrant protein activities, which modify cytoskeletal integrity, axonal transport and mitochondrial localization in ALS and have overlapping features with other neurodegenerative diseases. Additionally, we explore some emerging pathways that may contribute to this disruption in ALS.
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206
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Jiang JM, Mo ML, Long XP, Xie LH. MiR-144-3p induced by SP1 promotes IL-1β-induced pyroptosis in chondrocytes via PTEN/PINK1/Parkin axis. Autoimmunity 2021; 55:21-31. [PMID: 34730058 DOI: 10.1080/08916934.2021.1983802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) often leads to functional disabilities and deformities. MiRNA plays a vital role in cell pyroptosis. Nevertheless, the function and underlying mechanism of miR-144-3p in pyroptosis during the progression of RA remains unclear. In this study, N1511 cells were stimulated with IL-1β to construct a RA model. 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2-H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay was performed to assess the cell viability. Cell pyroptosis was detected by flow cytometry. The levels of inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-18) were assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The relationship among specific protein 1 (SP1), microRNA-144-3p (miR-144-3p), and phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) was explored by dual-luciferase reporter assay, RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP), and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP), respectively. The level of miR-144-3p in N1511 cells was upregulated by IL-1β. MiR-144-3p knockdown inhibited IL-1β-induced pyroptosis in N1511 cells, and the expressions of NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3), Cleaved caspase-1, Gasdermin D (GSDMD), and Cleaved caspase-3 in IL-1β-stimulated N1511 cells were increased. The levels of inflammatory cytokines in N1511 cells were increased by IL-1β, which were restored by miR-144-3p knockdown. MiR-144-3p knockdown abolished IL-1β-induced inactivation of putative kinase 1 (PINK1)/Parkin RBR E3 ubiquitin-protein (Parkin) signalling. Moreover, transcription factor SP1 could upregulate miR-144-3p expression and miR-144-3p negatively regulated PTEN expression. In summary, MiR-144-3p induced by SP1 could promote IL-1β-induced chondrocyte pyroptosis via inhibiting PTEN expression and suppressing the activation of PINK1/Parkin signalling, which provided a new strategy against RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Mei Jiang
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China,, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Mei-Li Mo
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China,, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Xiao-Ping Long
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Li-Hu Xie
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China,, Hengyang, Hunan, China
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207
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Li B, Yang S, Ye J, Chu S, Chen N, An Z. Flavin-containing monooxygenase 1 deficiency promotes neuroinflammation in dopaminergic neurons in mice. Neurosci Lett 2021; 764:136222. [PMID: 34500002 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2021.136222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
A growing body of evidence indicates an association between flavin-containing monooxygenase (FMO) and neurodegeneration, including Parkinson's disease (PD); however, the details of this association are unclear. We previously showed that the level of Fmo1 mRNA is decreased in an in vitro rotenone model of parkinsonism. To further explore the potential involvement of FMO1 deficiency in parkinsonism, we generated Fmo1 knockout (KO) mice and examined the survival of dopaminergic neurons and relative changes. Fmo1 KO mice exhibited loss of tyrosine hydroxylase-positive neurons, decreased levels of tyrosine hydroxylase and Parkin proteins, and increased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL1β and IL6) in the nigrostriatal region. Moreover, the protein levels of PTEN induced kinase 1 (PINK1) and p62, and the Microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3)-II/I ratio were not significantly altered in Fmo1 KO mice (P > 0.05). FMO1 deficiency promotes neuroinflammation in dopaminergic neurons in mice, thus may plays a potential pathological role in dopaminergic neuronal loss. These findings may provide new insight into the pathogenesis of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boyu Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, 8 Gongtinan Road, Beijing 100020, China
| | - Song Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, 8 Gongtinan Road, Beijing 100020, China
| | - Junrui Ye
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Jia2 nanwei Road, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Shifeng Chu
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Jia2 nanwei Road, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Naihong Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Jia2 nanwei Road, Beijing 100050, China.
| | - Zhuoling An
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, 8 Gongtinan Road, Beijing 100020, China.
