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Cameselle-Teijeiro JM, Peteiro-González D, Caneiro-Gómez J, Sánchez-Ares M, Abdulkader I, Eloy C, Melo M, Amendoeira I, Soares P, Sobrinho-Simões M. Cribriform-morular variant of thyroid carcinoma: a neoplasm with distinctive phenotype associated with the activation of the WNT/β-catenin pathway. Mod Pathol 2018; 31:1168-1179. [PMID: 29785019 DOI: 10.1038/s41379-018-0070-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2018] [Revised: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Cribriform-morular variant of thyroid carcinoma is classically associated with familial adenomatous polyposis but, it can also occur as a sporadic neoplasm. This neoplasm is much more frequently observed in women than in men (ratio of 61:1). In familial adenomatous polyposis patients, tumors are generally multifocal and/or bilateral (multinodular appearance), whereas in the sporadic cases tumors tend to occur as single nodules. The tumors are well delimited, and characteristically show a blending of follicular, cribriform, papillary, trabecular, solid, and morular patterns. Neoplastic cells are tall or cuboidal with the occasional nuclear features of classic papillary thyroid carcinoma. The morules include cells with peculiar nuclear clearing and show positivity for CDX2 and CD10. Angioinvasion and capsular invasion have been described in about 30 and 40% of cases, respectively, with lymph node metastases in less than 10% of patients and distant metastases in 6%. Although this tumor has good prognosis, neuroendocrine and/or poor differentiation have been associated with aggressive behavior. Tumor cells can be focally positive or negative for thyroglobulin, but are always positive for TTF-1, estrogen and progesterone receptors, and negative for calcitonin and cytokeratin 20. Nuclear and cytoplasmic staining for β-catenin is the hallmark of this tumor type; this feature plays a role in fine needle aspiration biopsy. Cribriform-morular variant of thyroid carcinoma has a peculiar endodermal (intestinal-like) type phenotype, activation of the WNT/β-catenin signaling pathway, and belongs to the non-BRAF-non-RAS subtype of the molecular classification of thyroid tumors. Elevated expression of estrogen and progesterone receptors and activation of the WNT/β-catenin pathway may prove useful as putative therapeutic targets in cases that do not respond to conventional therapy. Clinicians should be alerted to the possibility of familial adenomatous polyposis when a diagnosis of cribriform-morular variant of thyroid carcinoma is made. Instead of being considered as a variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma its designation as cribriform-morular thyroid carcinoma seems more appropriate.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Manuel Cameselle-Teijeiro
- Department of Pathology, Clinical University Hospital, Galician Healthcare Service (SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain. .,Medical Faculty, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | | | - Javier Caneiro-Gómez
- Department of Pathology, Clinical University Hospital, Galician Healthcare Service (SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,Medical Faculty, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - María Sánchez-Ares
- Department of Pathology, Clinical University Hospital, Galician Healthcare Service (SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Ihab Abdulkader
- Department of Pathology, Clinical University Hospital, Galician Healthcare Service (SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,Medical Faculty, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Catarina Eloy
- i3S Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Porto, Portugal.,Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Medical Faculty, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Miguel Melo
- i3S Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Porto, Portugal.,Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Unit of Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Isabel Amendoeira
- Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Medical Faculty, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Department of Pathology, Centro Hospitalar S. João, Porto, Portugal
| | - Paula Soares
- i3S Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Porto, Portugal.,Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Medical Faculty, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Manuel Sobrinho-Simões
- i3S Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Porto, Portugal.,Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Medical Faculty, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Department of Pathology, Centro Hospitalar S. João, Porto, Portugal
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202
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Teng H, Mao F, Liang J, Xue M, Wei W, Li X, Zhang K, Feng D, Liu B, Sun Z. Transcriptomic signature associated with carcinogenesis and aggressiveness of papillary thyroid carcinoma. Theranostics 2018; 8:4345-4358. [PMID: 30214625 PMCID: PMC6134936 DOI: 10.7150/thno.26862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) is the fastest-growing disease caused by numerous molecular alterations in addition to previously reported DNA mutations. There is a compelling need to identify novel transcriptomic alterations that are associated with the pathogenesis of PTC with potential diagnostic and prognostic implications. Methods: We gathered and compared 242 expression profiles between paired PTC and adjacent normal tissues and identified and validated the coding and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) associated with the extrathyroidal extension (ETE) of 655 PTC patients in two independent cohorts, followed by predicting their interactions with drugs. Co-expression, RNA interaction, Kaplan-Meier survival and multivariate Cox proportional regression analyses were performed to identify dysregulated lncRNAs and genes that correlated with clinical outcomes of PTC. Alternative splicing (AS), RNA circularization, and editing were also compared between transcriptomes to expand the repertoire of molecular alterations in PTC. Results: Numerous genes related to cellular microenvironment and steroid hormone response were associated with the ETE of PTC. Drug susceptibility predictions of the expression signature revealed two highly ranked compounds, 6-bromoindirubin-3'-oxime and lovastatin. Co-expression and RNA interaction analysis revealed the essential role of lncRNAs in PTC pathogenesis by modulating extracellular matrix and cell adhesion. Eight genes and two novel lncRNAs were identified that correlated with the aggressive nature and disease-free survival of PTC. Furthermore, this study provided the transcriptome-wide landscape of circRNAs in PTC and uncovered dissimilar expression profiles among circRNAs originating from the same host gene, suggesting the functional complexity of circRNAs in PTC carcinogenesis. The newly identified AS events in the SERPINA1 and FN1 genes may improve the sensitivity and specificity of these diagnostic biomarkers. Conclusions: Our study uncovered a comprehensive transcriptomic signature associated with the carcinogenesis and aggressive behavior of PTC, as well as presents a catalog of 10 potential biomarkers, which would facilitate PTC prognosis and development of new therapeutic strategies for this cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huajing Teng
- Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fengbiao Mao
- Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jialong Liang
- Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Meiying Xue
- Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wenqing Wei
- Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xianfeng Li
- Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Kun Zhang
- Institute of Genomic Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Dongdong Feng
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Baoguo Liu
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Zhongsheng Sun
- Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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203
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Jiang W, Ye S, Xiang L, Yang W, He T, Pei X, Guo L, Yang H. Establishment and molecular characterization of a human ovarian clear cell carcinoma cell line (FDOV1). J Ovarian Res 2018; 11:58. [PMID: 29986747 PMCID: PMC6038259 DOI: 10.1186/s13048-018-0429-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Ovarian clear cell carcinoma is a distinct histologic subtype with grave survival. The underlying molecular mechanism is not fully elucidated. However, we don’t have many cell lines, which are useful experimental tools for research. We describe the establishment and characterization of a new ovarian clear cell carcinoma cell line from a Chinese patient. Results FDOV1 has been subcultured for more than 80 generations. Monolayer cultured cells are polygonal in shape, showing a transparent cytoplasm full of vacuoles. The number of chromosomes ranges from 45 to 90. FDOV1 cells produces CA-125, but not CA-199. The cells could be transplanted and produced tumors mimicking the donor tumor morphologically and immunohistochemically. Whole exome sequence showed both FDOV1 and tissue block harbored PIK3CA H1047R mutation and ARID1A frameshift mutations (p.L2106 fs, p.N201 fs). More interestingly, we observed SPOP mutation (p.D82H) and ZNF217 (chromosome 20q13) amplification in FDOV1, which are quite novel. Conclusions Only a few patient-derived ovarian clear cell carcinoma cell lines have been reported in the literature. FDOV1 is the very first one, to the best of our knowledge, from a Mainland Chinese patient. It showed infinite multiplication until now and tumorigenicity in vivo. FDOV1 has co-existing PIK3CA and ARID1A mutations. It also harbored SPOP mutation and ZNF217 amplification, which would probably be a good model for exploring the molecular mechanism of ovarian clear cell carcinoma. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13048-018-0429-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Jiang
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Shuang Ye
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Libing Xiang
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Wentao Yang
- Department of Pathology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Tiancong He
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xuan Pei
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Lin Guo
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Department of Clinical Laboratory, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Huijuan Yang
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China. .,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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204
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Kouba E, Ford A, Brown CG, Yeh C, Siegal GP, Manne U, Eltoum IE. Detection of BRAF V600E Mutations With Next-Generation Sequencing in Infarcted Thyroid Carcinomas After Fine-Needle Aspiration. Am J Clin Pathol 2018; 150:177-185. [PMID: 29868707 DOI: 10.1093/ajcp/aqy045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Fine-needle aspiration (FNA) of thyroid lesions may result in infarction and diagnostic difficulties on subsequent thyroidectomy specimens. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) methods for detection of hallmark driver BRAF V600E mutations may help characterize such tumors in which histologic alterations preclude definitive tissue diagnosis. METHODS Thyroidectomy specimens with both malignant FNA diagnoses and resultant infarction were identified from our institutional database. NGS methods were used to detect BRAF V600E mutations in the infarcted thyroid carcinomas. RESULTS Nine thyroid carcinomas with infarction were characterized as BRAF-like papillary thyroid carcinoma based on molecular driver categorization and histologic diagnosis. BRAF V600E mutations were detected in the infarcted tissue in four (67%) of six lesions. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate detection of hallmark BRAF V600E mutations by NGS within infarcted tissue of thyroid carcinomas after FNA. This suggests a potential ancillary method of characterizing infarcted thyroid carcinomas whose altered histology may be nondiagnostic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Kouba
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama–Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | | | | | | | - Gene P Siegal
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama–Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Upender Manne
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama–Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Isam-Eldin Eltoum
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama–Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
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205
