201
|
Abstract
✓ Intracranial pressure was recorded in 21 patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage due to rupture of a saccular aneurysm. Two different pressure patterns were found in nine patients who had verified recurrent hemorrhages while awaiting clinical improvement. One was associated with massive hematoma while the other occurred with edema but only minimal hematoma; the terms “hemorrhagic-compressive lesion” and “ischemic-edematous lesion” have been used for these two conditions. Four patients showed transient deterioration concomitant with marked pressure peaks in the continuous record. Although there was no evidence of fresh hemorrhage, three of these episodes were followed by a verified hemorrhage within 24 hours. Since no such “warning episode” was seen after the aneurysm had been clipped, the authors consider this pressure peak and concomitant clinical deterioration to be related to the mechanism of aneurysm rupture and possibly a forerunner of a life-threatening hemorrhage. These three pressure patterns showed the whole range from full spatial compensation to total decompensation. The determining factors are considered to be the volume of extravasated blood, the vasomoter reaction, and the intracranial spatial buffering capacity.
Collapse
|
202
|
Kaste M, Troupp H. Effect of experimental brain injury on blood pressure, cerebral sinus pressure, cerebral venous oxygen tension, respiration, and acid-base balance. J Neurosurg 1972; 36:625-33. [PMID: 5026547 DOI: 10.3171/jns.1972.36.5.0625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
✓ Changes in the blood pressure, cerebral sinus pressure, cerebral venous oxygen tension, acid-base balance, respiratory frequency, and respiratory minute volume were studied in the rabbit after a lethal cold injury to the brain. About half of the animals responded to the injury with a quick rise in cerebral sinus pressure and in its relation to blood pressure (CSP/BP); in the other half, cerebral sinus pressure and the CSP/BP ratio rose more slowly. Changes in the CSP/BP ratio correlated well with criteria for changes in respiratory performance. The changes in cerebral venous oxygen tension were reasonably uniform: a dip during freezing, an overshoot to a mean of 1.6 times the original level (about 30 mm Hg) immediately after injury, a gradual return to the pretraumatic level, and then a drop to lower levels. The brain injury led to a respiratory alkalosis that became more pronounced the longer the animals lived. Considered with CSP/BP ratio, respiratory reaction to the brain injury may provide an early and accurate prognosis. The fact that at the time of death the cerebral perfusion pressure was still within a range believed safe for the brain shows that an actual brain injury, in addition to raised intracranial pressure, is important in such experiments and emphasizes the inappropriateness of comparing levels of intracranial pressure raised by a variety of methods.
Collapse
|
203
|
Magnaes B, Nornes H. Traumatic tension pneumo-hydrocephalus. The intracranial pressure pattern and the pathogenetic factors. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 1972; 27:17-27. [PMID: 4658828 DOI: 10.1007/bf01402169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
|
204
|
Brock M, Beck J, Markakis E, Dietz H. Intracranial pressure gradients associated with experimental cerebral embolism. Stroke 1972; 3:123-30. [PMID: 5011640 DOI: 10.1161/01.str.3.2.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
In a series of 20 cats unilateral cerebral oil embolism was followed by the development of clinical signs of increased intracranial pressure. Simultaneous bilateral epidural pressure measurements revealed marked pressure gradients between both cerebral hemispheres. Such local (tissue) pressure gradients possibly influence local cerebral blood flow (mainly in the diseased areas) by means of alterations in local tissue perfusion pressure.
Collapse
|
205
|
Miller JD, Stanek A, Langfitt TW. Concepts of cerebral perfusion pressure and vascular compression during intracranial hypertension. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 1972; 35:411-32. [PMID: 5009562 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6123(08)60102-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
|
206
|
Meyer JS, Welch KM. Relationship of cerebral blood flow and metabolism to neurological symptoms. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 1972; 35:285-347. [PMID: 4550579 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6123(08)60097-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
|
207
|
Lehman RA, Krupin T, Podos SM. Experimental effect of intracranial hypertension upon intraocular pressure. J Neurosurg 1972; 36:60-6. [PMID: 4621385 DOI: 10.3171/jns.1972.36.1.0060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
✓ Intracranial pressure was elevated acutely by inflation of an epidural balloon inside one side of the skull of monkeys. In most of the animals, intraocular pressure rose, beginning only after intracranial pressure had been elevated well above normal and continuing until the pressure in the expanding epidural balloon approached the level of the blood pressure. Thereafter intraocular pressure stabilized until it fell as vasomotor collapse ensued. The role of systemic arterial pressure elevations in the rising phase of intraocular pressure is thought to be less important than increases of ophthalmic venous pressure.