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208
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Song Z, Luo D, Wang Y, Zheng Y, Chen P, Xia X, He C, Yu W, Li P, Xiao C, Cheng S. Neuroprotective Effect of Danggui Shaoyao San via the Mitophagy-Apoptosis Pathway in a Rat Model of Alzheimer's Disease. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2021; 2021:3995958. [PMID: 34621321 PMCID: PMC8492282 DOI: 10.1155/2021/3995958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a serious neurodegenerative disease. While the main pathological characteristic of AD is widely believed to be the accumulation of amyloid-beta (Aβ) in neurons around neurofibrillary plaques, the molecular mechanism of pathological changes is not clear. Traditional Chinese medicine offers many treatments for AD. Among these, Danggui Shaoyao San (DSS) is a classic prescription. In this study, an AD model was established by injecting Aβ 1-42 into the brains of rats, which were then treated with different concentrations of Danggui Shaoyao San (sham operation; model; and Danggui Shaoyao San high-dose, medium-dose, and low-dose intervention groups). The Morris water maze test was used to assess the learning and memory abilities of the animals in each group. Nissl staining was used to detect neurons. Mitophagy was evaluated by transmission electron microscopy and immunofluorescence colocalization. Apoptosis was assessed by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay. The expression levels of autophagy- and apoptosis-related proteins were measured by western blot. Compared to the model group, the groups of AD rats administered medium and high doses of Danggui Shaoyao San showed significantly increased learning and memory abilities (P < 0.05), as well as significantly increased autophagosomes in the hippocampus. Moreover, the expression of PTEN-induced kinase 1 (PINK1), Parkin, and microtubule-associated protein light chain 3 (LC3-I/LC3-II) was increased, while that of p62 was significantly decreased (P < 0.05). The neuronal apoptosis rate was also significantly decreased, the Bcl-2/Bax ratio was significantly increased, and the cleaved caspase-3 protein expression was significantly decreased (P < 0.05). Therefore, Danggui Shaoyao San inhibited neuronal apoptosis in AD rats via a mechanism that may be related to the activation of the PINK1-Parkin-mediated mitophagy signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyan Song
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine on Prevention and Treatment of Cardio-Cerebral Diseases, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410208, China
- College of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410208, China
| | - Deyong Luo
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine on Prevention and Treatment of Cardio-Cerebral Diseases, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410208, China
| | - Yuke Wang
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine on Prevention and Treatment of Cardio-Cerebral Diseases, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410208, China
| | - Yushan Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine on Prevention and Treatment of Cardio-Cerebral Diseases, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410208, China
| | - Peiying Chen
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine on Prevention and Treatment of Cardio-Cerebral Diseases, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410208, China
| | - Xiaofang Xia
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine on Prevention and Treatment of Cardio-Cerebral Diseases, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410208, China
| | - Chunxiang He
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine on Prevention and Treatment of Cardio-Cerebral Diseases, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410208, China
- College of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410208, China
| | - Wenjing Yu
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine on Prevention and Treatment of Cardio-Cerebral Diseases, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410208, China
- College of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410208, China
| | - Ping Li
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine on Prevention and Treatment of Cardio-Cerebral Diseases, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410208, China
- College of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410208, China
| | - Chen Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine on Prevention and Treatment of Cardio-Cerebral Diseases, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410208, China
| | - Shaowu Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine on Prevention and Treatment of Cardio-Cerebral Diseases, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410208, China
- College of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410208, China
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209