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Nicolson NG, Murtha TD, Dong W, Paulsson JO, Choi J, Barbieri AL, Brown TC, Kunstman JW, Larsson C, Prasad ML, Korah R, Lifton RP, Juhlin CC, Carling T. Comprehensive Genetic Analysis of Follicular Thyroid Carcinoma Predicts Prognosis Independent of Histology. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2018; 103:2640-2650. [PMID: 29726952 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2018-00277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Follicular thyroid carcinoma (FTC) is classified into minimally invasive (miFTC), encapsulated angioinvasive (eaFTC), and widely invasive (wiFTC) subtypes, according to the 2017 World Health Organization guidelines. The genetic signatures of these subtypes may be crucial for diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment but have not been described. OBJECTIVE Identify and describe the genetic underpinnings of subtypes of FTC. METHODS Thirty-nine tumors, comprising 12 miFTCs, 17 eaFTCs, and 10 wiFTCs, were whole-exome sequenced and analyzed. Somatic mutations, constitutional sequence variants, somatic copy number alterations, and mutational signatures were described. Clinicopathologic parameters and mutational profiles were assessed for associations with patient outcomes. RESULTS Total mutation burden was consistent across FTC subtypes, with a median of 10 (range 1 to 44) nonsynonymous somatic mutations per tumor. Overall, 20.5% of specimens had a mutation in the RAS subfamily (HRAS, KRAS, or NRAS), with no notable difference between subtypes. Mutations in TSHR, DICER1, EIF1AX, KDM5C, NF1, PTEN, and TP53 were also noted to be recurrent across the cohort. Clonality analysis demonstrated more subclones in wiFTC. Survival analysis demonstrated worse disease-specific survival in the eaFTC and wiFTC cohorts, with no recurrences or deaths for patients with miFTC. Mutation burden was associated with worse prognosis, independent of histopathological classification. CONCLUSIONS Though the number and variety of somatic variants are similar in the different histopathological subtypes of FTC in our study, mutational burden was an independent predictor of mortality and recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norman G Nicolson
- Yale Endocrine Neoplasia Laboratory, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Timothy D Murtha
- Yale Endocrine Neoplasia Laboratory, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Weilai Dong
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Johan O Paulsson
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, CCK, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jungmin Choi
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Andrea L Barbieri
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Taylor C Brown
- Yale Endocrine Neoplasia Laboratory, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - John W Kunstman
- Yale Endocrine Neoplasia Laboratory, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Catharina Larsson
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, CCK, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Manju L Prasad
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Reju Korah
- Yale Endocrine Neoplasia Laboratory, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Richard P Lifton
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - C Christofer Juhlin
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, CCK, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tobias Carling
- Yale Endocrine Neoplasia Laboratory, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
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206
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He H, Li W, Yan P, Bundschuh R, Killian JA, Labanowska J, Brock P, Shen R, Heerema NA, de la Chapelle A. Identification of a Recurrent LMO7-BRAF Fusion in Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma. Thyroid 2018; 28:748-754. [PMID: 29768105 PMCID: PMC5994666 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2017.0258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The BRAFV600E mutation is the most common driver in papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) tumors. In recent years, gene fusions have also been recognized as important drivers of cancer in PTC. Previous studies have suggested that thyroid tumors with fusion genes frequently display an aggressive course. These observations prompted further exploration of gene fusions in PTC tumors. The aim was to search for previously unrecognized gene fusions using thyroid tissue samples from PTC patients. METHODS Gene fusions were analyzed in RNA sequencing data obtained from 12 PTC tumors and paired unaffected thyroid tissue samples. Candidate fusions were further filtered and validated using reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, Sanger sequencing, and fluorescence in situ hybridization. An Ohio cohort of 148 PTC tumor samples was screened for a LMO7-BRAF fusion and the BRAFV600E mutation. Functional assays were performed to assess the LMO7-BRAF fusion. RESULTS Two coding fusions (CCDC6-RET and LMO7-BRAF) were found in one tumor sample each. The novel LMO7-BRAF fusion was validated by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and fluorescence in situ hybridization. The LMO7-BRAF fusion was a recurrent somatic alteration with a frequency of 2.0% (3/148) in PTC tumors, while the BRAFV600E point mutation was found in 63.5% (94/148) of tumors. Enforced expression of LMO7-BRAF fusion protein stimulated endogenous ERK1/2 phosphorylation and promoted anchorage independent cell growth to an extent similar to BRAFV600E. CONCLUSIONS A novel fusion gene, LMO7-BRAF, was identified in PTC tumors. The results indicate that the LMO7-BRAF fusion behaves as an oncogenic alteration. This observation expands the spectrum of fusion genes involving kinases in thyroid cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiling He
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Pearlly Yan
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Ralf Bundschuh
- Department of Physics, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Division of Hematology, Center for RNA Biology, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Jackson A. Killian
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Jadwiga Labanowska
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Pamela Brock
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Rulong Shen
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Nyla A. Heerema
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Albert de la Chapelle
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
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207
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Buj R, Mallona I, Díez-Villanueva A, Zafon C, Mate JL, Roca M, Puig-Domingo M, Reverter JL, Mauricio D, Peinado MA, Jordà M. Kallikreins Stepwise Scoring Reveals Three Subtypes of Papillary Thyroid Cancer with Prognostic Implications. Thyroid 2018; 28:601-612. [PMID: 29635968 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2017.0501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) is the most common type of thyroid cancer. Unlike most cancers, its incidence has dramatically increased in the last decades mainly due to increased diagnosis of indolent PTCs. Adequate risk stratification is crucial to avoid the over-treatment of low-risk patients, as well as the under-treatment of high-risk patients, but the currently available markers are still insufficient. Kallikreins (KLKs) are emergent biomarkers in cancer, but their involvement in PTC is unknown. METHODS This study analyzed DNA methylation (HumanMethylation arrays) and gene expression (RNA-Seq) of KLKs, BRAF and RAS mutations, and clinical data from four published thyroid cancer data sets including normal and tumor tissues (n = 73, n = 475, n = 20, and n = 82) as discovery, training, and validation series. The C4.5 classification algorithm was used to generate a decision tree. Disease-free survival was estimated using Kaplan-Meier and Cox approaches. Specific analyses were performed using real-time polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS The entire KLK family was deregulated in PTC, displaying a specific epigenetic and transcriptional profile strongly associated with BRAFV600E or RAS mutations. Thus, a decision-tree algorithm was developed based on three KLKs with >80% sensitivity and >95% specificity, identifying BRAF- and RAS-mutated tumors. Notably, tumors lacking these mutations were classified as BRAF- or RAS-like. Most importantly, the KLK algorithm uncovered a novel PTC subtype showing favorable prognostic features. CONCLUSIONS The KLK algorithm could lead to a new clinically applicable strategy with important implications for the risk stratification of PTC and the management of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Buj
- 1 Program for Predictive and Personalized Medicine of Cancer, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (PMPPC-IGTP) , Badalona, Spain
- 2 Consortium for the Study of Thyroid Cancer (CECaT) , Catalonia, Spain
| | - Izaskun Mallona
- 1 Program for Predictive and Personalized Medicine of Cancer, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (PMPPC-IGTP) , Badalona, Spain
| | - Anna Díez-Villanueva
- 1 Program for Predictive and Personalized Medicine of Cancer, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (PMPPC-IGTP) , Badalona, Spain
| | - Carles Zafon
- 2 Consortium for the Study of Thyroid Cancer (CECaT) , Catalonia, Spain
- 3 Diabetes and Metabolism Research Unit (VHIR) and Department of Endocrinology, University Hospital Vall d'Hebron and Autonomous University of Barcelona , Barcelona, Spain
- 4 Biomedical Research Networking Center in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM), Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII) , Madrid, Spain
| | - José L Mate
- 5 Department of Pathology, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute and University Hospital , Badalona, Spain
| | - Mireia Roca
- 1 Program for Predictive and Personalized Medicine of Cancer, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (PMPPC-IGTP) , Badalona, Spain
| | - Manel Puig-Domingo
- 2 Consortium for the Study of Thyroid Cancer (CECaT) , Catalonia, Spain
- 4 Biomedical Research Networking Center in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM), Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII) , Madrid, Spain
- 6 Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute and University Hospital , Badalona, Spain
- 7 Biomedical Research Networking Center in Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII) , Madrid, Spain
| | - Jordi L Reverter
- 2 Consortium for the Study of Thyroid Cancer (CECaT) , Catalonia, Spain
- 6 Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute and University Hospital , Badalona, Spain
| | - Dídac Mauricio
- 2 Consortium for the Study of Thyroid Cancer (CECaT) , Catalonia, Spain
- 4 Biomedical Research Networking Center in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM), Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII) , Madrid, Spain
- 6 Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute and University Hospital , Badalona, Spain
| | - Miguel A Peinado
- 1 Program for Predictive and Personalized Medicine of Cancer, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (PMPPC-IGTP) , Badalona, Spain
- 2 Consortium for the Study of Thyroid Cancer (CECaT) , Catalonia, Spain
| | - Mireia Jordà
- 1 Program for Predictive and Personalized Medicine of Cancer, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (PMPPC-IGTP) , Badalona, Spain
- 2 Consortium for the Study of Thyroid Cancer (CECaT) , Catalonia, Spain
- 7 Biomedical Research Networking Center in Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII) , Madrid, Spain
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208
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Wasserman JD, Sabbaghian N, Fahiminiya S, Chami R, Mete O, Acker M, Wu MK, Shlien A, de Kock L, Foulkes WD. DICER1 Mutations Are Frequent in Adolescent-Onset Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2018; 103:2009-2015. [PMID: 29474644 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2017-02698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) is a common malignancy in adolescence and is molecularly and clinically distinct from adult PTC. Mutations in the DICER1 gene are associated with thyroid abnormalities, including multinodular goiter and differentiated thyroid carcinoma. OBJECTIVE In this study, we sought to characterize the prevalence of DICER1 variants in pediatric PTC, specifically in tumors without conventional PTC oncogenic alterations. PATIENTS Patients (N = 40) who underwent partial or total thyroidectomy and who were <18 years of age at the time of surgery were selected. DESIGN The 40 consecutive thyroidectomy specimens (30 malignant, 10 benign) underwent genotyping for 17 PTC-associated variants, as well as full sequencing of the exons and exon-intron boundaries of DICER1. RESULTS Conventional alterations were found in 12 of 30 (40%) PTCs (five BRAFV600E, three RET/PTC1, four RET/PTC3). Pathogenic DICER1 variants were identified in 3 of 30 (10%) PTCs and in 2 of 10 (20%) benign nodules, all of which lacked conventional alterations and did not recur during follow-up. DICER1 alterations thus constituted 3 of 18 (16.7%) PTCs without conventional alterations. The three DICER1-mutated carcinomas each had two somatic DICER1 alterations, whereas two follicular-nodular lesions arose in those with germline DICER1 mutations and harbored characteristic second somatic RNase IIIb "hotspot" mutations. CONCLUSIONS DICER1 is a driver of pediatric thyroid nodules, and DICER1-mutated PTC may represent a distinct class of low-risk malignancies. Given the prevalence of variants in children, we advocate for inclusion of DICER1 sequencing and gene dosage determination in molecular analysis of pediatric thyroid specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D Wasserman