Collapse
|
208
|
Huber P, Magun H, Rivoir R. The effect of pharmacologically increased blood pressure on the brain circulation. Angiographic investigation of arterial diameter and blood flow in patients with normal and pathologic angiograms. (Preliminary report.). Neuroradiology 1971; 3:68-74. [PMID: 5164264 DOI: 10.1007/bf00339897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
|
209
|
Abstract
Intracranial hypotension increases cerebral blood flow. In dogs the average increase in cortical blood flow was 30 ml./100 g/min (47%) when the intracranial pressure was lowered acutely from 100 to 40 mm CSF. Permanent intracranial hypotension was established in seven demented patients using a ventriculoatrial shunt. The mean post shunt pressure was 50 mm CSF. In this group, the cerebral vascular resistance decreased 32%, the cortical blood flow increased 37%, and the relative weight of functional grey matter increased 44%. The systemic blood pressure was 8% lower. The increase in cerebral blood flow is the result of an increase in the pressure differential between the precapillary arterioles and the veins. In addition, the vessels dilate in response to the decreased external pressure. This increase in cerebral blood flow may be the mechanism for improvement in patients with normal pressure hydrocephalus who are shunted.
Collapse
|
210
|
Abstract
In 27 rhesus monkeys the cerebrospinal fluid pressure (CSFP) was raised by injections into the cisterna magna to about 40 to 50 mm Hg in steps of 5 mm Hg every five minutes. During the initial phase of the rise of the CSFP to about 15 mm Hg normal animals showed a significant fall in the systolic arterial blood pressure. With a further elevation of the CSFP the BP rose till the CSFP reached 30 to 40 mm Hg. If the CSFP were raised higher than that, a large number of the animals showed a significant fall in the BP. In animals which were shocked before the CSFP was raised there was no drop in the systolic BP during the initial phase. This study indicates that vascular decompensation occurs in the majority of animals when the CSFP goes higher than 30 to 40 mm Hg; there is a significant rise in the pulse rate, superior sagittal sinus pressure (SSP), and internal jugular vein pressure (JVP). The JVP was related to the SSP, indicating that the JVP most probably reflected the pressure changes in the intracranial venous sinuses. Four animals suddenly collapsed at the highest CSFP. In the remaining 23 animals, on a sudden lowering of the CSFP to zero from the highest level, 13 monkeys died in less than half an hour and four in about an hour, while six animals stood this elevation of the CSFP well, with a good recovery. This indicates that, once the vascular decompensation has set in, the prognosis is generally poor even after lowering the CSFP to normal. The drop of the CSFP to zero produced no significant change in the pulse rate but a significant fall in the BP. The SSP rose when its pre-lowering level was less than 7·5 mm Hg and fell when the level was at or above 7·5 mm Hg level. The JVP showed a significant correlation with the variations in the SSP. The fundus examination at the end of the experiment revealed no abnormality.
Collapse
|
211
|
Edvinsson L, Owman C, West KA. Modification of kaolin-induced intracranial hypertension at various time-periods after superior cervical sympathectomy in rabbits. ACTA PHYSIOLOGICA SCANDINAVICA 1971; 83:51-9. [PMID: 5095027 DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-1716.1971.tb05050.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
|
212
|
Troupp H, Vapalahti M. Intraventricular pressure in the final stages of a severe brain injury. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 1971; 25:189-95. [PMID: 5149676 DOI: 10.1007/bf01809100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
|
213
|
Abstract
✓ Both brain edema (increased water content) and enlargement of the vascular compartment have been implicated as being responsible for intracranial hypertension following trauma. In this study pertinent cerebrovascular hemodynamic parameters have been investigated in states of increased intracranial pressure (ICP) and graded trauma to determine whether cerebral edema or vascular factors are of major importance. Utilizing the monkey-epidural balloon experimental model, continuous measurements of the mean arterial pressure (MABP) , jugular outflow pressure (MJVP), and sagittal sinus wedge pressure (SSWP) were obtained. Shulman's observations that the sagittal sinus wedge pressure accurately reflects the intracranial pressure have been confirmed. The total cerebral blood flow (CBF) and mean transit time (t̄) were determined and the total cerebral blood volume (CBV) computed. From these data the venous (Rv), arterial (Ra), and total resistances (Rt) were calculated. Analysis of these parameters during both the acute elevation of ICP and that following graded trauma has demonstrated: 1) a progressive decrease in the total cerebral blood flow and volume and a concomitant increase in the mean transit time; 2) a progressive increase in the total resistance with a shift from the arterial to the venous side; 3) a progressive decrease in the perfusion pressure (PP = MABP-SSWP); 4) impairment of CO2 reactivity pari passu with vasomotor activity and autoregulation of flow to pressure. The findings did not support the concept that increased intracranial pressure following trauma is the result of an increase in the size of the cerebrovascular compartment.