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Wang Z, Xia T, Jin S, Liu X, Pan R, Yan M, Chang Q. Chronic Restraint Stress-Induced Muscle Atrophy Leads to Fatigue in Mice by Inhibiting the AMPK Signaling Pathway. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9101321. [PMID: 34680438 PMCID: PMC8533263 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9101321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, an increasing number of people are suffering from fatigue due to the state of their lifestyles, such as sedentary work in a relatively small space, irregular sleep patterns, or the lack of movement and exercise. The present study was designed to simulate the occurrence of fatigue in the above populations through a chronic restraint stress (CRS) model, and to reveal its dynamic processes and potential underlying molecular mechanisms. ICR mice were subjected to 8 h of restraint stress each day for 5, 10, or 15 days. It was found that the weight-loaded swimming performance, grip strength, and locomotor activity of the mice all decreased under CRS treatment, and that up to 15 days of CRS induced notable fatigue. Gastrocnemius muscle atrophy and some abnormal biochemical parameters related to fatigue under CRS were observed. Furthermore, transcriptome data showed that the changes in muscle cell metabolism and mitochondrial dysfunction were associated with the AMPK signaling pathway in CRS-treated mice. Western blotting analysis of the AMPK/PGC-1α signaling pathway revealed that CRS could decrease mitochondrial biogenesis and reduce the numbers of type I skeletal muscle fibers in the gastrocnemius of mice. CRS could also block the protective mitophagic flux to inhibit the abnormal clearance of damaged mitochondria. Our study suggests a critical link between muscle atrophy and CRS-induced fatigue in mice, suggesting that the pharmacological promotion of muscle and mitochondrial function can be used as a treatment for stress-induced fatigue.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Mingzhu Yan
- Correspondence: (M.Y.); (Q.C.); Tel.: +86-10-5783-3468 (M.Y.); +86-10-5783-3224 (Q.C.)
| | - Qi Chang
- Correspondence: (M.Y.); (Q.C.); Tel.: +86-10-5783-3468 (M.Y.); +86-10-5783-3224 (Q.C.)
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210
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Behl T, Madaan P, Sehgal A, Singh S, Sharma N, Bhatia S, Al-Harrasi A, Chigurupati S, Alrashdi I, Bungau SG. Elucidating the Neuroprotective Role of PPARs in Parkinson's Disease: A Neoteric and Prospective Target. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:10161. [PMID: 34576325 PMCID: PMC8467926 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221810161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the utmost frequently emerging neurodegenerative diseases, Parkinson's disease (PD) must be comprehended through the forfeit of dopamine (DA)-generating nerve cells in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SN-PC). The etiology and pathogenesis underlying the emergence of PD is still obscure. However, expanding corroboration encourages the involvement of genetic and environmental factors in the etiology of PD. The destruction of numerous cellular components, namely oxidative stress, ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) dysfunction, autophagy-lysosome system dysfunction, neuroinflammation and programmed cell death, and mitochondrial dysfunction partake in the pathogenesis of PD. Present-day pharmacotherapy can alleviate the manifestations, but no therapy has been demonstrated to cease disease progression. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are ligand-directed transcription factors pertaining to the class of nuclear hormone receptors (NHR), and are implicated in the modulation of mitochondrial operation, inflammation, wound healing, redox equilibrium, and metabolism of blood sugar and lipids. Numerous PPAR agonists have been recognized to safeguard nerve cells from oxidative destruction, inflammation, and programmed cell death in PD and other neurodegenerative diseases. Additionally, various investigations suggest that regular administration of PPAR-activating non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) (ibuprofen, indomethacin), and leukotriene receptor antagonists (montelukast) were related to the de-escalated evolution of neurodegenerative diseases. The present review elucidates the emerging evidence enlightening the neuroprotective outcomes of PPAR agonists in in vivo and in vitro models experiencing PD. Existing articles up to the present were procured through PubMed, MEDLINE, etc., utilizing specific keywords spotlighted in this review. Furthermore, the authors aim to provide insight into the neuroprotective actions of PPAR agonists by outlining the pharmacological mechanism. As a conclusion, PPAR agonists exhibit neuroprotection through modulating the expression of a group of genes implicated in cellular survival pathways, and may be a propitious target in the therapy of incapacitating neurodegenerative diseases like PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tapan Behl
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab 140401, India; (P.M.); (A.S.); (S.S.); (N.S.)
| | - Piyush Madaan
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab 140401, India; (P.M.); (A.S.); (S.S.); (N.S.)
| | - Aayush Sehgal
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab 140401, India; (P.M.); (A.S.); (S.S.); (N.S.)
| | - Sukhbir Singh
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab 140401, India; (P.M.); (A.S.); (S.S.); (N.S.)
| | - Neelam Sharma
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab 140401, India; (P.M.); (A.S.); (S.S.); (N.S.)
| | - Saurabh Bhatia
- Natural & Medical Sciences Research Centre, University of Nizwa, Birkat Al Mauz 616, Nizwa P.O. Box 33, Oman; (S.B.); (A.A.-H.)