- Division of Endocrinology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nelly Sabbaghian
- Lady Davis Institute, Segal Cancer Centre, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Somayyeh Fahiminiya
- Department of Medical Genetics, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Rose Chami
- Division of Pathology, Department of Pediatric Laboratory Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ozgur Mete
- Department of Pathology, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Meryl Acker
- Division of Endocrinology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mona K Wu
- Lady Davis Institute, Segal Cancer Centre, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Adam Shlien
- Division of Pathology, Department of Pediatric Laboratory Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, SickKids Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Leanne de Kock
- Lady Davis Institute, Segal Cancer Centre, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - William D Foulkes
- Lady Davis Institute, Segal Cancer Centre, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Medical Genetics, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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209
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Cho BA, Yoo SK, Song YS, Kim SJ, Lee KE, Shong M, Park YJ, Seo JS. Transcriptome Network Analysis Reveals Aging-Related Mitochondrial and Proteasomal Dysfunction and Immune Activation in Human Thyroid. Thyroid 2018; 28:656-666. [PMID: 29652618 PMCID: PMC5952342 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2017.0359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Elucidating aging-related transcriptomic changes in human organs is necessary to understand the aging physiology and mechanisms, but little is known regarding the thyroid gland. We investigated aging-related transcriptomic alterations in the human thyroid gland and characterized the related molecular functions. METHODS Publicly available RNA sequencing data of 322 thyroid tissue samples from the Genotype-Tissue Expression project were analyzed. In addition, our own 64 RNA sequencing data of normal thyroid tissue samples were used as a validation set. To comprehensively evaluate the associations between aging and transcriptomic changes, we performed a weighted gene coexpression network analysis and pathway enrichment analysis. The thyroid differentiation score was then used for further analysis, defining the correlations between thyroid differentiation and aging. RESULTS The most significant aging-related transcriptomic change in thyroid was the downregulation of genes related to the mitochondrial and proteasomal functions (p = 3 × 10-6). Moreover, genes that are associated with immune processes were significantly upregulated with age (p = 3 × 10-4), and all of them overlapped with the upregulated genes in the thyroid glands affected by lymphocytic thyroiditis. Furthermore, these aging-related changes were not significantly different according to sex, but in terms of the thyroid differentiation, females were more susceptible to aging-related changes (p for trend = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS Aging-related transcriptomic changes in the thyroid gland were associated with mitochondrial and proteasomal dysfunction, loss of differentiation, and activation of autoimmune processes. Our results provide clues to better understanding the age-related decline in thyroid function and higher susceptibility to autoimmune thyroid disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byuri Angela Cho
- Gong Wu Genomic Medicine Institute, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University Graduate School, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Keun Yoo
- Gong Wu Genomic Medicine Institute, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
- Interdisciplinary Program in Bioinformatics, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Shin Song
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-jin Kim
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu Eun Lee
- Gong Wu Genomic Medicine Institute, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Minho Shong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Joo Park
- Gong Wu Genomic Medicine Institute, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Sun Seo
- Gong Wu Genomic Medicine Institute, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
- Genomic Institute, Macrogen Inc., Seoul, Republic of Korea
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210
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Genomic and transcriptomic characterization of the mitochondrial-rich oncocytic phenotype on a thyroid carcinoma background. Mitochondrion 2018; 46:123-133. [PMID: 29631022 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2018.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Revised: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
We conducted the first systematic omics study of the oncocytic phenotype in 488 papillary thyroid carcinomas (PTC) from The Cancer Genome Atlas. Oncocytic phenotype is secondary to PTC, being unrelated to several pathologic scores. The nuclear genome had low impact on this phenotype (except in specific copy number variation), which was mostly driven by the significant accumulation of mitochondrial DNA non-synonymous and frameshift mutations at high heteroplasmy levels. Energy and mitochondrial-related pathways were significantly enriched in oncocytic tumors that also displayed increased levels of expression for genes involved in autophagy and fusion of mitochondria. Our in vitro tests confirmed that autophagy is increased and functional while mitophagy is decreased in these tumors.
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211
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Klinge CM. Non-coding RNAs: long non-coding RNAs and microRNAs in endocrine-related cancers. Endocr Relat Cancer 2018; 25:R259-R282. [PMID: 29440232 DOI: 10.1530/erc-17-0548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The human genome is 'pervasively transcribed' leading to a complex array of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) that far outnumber coding mRNAs. ncRNAs have regulatory roles in transcription and post-transcriptional processes as well numerous cellular functions that remain to be fully described. Best characterized of the 'expanding universe' of ncRNAs are the ~22 nucleotide microRNAs (miRNAs) that base-pair to target mRNA's 3' untranslated region within the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) and block translation and may stimulate mRNA transcript degradation. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are classified as >200 nucleotides in length, but range up to several kb and are heterogeneous in genomic origin and function. lncRNAs fold into structures that interact with DNA, RNA and proteins to regulate chromatin dynamics, protein complex assembly, transcription, telomere biology and splicing. Some lncRNAs act as sponges for miRNAs and decoys for proteins. Nuclear-encoded lncRNAs can be taken up by mitochondria and lncRNAs are transcribed from mtDNA. Both miRNAs and lncRNAs are dysregulated in endocrine cancers. This review provides an overview on the current understanding of the regulation and function of selected lncRNAs and miRNAs, and their interaction, in endocrine-related cancers: breast, prostate, endometrial and thyroid.
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212
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Gullo I, Batista R, Rodrigues-Pereira P, Soares P, Barroca H, do Bom-Sucesso M, Sobrinho-Simões M. Multinodular Goiter Progression Toward Malignancy in a Case of DICER1 Syndrome: Histologic and Molecular Alterations. Am J Clin Pathol 2018. [PMID: 29538609 DOI: 10.1093/ajcp/aqy004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Multinodular goiter (MNG) and well-differentiated thyroid carcinoma (WDTC) are emerging phenotypes of DICER1 syndrome. METHODS Histologic and molecular findings of botryoid-type embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma (bERMS) and thyroid nodules from a 12-year-old DICER1 mutation carrier (p.Arg1060Ilefs*7) were investigated, providing interesting clues for understanding thyroid carcinogenesis. RESULTS The patient had bERMS at age 7 years. The thyroid was enlarged and multinodular (61 g). Histologically, some nodules were classified as adenomatous and others as tumors with "intermediate" nuclei. One displayed vascular invasion and was classified as WDTC not otherwise specified (NOS). Somatic DICER1 mutations were identified in bERMS, two tumors with "intermediate" nuclei and WDTC. No somatic DICER1 mutations were found in adenomatous nodules. No molecular alterations were detected in BRAF600, NRAS61, HRAS12/61, KRAS12/61, TERT promoter, RET/PTC1, RET/PTC3, and PAX8/PPARγ. CONCLUSIONS The findings obtained from this single case support the assumption that DICER1 syndrome-related WDTC NOS may develop on a background of MNG, via a stepwise process, involving DICER1 somatic mutations and additional molecular events, distinct from the classic pathways of papillary/follicular carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Gullo
- Department of Pathology Pediatric Department, Centro Hospitalar São João, Porto, Portugal
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Institute for Research Innovation in Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Rui Batista
- Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Institute for Research Innovation in Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | | | - Paula Soares
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Institute for Research Innovation in Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Helena Barroca
- Department of Pathology Pediatric Department, Centro Hospitalar São João, Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria do Bom-Sucesso
- Department of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology Unit, Pediatric Department, Centro Hospitalar São João, Porto, Portugal
| | - Manuel Sobrinho-Simões
- Department of Pathology Pediatric Department, Centro Hospitalar São João, Porto, Portugal
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Institute for Research Innovation in Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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213
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Erinjeri NJ, Nicolson NG, Deyholos C, Korah R, Carling T. Whole-Exome Sequencing Identifies Two Discrete Druggable Signaling Pathways in Follicular Thyroid Cancer. J Am Coll Surg 2018; 226:950-959.e5. [PMID: 29571661 DOI: 10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2018.01.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Revised: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thyroid cancer is the most common endocrine malignancy, with continuously increasing incidence. Follicular thyroid cancer (FTC) accounts for approximately 10% to 15% of these cases and is known to be associated with several gene mutations. The purpose of this study was to identify novel therapeutic targets in FTC using whole-exome sequencing (WES) and bioinformatics analysis. STUDY DESIGN Whole-exome sequencing was performed on 6 established FTC cell lines. Stringent false-proof filtering and exclusion of synonymous and known polymorphisms yielded novel missense, nonsense, and splice-site single nucleotide variants (SNV). Gene variants were analyzed for structural, functional, and evolutionary properties using GO (Gene Ontology), Pfam (Protein Families), and KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) searches by STRING (Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes/Proteins) and GORILLA (Gene Ontology enRIchment anaLysis and visuaLizAtion tool) analyses. A false discovery rate of <0.5 was used to denote significantly enriched signaling pathways. RESULTS An average of 657 (range 366 to 1,158) SNVs including 31 (range 12 to 53) known cancer driver genes were identified in FTC cell line exomes. The SNV burden, distribution, frequency, and signature followed the known thyroid mutation profiles, without chromosomal bias. Recurrently mutated cancer driver genes included FRG1 (6/6), CDC27, NCOR1, PRSS1 (5/6), AHCTF1, MUC20, PABPC1, and PABPC3 (4/6). Pathway analysis using bioinformatics tools STRING and GORILLA segregated FTC cell lines into 2 druggable signaling groups showing dominant RAS/ERK1-2/AKT and CDK1/CyclinB signaling pathway targets. CONCLUSIONS Next-generation sequencing tools can be used to identify druggable signaling targets for precision treatment of FTCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeta J Erinjeri
- Department of Surgery, Yale Endocrine Neoplasia Laboratory, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Norman G Nicolson
- Department of Surgery, Yale Endocrine Neoplasia Laboratory, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Christine Deyholos
- Department of Surgery, Yale Endocrine Neoplasia Laboratory, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Reju Korah
- Department of Surgery, Yale Endocrine Neoplasia Laboratory, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Tobias Carling
- Department of Surgery, Yale Endocrine Neoplasia Laboratory, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT.