Collapse
|
214
|
Gordon E. The acid-base balance and oxygen tension of the cerebrospinal fluid, and their implications for the treatment of patients with brain lesions. ACTA ANAESTHESIOLOGICA SCANDINAVICA. SUPPLEMENTUM 1971; 39:1-36. [PMID: 5573996 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-6576.1971.tb00639.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
|
215
|
Miller JD, Ledingham IM, Jennett WB. Effects of hyperbaric oxygen on intracranial pressure and cerebral blood flow in experimental cerebral oedema. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1970; 33:745-55. [PMID: 5497875 PMCID: PMC493587 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp.33.6.745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Increased intracranial pressure was induced in anaesthetized dogs by application of liquid nitrogen to the dura mater. Intracranial pressure and cerebral blood flow were measured, together with arterial blood pressure and arterial and cerebral venous blood gases.Carbon dioxide was administered intermittently to test the responsiveness of the cerebral circulation, and hyperbaric oxygen was delivered at intervals in a walk-in hyperbaric chamber, pressurized to two atmospheres absolute.Hyperbaric oxygen caused a 30% reduction of intracranial pressure and a 19% reduction of cerebral blood flow in the absence of changes in arterial PCO(2) or blood pressure, but only as long as administration of carbon dioxide caused an increase in both intracranial pressure and cerebral blood flow. When carbon dioxide failed to influence intracranial pressure or cerebral blood flow then hyperbaric oxygen had no effect. This unresponsive state was reached at high levels of intracranial pressure.
Collapse
|
216
|
Richardson A, Hide TA, Eversden ID. Long-term continuous intracranial-pressure monitoring by means of a modified subdural pressure transducer. Lancet 1970; 2:687-90. [PMID: 4195931 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(70)91960-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
|
217
|
Hossmann KA, Olsson Y. Suppression and recovery of neuronal function in transient cerebral ischemia. Brain Res 1970; 22:313-25. [PMID: 5472822 DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(70)90474-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
|
218
|
|
219
|
McQueen JD, Jelsma LF, Bacci F, Pereira I. Experimental intracranial hypertension due to vascular blockade. J Neurosurg 1970; 33:156-66. [PMID: 5468847 DOI: 10.3171/jns.1970.33.2.0156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
✓ High intracranial hypertension was induced in dogs by intracarotid injections of oil. Cerebrospinal fluid pressures continued to rise as Cushing pressor responses were evoked, but were not exceeded by the blood pressure. Transmission of blood pressure through a dilated vascular bed has been suggested as the mechanism. There was no correlation between levels of cerebral edema and the rise in intracranial pressure. This increase in pressure due to vascular blockade has been differentiated from that caused by subarachnoid blockade.