- School of Health Science, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun 248007, India
| | - Ahmed Al-Harrasi
- Natural & Medical Sciences Research Centre, University of Nizwa, Birkat Al Mauz 616, Nizwa P.O. Box 33, Oman; (S.B.); (A.A.-H.)
| | - Sridevi Chigurupati
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Buraydah 52571, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Ibrahim Alrashdi
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne NE1 7RU, UK;
| | - Simona Gabriela Bungau
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410028 Oradea, Romania
- Doctoral School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, University of Oradea, 410073 Oradea, Romania
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211
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Bastien J, Menon S, Messa M, Nyfeler B. Molecular targets and approaches to restore autophagy and lysosomal capacity in neurodegenerative disorders. Mol Aspects Med 2021; 82:101018. [PMID: 34489092 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2021.101018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is a catabolic process that promotes cellular fitness by clearing aggregated protein species, pathogens and damaged organelles through lysosomal degradation. The autophagic process is particularly important in the nervous system where post-mitotic neurons rely heavily on protein and organelle quality control in order to maintain cellular health throughout the lifetime of the organism. Alterations of autophagy and lysosomal function are hallmarks of various neurodegenerative disorders. In this review, we conceptualize some of the mechanistic and genetic evidence pointing towards autophagy and lysosomal dysfunction as a causal driver of neurodegeneration. Furthermore, we discuss rate-limiting pathway nodes and potential approaches to restore pathway activity, from autophagy initiation, cargo sequestration to lysosomal capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Bastien
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Suchithra Menon
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Mirko Messa
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Beat Nyfeler
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland.
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212
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Munoz-Pinto MF, Empadinhas N, Cardoso SM. The neuromicrobiology of Parkinson's disease: A unifying theory. Ageing Res Rev 2021; 70:101396. [PMID: 34171417 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2021.101396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Recent evidence confirms that PD is indeed a multifactorial disease with different aetiologies and prodromal symptomatology that likely depend on the initial trigger. New players with important roles as triggers, facilitators and aggravators of the PD neurodegenerative process have re-emerged in the last few years, the microbes. Having evolved in association with humans for ages, microbes and their products are now seen as fundamental regulators of human physiology with disturbances in their balance being increasingly accepted to have a relevant impact on the progression of disease in general and on PD in particular. In this review, we comprehensively address early studies that have directly or indirectly linked bacteria or other infectious agents to the onset and progression of PD, from the earliest suspects to the most recent culprits, the gut microbiota. The quest for effective treatments to arrest PD progression must inevitably address the different interactions between microbiota and human cells, and naturally consider the gut-brain axis. The comprehensive characterization of such mechanisms will help design innovative bacteriotherapeutic approaches to selectively shape the gut microbiota profile ultimately to halt PD progression. The present review describes our current understanding of the role of microorganisms and their endosymbiotic relatives, the mitochondria, in inducing, facilitating, or aggravating PD pathogenesis.
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213
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Cen X, Zhang M, Zhou M, Ye L, Xia H. Mitophagy Regulates Neurodegenerative Diseases. Cells 2021; 10:1876. [PMID: 34440645 PMCID: PMC8392649 DOI: 10.3390/cells10081876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria play an essential role in supplying energy for the health and survival of neurons. Mitophagy is a metabolic process that removes dysfunctional or redundant mitochondria. This process preserves mitochondrial health. However, defective mitophagy triggers the accumulation of damaged mitochondria, causing major neurodegenerative disorders. This review introduces molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways behind mitophagy regulation. Furthermore, we focus on the recent advances in understanding the potential role of mitophagy in the pathogenesis of major neurodegenerative diseases (Parkinson's, Alzheimer's, Huntington's, etc.) and aging. The findings will help identify the potential interventions of mitophagy regulation and treatment strategies of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xufeng Cen
- Department of Biochemistry & Research Center of Clinical Pharmacy of The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China; (X.C.); (M.Z.); (M.Z.); (L.Y.)
- Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, 1369 West Wenyi Road, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Manke Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry & Research Center of Clinical Pharmacy of The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China; (X.C.); (M.Z.); (M.Z.); (L.Y.)
| | - Mengxin Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry & Research Center of Clinical Pharmacy of The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China; (X.C.); (M.Z.); (M.Z.); (L.Y.)
| | - Lingzhi Ye
- Department of Biochemistry & Research Center of Clinical Pharmacy of The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China; (X.C.); (M.Z.); (M.Z.); (L.Y.)
- Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, 1369 West Wenyi Road, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Hongguang Xia
- Department of Biochemistry & Research Center of Clinical Pharmacy of The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China; (X.C.); (M.Z.); (M.Z.); (L.Y.)
- Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, 1369 West Wenyi Road, Hangzhou 311121, China
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214
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Lei L, Yang S, Lu X, Zhang Y, Li T. Research Progress on the Mechanism of Mitochondrial Autophagy in Cerebral Stroke. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:698601. [PMID: 34335233 PMCID: PMC8319822 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.698601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial autophagy is an early defense and protection process that selectively clears dysfunctional or excessive mitochondria through a distinctive mechanism to maintain intracellular homeostasis. Mitochondrial dysfunction during cerebral stroke involves metabolic disbalance, oxidative stress, apoptosis, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and abnormal mitochondrial autophagy. This article reviews the research progress on the mechanism of mitochondrial autophagy in ischemic stroke to provide a theoretical basis for further research on mitochondrial autophagy and the treatment of ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Lei
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province (Kunhua Hospital/The Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology), Kunming, China
| | - Shuaifeng Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province (Kunhua Hospital/The Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology), Kunming, China
| | - Xiaoyang Lu
- Translational Neurosurgery and Neurobiology, University Hospital Aachen, RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Yongfa Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province (Kunhua Hospital/The Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology), Kunming, China
| | - Tao Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province (Kunhua Hospital/The Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology), Kunming, China
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215
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York A, Everhart A, Vitek MP, Gottschalk KW, Colton CA. Metabolism-Based Gene Differences in Neurons Expressing Hyperphosphorylated AT8- Positive (AT8+) Tau in Alzheimer's Disease. ASN Neuro 2021; 13:17590914211019443. [PMID: 34121475 PMCID: PMC8207264 DOI: 10.1177/17590914211019443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic adaptations in the brain are critical to the establishment and maintenance of normal cellular functions and to the pathological responses to disease processes. Here, we have focused on specific metabolic pathways that are involved in immune-mediated neuronal processes in brain using isolated neurons derived from human autopsy brain sections of normal individuals and individuals diagnosed as Alzheimer's disease (AD). Laser capture microscopy was used to select specific cell types in immune-stained thin brain sections followed by NanoString technology to identify and quantify differences in mRNA levels between age-matched control and AD neuronal samples. Comparisons were also made between neurons isolated from AD brain sections expressing pathogenic hyperphosphorylated AT8- positive (AT8+) tau and non-AT8+ AD neurons using double labeling techniques. The mRNA expression data showed unique patterns of metabolic pathway expression between the subtypes of captured neurons that involved membrane based solute transporters, redox factors, and arginine and methionine metabolic pathways. We also identified the expression levels of a novel metabolic gene, Radical-S-Adenosyl Domain1 (RSAD1) and its corresponding protein, Rsad1, that impact methionine usage and radical based reactions. Immunohistochemistry was used to identify specific protein expression levels and their cellular location in NeuN+ and AT8+ neurons. APOE4 vs APOE3 genotype-specific and sex-specific gene expression differences in these metabolic pathways were also observed when comparing neurons from individuals with AD to age-matched individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audra York