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214
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Solarski M, Rotondo F, Foulkes WD, Priest JR, Syro LV, Butz H, Cusimano MD, Kovacs K. DICER1 gene mutations in endocrine tumors. Endocr Relat Cancer 2018; 25:R197-R208. [PMID: 29330195 DOI: 10.1530/erc-17-0509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
In this review, the importance of the DICER1 gene in the function of endocrine cells is discussed. There is conclusive evidence that DICER1 mutations play a crucial role in the development, progression, cell proliferation, therapeutic responsiveness and behavior of several endocrine tumors. We review the literature of DICER1 gene mutations in thyroid, parathyroid, pituitary, pineal gland, endocrine pancreas, paragangliomas, medullary, adrenocortical, ovarian and testicular tumors. Although significant progress has been made during the last few years, much more work is needed to fully understand the significance of DICER1 mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Solarski
- Division of NeurosurgeryDepartment of Surgery, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Fabio Rotondo
- Division of PathologyDepartment of Laboratory Medicine, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - William D Foulkes
- Department of Human GeneticsMedicine and Oncology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Lady Davis InstituteJewish General Hospital and Research Institute, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Luis V Syro
- Department of NeurosurgeryHospital Pablo Tobon Uribe and Clinica Medellin, Medellin, Colombia
| | - Henriett Butz
- Molecular Medicine Research GroupHungarian Academy of Sciences, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Michael D Cusimano
- Division of NeurosurgeryDepartment of Surgery, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kalman Kovacs
- Division of PathologyDepartment of Laboratory Medicine, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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215
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Werner TA, Forster CM, Dizdar L, Verde PE, Raba K, Schott M, Knoefel WT, Krieg A. CXCR4/CXCR7/CXCL12-Axis in Follicular Thyroid Carcinoma. J Cancer 2018; 9:929-940. [PMID: 29581772 PMCID: PMC5868160 DOI: 10.7150/jca.23042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Follicular thyroid carcinoma's (FTC) often benign course is partially due to adjuvant radioactive iodine (RAI) treatment. However, once the tumour has spread and fails to retain RAI, the therapeutic options are limited and the outcome is poor. In this subset of patients, the identification of novel druggable biomarkers appears invaluable. Here, we investigated the stage dependent expression and functional role of the C-X-C chemokine receptors type 4 and 7 (CXCR4/7) in FTC. Methods: CXCR4/7 expression was examined in 44 FTC and corresponding non-neoplastic thyroid specimens as well as 10 FTC distant metastases and 18 follicular adenomas using tissue microarray technology. Expression levels were correlated with clinicopathological variables as well as overall and recurrence free survival. Changes regarding cell cycle activation, tumour cell invasiveness and mRNA expression of genes related to epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) were investigated after treatment with recombinant human SDF1α/CXCL12 (rh-SDF1α) and CXCR4 antagonists AMD3100 and WZ811. Results: CXCR4/7 expression was associated with large tumour size, advanced UICC stage as well as shorter overall and recurrence free survival. CXCR4 was significantly higher expressed in distant metastases than in primary tumour cores. In addition, rh-SDF1α induced invasive growth, cell cycle activation and EMT, while CXCR4 antagonists significantly reduced FTC invasiveness in vitro. Conclusion: Here we provide first evidence of the biological importance of the CXCR4/CXCR7/CXCL12 axis in FTC. Our findings underscore the therapeutic potential of this chemokine receptor family in advanced FTC and offer new valuable insight into the oncogenesis of metastatic FTC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Artur Werner
- Department of Surgery (A), Heinrich-Heine-University and University Hospital Duesseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Christina Maria Forster
- Department of Surgery (A), Heinrich-Heine-University and University Hospital Duesseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Levent Dizdar
- Department of Surgery (A), Heinrich-Heine-University and University Hospital Duesseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Pablo Emilio Verde
- Coordination Centre for Clinical Trials, Heinrich-Heine-University and University Hospital Duesseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Katharina Raba
- Institute for Transplantation Diagnostics and Cell Therapeutics, Heinrich-Heine-University and University Hospital Duesseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Matthias Schott
- Division of Endocrinology, Heinrich-Heine-University and University Hospital Duesseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Wolfram Trudo Knoefel
- Department of Surgery (A), Heinrich-Heine-University and University Hospital Duesseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Andreas Krieg
- Department of Surgery (A), Heinrich-Heine-University and University Hospital Duesseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
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216
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Chmielik E, Rusinek D, Oczko-Wojciechowska M, Jarzab M, Krajewska J, Czarniecka A, Jarzab B. Heterogeneity of Thyroid Cancer. Pathobiology 2018; 85:117-129. [PMID: 29408820 DOI: 10.1159/000486422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
There are 5 main histological types of thyroid cancers (TCs): papillary, follicular (also known as differentiated), poorly differentiated, anaplastic (the most aggressive form), and medullary TC, and only the latter arises from thyroid C cells. These different forms of TCs show significant variability, both among and within tumours. This great variation is particularly notable among the first 4 types, which all originate from thyroid follicular cells. Importantly, this heterogeneity is not limited to histopathological diversity only but is also manifested as variation in several genetic and/or epigenetic alterations, the numbers of interactions between the tumour and surrounding microenvironment, and interpatient differences, for example. All these factors contribute to the great complexity in the development of a tumour from cancer cells. In the present review, we summarise the knowledge accumulated about the heterogeneity of TCs. Further research in this direction should help to gain a better understanding of the underlying mechanisms contributing to the development and diversity of TCs, paving the way toward more effective treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Chmielik
- Tumor Pathology Department, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Institute - Oncology Center, Gliwice Branch, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Dagmara Rusinek
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Endocrine Oncology, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Institute - Oncology Center, Gliwice Branch, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Oczko-Wojciechowska
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Endocrine Oncology, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Institute - Oncology Center, Gliwice Branch, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Michal Jarzab
- 3rd Department of Radiotherapy and Chemotherapy, Breast Unit, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Institute - Oncology Center, Gliwice Branch, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Jolanta Krajewska
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Endocrine Oncology, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Institute - Oncology Center, Gliwice Branch, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Czarniecka
- Department of Oncological and Reconstructive Surgery, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Institute - Oncology Center, Gliwice Branch, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Barbara Jarzab
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Endocrine Oncology, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Institute - Oncology Center, Gliwice Branch, Gliwice, Poland
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217
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Nishino M, Nikiforova M. Update on Molecular Testing for Cytologically Indeterminate Thyroid Nodules. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2018; 142:446-457. [PMID: 29336606 DOI: 10.5858/arpa.2017-0174-ra] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT - Approximately 15% to 30% of thyroid nodules that undergo fine-needle aspiration are classified as cytologically indeterminate, presenting management challenges for patients and clinicians alike. During the past several years, several molecular tests have been developed to reduce the diagnostic uncertainty of indeterminate thyroid fine-needle aspirations. OBJECTIVE - To review the methodology, clinical validation, and recent peer-reviewed literature for 4 molecular tests that are currently marketed for cytologically indeterminate thyroid fine-needle aspiration specimens: Afirma, ThyroSeq, ThyGenX/ThyraMIR, and RosettaGX Reveal. DATA SOURCES - Peer-reviewed literature retrieved from PubMed search, data provided by company websites and representatives, and authors' personal experiences. CONCLUSIONS - The 4 commercially available molecular tests for thyroid cytology offer unique approaches to improve the risk stratification of thyroid nodules. Familiarity with data from the validation studies as well as the emerging literature about test performance in the postvalidation setting can help users to select and interpret these tests in a clinically meaningful way.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marina Nikiforova
- From the Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts (Dr Nishino); and the Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (Dr Nikiforova)
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218
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Bastos AU, de Jesus AC, Cerutti JM. ETV6-NTRK3 and STRN-ALK kinase fusions are recurrent events in papillary thyroid cancer of adult population. Eur J Endocrinol 2018; 178:83-91. [PMID: 29046324 DOI: 10.1530/eje-17-0499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Revised: 10/08/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE PTC-specific analysis identified novel fusions involving RET, BRAF, NTRK1, NTRK3, AGK and ALK genes in adults and pediatric PTCs. Although many novel fusions are PTC-specific events and, therefore, are ideal for diagnosis purposes, validation across additional and larger patient cohorts is essential for introducing these potential diagnostic or prognostic biomarkers into the clinical practice. As most of the BRAF, NTRK3 and ALK fusions were initially found in pediatric PTC or in more aggressive thyroid carcinomas, and there is a great disparity across population, in this study, we screened a large set of adult-sporadic PTC cases for the most prevalent kinase fusion lately described in the TCGA. DESIGN AND METHODS The prevalence of the fusions was determined by RT-PCR in 71 classical PTC, 45 follicular variants of PTC (FVPTC), 19 follicular thyroid adenomas (FTAs) and 22 follicular thyroid carcinomas (FTCs). RESULTS ETV6-NTRK3 was exclusively found in FVPTC, in both encapsulated and infiltrative variants, but was not found in FTAs and FTCs. STRN-ALK was found in both classical PTC and FVPTC. No AGK-BRAF fusion was identified in this series, endorsing that AGK-BRAF is a genetic event mainly associated with pediatric PTCs. CONCLUSIONS The identification of kinase fusions in thyroid carcinomas helps to expand our knowledge about the landscape of oncogenic alterations in PTC. As ETV6-NTRK3 and STRN-ALK are recurrent and not identified in benign lesions, they can certainly help with diagnosis of thyroid nodules. Further analysis is needed to define if they can also be useful for prognosis and guiding therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Uchimura Bastos
- Departamento de Morfologia e Genética, Genetic Bases of Thyroid Tumors Laboratory, Disciplina de Genética, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina de Jesus
- Departamento de Morfologia e Genética, Genetic Bases of Thyroid Tumors Laboratory, Disciplina de Genética, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Janete Maria Cerutti