Collapse
|
220
|
|
221
|
Mead CO, Moody RA, Ruamsuke S, Mullan S. Effect of isovolemic hemodilution on cerebral blood flow following experimental head injury. J Neurosurg 1970; 32:40-50. [PMID: 5410797 DOI: 10.3171/jns.1970.32.1.0040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
|
222
|
Hekmatpanah J. Cerebral circulation and perfusion in experimental increased intracranial pressure. J Neurosurg 1970; 32:21-9. [PMID: 5410794 DOI: 10.3171/jns.1970.32.1.0021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
|
223
|
Hekmatpanah J. The sequence of alterations in the vital signs during acute experimental increased intracranial pressure. J Neurosurg 1970; 32:16-20. [PMID: 5410792 DOI: 10.3171/jns.1970.32.1.0016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
|
224
|
Hossmann KA, Sato K. The effect of ischemia on sensorimotor cortex of cat. Electrophysiological, biochemical and electronmicroscopial observations. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR NEUROLOGIE 1970; 198:33-45. [PMID: 4099396 DOI: 10.1007/bf00316134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
|
225
|
Jennett WB. Secondary ischaemic brain damage after head injury. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PATHOLOGY. SUPPLEMENT (ROYAL COLLEGE OF PATHOLOGISTS) 1970; 4:172-5. [PMID: 5005680 PMCID: PMC1519965 DOI: 10.1136/jcp.s3-4.1.172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
|
226
|
Risberg J, Lundberg N, Ingvar DH. Regional cerebral blood volume during acute transient rises of the intracranial pressure (plateau waves). J Neurosurg 1969; 31:303-10. [PMID: 5811832 DOI: 10.3171/jns.1969.31.3.0303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
|
227
|
Moody RA, Ruamsuke S, Mullan S. Experimental effects of acutely increased intracranial pressure on respiration and blood gases. J Neurosurg 1969; 30:482-93. [PMID: 5800471 DOI: 10.3171/jns.1969.30.4.0482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
|
228
|
Wong TC, Cooper ES. Atrial fibrillation with ventricular slowing in a patient with spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage. Am J Cardiol 1969; 23:473-7. [PMID: 5777693 DOI: 10.1016/0002-9149(69)90531-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
|
229
|
|
230
|
Sukoff MH, Hollin SA, Espinosa OE, Jacobson JH. The protective effect of hyperbaric oxygenation in experimental cerebral edema. J Neurosurg 1968; 29:236-41. [PMID: 5684405 DOI: 10.3171/jns.1968.29.3.0236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
|
231
|
Lundberg N, Cronqvist S, Kjällquist A. Clinical investigations on interrelations between intracranial pressure and intracranial hemodynamics. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 1968; 30:69-75. [PMID: 5735485 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6123(08)61440-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
|
232
|
Langfitt TW, Marshall WJ, Kassell NF, Schutta HS. The pathophysiology of brain swelling produced by mechanical trauma and hypertension. Scand J Clin Lab Invest Suppl 1968; 102:XIV:B. [PMID: 5251121 DOI: 10.3109/00365516809169051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
|
233
|
Hollin SA, Sukoff MH, Jacobson JH. The protective effect of hyperbaric oxygenation in experimentally produced cerebral edema and compression. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 1968; 30:479-89. [PMID: 5735480 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6123(08)61501-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
|
234
|
Baldy-Moulinier M, Frerebeau P. Blood flow of the cerebral cortex in intracranial hypertension. Scand J Clin Lab Invest Suppl 1968; 102:V:G. [PMID: 5707561 DOI: 10.3109/00365516809168988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
|
235
|
|
236
|
Troupp H, Kuurne T, Kaste M, Huttunen M. Experimental cerebral venous oxygen tension under very high intracranial pressure. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 1967; 17:24-31. [PMID: 6074202 DOI: 10.1007/bf01670414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
|
237
|
|
238
|
Langfitt TW, Weinstein JD, Kassell NF, Gagliardi LJ, Shapiro HM. Compression of cerebral vessels by intracranial hypertension. I. Dural sinus pressures. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 1966; 15:212-22. [PMID: 4962277 DOI: 10.1007/bf01406783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
|
239
|
|
240
|
Langfitt TW, Kassell NF. Non-filling of cerebral vessels during angiography: correlation with intracranial pressure. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 1966; 14:96-104. [PMID: 5972948 DOI: 10.1007/bf01401893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
|
241
|
Langfitt TW, Tannanbaum HM, Kassell NF, Zaren H. Acute intracranial hypertension, cerebral blood flow, and the EEG. ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY AND CLINICAL NEUROPHYSIOLOGY 1966; 20:139-48. [PMID: 4159913 DOI: 10.1016/0013-4694(66)90158-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
|
242
|
Langfitt TW, Tannanbaum HM, Kassell NF. The etiology of acute brain swelling following experimental head injury. J Neurosurg 1966; 24:47-56. [PMID: 5903298 DOI: 10.3171/jns.1966.24.1.0047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
|