- Division of Translational Brain Sciences, Department of Neurology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States
| | - Angela Everhart
- Division of Translational Brain Sciences, Department of Neurology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States
| | - Michael P Vitek
- Division of Translational Brain Sciences, Department of Neurology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States
| | - Kirby W Gottschalk
- Division of Translational Brain Sciences, Department of Neurology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States
| | - Carol A Colton
- Division of Translational Brain Sciences, Department of Neurology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States
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216
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Murillo-González FE, García-Aguilar R, Vega L, Elizondo G. Regulation of Parkin expression as the key balance between neural survival and cancer cell death. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 190:114650. [PMID: 34111426 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Parkin is a cytosolic E3 ubiquitin ligase that plays an important role in neuroprotection by targeting several proteins to be degraded by the 26S proteasome. Its dysfunction has been associated not only with Parkinson's disease (PD) but also with other neurodegenerative pathologies, such as Alzheimer's disease and Huntington's disease. More recently, Parkin has been identified as a tumor suppressor gene implicated in cancer development. Due to the important roles that this E3 ubiquitin ligase plays in cellular homeostasis, its expression, activity, and turnover are tightly regulated. Several reviews have addressed Parkin regulation; however, genetic and epigenetic regulation have been excluded. In addition to posttranslational modifications (PTMs), this review examines the regulatory mechanisms that control Parkin function through gene expression, epigenetic regulation, and degradation. Furthermore, the consequences of disrupting these regulatory processes on human health are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Libia Vega
- Department of Toxicology, CINVESTAV-IPN, Av. IPN 2508, C.P. 07360 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Guillermo Elizondo
- Department of Cellular Biology, CINVESTAV-IPN, Av. IPN 2508, C.P. 07360 Mexico City, Mexico.
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217
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DHA Protects Hepatocytes from Oxidative Injury through GPR120/ERK-Mediated Mitophagy. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22115675. [PMID: 34073582 PMCID: PMC8198367 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress occurs in a variety of clinical liver diseases and causes cellular damage and mitochondrial dysfunction. The clearance of damaged mitochondria by mitophagy may facilitate mitochondrial biogenesis and enhance cell survival. Although the supplementation of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) has been recognized to relieve the symptoms of various liver diseases, the antioxidant effect of DHA in liver disease is still unclear. The purpose of our research was to investigate the antioxidant effect of DHA in the liver and the possible role of mitophagy in this. In vitro, H2O2-induced injury was caused in AML12 cells. The results showed that DHA repressed the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) induced by H2O2 and stimulated the cellular antioxidation response. Most notably, DHA restored oxidative stress-impaired autophagic flux and promoted protective autophagy. In addition, PINK/Parkin-mediated mitophagy was activated by DHA in AML12 cells and alleviated mitochondrial dysfunction. The ERK1/2 signaling pathway was inhibited during oxidative stress but reactivated by DHA treatment. It was proven that the expression of ERK1/2 was involved in the regulation of mitophagy by the ERK1/2 inhibitor. We further proved these results in vivo. DHA effectively alleviated the liver oxidative damage caused by CCl4 and enhanced antioxidation capacity; intriguingly, autophagy was also activated. In summary, our data demonstrated that DHA protected hepatocytes from oxidative damage through GPR120/ERK-mediated mitophagy.