- Departamento de Morfologia e Genética, Genetic Bases of Thyroid Tumors Laboratory, Disciplina de Genética, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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219
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Poma AM, Giannini R, Piaggi P, Ugolini C, Materazzi G, Miccoli P, Vitti P, Basolo F. A six-gene panel to label follicular adenoma, low- and high-risk follicular thyroid carcinoma. Endocr Connect 2018; 7:124-132. [PMID: 29298844 PMCID: PMC5754511 DOI: 10.1530/ec-17-0261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The distinction between follicular thyroid carcinomas (FTCs) and follicular-patterned benign lesions is almost impossible on fine-needle aspiration cytology. Furthermore, minimally invasive FTCs (MI-FTCs) with less than 4 vascular invasion foci generally have an excellent prognosis, but there are exceptions and, so far, no molecular marker appears able to identify them reliably. We aimed to distinguish benign lesions from low- and high-risk FTCs by a small-scale combination of genes. The expression analysis of 75 selected genes was performed on 18 follicular adenomas (FAs), 14 MI-FTCs and 6 widely invasive FTC (WI-FTCs). The mutational status of the RAS genes, TERT promoter and PAX8-PPARG rearrangements was also investigated. Seven samples were mutated, namely 3 MI-FTCs and 4 WI-FTCs. Twenty-five genes were differentially expressed (FDR <0.05) between FAs and WI-FTCs. Six of these (ECM1, RXRG, SDPR, SLC26A4, TIFF3, TIMP1) were also differently expressed among MI-FTCs and FAs or WI-FTCs and were considered to build a classification model, which was tested to classify samples according to their histological class. Hence, 31 out of 38 were correctly classified, and accuracy remained high after cross-validation (27/38). The 2 MI-FTCs incorrectly classified as WI-FTCs harbored both RAS and TERT promoter mutations. The capability of these six genes to stratify benign, low- and high-risk lesions appears to be promising in supporting the diagnosis of indeterminate thyroid nodules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anello Marcello Poma
- Department of SurgicalMedical, Molecular Pathology and Critical Area, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Riccardo Giannini
- Department of SurgicalMedical, Molecular Pathology and Critical Area, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Paolo Piaggi
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney DiseasesNational Institutes of Health, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Clara Ugolini
- Department of Laboratory MedicineSection of Pathology, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Pisana, Pisa, Italy
| | - Gabriele Materazzi
- Department of SurgicalMedical, Molecular Pathology and Critical Area, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Paolo Miccoli
- Department of SurgicalMedical, Molecular Pathology and Critical Area, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Paolo Vitti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental MedicineUniversity of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Fulvio Basolo
- Department of SurgicalMedical, Molecular Pathology and Critical Area, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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220
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Smith KM, Fagan PC, Pomari E, Germano G, Frasson C, Walsh C, Silverman I, Bonvini P, Li G. Antitumor Activity of Entrectinib, a Pan-TRK, ROS1, and ALK Inhibitor, in ETV6-NTRK3-Positive Acute Myeloid Leukemia. Mol Cancer Ther 2017; 17:455-463. [PMID: 29237803 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-17-0419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Revised: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Activation of tropomyosin receptor kinase (TRK) family tyrosine kinases by chromosomal rearrangement has been shown to drive a wide range of solid tumors and hematologic malignancies. TRK fusions are actionable targets as evidenced by recent clinical trial results in solid tumors. Entrectinib (RXDX-101) is an investigational, orally available, CNS-active, highly potent, and selective kinase inhibitor against TRKA/B/C, ROS1, and ALK kinase activities. Here, we demonstrate that TRK kinase inhibition by entrectinib selectively targets preclinical models of TRK fusion-driven hematologic malignancies. In acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) cell lines with endogenous expression of the ETV6-NTRK3 fusion gene, entrectinib treatment blocked cell proliferation and induced apoptotic cell death in vitro with subnanomolar IC50 values. Phosphorylation of the ETV6-TRKC fusion protein and its downstream signaling effectors was inhibited by entrectinib treatment in a dose-dependent manner. In animal models, entrectinib treatment at clinically relevant doses resulted in tumor regression that was accompanied by elimination of residual cancer cells from the bone marrow. Our preclinical data demonstrate the potential of entrectinib as an effective treatment for patients with TRK fusion-driven AML and other hematologic malignancies. Mol Cancer Ther; 17(2); 455-63. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Elena Pomari
- Foundation Institute of Pediatric Research Città della Speranza, Padova, Italy.,Department of Woman and Child Health, University-Hospital of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Germano
- Foundation Institute of Pediatric Research Città della Speranza, Padova, Italy
| | - Chiara Frasson
- Foundation Institute of Pediatric Research Città della Speranza, Padova, Italy
| | | | | | - Paolo Bonvini
- Foundation Institute of Pediatric Research Città della Speranza, Padova, Italy
| | - Gang Li
- Ignyta, Inc., San Diego, California
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221
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Kim TH, Lee M, Kwon AY, Choe JH, Kim JH, Kim JS, Hahn SY, Shin JH, Chung MK, Son YI, Ki CS, Yim HS, Kim YL, Chung JH, Kim SW, Oh YL. Molecular genotyping of the non-invasive encapsulated follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma. Histopathology 2017; 72:648-661. [DOI: 10.1111/his.13401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tae Hyuk Kim
- Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism; Department of Medicine; Thyroid Centre; Samsung Medical Centre; Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine; Seoul Korea
| | - Minju Lee
- Department of Pathology; Samsung Medical Centre; Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine; Seoul Korea
| | - Ah-Young Kwon
- Department of Pathology; Samsung Medical Centre; Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine; Seoul Korea
| | - Jun-Ho Choe
- Division of Breast and Endocrine Surgery; Department of Surgery; Samsung Medical Centre; Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine; Seoul Korea
| | - Jung-Han Kim
- Division of Breast and Endocrine Surgery; Department of Surgery; Samsung Medical Centre; Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine; Seoul Korea
| | - Jee Soo Kim
- Division of Breast and Endocrine Surgery; Department of Surgery; Samsung Medical Centre; Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine; Seoul Korea
| | - Soo Yeon Hahn
- Department of Radiology; Samsung Medical Centre; Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine; Seoul Korea
| | - Jung Hee Shin
- Department of Radiology; Samsung Medical Centre; Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine; Seoul Korea
| | - Man Ki Chung
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery; Samsung Medical Centre; Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine; Seoul Korea
| | - Young Ik Son
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery; Samsung Medical Centre; Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine; Seoul Korea
| | - Chang-Seok Ki
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Genetics; Samsung Medical Centre; Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine; Seoul Korea
| | | | | | - Jae Hoon Chung
- Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism; Department of Medicine; Thyroid Centre; Samsung Medical Centre; Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine; Seoul Korea
| | - Sun Wook Kim
- Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism; Department of Medicine; Thyroid Centre; Samsung Medical Centre; Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine; Seoul Korea
| | - Young Lyun Oh
- Department of Pathology; Samsung Medical Centre; Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine; Seoul Korea
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222
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Song YS, Lim JA, Min HS, Kim MJ, Choi HS, Cho SW, Moon JH, Yi KH, Park DJ, Cho BY, Park YJ. Changes in the clinicopathological characteristics and genetic alterations of follicular thyroid cancer. Eur J Endocrinol 2017; 177:465-473. [PMID: 28864536 DOI: 10.1530/eje-17-0456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Revised: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Changes in the clinicopathological characteristics and genetic alterations of follicular thyroid cancer (FTC) over time have not been reported. Moreover, the prognostic effects of RAS and TERT promoter mutations in FTC have not been clearly elucidated. We investigated changes in the clinicopathological characteristics of patients with FTC over four decades, as well as the clinical significance of genetic mutations of FTC. DESIGN AND METHODS This retrospective study included 690 patients with FTC who underwent thyroidectomy between 1973 and 2015 at the Seoul National University Hospital. In 134 samples, genetic tests for N/H/KRAS and TERT promoter mutations and PAX8/PPARγ rearrangement were performed. RESULTS The age at diagnosis has increased (P < 0.001) in recent decades and extrathyroidal extension of the tumor has become less common (P = 0.033). Other clinicopathological characteristics and prognosis of FTC have not significantly changed. The prevalence of RAS mutations decreased (P = 0.042) over time, whereas that of TERT promoter mutations remained stable. RAS mutations were associated with distant metastasis and persistent disease, and TERT promoter mutations were associated with distant metastasis, advanced TNM stage, recurrence and disease-specific mortality. FTC patients with coexistent RAS and TERT promoter mutations showed a higher recurrence risk than those with only one mutation. CONCLUSIONS The age at diagnosis of FTC and the frequency of extrathyroidal extension have changed over four decades. Moreover, the prevalence of RAS mutations decreased. RAS and TERT promoter mutations may be associated with poor clinical outcomes in FTC, especially when the two mutations coexist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Shin Song
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jung Ah Lim
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hye Sook Min
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Min Joo Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hoon Sung Choi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kangwon National University Hospital, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Sun Wook Cho
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae Hoon Moon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Ka Hee Yi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Do Joon Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
- Korea National Institute of Health, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Bo Youn Cho
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Joo Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
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223
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Penha RCC, Sepe R, De Martino M, Esposito F, Pellecchia S, Raia M, Del Vecchio L, Decaussin-Petrucci M, De Vita G, Pinto LFR, Fusco A. Role of Dicer1 in thyroid cell proliferation and differentiation. Cell Cycle 2017; 16:2282-2289. [PMID: 28933615 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2017.1380127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
DICER1 plays a central role in the biogenesis of microRNAs and it is important for normal development. Altered microRNA expression and DICER1 dysregulation have been described in several types of tumors, including thyroid carcinomas. Recently, our group identified a new somatic mutation (c.5438A>G; E1813G) within DICER1 gene of an unknown function. Herein, we show that DICER1 is overexpressed, at mRNA level, in a significant-relative number of papillary (70%) and anaplastic (42%) thyroid carcinoma samples, whereas is drastically downregulated in all the analyzed human thyroid carcinoma cell lines (TPC-1, BCPAP, FRO and 8505c) in comparison with normal thyroid tissue samples. Conversely, DICER1 is downregulated, at protein level, in PTC in comparison with normal thyroid tissues. Our data also reveals that DICER1 overexpression positively regulates thyroid cell proliferation, whereas its silencing impairs thyroid cell differentiation. The expression of DICER1 gene mutation (c.5438A>G; E1813G) negatively affects the microRNA machinery and cell proliferation as well as upregulates DICER1 protein levels of thyroid cells but has no impact on thyroid differentiation. In conclusion, DICER1 protein is downregulated in papillary thyroid carcinomas and affects thyroid proliferation and differentiation, while DICER1 gene mutation (c.5438A>G; E1813G) compromises the DICER1 wild-type-mediated microRNA processing and cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Cortez Cardoso Penha