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218
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Li S, Sun X, Bi L, Tong Y, Liu X. Research Progress on Natural Product Ingredients' Therapeutic Effects on Parkinson's Disease by Regulating Autophagy. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2021; 2021:5538200. [PMID: 33981351 PMCID: PMC8088354 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5538200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disease in middle-aged and older adults. Abnormal proteins such as α-synuclein are essential factors in PD's pathogenesis. Autophagy is the main participant in the clearance of abnormal proteins. The overactive or low function of autophagy leads to autophagy stress. Not only is it difficult to clear abnormal proteins but also it can cause damage to neurons. In this article, the effects of natural products ingredients, such as salidroside, paeoniflorin, curcumin, resveratrol, corynoxine, and baicalein, on regulating autophagy and protecting neurons were discussed in detail to provide a reference for the research and development of drugs for the treatment of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sicong Li
- School of Pharmacy, Peking University Health Science Centre, Beijing, China
| | - Xu Sun
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lei Bi
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yujia Tong
- Institute of Medical Information, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Liu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
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219
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Kang S, Li J, Yao Z, Liu J. Cannabidiol Induces Autophagy to Protects Neural Cells From Mitochondrial Dysfunction by Upregulating SIRT1 to Inhibits NF-κB and NOTCH Pathways. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:654340. [PMID: 33859553 PMCID: PMC8042325 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.654340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The protective effect of Cannabidiol on Parkinson’s disease (PD) has been found in recent study. However, the specific mechanism of the protective effect of Cannabidiol on PD nerve damage require further exploration. This study aims to investigate effect of Cannabidiol on MMP-induced Neural Cells (SH-SY5Y) mitochondrial dysfunction. MMP+ and Cannabidiol were used to treat SH-SY5Y cells, the cells viability was measured by MTT assay. The expression of Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) in cells was measured by western blotting and Immunofluorescence staining. The relationship among Cannabidiol, Silent mating type information regulation 2 homolog-1 (SIRT1) and NOTCH signaling, NF-κB signaling was examined by western blotting. The effect of Cannabidiol on MMP+-induced mitochondrial dysfunction of SH-SY5Y cells was measured by western blotting. Cannabidiol alleviated loss of TH expression and cytotoxicity in the MPP+-induced SH-SY5Y cells. Further mechanistic investigation showed that Cannabidiol induced SH-SY5Y cells autophagy to protects cells from mitochondrial dysfunction by upregulating SIRT1 to Inhibits NF-κB and NOTCH Pathways. Taken together, Cannabidiol acts as a protector in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaolei Kang
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Jinglin Li
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Zhihui Yao
- Medical School, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China.,Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, 926 Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Kaiyuan, China
| | - Jiaxin Liu
- Medical School, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
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220
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Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder resulting from the death of dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta. Our understanding of PD biology has been enriched by the identification of genes involved in its rare, inheritable forms, termed PARK genes. These genes encode proteins including α-syn, LRRK2, VPS35, parkin, PINK1, and DJ1, which can cause monogenetic PD when mutated. Investigating the cellular functions of these proteins has been instrumental in identifying signaling pathways that mediate pathology in PD and neuroprotective mechanisms active during homeostatic and pathological conditions. It is now evident that many PD-associated proteins perform multiple functions in PD-associated signaling pathways in neurons. Furthermore, several PARK proteins contribute to non-cell-autonomous mechanisms of neuron death, such as neuroinflammation. A comprehensive understanding of cell-autonomous and non-cell-autonomous pathways involved in PD is essential for developing therapeutics that may slow or halt its progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikhil Panicker
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD.,Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Preston Ge
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD.,Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD.,Adrienne Helis Malvin Medical Research Foundation, New Orleans, LA
| | - Valina L Dawson
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD.,Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD.,Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD.,Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD.,Adrienne Helis Malvin Medical Research Foundation, New Orleans, LA.,Diana Helis Henry Medical Research Foundation, New Orleans, LA
| | - Ted M Dawson
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD.,Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD.,Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD.,Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD.,Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD.,Adrienne Helis Malvin Medical Research Foundation, New Orleans, LA.,Diana Helis Henry Medical Research Foundation, New Orleans, LA
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221
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Wang BY, Ye YY, Qian C, Zhang HB, Mao HX, Yao LP, Sun X, Lu GH, Zhang SZ. Stress increases MHC-I expression in dopaminergic neurons and induces autoimmune activation in Parkinson's disease. Neural Regen Res 2021; 16:2521-2527. [PMID: 33907043 PMCID: PMC8374590 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.313057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The expression of major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I), a key antigen-presenting protein, can be induced in dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra, thus indicating its possible involvement in the occurrence and development of Parkinson's disease. However, it remains unclear whether oxidative stress induces Parkinson's disease through the MHC-I pathway. In the present study, polymerase chain reaction and western blot assays were used to determine the expression of MHC-I in 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+)-treated SH-SY5Y cells and a 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced Parkinson's disease mouse model. The findings revealed that MHC-I was expressed in both models. To detect whether the expression of MHC-I was able to trigger the infiltration of cytotoxic T cells, immunofluorescence staining was used to detect cytotoxic cluster of differentiation 8 (CD8)+ T cell infiltration in the substantia nigra of MPTP-treated mice. The results indicated that the presentation of MHC-I in dopaminergic neurons was indeed accompanied by an increase in the number of CD8+ T cells. Moreover, in MPTP-induced Parkinson's disease model mice, the genetic knockdown of endogenous MHC-I, which was caused by injecting specific adenovirus into the substantia nigra, led to a significant reduction in CD8+ T cell infiltration and alleviated dopaminergic neuronal death. To further investigate the molecular mechanisms of oxidative stress-induced MHC-I presentation, the expression of PTEN-induced kinase 1 (PINK1) was silenced in MPP+-treated SH-SY5Y cells using specific small interfering RNA (siRNA), and there was more presentation of MHC-I in these cells compared with control siRNA-treated cells. Taken together, MPP+-/MPTP-induced oxidative stress can trigger MHC-I presentation and autoimmune activation, thus rendering dopaminergic neurons susceptible to immune cells and degeneration. This may be one of the mechanisms of oxidative stress-induced Parkinson's disease, and implies the potential neuroprotective role of PINK1 in oxidative stress-induced MHC-I presentation. All animal experiments were approved by the Southern Medical University Ethics Committee (No. 81802040, approved on February 25, 2018).
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Affiliation(s)
- Bao-Yan Wang
- The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yong-Yi Ye
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Chen Qian
- The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Hong-Bo Zhang
- The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Heng-Xu Mao
- The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Long-Ping Yao
- The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xiang Sun
- The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Guo-Hui Lu
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Shi-Zhong Zhang
- The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
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222
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Inflammation-Induced Protein Unfolding in Airway Smooth Muscle Triggers a Homeostatic Response in Mitochondria. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 22:ijms22010363. [PMID: 33396378 PMCID: PMC7795579 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of airway inflammation on airway smooth muscle (ASM) are mediated by pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα). In this review article, we will provide a unifying hypothesis for a homeostatic response to airway inflammation that mitigates oxidative stress and thereby provides resilience to ASM. Previous studies have shown that acute exposure to TNFα increases ASM force generation in response to muscarinic stimulation (hyper-reactivity) resulting in increased ATP consumption and increased tension cost. To meet this increased energetic demand, mitochondrial O2 consumption and oxidative phosphorylation increases but at the cost of increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production (oxidative stress). TNFα-induced oxidative stress results in the accumulation of unfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and mitochondria of ASM. In the ER, TNFα selectively phosphorylates inositol-requiring enzyme 1 alpha (pIRE1α) triggering downstream splicing of the transcription factor X-box binding protein 1 (XBP1s); thus, activating the pIRE1α/XBP1s ER stress pathway. Protein unfolding in mitochondria also triggers an unfolded protein response (mtUPR). In our conceptual framework, we hypothesize that activation of these pathways is homeostatically directed towards mitochondrial remodeling via an increase in peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator 1 alpha (PGC1α) expression, which in turn triggers: (1) mitochondrial fragmentation (increased dynamin-related protein-1 (Drp1) and reduced mitofusin-2 (Mfn2) expression) and mitophagy (activation of the Phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN)-induced putative kinase 1 (PINK1)/Parkin mitophagy pathway) to improve mitochondrial quality; (2) reduced Mfn2 also results in a disruption of mitochondrial tethering to the ER and reduced mitochondrial Ca2+ influx; and (3) mitochondrial biogenesis and increased mitochondrial volume density. The homeostatic remodeling of mitochondria results in more efficient O2 consumption and oxidative phosphorylation and reduced ROS formation by individual mitochondrion, while still meeting the increased ATP demand. Thus, the energetic load of hyper-reactivity is shared across the mitochondrial pool within ASM cells.
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