- a Istituto per l'Endocrinologia e l'Oncologia Sperimentale (IEOS) "G. Salvatore", Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), c/o Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II" , Naples , Italy.,b Instituto Nacional de Câncer - INCA, Centro de Pesquisas (CPQ) , Rio de Janeiro , RJ , Brazil
| | - Romina Sepe
- a Istituto per l'Endocrinologia e l'Oncologia Sperimentale (IEOS) "G. Salvatore", Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), c/o Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II" , Naples , Italy
| | - Marco De Martino
- a Istituto per l'Endocrinologia e l'Oncologia Sperimentale (IEOS) "G. Salvatore", Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), c/o Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II" , Naples , Italy
| | - Francesco Esposito
- a Istituto per l'Endocrinologia e l'Oncologia Sperimentale (IEOS) "G. Salvatore", Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), c/o Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II" , Naples , Italy
| | - Simona Pellecchia
- a Istituto per l'Endocrinologia e l'Oncologia Sperimentale (IEOS) "G. Salvatore", Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), c/o Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II" , Naples , Italy
| | - Maddalena Raia
- c CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate, Università di Napoli Federico II , Naples , Italy
| | - Luigi Del Vecchio
- c CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate, Università di Napoli Federico II , Naples , Italy.,d Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies , University of Naples Federico II , Naples , Italy
| | | | - Gabriella De Vita
- d Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies , University of Naples Federico II , Naples , Italy
| | | | - Alfredo Fusco
- a Istituto per l'Endocrinologia e l'Oncologia Sperimentale (IEOS) "G. Salvatore", Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), c/o Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II" , Naples , Italy.,b Instituto Nacional de Câncer - INCA, Centro de Pesquisas (CPQ) , Rio de Janeiro , RJ , Brazil
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224
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Rau JV, Fosca M, Graziani V, Taffon C, Rocchia M, Caricato M, Pozzilli P, Onetti Muda A, Crescenzi A. Proof-of-concept Raman spectroscopy study aimed to differentiate thyroid follicular patterned lesions. Sci Rep 2017; 7:14970. [PMID: 29097686 PMCID: PMC5668290 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-14872-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Inter-observer variability and cancer over-diagnosis are emerging clinical problems, especially for follicular patterned thyroid lesions. This challenge strongly calls for a new clinical tool to reliably identify neoplastic lesions and to improve the efficiency of differentiation between benign and malignant neoplasms, especially considering the increased diagnosis of small carcinomas and the growing number of thyroid nodules. In this study, we employed a Raman spectroscopy (RS) microscope to investigate frozen thyroid tissues from fourteen patients with thyroid nodules. To generate tissue classification models, a supervised statistical analysis of the Raman spectra was performed. The results obtained demonstrate an accuracy of 78% for RS based diagnosis to discriminate between normal parenchyma and follicular patterned thyroid nodules, and 89% accuracy - for very challenging follicular lesions (carcinoma versus adenoma). RS translation into intraoperative diagnosis of frozen sections and in preoperative analysis of biopsies can be very helpful to reduce unnecessary surgery in patients with indeterminate cytological reports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julietta V Rau
- Istituto di Struttura della Materia (ISM-CNR), via del Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133, Roma, Italy.
| | - Marco Fosca
- Istituto di Struttura della Materia (ISM-CNR), via del Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133, Roma, Italy
| | - Valerio Graziani
- Istituto di Struttura della Materia (ISM-CNR), via del Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133, Roma, Italy
| | - Chiara Taffon
- Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-medico, via Álvaro del Portillo 200, 00128, Roma, Italy
| | | | - Marco Caricato
- Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-medico, via Álvaro del Portillo 200, 00128, Roma, Italy
| | - Paolo Pozzilli
- Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-medico, via Álvaro del Portillo 200, 00128, Roma, Italy
| | - Andrea Onetti Muda
- Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-medico, via Álvaro del Portillo 200, 00128, Roma, Italy
| | - Anna Crescenzi
- Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-medico, via Álvaro del Portillo 200, 00128, Roma, Italy
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225
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Tesselaar MH, Smit JW, Nagarajah J, Netea-Maier RT, Plantinga TS. Pathological processes and therapeutic advances in radioiodide refractory thyroid cancer. J Mol Endocrinol 2017; 59:R141-R154. [PMID: 28931558 DOI: 10.1530/jme-17-0134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
While in most patients with non-medullary thyroid cancer (TC), disease remission is achieved by thyroidectomy and ablation of tumor remnants by radioactive iodide (RAI), a substantial subgroup of patients with metastatic disease present tumor lesions that have acquired RAI resistance as a result of dedifferentiation. Although oncogenic mutations in BRAF, TERT promoter and TP53 are associated with an increased propensity for induction of dedifferentiation, the role of genetic and epigenetic aberrations and their effects on important intracellular signaling pathways is not yet fully elucidated. Also immune, metabolic, stemness and microRNA pathways have emerged as important determinants of TC dedifferentiation and RAI resistance. These signaling pathways have major clinical implications since their targeting could inhibit TC progression and could enable redifferentiation to restore RAI sensitivity. In this review, we discuss the current insights into the pathological processes conferring dedifferentiation and RAI resistance in TC and elaborate on novel advances in diagnostics and therapy to improve the clinical outcome of RAI-refractory TC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marika H Tesselaar
- Department of PathologyRadboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes W Smit
- Internal MedicineDivision of Endocrinology Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - James Nagarajah
- Radiology & Nuclear MedicineRadboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Romana T Netea-Maier
- Internal MedicineDivision of Endocrinology Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Theo S Plantinga
- Department of PathologyRadboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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226
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Giordano TJ. Genomic Hallmarks of Thyroid Neoplasia. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PATHOLOGY-MECHANISMS OF DISEASE 2017; 13:141-162. [PMID: 29083981 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pathol-121808-102139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The genomic landscape of thyroid cancers that are derived from follicular cells has been substantially elucidated through the coordinated application of high-throughput genomic technologies. Here, I review the common genetic alterations across the spectrum of thyroid neoplasia and present the resulting model of thyroid cancer initiation and progression. This model illustrates the striking correlation between tumor differentiation and overall somatic mutational burden, which also likely explains the highly variable clinical behavior and outcome of patients with thyroid cancers. These advances are yielding critical insights into thyroid cancer pathogenesis, which are being leveraged for the development of new diagnostic tools, prognostic and predictive biomarkers, and novel therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Giordano
- Departments of Pathology and Internal Medicine, Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA;
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227
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The current review focuses on the uncertainty regarding the management of rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog RAS-positive thyroid nodules. The application of oncogene testing has been heralded for improving risk assessment for indeterminate cytology thyroid nodules and has grown in clinical use. RAS mutations are historically considered oncogenic. However, RAS mutation detection in thyroid nodules has proven problematic, as these mutations are found in benign and malignant lesions. RECENT FINDINGS RAS-positive thyroid nodules frequently have indeterminate cytology and a finding of a positive RAS mutation identifies a significant number of benign lesions as well as thyroid cancers. Long-term follow-up of RAS-positive nodules with benign cytology shows an indolent course not consistent with eventual malignant transformation. Many RAS-positive nodules previously diagnosed as follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma now will be reclassified as noninvasive follicular thyroid neoplasm with papillary-like nuclear features, indicating a more indolent nature of these RAS-positive lesions. SUMMARY Recent findings have underscored that diagnosis of a RAS-positive thyroid nodule is not synonymous with thyroid malignancy. The ideal clinical and surgical management of these nodules remains challenging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor E Angell
- Thyroid Section, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, The Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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228
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Giannini R, Ugolini C, Poma AM, Urpì M, Niccoli C, Elisei R, Chiarugi M, Vitti P, Miccoli P, Basolo F. Identification of Two Distinct Molecular Subtypes of Non-Invasive Follicular Neoplasm with Papillary-Like Nuclear Features by Digital RNA Counting. Thyroid 2017; 27:1267-1276. [PMID: 28679352 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2016.0605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The follicular variant (FV) of papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) is one of the most common variants of PTC. Clinically, non-infiltrative FVPTC is considered a low-risk variant of PTC, and the non-invasive encapsulated forms of FVPTC represent a group of thyroid tumors with a particularly good prognosis. Consequently, these neoplasms have been very recently reclassified as non-invasive follicular neoplasms with papillary-like nuclear features (NIFTP). From a molecular standpoint, NIFTP appears to be similar to follicular neoplasms. However, only limited data are currently available regarding their gene expression profile. METHODS The aim of this study was to identify specific molecular signatures of 26 NIFTPs compared to those of 19 follicular adenomas (FAs) and 18 infiltrative FVPTCs (IFVPTCs). A nanoString custom assay was used to perform mRNA expression analysis. All cases were also genotyped for BRAF, N-, H-, and K-RAS mutations. Samples were grouped on the basis of gene expression profiles by Pearson's correlation and non-negative matrix factorization clustering analysis. Finally, the uncorrelated shrunken centroid machine-learning algorithm was used to classify the samples. RESULTS The results revealed distinct expression profiles of FAs and IFVPTCs. NIFTP samples can exhibit different expression profiles, more similar to FAs (FA-like) or to IFVPTCs (IFVPTC-like), and these different expression profiles largely depend on the presence of different mutations (RAS or BRAF). CONCLUSION In conclusion, although further validation of the model is required by using a larger group of prospective cases, these data reinforce the hypothesis that IFVPTC-like NIFTPs might represent precursors of IFVPTC.
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MESH Headings
- Adenocarcinoma, Follicular/diagnosis
- Adenocarcinoma, Follicular/genetics
- Adenocarcinoma, Follicular/metabolism
- Adenocarcinoma, Follicular/pathology
- Carcinoma, Papillary, Follicular/diagnosis
- Carcinoma, Papillary, Follicular/genetics
- Carcinoma, Papillary, Follicular/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Papillary, Follicular/pathology
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Genotype
- Humans
- RNA
- Thyroid Gland/metabolism
- Thyroid Gland/pathology
- Thyroid Neoplasms/diagnosis
- Thyroid Neoplasms/genetics
- Thyroid Neoplasms/metabolism
- Thyroid Neoplasms/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Giannini
- 1 Department of Surgical, Medical, Molecular Pathology and Critical Area, University of Pisa , Pisa, Italy
| | - Clara Ugolini
- 2 Department of Laboratory Medicine, Anatomic Pathology, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Pisana , Pisa, Italy
| | - Anello Marcello Poma
- 1 Department of Surgical, Medical, Molecular Pathology and Critical Area, University of Pisa , Pisa, Italy
| | - Maria Urpì
- 1 Department of Surgical, Medical, Molecular Pathology and Critical Area, University of Pisa , Pisa, Italy
| | - Cristina Niccoli
- 2 Department of Laboratory Medicine, Anatomic Pathology, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Pisana , Pisa, Italy
| | - Rossella Elisei
- 3 Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Pisa , Pisa, Italy
| | - Massimo Chiarugi
- 1 Department of Surgical, Medical, Molecular Pathology and Critical Area, University of Pisa , Pisa, Italy
| | - Paolo Vitti
- 3 Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Pisa , Pisa, Italy
| | - Paolo Miccoli
- 1 Department of Surgical, Medical, Molecular Pathology and Critical Area, University of Pisa , Pisa, Italy
| | - Fulvio Basolo
- 1 Department of Surgical, Medical, Molecular Pathology and Critical Area, University of Pisa , Pisa, Italy
- 2 Department of Laboratory Medicine, Anatomic Pathology, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Pisana , Pisa, Italy
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229
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De Luise M, Girolimetti G, Okere B, Porcelli AM, Kurelac I, Gasparre G. Molecular and metabolic features of oncocytomas: Seeking the blueprints of indolent cancers. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2017; 1858:591-601. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2017.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Revised: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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230
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Son HY, Hwangbo Y, Yoo SK, Im SW, Yang SD, Kwak SJ, Park MS, Kwak SH, Cho SW, Ryu JS, Kim J, Jung YS, Kim TH, Kim SJ, Lee KE, Park DJ, Cho NH, Sung J, Seo JS, Lee EK, Park YJ, Kim JI. Genome-wide association and expression quantitative trait loci studies identify multiple susceptibility loci for thyroid cancer. Nat Commun 2017; 8:15966. [PMID: 28703219 PMCID: PMC5511346 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Thyroid cancer is the most common cancer in Korea. Several susceptibility loci of differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) were identified by previous genome-wide association studies (GWASs) in Europeans only. Here we conducted a GWAS and a replication study in Koreans using a total of 1,085 DTC cases and 8,884 controls, and validated these results using expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) analysis and clinical phenotypes. The most robust associations were observed in the NRG1 gene (rs6996585, P=1.08 × 10-10) and this SNP was also associated with NRG1 expression in thyroid tissues. In addition, we confirmed three previously reported loci (FOXE1, NKX2-1 and DIRC3) and identified seven novel susceptibility loci (VAV3, PCNXL2, INSR, MRSB3, FHIT, SEPT11 and SLC24A6) associated with DTC. Furthermore, we identified specific variants of DTC that have different effects according to cancer type or ethnicity. Our findings provide deeper insight into the genetic contribution to thyroid cancer in different populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho-Young Son
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Yul Hwangbo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
- Center for Thyroid Cancer, National Cancer Center, Goyang 10408, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Keun Yoo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University Graduate School, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Wha Im
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - San Duk Yang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University Graduate School, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-Jung Kwak
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University Graduate School, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Seon Park
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
- Graduate Program in Genetic Counseling, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Soo Heon Kwak
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Wook Cho
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Sun Ryu
- Center for Thyroid Cancer, National Cancer Center, Goyang 10408, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongseon Kim
- Molecular Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang 10408, Republic of Korea
| | - Yuh-Seog Jung
- Center for Thyroid Cancer, National Cancer Center, Goyang 10408, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Hyun Kim
- Center for Thyroid Cancer, National Cancer Center, Goyang 10408, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-jin Kim
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu Eun Lee
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Do Joon Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Nam Han Cho
- Department of Preventive Medicine Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Joohon Sung
- Department of Epidemiology and Institute of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Sun Seo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University Graduate School, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Kyung Lee
- Center for Thyroid Cancer, National Cancer Center, Goyang 10408, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Joo Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Il Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University Graduate School, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
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231
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Correia M, Pinheiro P, Batista R, Soares P, Sobrinho-Simões M, Máximo V. Etiopathogenesis of oncocytomas. Semin Cancer Biol 2017; 47:82-94. [PMID: 28687249 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2017.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Revised: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Oncocytomas are distinct tumors characterized by an abnormal accumulation of defective and (most probably) dysfunctional mitochondria in cell cytoplasm of such tumors. This particular phenotype has been studied for the last decades and the clarification of the etiopathogenic causes are still needed. Several mechanisms involved in the formation and maintenance of oncocytomas are accepted as reasonable causes, but the relevance and contribution of each one for oncocytic transformation may depend on different cancer etiopathogenic contexts. In this review, we describe the current knowledge of the etiopathogenic events that may lead to oncocytic transformation and discuss their contribution for tumor progression and mitochondrial accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Correia
- Cancer Signalling and Metabolism Research Group, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde - i3S (Institute for Research and Innovation in Health), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Cancer Signalling and Metabolism Research Group, Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), Porto, Portugal
| | - Pedro Pinheiro
- Cancer Signalling and Metabolism Research Group, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde - i3S (Institute for Research and Innovation in Health), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Cancer Signalling and Metabolism Research Group, Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), Porto, Portugal
| | - Rui Batista
- Cancer Signalling and Metabolism Research Group, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde - i3S (Institute for Research and Innovation in Health), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Cancer Signalling and Metabolism Research Group, Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), Porto, Portugal; Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto - FMUP (Medical Faculty of University of Porto), Porto, Portugal
| | - Paula Soares
- Cancer Signalling and Metabolism Research Group, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde - i3S (Institute for Research and Innovation in Health), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Cancer Signalling and Metabolism Research Group, Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), Porto, Portugal; Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto - FMUP (Medical Faculty of University of Porto), Porto, Portugal; Department of Pathology, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto - FMUP (Medical Faculty of University of Porto), Porto, Portugal
| | - Manuel Sobrinho-Simões
- Cancer Signalling and Metabolism Research Group, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde - i3S (Institute for Research and Innovation in Health), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Cancer Signalling and Metabolism Research Group, Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), Porto, Portugal; Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto - FMUP (Medical Faculty of University of Porto), Porto, Portugal; Department of Pathology, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto - FMUP (Medical Faculty of University of Porto), Porto, Portugal; Department of Pathology, Centro Hospitalar São João, Porto, Portugal
| | - Valdemar Máximo
- Cancer Signalling and Metabolism Research Group, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde - i3S (Institute for Research and Innovation in Health), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Cancer Signalling and Metabolism Research Group, Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), Porto, Portugal; Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto - FMUP (Medical Faculty of University of Porto), Porto, Portugal; Department of Pathology, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto - FMUP (Medical Faculty of University of Porto), Porto, Portugal.
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232
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Eszlinger M, Lau L, Ghaznavi S, Symonds C, Chandarana SP, Khalil M, Paschke R. Molecular profiling of thyroid nodule fine-needle aspiration cytology. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2017; 13:415-424. [PMID: 28361927 DOI: 10.1038/nrendo.2017.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The differential diagnosis and malignancy risk stratification of thyroid nodules requires multidisciplinary expertise and knowledge of both local ultrasonography practices and the local malignancy rates for a given fine-needle aspiration (FNA) result. Even in such a multidisciplinary setting, FNA cytology has the inherent limitation that indeterminate cytology results cannot distinguish between follicular adenomas, follicular thyroid carcinomas or follicular variant papillary thyroid carcinomas. Accumulating evidence suggests that this limitation can be overcome by using molecular diagnostic approaches. In this Review, we present the advantages and disadvantages of the different molecular diagnostic methodologies, which can be divided into two approaches: those that 'rule out' malignancy (to reduce the overtreatment of benign nodules) and those that 'rule in' malignancy (to optimize surgical planning). We identify microRNA classifiers as potential additional markers for use in a two-step diagnostic approach, consider the potential implications of the reclassification of noninvasive encapsulated follicular variant papillary thyroid carcinomas to noninvasive follicular thyroid neoplasms with papillary-like nuclear features and discuss the cost-effectiveness of molecular testing. Molecular FNA diagnostics is an important complementary addition to FNA cytology that could substantially reduce unnecessary surgery and better define the need for appropriate surgery in patients who have thyroid nodules with indeterminate FNA cytology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Eszlinger
- Department of Oncology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Tom Baker Cancer Centre, 1331 - 29th Street NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N2, Canada
- Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Health Research Innovation Centre, 3280 Hospital Drive, Calgary, Alberta T2T 4Z6, Canada
| | - Lorraine Lau
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Richmond Road Diagnostic and Treatment Centre, 1820 Richmond Road SW, Calgary, Alberta T2T 5C7, Canada
| | - Sana Ghaznavi
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Richmond Road Diagnostic and Treatment Centre, 1820 Richmond Road SW, Calgary, Alberta T2T 5C7, Canada
| | - Christopher Symonds
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Richmond Road Diagnostic and Treatment Centre, 1820 Richmond Road SW, Calgary, Alberta T2T 5C7, Canada
| | - Shamir P Chandarana
- Department of Oncology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Tom Baker Cancer Centre, 1331 - 29th Street NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N2, Canada
- Department of Surgery, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Foothills Medical Centre, North Tower 1012, 1403 - 29th Street NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 2T9, Canada
| | - Moosa Khalil
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Calgary, Foothills Medical Centre, McCaig Tower, 1403 - 29th Street NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 2T9, Canada
| | - Ralf Paschke
- Department of Oncology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Tom Baker Cancer Centre, 1331 - 29th Street NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N2, Canada
- Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Health Research Innovation Centre, 3280 Hospital Drive, Calgary, Alberta T2T 4Z6, Canada
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Richmond Road Diagnostic and Treatment Centre, 1820 Richmond Road SW, Calgary, Alberta T2T 5C7, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, North Tower 9th floor, 1403 - 29th Street NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 2T9, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Health Research Innovation Centre, 3280 Hospital Drive, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4Z6, Canada
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233
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Matrone A, Valerio L, Pieruzzi L, Giani C, Cappagli V, Lorusso L, Agate L, Puleo L, Viola D, Bottici V, Del Re M, Molinaro E, Danesi R, Elisei R. Protein kinase inhibitors for the treatment of advanced and progressive radiorefractory thyroid tumors: From the clinical trials to the real life. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2017; 31:319-334. [PMID: 28911728 DOI: 10.1016/j.beem.2017.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The last ten years have been characterized by the introduction in the clinical practice of new drugs named tyrosine kinase inhibitors for the treatment of several human tumors. After the positive conclusion of two international multicentric, randomized phase III clinical trials, two of these drugs, sorafenib and lenvatinib, have been recently approved and they are now available for the treatment of advanced and progressive radioiodine refractory thyroid tumors. We have been involved in most clinical trials performed with different tyrosine kinase inhibitors in different histotypes of thyroid cancer thus acquiring a lot of experience in the management of both drugs and their adverse events. Aim of this review is to give an overview of both the rationale for the use of these inhibitors in thyroid cancer and the major results of the clinical trials. Some suggestions for the management of treated patients in the real life are also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Matrone
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University Hospital of Pisa, Via Paradisa 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Laura Valerio
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University Hospital of Pisa, Via Paradisa 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Letizia Pieruzzi
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University Hospital of Pisa, Via Paradisa 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Carlotta Giani
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University Hospital of Pisa, Via Paradisa 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Virginia Cappagli
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University Hospital of Pisa, Via Paradisa 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Loredana Lorusso
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University Hospital of Pisa, Via Paradisa 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Laura Agate
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University Hospital of Pisa, Via Paradisa 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Luciana Puleo
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University Hospital of Pisa, Via Paradisa 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - David Viola
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University Hospital of Pisa, Via Paradisa 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Valeria Bottici
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University Hospital of Pisa, Via Paradisa 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Marzia Del Re
- Unit of Pharmacology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University Hospital of Pisa, Via Paradisa 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Eleonora Molinaro
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University Hospital of Pisa, Via Paradisa 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Romano Danesi
- Unit of Pharmacology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University Hospital of Pisa, Via Paradisa 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Rossella Elisei
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University Hospital of Pisa, Via Paradisa 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy.
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234
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Kugler J, Postnikov YV, Furusawa T, Kimura S, Bustin M. Elevated HMGN4 expression potentiates thyroid tumorigenesis. Carcinogenesis 2017; 38:391-401. [PMID: 28186538 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgx015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid cancer originates from genetic and epigenetic changes that alter gene expression and cellular signaling pathways. Here, we report that altered expression of the nucleosome-binding protein HMGN4 potentiates thyroid tumorigenesis. Bioinformatics analyses reveal increased HMGN4 expression in thyroid cancer. We find that upregulation of HMGN4 expression in mouse and human cells, and in the thyroid of transgenic mice, alters the cellular transcription profile, downregulates the expression of the tumor suppressors Atm, Atrx and Brca2, and elevates the levels of the DNA damage marker γH2AX. Mouse and human cells overexpressing HMGN4 show increased tumorigenicity as measured by colony formation, by tumor generation in nude mice, and by the formation of preneoplastic lesions in the thyroid of transgenic mice. Our study identifies a novel epigenetic factor that potentiates thyroid oncogenesis and raises the possibility that HMGN4 may serve as an additional diagnostic marker, or therapeutic target in certain thyroid cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie Kugler
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda MD 20892, USA
| | - Yuri V Postnikov
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda MD 20892, USA
| | - Takashi Furusawa
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda MD 20892, USA
| | - Shioko Kimura
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda MD 20892, USA
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235
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Lam AKY, Saremi N. Cribriform-morular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma: a distinctive type of thyroid cancer. Endocr Relat Cancer 2017; 24:R109-R121. [PMID: 28314770 DOI: 10.1530/erc-17-0014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this systematic review is to study the features of cribriform-morular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma (CMV-PTC) by analysing the 129 documented cases in the English literature. The disease occurred almost exclusively in women. The median age of presentation for CMV-PTC was 24 years. Slightly over half of the patients with CMV-PTC had familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP). CMV-PTC presented before the colonic manifestations in approximately half of the patients with FAP. Patients with FAP often have multifocal tumours in the thyroid. Microscopic examination of CMV-PTC revealed predominately cribriform and morular pattern of cancer cells with characteristic nuclear features of papillary thyroid carcinoma. Psammoma body is rare. On immunohistochemical studies, β-catenin is diffusely positive in CMV-PTC. The morular cells in CMV-PTC are strongly positive for CD10, bcl-2 and E-cadherin. Pre-operative diagnosis of CMV-PTC by fine-needle aspiration biopsy could be aided by cribriform architecture, epithelial morules and β-catenin immunostaining. Mutations of APC gene are found in the patients with CMV-PTC associated with FAP. In addition, mutations in CTNNB1, RET/PTC rearrangement and PI3K3CA mutations have been reported. BRAF mutation is negative in all CMV-PTC tested. Compared to conventional papillary thyroid carcinoma, CMV-PTC had a lower frequency of lymph node metastases at presentation (12%) and distant metastases (3%) as well as lower recurrence rates (8.5%) and patients' mortality rates (2%). To conclude, patients with CMV-PTC have distinctive clinical, pathological and molecular profiles when compared to conventional papillary thyroid carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfred King-Yin Lam
- Cancer Molecular PathologySchool of Medicine and Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Nassim Saremi
- Cancer Molecular PathologySchool of Medicine and Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
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236
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Valerio L, Pieruzzi L, Giani C, Agate L, Bottici V, Lorusso L, Cappagli V, Puleo L, Matrone A, Viola D, Romei C, Ciampi R, Molinaro E, Elisei R. Targeted Therapy in Thyroid Cancer: State of the Art. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol) 2017; 29:316-324. [PMID: 28318881 DOI: 10.1016/j.clon.2017.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Thyroid cancer typically has a good outcome following standard treatments, which include surgery, radioactive iodine ablation for differentiated tumours and treatment with thyrotropine hormone-suppressive levothyroxine. Thyroid cancers that persist or recur following these therapies have a poorer prognosis. Cytotoxic chemotherapy or external beam radiotherapy has a low efficacy in these patients. 'Target therapy' with tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) represent an important therapeutic option for the treatment of advanced cases of radioiodine refractory (RAI-R) differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC), medullary thyroid cancer (MTC) and possibly for cases of poorly differentiated (PDTC) and anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC). In the last few years, several TKIs have been tested for the treatment of advanced, progressive and RAI-R thyroid cancers and some of them have been recently approved for use in clinical practice: sorafenib and lenvatinib for DTC and PDTC; vandetanib and cabozantinib for MTC. The objective of this overview is to present the current status of the treatment of advanced DTC, MTC, PDTC and ATC with the use of TKIs by describing the benefits and the limits of their use. A comprehensive analysis and description of the molecular basis of these drugs and the new therapeutic perspectives are also reported. Some practical suggestions are also given for the management to the potential side-effects of these drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Valerio
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Endocrine Unit, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - L Pieruzzi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Endocrine Unit, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - C Giani
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Endocrine Unit, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - L Agate
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Endocrine Unit, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - V Bottici
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Endocrine Unit, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - L Lorusso
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Endocrine Unit, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - V Cappagli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Endocrine Unit, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - L Puleo
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Endocrine Unit, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - A Matrone
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Endocrine Unit, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - D Viola
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Endocrine Unit, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - C Romei
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Endocrine Unit, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - R Ciampi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Endocrine Unit, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - E Molinaro
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Endocrine Unit, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - R Elisei
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Endocrine Unit, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
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